CN103344316A - Sound wave sensor probe of asymmetric structure and hydrophone - Google Patents
Sound wave sensor probe of asymmetric structure and hydrophone Download PDFInfo
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- CN103344316A CN103344316A CN2013102739935A CN201310273993A CN103344316A CN 103344316 A CN103344316 A CN 103344316A CN 2013102739935 A CN2013102739935 A CN 2013102739935A CN 201310273993 A CN201310273993 A CN 201310273993A CN 103344316 A CN103344316 A CN 103344316A
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Abstract
Provided is a sound wave sensor probe of an asymmetric structure. The sound wave sensor probe of the asymmetric structure comprises an external protective sleeve. The sound wave sensor probe of the asymmetric structure is characterized in that pierced sound wave windows are formed in the surface of the external protective sleeve, a silencing sleeve is arranged inside the external protective sleeve, a fiber bragg grating portion of a distributed feedback type fiber laser penetrates through the silencing sleeve to be fixedly installed inside the external protective sleeve, the position of the end face of the free end of the silencing sleeve aligns to the central symmetry axis of a phase shift grating of the distributed feedback type fiber laser, the fiber bragg grating portion of the distributed feedback type fiber laser is divided into a left grating area and a right grating area according to the position of phase shift, the left grating area is completely inserted into the silencing sleeve, and the right grating area is completely exposed in a sound wave field. provided is a hydrophone. The hydrophone is characterized by comprising a working light path of the distributed feedback type fiber laser, wherein the working light path of the distributed feedback type fiber laser is composed of a pump light source, a wavelength division multiplexer and the sound wave sensor probe of the asymmetric structure, wherein the pump light source is connected with a WDM pump end, a WDM public end is connected with the sound wave sensor probe of the asymmetric structure, and generated laser is output to an interrogator through a WDM output end.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of fibre optic hydrophone probe encapsulating structure of unsymmetric structure, be used for realizing highly sensitive sonic detection.
Background technology
Nautical receiving set is all mudulation effects of utilizing properties of materials and it and surrounding environment to interact and produce, surveys the instrument of signals such as pressure, sound in the liquid.General civilian nautical receiving set is used for earthquake detection exploration; The enemy who is used for submarine, naval vessels as sonar system in the military affairs smells spy.Therefore, nautical receiving set has important status for national defence and commercial Application.
The optical fiber Distributed Feedback Laser is owing to have extremely narrow live width, very high signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio), and wavelength linear is adjustable, low phase noise and stable advantages such as single mode output, can be used as the extremely superior light source of optical fiber sensing system, carry out overlength distance, the sensing of superhigh precision and superelevation susceptibility.And the Active Optical Fiber grating sensor that the DFB fiber laser constitutes, except having above-mentioned advantage, its great advantage is the luminous power that has improved output wavelength significantly, make it to compare with general wideband light source, the intensity signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) of transducing signal is greatly improved, for the detection of wavelength-shift provides good basis, the super-narrow line width of its 10kHz-50kHz, if be coupled to the detuner of phase sensitive, as Michelson interferometer, with regard to detectable faint dynamic strain signal.Because the DFB fiber laser is for the high sensitivity characteristic of sound wave, also be applied in the fibre optic hydrophone, people such as D.Thingbo adopt the signal of sonic pressure field that length and the refractive index of DFB optical-fiber laser sensing head are modulated, and with non-equilibrium interferometer demodulation, obtain the flat gain response of acoustic signals frequency up to 800kHz.Domestic research to the DFB-FL nautical receiving set, owing to be subject to the development of doped fiber manufacturing technology and phase-shifted grating inscription technology, start late, start from about 2005, there are Semiconductor institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, naval engineering university, the National University of Defense technology and our unit etc. in main research unit, is obtaining certain achievement aspect the encapsulation of probe enhanced sensitivity, demodulation, multiplexing group of battle array and the test respectively.Wherein, most important research emphasis still is how to improve transducer sensitivity at present, all be as the sensing components and parts traditionally with distributed feed-back formula fiber laser, it is encapsulated in tubulose or other shaped enclosed spaces, when acting on the sensor outer housing, sound wave can cause the deformation of shell, thereby be transmitted on the laser instrument, make it wavelength and be subjected to displacement.In addition, it is to make laser instrument experience the sound wave disturbance that structure is also arranged, thereby produces wavelength shift.
In a word, domestic and international nearly all fibre optic hydrophone probe based on the DFB fiber laser is symmetrical structure so far, does not find any sensor design scheme report that utilizes unsymmetric structure to realize enhanced sensitivity as yet.
Summary of the invention
This programme proposes a kind of unsymmetric structure fibre optic hydrophone sensing probe design proposal, increases acoustic sounding sensitivity by unsymmetric structure, thereby realizes the high sensitivity acoustic sounding.
The technical measures that this programme is taked are: a kind of unsymmetric structure sonic sensor probe, it comprises the exterior protection sleeve pipe, it is characterized in that externally the protection tube surface is provided with hollow out sound wave window, externally protection tube inside arranges the noise reduction sleeve pipe, distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fiber grating portion passes the noise reduction sleeve pipe and is fixed on the exterior protection inside pipe casing, and the free-ended endface position of noise reduction sleeve pipe is alignd with distributed feed-back formula fiber laser phase-shifted grating central symmetry axes; Distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fiber grating portion is divided into left grid region and right grid region according to the phase shift position, and left grid region is inserted in the noise reduction sleeve pipe fully, and right grid region is exposed in the acoustic wavefield fully.
The concrete characteristics of this programme also have, the noise reduction sleeve pipe adopts nestable the forming of multilayer different densities material, ecto-entad is followed successively by metal tube, the cotton layer of noise reduction, the vitreosil sleeve pipe, wherein the vitreosil sleeve pipe comprises quartz inner pipe and quartz outer tube, quartz inner pipe and quartz outer tube are joined together to form closed vacuum sleeve at opening part, and vitreosil sleeve pipe central authorities are provided be used to the through hole that passes optical fiber.To reach the erasure effect to sound wave.Metal tube is used for providing protection to hush pipe; the cotton layer of noise reduction can absorb outside sound wave to the tube core transmission, and quartz outer tube and quartz inner pipe constitute a vitreosil sleeve pipe jointly, and interlayer is airtight to vacuumize; vacuum makes sound wave and vibration signal to penetrate into, thereby realizes the sound wave shielding action.Because metal tube, vitreosil sleeve pipe density are bigger, and the cotton layer of noise reduction is all very little with region of no pressure density, has therefore constituted multilayer acoustic reflection cross section, is conducive to reflection and the noise reduction of sound wave.
The structure of distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fiber grating portion is to inscribe phase-shifted grating by Ultra-Violet Laser at the Er-doped fiber of one section several centimeter length to realize that the phase-shifted grating phase-shift phase is pi/2 as shown in Figure 3, and phase shift is set to the grating middle.
The present invention also provides a kind of nautical receiving set, it is characterized in that it comprises by pump light source, the distributed feed-back formula fiber laser working light path that WDM and unsymmetric structure sonic sensor probe are formed; Pump light source is connected with WDM pumping end, and the WDM common port is connected with unsymmetric structure sonic sensor probe, and the laser of generation exports (FBG) demodulator to by the WDM output terminal.
The concrete characteristics of this programme also have, described unsymmetric structure sonic sensor probe, it comprises the exterior protection sleeve pipe, it is characterized in that externally the protection tube surface is provided with hollow out sound wave window, externally protection tube inside arranges the noise reduction sleeve pipe, distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fiber grating portion passes the noise reduction sleeve pipe and is fixed on the exterior protection inside pipe casing, and the free-ended endface position of noise reduction sleeve pipe is alignd with distributed feed-back formula fiber laser phase-shifted grating central symmetry axes; Distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fiber grating portion is divided into left grid region and right grid region according to the phase shift position, and left grid region is inserted in the noise reduction sleeve pipe fully, and right grid region is exposed in the acoustic wavefield fully;
The noise reduction sleeve pipe adopts nestable the forming of multilayer different densities material, ecto-entad is followed successively by metal tube, the cotton layer of noise reduction, the vitreosil sleeve pipe, wherein the vitreosil sleeve pipe comprises quartz inner pipe and quartz outer tube, quartz inner pipe and quartz outer tube are joined together to form closed vacuum sleeve at opening part, and vitreosil sleeve pipe central authorities are provided be used to the through hole that passes optical fiber.To reach the erasure effect to sound wave.Metal tube is used for providing protection to hush pipe; the cotton layer of noise reduction can absorb outside sound wave to the tube core transmission, and quartz outer tube and quartz inner pipe constitute a vitreosil sleeve pipe jointly, and interlayer is airtight to vacuumize; vacuum makes sound wave and vibration signal to penetrate into, thereby realizes the sound wave shielding action.Because metal tube, vitreosil sleeve pipe density are bigger, and the cotton layer of noise reduction is all very little with region of no pressure density, has therefore constituted multilayer acoustic reflection cross section, is conducive to reflection and the noise reduction of sound wave.
The structure of distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fiber grating portion as shown in Figure 3, be to inscribe phase-shifted grating by Ultra-Violet Laser at the Er-doped fiber of one section several centimeter length (being generally between the 1-10cm) to realize, the phase-shifted grating phase-shift phase is pi/2, and phase shift is set to the grating middle.
When pump light source produces enough strong pumping laser through WDM feeding distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fiber grating portion, the optical fiber of distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fiber grating portion is owing to be Er-doped fiber, with the absorptive pumping luminous energy, and produce new narrow-linewidth single frequency stabilized lasers, to the two ends transmission, export from the WDM output terminal through behind the WDM to laser the back respectively.Distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fiber grating portion is passed by sensor outer housing two ends hand-hole, the noise reduction sleeve covers is in the left grid region of distributed feed-back formula fiber laser, the right grid region of distributed feed-back formula fiber laser is exposed in the acoustic wavefield, and phase-shifted region just is positioned near the noise reduction sleeve pipe right side.When acoustic irradiation enters sensor, the right grid region of distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fully is exposed in the acoustic wavefield, and left grid region is because the existence of noise reduction sleeve pipe, and sound wave is by noise reduction, thereby makes distributed feed-back formula fiber laser be subjected to asymmetrical acoustic wavefield disturbance.
Sensor outer housing is that metal material or other hard materials constitute, and plays the effect of protection sensor, and also the while is as the pedestal of sensor.Be carved with many group hollow outs on the sensor outer housing, mainly be to prevent that shell from hindering sound wave and entering sensor internal, sound wave enters sensor internal by the hollow out window, and act on the exposed part of distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fiber grating portion, thereby make laser characteristic change, and then realize sonic detection.
Patent of the present invention mainly is to cause that according to sound wave fiber laser wavelength change and asymmetric disturbance have very strong enhancing effect with respect to traditional symmetrical disturbance and design.
Outside sound wave disturbance will cause the change of optical fibre refractivity, thereby causes the lasing central wavelength lambda of fiber laser
FLProduce mobile.Because photoelastic effect, the effective refractive index of fiber laser will change in acoustic wavefield.Be example with near the distributed feed-back formula fiber laser of centre wavelength 1550nm, in equally distributed acoustic wavefield (grid region, the fiber laser left and right sides all is subjected to the acoustic wavefield disturbance of same intensity), refractive index and wavelength corresponding relation are as shown in Figure 6;
When adopting the encapsulating structure of this patent design, fiber laser will be subjected to asymmetrical sound wave disturbance, thereby the refractive index left and right sides that makes photoelastic effect cause is asymmetric, thereby the variations in refractive index that obtains and wavelength corresponding relation are as shown in Figure 7, strengthened the amplitude (sensitivity) that sound wave causes distributed feed-back formula fiber laser center wavelength variation greatly.
The beneficial effect of this programme is: by the sensor construction of this patent design, can increase distributed feed-back formula fiber laser greatly and be used for the sensitivity that the underwater sound is surveyed.Sound wave causes the graph of a relation that optical fibre refractivity changes influences optical maser wavelength when not adopting the unsymmetric structure that the present invention designs thereby be illustrated in figure 6 as, and sensitivity (slope) is about 0.065; The corresponding diagram of Fig. 7 after for the unsymmetric structure enhanced sensitivity that adopts the present invention's design, the sensor construction enhanced sensitivity sensitivity coefficient that Fig. 8 designs for the present invention, sensitivity coefficient reach as high as 350; Can find that by contrast the present invention has increased sonic detection sensitivity greatly.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1: unsymmetric structure fibre optic hydrophone sensing probe structural drawing; Fig. 2: hush pipe structural drawing; Fig. 3: distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fiber grating portion synoptic diagram; Fig. 4: distributed feed-back formula fiber laser working light path figure; Fig. 5: fiber laser and probing shell assembling synoptic diagram; Fig. 6: symmetrical acoustic wavefield inner fiber variations in refractive index and optical maser wavelength corresponding diagram; Fig. 7: asymmetric acoustic wavefield inner fiber variations in refractive index and optical maser wavelength corresponding diagram; Fig. 8: sonic detection effect of enhanced sensitivity figure.
Among the figure: 1-optical fiber pigtail protector; 2-exterior protection sleeve pipe; 3-hollow out sound wave window; 4-optical fiber hand-hole; 5-noise reduction sleeve pipe; The 6-free end; The 7-Er-doped fiber; The right grid region of 8-; Grid region, a 9-left side; Behind the 10-distributed feed-back formula fiber laser to laser; 11-distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fiber grating; 12-WDM pumping end; The 13-WDM common port; The 14-center line; The 15-through hole; The 16-quartz inner pipe; The 17-quartz outer tube; The 18-metal tube; The cotton layer of 19-noise reduction; 20-hush pipe central shaft; The 21-vacuum chamber; The 22-pump light source; 23-wavelength division multiplexer (WDM); The 24-(FBG) demodulator; The 25-sound wave.
Embodiment
As shown in Figure 1, a kind of unsymmetric structure sonic sensor probe, it comprises exterior protection sleeve pipe 2, externally protection tube 2 surfaces are provided with hollow out sound wave window 3, externally protection tube 2 inside arrange noise reduction sleeve pipe 5, distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fiber grating portion 11 passes noise reduction sleeve pipe 5 and is fixed on exterior protection sleeve pipe 2 inside, and the endface position of the free end 6 of noise reduction sleeve pipe 5 is alignd with the center line 14 of distributed feed-back formula fiber laser phase-shifted fiber grating portion 11; Distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fiber grating portion 11 is divided into left grid region 9 and right grid region 8 according to the phase shift position, and left grid region 9 is inserted in the noise reduction sleeve pipe 5 fully, and right grid region 8 is exposed in the acoustic wavefield fully; Noise reduction sleeve pipe 5 adopts nestable the forming of multilayer different densities material, ecto-entad is followed successively by metal tube 18, the cotton layer 19 of noise reduction and vitreosil sleeve pipe, wherein the vitreosil sleeve pipe comprises quartz inner pipe 16 and quartz outer tube 17, quartz inner pipe 16 and quartz outer tube 17 are joined together to form closed vitreosil sleeve pipe at opening part, vitreosil sleeve pipe central authorities are provided be used to the through hole 15 that passes optical fiber, to reach the erasure effect to sound wave.Metal tube 18 is used for providing protection to the vitreosil sleeve pipe; the cotton layer 19 of noise reduction can absorb outside sound wave to the tube core transmission; airtight the vacuumizing of interlayer of quartz outer tube 17 and quartz inner pipe 16, vacuum makes sound wave and vibration signal to penetrate into, thereby realizes the sound wave shielding action.Because metal tube 18, vitreosil sleeve pipe density are bigger, and the cotton layer 19 of noise reduction is all very little with region of no pressure density, has therefore constituted multilayer acoustic reflection cross section, is conducive to reflection and the noise reduction of sound wave.
The structure of distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fiber grating portion 11 as shown in Figure 3, be to inscribe phase-shifted grating by Ultra-Violet Laser at the Er-doped fiber 7 of one section several centimeter length to realize, be that the Er-doped fiber of 5cm is inscribed phase-shifted grating in length in the present embodiment, the phase-shifted grating phase-shift phase is pi/2, and phase shift is set to the grating middle.
Distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fiber grating length adopts 1cm, and perhaps 10cm etc. all can realize above equal effect.
The sensor probe scheme of this patent design comprises that mechanical cover and distributed feed-back formula fiber laser two large divisions form, mechanical cover is used for stationary distribution feedback light fibre laser fiber grating, and increase extraneous sound wave to the disturbance effect of laser instrument by structural design, thereby realize effect of enhanced sensitivity; Distributed feed-back formula fiber laser is used for the perception sound wave, is intensity and the wavelength variations of laser with the change transitions of extraneous acoustic signals, thereby realizes the effect of Fibre Optical Sensor.
Distributed feed-back formula fiber laser grating partly is fixed on probing shell inside, runs through sensor outer housing shown in Figure 1 by optical fiber hand-hole 4; Exterior protection sleeve pipe 2 is for the protection of the inner distributed feed-back formula fiber laser of probe; Optical fiber pigtail protector 1 is used for fixing and protection optical fiber, prevents that optical fiber is subjected to big shearing force and causes and fracture, and plays the buffer protection effect; Noise reduction sleeve pipe 5 is used for absorbing and reflective sound wave, makes that entering the interior sound wave of pipe disappears or big lossy, thereby has reduced the sound wave transmitance; Hollow out sound wave window 3 makes sensor internal fully be exposed in the acoustic wavefield, and sound wave can see through window and enter sensor internal, acts on the distributed feed-back formula fiber laser grating.
Sensor mode as shown in Figure 1 assembles, and optical fiber pigtail protector 1 is installed in exterior protection sleeve pipe 2 two ends, and noise reduction sleeve pipe 5 is installed in sensor one side, and noise reduction sleeve pipe free end 6 is suspended on the exterior protection inside pipe casing; Sensor outer housing is passed by optical fiber hand-hole 4 in distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fiber grating portion 11, fiber laser fiber grating portion 11 and sensor noise reduction sleeve pipe 5 relative positions make phase-shifted grating central symmetry axes 14 align with noise reduction sleeve pipe free end 6 end faces as shown in Figure 5; Distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fiber grating portion 11 two ends and sensor outer housing are fixed, and at soft elastic material protection optical fiber pigtails such as optical fiber pigtail protector 1 position, sensor two ends employing rubber.
Present embodiment and embodiment 1 something in common repeat no more, and difference is, a kind of nautical receiving set also is provided, and it comprises by pump light source 22, the distributed feed-back formula fiber laser working light path that WDM23 and unsymmetric structure sonic sensor probe are formed; Pump light source 22 is connected with WDM pumping end 12, and WDM common port 13 is connected with unsymmetric structure sonic sensor probe, and the laser of generation exports (FBG) demodulator 24 to by the WDM output terminal.
Distributed feed-back formula fiber laser mainly is made up of pump light source, WDM, several parts of distributed feed-back formula fiber laser grating, pump light source is connected with WDM pumping end 12, WDM common port 13 is connected with distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fiber grating portion, and the laser of generation is by the output of WDM output terminal.Related 980nm pumping is common semiconductor pumped light source in this programme, output optical maser wavelength is 980nm, because related distributed feed-back formula fiber laser grating region is Er-doped fiber in the invention, therefore the semiconductor pumped light source of common 800nm and the semiconductor pumped light source of 1480nm also can use as the replacement scheme of pump light source among the present invention.WDM involved in the present invention is optical communication wavelength division multiplexer commonly used, cooperate wavelength and the definite and use of pump light source, for example when the pump light source wavelength is 980nm, WDM requires to select for use the device of 980/1550 specifications and models, be that the requirement of pumping end wavelength is 980nm, common port and output terminal are 1550nm, and above WDM is general commonplace components in optical communication and the light sensing.
Need build a (FBG) demodulator when being used for acoustic sounding, the existing report of demodulation scheme commonly used, Tan Bo etc. for example, the dynamic perfromance of distributed feed-back formula fiber laser, optical precision engineering,, 17 the 8th phases of volume, 1832-1838 in 2009; Jiang Qi etc., the design of distributed feedback optical fiber laser nautical receiving set and experiment, photon journal,, 38 volume o. 11ths, 2795-2799 in 2009; Ma Lina, optical lasers nautical receiving set technology, graduate school of National University of Defense Technology doctorate paper, 2010).Above scheme all can realize the sensor probe demodulation of patent design of the present invention.The present invention has adopted traditional Michelson interferometer as (FBG) demodulator in the specific implementation, is used for implementing the dynamic change of dynamic demodulation distributed feed-back formula fiber laser optical maser wavelength, thereby has realized sonic detection.Adopt the Mach-Zehnder interferometer to substitute Michelson interferometer in addition and also can realize same sonic detection effect.
Claims (7)
1. a unsymmetric structure sonic sensor is popped one's head in, it comprises the exterior protection sleeve pipe, it is characterized in that externally the protection tube surface is provided with hollow out sound wave window, externally protection tube inside arranges the noise reduction sleeve pipe, distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fiber grating portion passes the noise reduction sleeve pipe and is fixed on the exterior protection inside pipe casing, and the free-ended endface position of noise reduction sleeve pipe is alignd with distributed feed-back formula fiber laser phase-shifted grating central symmetry axes; Distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fiber grating portion is divided into left grid region and right grid region according to the phase shift position, and left grid region is inserted in the noise reduction sleeve pipe fully, and right grid region is exposed in the acoustic wavefield fully.
2. unsymmetric structure sonic sensor according to claim 1 is popped one's head in, it is characterized in that the noise reduction sleeve pipe adopts nestable the forming of multilayer different densities material, ecto-entad is followed successively by metal tube, the cotton layer of noise reduction, the vitreosil sleeve pipe, wherein the vitreosil sleeve pipe comprises quartz inner pipe and quartz outer tube, quartz inner pipe and quartz outer tube are joined together to form closed vacuum sleeve at opening part, and vitreosil sleeve pipe central authorities are provided be used to the through hole that passes optical fiber.
3. unsymmetric structure sonic sensor according to claim 1 is popped one's head in, it is characterized in that distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fiber grating portion inscribes phase-shifted grating by Ultra-Violet Laser at the Er-doped fiber of one section several centimeter length to realize, the phase-shifted grating phase-shift phase is pi/2, and phase shift is set to the grating middle.
4. a nautical receiving set is characterized in that it comprises by pump light source, the distributed feed-back formula fiber laser working light path that wavelength division multiplexer (WDM) and unsymmetric structure sonic sensor probe are formed; Pump light source is connected with WDM pumping end, and the WDM common port is connected with unsymmetric structure sonic sensor probe, and the laser of generation exports (FBG) demodulator to by the WDM output terminal.
5. nautical receiving set according to claim 4, it is characterized in that described unsymmetric structure sonic sensor probe, it comprises the exterior protection sleeve pipe, externally the protection tube surface is provided with hollow out sound wave window, externally protection tube inside arranges the noise reduction sleeve pipe, distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fiber grating portion passes the noise reduction sleeve pipe and is fixed on the exterior protection inside pipe casing, and the free-ended endface position of noise reduction sleeve pipe is alignd with distributed feed-back formula fiber laser phase-shifted grating central symmetry axes; Distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fiber grating portion is divided into left grid region and right grid region according to the phase shift position, and left grid region is inserted in the noise reduction sleeve pipe fully, and right grid region is exposed in the acoustic wavefield fully.
6. nautical receiving set according to claim 5, it is characterized in that the noise reduction sleeve pipe adopts nestable the forming of multilayer different densities material, ecto-entad is followed successively by metal tube, the cotton layer of noise reduction, the vitreosil sleeve pipe, wherein the vitreosil sleeve pipe comprises quartz inner pipe and quartz outer tube, quartz inner pipe and quartz outer tube are joined together to form closed vacuum sleeve at opening part, and vitreosil sleeve pipe central authorities are provided be used to the through hole that passes optical fiber.
7. nautical receiving set according to claim 4, it is characterized in that distributed feed-back formula fiber laser fiber grating portion inscribes phase-shifted grating by Ultra-Violet Laser at the Er-doped fiber of one section several centimeter length to realize, the phase-shifted grating phase-shift phase is pi/2, and phase shift is set to the grating middle.
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