CN103324770A - Method for predicting plane distribution law of effective natural fissures of oil reservoir - Google Patents
Method for predicting plane distribution law of effective natural fissures of oil reservoir Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for predicting the plane distribution law of the effective natural fissures of an oil reservoir and belongs to the field of natural fissure research. The method comprises the following steps: according to the conventional fissure recognition and description technologies, preliminarily determining the characteristic parameters of the natural fissures of the ultra-permeability dense oil reservoir; acquiring the preliminary distribution law of the natural fissures according to the finite element method; according to the characteristic parameters and the preliminary distribution law, building a reservoir-bed fissure geologic model; according to the sequence stratigraphy and the phase-controlled modeling technology, building a reservoir bed matrix geologic model; according to development conditions of the natural fissures in different matrixes, combining the reservoir bed fissure geologic model and the reservoir bed matrix geologic model and building a preliminary reservoir bed geologic model taking the natural fissures into consideration; on the basis of the preliminary reservoir bed geologic model taking the natural fissures into consideration, acquiring the plane distribution law of the effective natural fissures by adjusting the characteristic parameters to be fitted with production data. The method provides a reliable basis for optimizing a development technology policy.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the natural fracture Study on regularity field of the fine and close oil reservoir of Oil in Super-low Permeability, particularly the Forecasting Methodology of effective natural fracture planar distribution of the fine and close oil reservoir of a kind of Oil in Super-low Permeability.
Background technology
(SY/T628521997) stipulate according to the People's Republic of China's oil and gas industry standard " Oil/Gas Reservoir Assessment method " that came into effect in 1998, the ultra-low penetration oil reservoir refers to that air survey permeability is less than the oil reservoir of 1.0mD, the ultra-low penetration oil reservoir do not had criteria for classification abroad, usually air is surveyed permeability and be defined as fine and close oil less than the oil reservoir of 1.0mD, so the ultra-low penetration oil reservoir belongs to fine and close oil.At present, World Oil Industry has entered the epoch that routine is oily and fine and close oily resource is laid equal stress on and developed, and the fine and close oil exploitation of Oil in Super-low Permeability has become inexorable trend and the only way that World Oil Industry develops.
Because the fine and close oil reservoir matrix permeability of Oil in Super-low Permeability is very low, natural fracture is grown better, and mining site facts have proved the distribution situation of the fine and close oil reservoir natural fracture of Oil in Super-low Permeability, Optimum Fracturing modification measures and development technique policy are had a significant impact, in order to give full play to the effect of natural fracture seepage flow contribution, improve per-well production, evade the Fractured water breakthrough, the research work of carrying out natural fracture is most important to the exploitation of the fine and close oil reservoir of ultra-low penetration.At present, in the natural fracture planar distribution research of reservoir, adopt finite element method that the natural fracture planar distribution is predicted more.
The key step of finite element method prediction natural fracture planar distribution comprises: the density of the natural fracture that obtains take core observation obtains preliminary frequency of natural fractures planar distribution as benchmark by tectonic stress field evolution quantitative examination, phased heterogeneous body modeling, mechanical model foundation, Mathematical Models, tectonic stress field calculating, rock burst calculating etc.
In realizing process of the present invention, the inventor finds that there is following problem at least in prior art:
Finite element method prediction crack planar distribution is wanted the fracture density of match core observation, and the fracture density of core observation is described work and is carried out at surface condition, do not consider the impact of reservoir stress relief fracture density, cause the fracture density of the method prediction to distribute bigger than normal; Simultaneously because RESERVOIR STRESS FIELD distributes, the filling situation more complicated of natural fracture, under reservoir conditions, there is invalid crack, and the invalid crack directive significance unactual to the Development and Production work of oil reservoir, existing method is not considered the impact in invalid crack, thereby can't under the reservoir conditions effectively the regularity of distribution of natural fracture make further understanding, thereby can't be for optimizing and adjusting the fracturing reform measure and the development technique policy provides reliable foundation.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve the defective that exists in the prior art, the embodiment of the invention provides a kind of Forecasting Methodology of effective natural fracture planar distribution of oil reservoir.Described technical scheme is as follows:
A kind of Forecasting Methodology of effective natural fracture planar distribution of oil reservoir, described method comprises:
By conventional crack identification and description technique, tentatively determine the characteristic parameter of the fine and close oil reservoir natural fracture of Oil in Super-low Permeability;
Obtain the preliminary regularity of distribution of described natural fracture by finite element method;
According to described characteristic parameter and the described preliminary regularity of distribution, set up the Reservoir Fracture geologic model;
According to sequence stratigraphy and phased modeling technique, set up reservoir matrix geologic model;
According to the developmental state of described natural fracture in different substrates, described Reservoir Fracture geologic model and described reservoir matrix geologic model are combined, set up the preliminary GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR of considering natural fracture;
Take the preliminary GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR of described consideration natural fracture as the basis, by adjusting described characteristic parameter match production data, obtain effective natural fracture planar distribution.
Described by conventional crack identification and description technique, the characteristic parameter of the fine and close oil reservoir natural fracture of tentatively definite Oil in Super-low Permeability specifically comprises:
The fine and close oil reservoir of Oil in Super-low Permeability is carried out core observation, appears and observe and the thin slice observation, tentatively determine development length, density, aperture, cutting-in and the azimuth distribution characteristics of the fine and close oil reservoir natural fracture of Oil in Super-low Permeability.
The described preliminary regularity of distribution that obtains described natural fracture by finite element method specifically comprises:
The density of the natural fracture that obtains take described core observation is used the preliminary regularity of distribution that finite element method obtains described natural fracture as benchmark.
Describedly set up the Reservoir Fracture geologic model according to described characteristic parameter and the described preliminary regularity of distribution, specifically comprise:
Take the described preliminary regularity of distribution as constraint condition, in the module of the crack of Geologic modeling software, load respectively development length, aperture, cutting-in and the orientation of described natural fracture, set up the Reservoir Fracture geologic model.
Described according to the developmental state of described natural fracture in different substrates, described Reservoir Fracture geologic model and described reservoir matrix geologic model are combined, specifically comprise: grow in sandstone according to described natural fracture, obsolete characteristics in mud stone combine described Reservoir Fracture geologic model and described reservoir matrix geologic model.
Described preliminary GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR take described consideration natural fracture by adjusting described characteristic parameter match production data, is obtained effective natural fracture planar distribution as the basis, specifically comprises:
Take the preliminary GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR of described consideration natural fracture as the basis;
Adopt the method match production data of numerical simulation inverting;
If block qualified rates of fitting and matching ratio of single well are all greater than 80%, then the natural fracture planar distribution in the preliminary GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR of described consideration natural fracture is effective natural fracture planar distribution of prediction.
If described block qualified rates of fitting and matching ratio of single well are all greater than 80%, then the natural fracture planar distribution in the preliminary GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR of described consideration natural fracture is after effective natural fracture planar distribution of prediction, also comprises:
If block qualified rates of fitting or matching ratio of single well are not more than 80%, then adjust described characteristic parameter, re-start the numerical simulation inverting, until block qualified rates of fitting and matching ratio of single well are all greater than 80%.
If described block qualified rates of fitting or matching ratio of single well are not more than 80%, then adjust described characteristic parameter, re-start the numerical simulation inverting, until block qualified rates of fitting and matching ratio of single well specifically comprise all greater than 80%:
If block qualified rates of fitting or matching ratio of single well are not more than 80%, then adjust aperture and the density of described natural fracture, re-start the numerical simulation inverting, until block qualified rates of fitting and matching ratio of single well are all greater than 80%.
The beneficial effect that the technical scheme that the embodiment of the invention provides is brought is: by match actual production data, with the reservoir stress relief, the invalid crack that the factors such as natural fracture filling cause is got rid of, be finally inversed by producing the characteristic parameter that influential natural fracture is effective natural fracture, obtained actual production is had the planar distribution of effective natural fracture of directive function, the fracture density distribution phenomenon bigger than normal of the prediction that has only caused take frequency of natural fractures as benchmark when having solved finite element method prediction natural fracture planar distribution, simultaneously because the method takes full advantage of the existing cognitive achievements to natural fracture, can accurately reflect the oil reservoir Characteristics of The Matural Fractures, thereby the GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR of the effective natural fracture of consideration that makes up by the method, can be for optimizing and adjusting the fracturing reform measure and the development technique policy provides reliable foundation.
Description of drawings
In order to be illustrated more clearly in the technical scheme in the embodiment of the invention, the accompanying drawing of required use was done to introduce simply during the below will describe embodiment, apparently, accompanying drawing in the following describes only is some embodiments of the present invention, for those of ordinary skills, under the prerequisite of not paying creative work, can also obtain according to these accompanying drawings other accompanying drawing.
Fig. 1 is the Forecasting Methodology process flow diagram of effective natural fracture planar distribution of the oil reservoir that provides in the embodiment of the invention 1;
Fig. 2 is the method flow diagram of the match production data that provides in the embodiment of the invention 1;
Fig. 3 is the method flow diagram of match production data when not considering the fine and close reservoir geological modeling of traditional Oil in Super-low Permeability of natural fracture;
Fig. 4 is 9 wellblocks, the village that provide of embodiment 2 with the natural fracture flat distribution map of finite element method prediction;
Fig. 5 is the village 9 wellblock crude production speed matched curves that embodiment 2 provides;
Fig. 6 is the village 9 wellblock crude oil cumulative production oil matched curves that embodiment 2 provides;
Fig. 7 is the village 9 wellblock water percentage matched curves that embodiment 2 provides;
Fig. 8 is 9 wellblocks, the village accumulation water filling matched curve that embodiment 2 provides;
Fig. 9 is effective natural fracture flat distribution map of predicting with the method that embodiment 1 provides.
Embodiment
For making the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, embodiment of the present invention is described further in detail below in conjunction with accompanying drawing.
Embodiment 1
Referring to Fig. 1, the embodiment of the invention provides a kind of Forecasting Methodology of effective natural fracture planar distribution of oil reservoir, and described method comprises:
Step 101: by conventional crack identification and description technique, tentatively determine the characteristic parameter of the fine and close oil reservoir natural fracture of Oil in Super-low Permeability;
Main employing core observation, the geological research technological means such as observation and thin slice observation of appearing in the embodiment of the invention, obtained the characteristic parameter of the natural fractures such as development length, density, aperture, cutting-in and azimuth distribution characteristics of reservoir natural fracture, take full advantage of modern crack identification and description technique to the cognitive achievements of oil reservoir natural fracture, the natural fracture planar distribution provides more comprehensive theoretical foundation and Data support in order to obtain reliably effectively.
Step 102: the preliminary regularity of distribution that obtains described natural fracture by finite element method;
The density of the natural fracture that finite element method obtains take core observation obtains preliminary frequency of natural fractures planar distribution as benchmark by tectonic stress field evolution quantitative examination, phased heterogeneous body modeling, mechanical model foundation, Mathematical Models, tectonic stress field calculating, rock burst calculating etc.
Step 103: according to described characteristic parameter and the described preliminary regularity of distribution, set up the Reservoir Fracture geologic model;
This step will combine to cognitive achievements and the finite element method of natural fracture by utilizing the crack modeling technique, obtains the Reservoir Fracture geologic model.
Celebrate the oil field as example take length in the embodiment of the invention, according to the cognitive achievements of the natural fracture of the fine and close oil reservoir of long celebrating oil field Oil in Super-low Permeability as can be known: the ultra-low penetration oil reservoir is grown has east northeast to, northwest (NW) to, four groups of natural fractures of approximately EW and nearly north-south, the east orientation crack is maximum wherein, next be northwest (NW) to the crack, and approximately EW and the nearly relative agensis in crack, north-south.Because long celebrating oil field natural fracture mostly is micro crack, and micro crack mainly plays seepage channel, preserve effect relatively relatively poor, the embodiment of the invention is selected RMS (Reservoir Management System, the reservoir management system) Geologic modeling software, obtain the preliminary regularity of distribution of described natural fracture as constraint condition take finite element method, in the crack module of RMS Geologic modeling software, load respectively east northeast to crack and northwest (NW) to the crack, and load development length, aperture of described natural fracture etc., set up the Reservoir Fracture geologic model.
In other embodiments, the cognitive achievements that can select other natural fractures according to actual reservoir geology situation equally also can select other Geologic modeling softwares such as Frac, Fred etc. to set up the Reservoir Fracture geologic model as add-in.
Step 104: according to sequence stratigraphy and phased modeling technique, set up reservoir matrix geologic model;
According to the individual well individual-layer data, take sequence stratigraphy as guiding theory, set up the reservoir tectonic model.On the tectonic model basis, utilize the geological knowledge data such as individual well well logging interpretation achievement, sedimentary micro border, sand thickness flat distribution map and main trunk profile sand body distribution plan, reservoir modeling is retrained, set up reservoir matrix geologic model.
Step 105: according to the developmental state of described natural fracture in different substrates, described Reservoir Fracture geologic model and described reservoir matrix geologic model are combined, set up the preliminary GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR of considering natural fracture;
In the embodiment of the invention, mainly grow in sandstone according to ultra-low penetration oil reservoir natural fracture, obsolete characteristics in mud stone load natural fracture in sandstone, in mud stone, do not load natural fracture, thereby described Reservoir Fracture geologic model and described reservoir matrix geologic model are combined.
Step 106: take the preliminary GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR of described consideration natural fracture as the basis, by adjusting described characteristic parameter match production data, obtain effective natural fracture planar distribution.
Because the factors such as reservoir stress relief, natural fracture filling cause a large amount of invalid cracks, invalid crack is on not impact of actual production in the natural fracture of oil reservoir.On the basis of the preliminary GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR of the consideration natural fracture of setting up, the characteristic parameters such as the aperture of the natural fracture by adjusting described preliminary GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR and density, thereby change the Reservoir Seepage ability, so that the production dynamic data of the result of oil reservoir numerical simulation computing and water injection well and producing well (comprising the injection rate IR of water injection well, crude production speed, crude oil cumulative production and the water percentage of producing well) is complementary, if do not mate, again adjust the characteristic parameters such as the aperture of natural fracture and density, the match that makes repeated attempts is until coupling.The characteristic parameters such as the fracture density in the zone of each well point control and aperture are the planar distribution of effective natural fracture after the coupling, and the geologic model after the characteristic parameter adjustment is the GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR of considering effective natural fracture.
Referring to Fig. 2, step 106 is take the preliminary GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR of described consideration natural fracture as the basis in the embodiment of the invention, adopt the method match production data of numerical simulation inverting: if block qualified rates of fitting and matching ratio of single well all greater than 80%, then the natural fracture planar distribution in the preliminary GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR of described consideration natural fracture is effective natural fracture planar distribution of prediction; If block qualified rates of fitting or matching ratio of single well are not more than 80%, then adjust described characteristic parameter, re-start the numerical simulation inverting, until block qualified rates of fitting and matching ratio of single well are all greater than 80%.
The method that the embodiment of the invention provides combines with reservoir modeling by the preliminary regularity of distribution of natural fracture that finite element method is obtained, set up the preliminary GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR of considering natural fracture, take described preliminary GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR as the basis, adjust the characteristic parameter match actual production data such as frequency of natural fractures, the regularity of distribution of the natural fracture that obtains after the match is the regularity of distribution of effective natural fracture.From front understanding actual production is had directive function effective natural fracture be distributed with very large difficulty, the embodiment of the invention has obtained actual production is had the planar distribution of effective natural fracture of directive function by the method for inverting, the fracture density distribution phenomenon bigger than normal of the prediction that has only caused take frequency of natural fractures as benchmark when having solved finite element method prediction natural fracture planar distribution.
The method flow diagram of Fig. 3 match production data during for the fine and close reservoir geological modeling of traditional Oil in Super-low Permeability of not considering natural fracture, owing to not considering the factor of natural fracture, when numerical simulation staged matching production data, often with revising the matrix core permeability, add a large amount of artificial seams, tuning up the stress sensitive coefficient of rock or revise the method for oozing mutually curve and realize match to block and per-well production, the qualified rates of fitting of individual well is not high generally speaking, and especially the water injection rate match is very difficult.And this method changed the intrinsic attribute of reservoir, and the GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR of setting up can not accurately reflect geologic characteristics, thereby has reduced the reliability of fracturing reform measure and development technique policy scheme optimum results.
The Forecasting Methodology of effective natural fracture planar distribution that the embodiment of the invention provides combines the essential characteristic parameter of natural fracture and cognitive achievements with characteristic of production dynamic, by adjusting essential characteristic parameter (density, aperture etc.) match block and the dynamic production data of individual well in crack, thereby determine effective natural fracture regularity of distribution of realistic production, set up simultaneously a kind of GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR of considering effective natural fracture, can accurately reflect geologic characteristics, for optimizing and adjusting the fracturing reform measure and the development technique policy provides reliable foundation.
Embodiment 2
Long 8 oil reservoirs in 9 wellblocks, the fine and close oil reservoir village of Oil in Super-low Permeability are positioned at Ordos Basin lake basin middle part, and sedimentary micro is take the distributary channel microfacies as main, average pore 10.6%, mean permeability 0.36mD.Main grow NE to NW to the high angle tectoclase, the average linear density of core observation is 1.4/meter, fracture aperture 10-40 μ m, and cutting-in is take 10.0-20.0cm as main, the microfracture spacing is take 10.0-40.0cm as main, and fracture penetration is between 3.0-12.0m; Finite element prediction crack, 9 wellblock, village planar distribution is seen Fig. 4,2.0/meter of crack maximal densities, 1.2/meter in average crack.
The village 9 blocks adopt when not considering the reservoir geology modeling of natural fracture, by method match production data shown in Figure 3; When the village 9 blocks adopt the reservoir geology modeling of considering natural fracture, the method match production data that adopts embodiment 1 to provide, the fitting result of the two is seen Fig. 5-Fig. 8.By Fig. 5-8 as can be known, consider the impact of effective natural fracture after, the block qualified rates of fitting improves more than 10%, referring to Fig. 9,0.8/meter of the density maximal value of effective natural fracture of prediction, 0.36/meter of average linear density, fracture aperture 15-30 μ m.The average density of the fracture density of contrast core observation and the determined effective natural fracture of application numerical reservoir simulation inverting, the average fracture density that can find out the prediction of core observation and finite element method is bigger than normal more than 200% than the result that the Forecasting Methodology of effective natural fracture obtains, and the embodiment of the invention has also provided reasonable defining to the distribution range of effective natural fracture aperture.Set up the GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR of considering that effective natural fracture distributes, adopt on this basis numerical reservoir simulation to optimize the village 9 wellblock development technique policies, small well spacing, the little water yield, reasonable pressure, the leading area separate zone waterflooding technology of long period have been proposed, make the 1.0t of this district's individual well day produce oil by the initial stage, moisture 60～80%, reach more than the present 2.0t, development effectiveness is obviously improved.
The above only is preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is in order to limit the present invention, within the spirit and principles in the present invention not all, any modification of doing, is equal to replacement, improvement etc., all should be included within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. the Forecasting Methodology of effective natural fracture planar distribution of an oil reservoir is characterized in that, described method comprises:
By conventional crack identification and description technique, tentatively determine the characteristic parameter of the fine and close oil reservoir natural fracture of Oil in Super-low Permeability;
Obtain the preliminary regularity of distribution of described natural fracture by finite element method;
According to described characteristic parameter and the described preliminary regularity of distribution, set up the Reservoir Fracture geologic model;
According to sequence stratigraphy and phased modeling technique, set up reservoir matrix geologic model;
According to the developmental state of described natural fracture in different substrates, described Reservoir Fracture geologic model and described reservoir matrix geologic model are combined, set up the preliminary GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR of considering natural fracture;
Take the preliminary GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR of described consideration natural fracture as the basis, by adjusting described characteristic parameter match production data, obtain effective natural fracture planar distribution.
2. the Forecasting Methodology of effective natural fracture planar distribution of oil reservoir according to claim 1 is characterized in that, and is described by conventional crack identification and description technique, tentatively determines the characteristic parameter of the fine and close oil reservoir natural fracture of Oil in Super-low Permeability, specifically comprises:
The fine and close oil reservoir of Oil in Super-low Permeability is carried out core observation, appears and observe and the thin slice observation, tentatively determine development length, density, aperture, cutting-in and the azimuth distribution characteristics of the fine and close oil reservoir natural fracture of Oil in Super-low Permeability.
3. the Forecasting Methodology of effective natural fracture planar distribution of oil reservoir according to claim 2 is characterized in that, the described preliminary regularity of distribution that obtains described natural fracture by finite element method specifically comprises:
The density of the natural fracture that obtains take described core observation is used the preliminary regularity of distribution that finite element method obtains described natural fracture as benchmark.
4. the Forecasting Methodology of effective natural fracture planar distribution of oil reservoir according to claim 3 is characterized in that, describedly sets up the Reservoir Fracture geologic model according to described characteristic parameter and the described preliminary regularity of distribution, specifically comprises:
Take the described preliminary regularity of distribution as constraint condition, in the module of the crack of Geologic modeling software, load respectively development length, aperture, cutting-in and the orientation of described natural fracture, set up the Reservoir Fracture geologic model.
5. the Forecasting Methodology of effective natural fracture planar distribution of oil reservoir according to claim 4, it is characterized in that, described according to the developmental state of described natural fracture in different substrates, described Reservoir Fracture geologic model and described reservoir matrix geologic model are combined, specifically comprise: grow in sandstone according to described natural fracture, obsolete characteristics in mud stone combine described Reservoir Fracture geologic model and described reservoir matrix geologic model.
6. the Forecasting Methodology of effective natural fracture planar distribution of oil reservoir according to claim 5, it is characterized in that, described preliminary GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR take described consideration natural fracture is the basis, by adjusting described characteristic parameter match production data, obtain effective natural fracture planar distribution, specifically comprise:
Take the preliminary GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR of described consideration natural fracture as the basis;
Adopt the method match production data of numerical simulation inverting;
If block qualified rates of fitting and matching ratio of single well are all greater than 80%, then the natural fracture planar distribution in the preliminary GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR of described consideration natural fracture is effective natural fracture planar distribution of prediction.
7. the Forecasting Methodology of effective natural fracture planar distribution of oil reservoir according to claim 6, it is characterized in that, if described block qualified rates of fitting and matching ratio of single well are all greater than 80%, then the natural fracture planar distribution in the preliminary GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR of described consideration natural fracture is after effective natural fracture planar distribution of prediction, also comprises:
If block qualified rates of fitting or matching ratio of single well are not more than 80%, then adjust described characteristic parameter, re-start the numerical simulation inverting, until block qualified rates of fitting and matching ratio of single well are all greater than 80%.
8. the Forecasting Methodology of effective natural fracture planar distribution of oil reservoir according to claim 7, it is characterized in that, if described block qualified rates of fitting or matching ratio of single well are not more than 80%, then adjust described characteristic parameter, re-start the numerical simulation inverting, until block qualified rates of fitting and matching ratio of single well specifically comprise all greater than 80%:
If block qualified rates of fitting or matching ratio of single well are not more than 80%, then adjust aperture and the density of described natural fracture, re-start the numerical simulation inverting, until block qualified rates of fitting and matching ratio of single well are all greater than 80%.
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