CN103306648B - The method of viscous crude foam flooding - Google Patents
The method of viscous crude foam flooding Download PDFInfo
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- CN103306648B CN103306648B CN201310268263.6A CN201310268263A CN103306648B CN 103306648 B CN103306648 B CN 103306648B CN 201310268263 A CN201310268263 A CN 201310268263A CN 103306648 B CN103306648 B CN 103306648B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of method of viscous crude foam flooding, belong to the harvesting technique field of viscous crude.Gas/liquid ratio is that the bubbling system of 1:1 ~ 1.5:1 is injected into gas injection well shaft bottom by the present invention, and wherein bubbling system comprises the frother of air and valid density >=0.06%; Bubbling system forms foam in shaft bottom, and foam enters into seepage flow in oil reservoir interstitial space.The present invention by foam chance oil vanish after, still there is higher viscosity, far above oil viscosity former under formation condition, make to meet oil displacement system after entering object oil reservoir, meet the effect of mobility control, while preventing the has channeling problem of oil displacement system, meet by viscous crude foam flooding the effect that oil reservoir improves sweep efficiency, thus improve the recovery ratio of viscous crude further; A problem of otherwise address is controlled beyond explosive range by fuel gas, or control oxygen content lower than the minimum of critical dissolved oxygen content and safety content of oxygen, avoids blasting.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the harvesting technique field of viscous crude, especially a kind of method viscous crude being used to foam flooding.
Background technology
Under viscous crude refers to formation condition, viscosity was greater than for 50 milli handkerchief seconds, or degassed crude viscosity is the high viscosity heavy crude of 1000 ~ 10000 milli handkerchief seconds under reservoir temperature.It is high that viscous crude has viscosity, the feature that density is high, viscous crude containing light ends few, colloid and bitumen content high.In the earth formation in Shandong Ke Qin stratum, crude oil density in stock tank is 0.9509-0.9696g/cm
3, when 50 DEG C, viscosity of crude is 12000-36520mPa.s, and under formation temperature (90 DEG C), viscosity is 916.1-6744mPa.s, paraffin content is 0.9%-7.8%, and freezing point is 20-48 DEG C, and asphalt content is 7.9%-20.9%, non-hydrocarbon content is 9.5%-27.4%, belongs to typical aroma type viscous crude.
Because viscous crude has special high viscosity and high-solidification point characteristic, all run into some technical barriers in the various aspects of development and application.With regard to production technique, colloid, asphalitine and long chain paraffin cause the mobility of crude oil in reservoir and pit shaft to be deteriorated, and require the tertiary oil recovery process implementing high investment.High conveying that is sticky, High viscosity crude must adopt more powerful pumping equipment, and in order to reach rational pump displacement, requires heat induction system or carry out dilution process to crude oil.With regard to refinery technology, heavy metal in heavy oil can reduce rapidly the effect of catalyzer, and in order to viscous crude is converted into fuel oil, also need to add hydrogen, thus cause refinery cost greatly to increase, residual oil amount is large, and the difficult component content such as sulphur, nitrogen, metal, acid is high, is also the reason that oil refinery is reluctant to refine viscous crude more.Visible, the special nature of viscous crude determines the adopting of viscous crude, defeated, refining is all relative difficulty.
In the recovery process of existing crude oil, the recovery ratio of crude oil is the product of sweep efficiency and displacement efficiency, therefore, improve recovery ratio and mainly contain two approach, one is improve sweep efficiency, the main swept volume improving little duct by shutoff high permeability formation and macropore, or reduce that displacing agent mobility etc. realizes; Two is improve displacement efficiency, and main method changes the wetability of rock surface and reduces the adverse effect of capillarity, general surfactant.But for the viscous crude in crude oil, because its viscosity high density is large, conventional chemical flooding due to the apparent viscosity of oil displacement system significantly decline and system stability poor, cause oil displacement efficiency to be deteriorated, even unsuccessfully, can not large-scale promotion application.
Summary of the invention
Goal of the invention of the present invention is: for above-mentioned Problems existing, a kind of method of viscous crude foam flooding is provided, the problem solved is in high temperature, high salt, hypotonic viscous crude field, by foam after chance oil is vanished, still there is higher viscosity, far above oil viscosity former under formation condition, make to meet oil displacement system after entering object oil reservoir, meet the effect of mobility control, while preventing the has channeling problem of oil displacement system, meet by viscous crude foam flooding the effect that oil reservoir improves sweep efficiency, thus improve the recovery ratio of viscous crude further; A problem of otherwise address is controlled beyond explosive range by fuel gas, or control oxygen content lower than the minimum of critical dissolved oxygen content and safety content of oxygen, avoids blasting.
The technical solution used in the present invention is as follows:
The method of viscous crude foam flooding of the present invention, gas/liquid ratio is that the bubbling system of 1:1 ~ 1.5:1 is injected into gas injection well shaft bottom simultaneously by employing foam maker, and wherein bubbling system comprises the frother of air and valid density >=0.06%; Bubbling system forms foam in shaft bottom, and foam enters into seepage flow in oil reservoir interstitial space, wherein the foaming seepage velocity < 1.0m/d of bubbling system, and the apparent viscosity of foam raises with the increase of degree of porosity; When foam meets viscous crude in hole, the oil droplet that foam sticks at viscous crude occurs to vanish, the oil droplet of viscous crude is made to become oil film, wherein foaming oil saturation≤21% of foam system in pore media, foam is constantly vanished and regeneration in interstitial space, make oil film become little oil droplet in the coalescence, dispersion process of foam, and along the liquid film edge of foam, the stop walking around foam is constantly migrated forward.
Because viscous crude has full-bodied feature, conventional chemical flooding due to the apparent viscosity of oil displacement system significantly decline and system stability poor, oil displacement efficiency is caused to be deteriorated, even failed, can not large-scale promotion application, so require that in raising recovery ratio chemical agent will reach certain viscosity and just can play displacement effect, and the foam flooding system adopted in the present invention, under high temperature and high salt reservoir condition, there is higher apparent viscosity (200-5000mPa.s, even higher) characteristic, by choosing best displacement of reservoir oil parameter, thus the effect that oil reservoir improves sweep efficiency can be met, the recovery ratio of further raising viscous crude.In the method for the invention, just can pass through the very large feature of foam viscosity, foam can be adhered to each other well with viscous crude, and foam has the effect of meeting oily froth breaking, namely there is mechanism and the effect of the not stifled oil of water blockoff, when foam and viscous crude oil droplet are adhered to, entering into the transmission of viscous crude oil droplet expands shattered to pieces, viscous crude oil droplet now will be oil film by Foam Expansion, because foam is constantly being vanished and regeneration in interstitial space, make oil film in the coalescence of foam, little oil droplet is become in dispersion process, and along the liquid film edge of foam, the stop walking around foam is constantly migrated forward, thus the displacement realized viscous crude.The present invention have employed the large characteristic of the viscosity of foam just, make adhere to easily between foam and viscous crude, and constantly vanished and regeneration during seepage flow in pore media by foam, substantially solve the permanently effective sex chromosome mosaicism of what is called that Chemical Flooding Fluids exists in oil reservoir flow event; Foam is in porous media during seepage flow in addition, has very high apparent viscosity and apparent viscosity raises with the increase of medium holes porosity, that is: foam system has mechanism and the effect of blocking high not low blocking.Simultaneously, by the method for viscous crude foam flooding of the present invention, after chance oil, although foam has certain vanishing, such as, but viscosity is still very high, 300-10000mPa.s, far away higher than oil viscosity former under formation condition, meet the effect of oil displacement system mobility control after entering object oil reservoir, prevent the has channeling problem of oil displacement system.In foam flooding process, also need strictly to control the impact of foam displacement velocity on foamability, oil saturation is on the impact of foamability, valid density is on the impact of foamability, gas/liquid ratio is to the principal element such as foamability and foam pattern, and guarantee improves the object of the recovery ratio of viscous crude further in high temperature, high salt, hypotonic viscous crude field.When frother valid density is 0.02% ~ 0.06%, the plugging action of foam to fill out sand tube of formation is not obvious; When frother valid density is greater than 0.06%, resistance coefficient is larger.Now, the foam system that foam is formed in fill out sand tube, has desirable plugging action.Affect the important parameter of foaming properties during gas/liquid ratio, when gas/liquid ratio is too small, because the amount of gas formed needed for foam is not enough, therefore the resistance coefficient of foam flooding system is not too high.Along with increasing of gas/liquid ratio, this situation improves gradually, and thus resistance coefficient continues to increase.But when increasing gas/liquid ratio further, because amount of gas is too much, the average thickness of liquid film of foam is thinning, the bad stability of bubbling, thus the resistance coefficient of foam system is along with the increase of gas/liquid ratio, after reaching maximum value, start to decline by a small margin, confirm that through test the optimum range of gas/liquid ratio is 1:1 ~ 1.5:1.The coagulation efficiency and mechanism that foam has " blocking high not low blocking ", because Lu Ke oozes reservoir heterogeneity seriously, each layer permeability contrast is comparatively large, and the formation condition of foam is different, therefore, needs to study permeability further to the impact of resistance coefficient, when permeability is 256 × 10
-3μm
2~ 463 × 10
-3μm
2in scope, along with the increase of permeability, resistance coefficient increases rapidly; Therefore no matter permeability height, distance arrival end distance is far away, and resistance coefficient is lower, and namely lather quickness is less than antifoaming speed.Improve recovery efficiency technique for foam flooding, in Injection Well near wellbore zone, oil reservoir deep and oil well shaft bottom, the seepage velocity of fluid differs greatly.For target zone, the water absorption of high permeability zone, less permeable layer is different, and the seepage velocity of foam is not identical yet, therefore, needs to study the resistance coefficient of foam under different linear velocity condition.Along with the increase of linear velocity, the resistance coefficient of foam increases gradually, illustrates that linear velocity is higher, and the foaming capacity of foam liquid is stronger; Distance arrival end distance is far away, and resistance coefficient is less, foam is described in pore media during seepage flow, lather quickness < antifoaming speed; The critical foaming seepage velocity < 1.0m/d of bubbling system is confirmed through experiment.In seepage line speed from 0.3m/d ~ 3m/d increase process gradually, for foam flooding target zone, due to long-term injecting water exploitation, the water absorption of high permeability zone, less permeable layer is different, and its water drive recovery percent of reserves is difference and oil saturation difference also.Therefore, also need research oil saturation on the impact of the resistance coefficient of foam, along with the increase of oil saturation, foam resistance coefficient reduces gradually, but the reduction amplitude difference under different oil saturations.Oil saturation is in the scope of 0% ~ 16%, and along with increasing of oil saturation, it is medium that resistance coefficient reduces amplitude; In the scope of oil saturation 16% ~ 21%, along with increasing of oil saturation, resistance coefficient reduces amplitude and is greater than in the scope of oil saturation 0% ~ 16%, along with oil saturation increases, and the amplitude that resistance coefficient reduces.In the scope of oil saturation 21% ~ 33%, along with increasing of oil saturation, resistance coefficient reduces in the scope of amplitude and oil saturation 0% ~ 16%, and along with oil saturation increases, it is substantially suitable that resistance coefficient reduces amplitude.When 33%≤oil saturation≤55%, along with the increase of oil saturation, resistance coefficient substantially no longer reduces.Therefore, the critical foaming oil saturation of foam system in pore media is about 21%, and described needs controls foaming oil saturation≤21% of foam system in pore media.The resistance coefficient of ground or shaft bottom foaming reduces along with the increase of linear velocity.This is mainly due to after foam enters into rock core, and due to higher apparent viscosity, resistance coefficient is higher, along with the increase of flow velocity, and the shear thinning effect of non newtonian aerated fluid, apparent viscosity reduces; In addition, also may due to along with foam seepage flow in rock core, because foam antifoaming speed is greater than lather quickness, bubble amt level quality decreases, and therefore, resistance coefficient reduces gradually.And for gas-liquid alter least-squares foam flooding, under low flow velocity and initial stage condition, because the amount of foaming is large not, therefore resistance coefficient is little.Along with the further increase of fluid seepage flow and foaming effect in pore media, the effect of foam increases gradually, and resistance coefficient also raises and substantially steady under the condition that attains to a high place gradually.Therefore, frothing foam oil displacement efficiency in shaft bottom is better than the effect of gas-liquid alter least-squares foam flooding.Just by the control to foam parameters in the present invention, thus choose best displacement of reservoir oil parameter, effectively could improve the recovery ratio of viscous crude.
The method of viscous crude foam flooding of the present invention, is characterized in that: the gas/liquid ratio of described bubbling system is 1.2:1, and the concentration of described frother is 0.08%-0.1%, and the foaming seepage flow speed of bubbling system is 0.7m/d.
In order to reach best oil displacement efficiency, make full use of the feature of the large viscosity of foam, make foam can better displacement viscous crude in hole, thus the gathering of the raising viscous crude making foam best, the gas/liquid ratio that need control bubbling system is 1.2:1, and the concentration of described frother is 0.08%-0.1%, and the foaming seepage flow speed of bubbling system is 0.7m/d, guarantee that the foamability of foam reaches requirement, guarantee that foam has desirable plugging action; Guarantee that foam has higher resistance coefficient, guarantee the Flooding Efficiency of foam, thus improve the recovery ratio of viscous crude further.
The method of viscous crude foam flooding of the present invention, injecting the process of bubbling system, needs in the gaseous mixture of fuel gas and oxygen in control well, and the concentration of combustible gas is lower than lower explosive limit, or higher than upper explosion limit, oxygen content is lower than the critical dissolved oxygen content of blast;
Wherein, the explosion limit of single-component gas mixture can be calculated by following formula:
In formula: C
l-be the explosion ratio lower limit of one pack system imflammable gas, C
u-be the explosion ratio upper limit of one pack system imflammable gas, N-to burn completely requisite oxygen atomicity for mixture;
Wherein, the explosion limit of multicomponent gas is between one pack system limiting value, and available following formula is estimated:
In formula: C
minthe explosion limit (%) of-multicomponent flammable mixtures,
V
1, V
2, V
3..., V
nthe percentage by volume of-each component in mist,
C
1, C
2, C
3..., C
nthe explosion limit (%) of-each component gas;
When imflammable gas and oxygen occur to burn completely, chemical equation is as follows:
In formula: the atomicity of n-carbon; The atomicity of m-hydrogen; The atomicity of λ-oxygen;
When imflammable gas volume fraction is lower explosive limit L, volume fraction is L, and theoretical minimum critical dissolved oxygen content is:
In formula: C (O
2the minimum critical dissolved oxygen content of theory of)-imflammable gas;
The lower explosive limit of L-imflammable gas;
Oxygen molecule number required when N-every mole fuel gas burns completely.
Owing to have employed said method, three base substance factors that burning and blast occur fuel gas (liquid vapour) are: fuel gas (liquid vapour), oxygen and ignition energy.And combustion explosion, not only need the existence of combustible gas and oxygen, an essential condition is also needed to be exactly the suitable mixing ratio of combustible gas and oxygen, in the gaseous mixture of both fuel gas and oxygen, the concentration of combustible gas must higher than lower explosive limit, lower than upper explosion limit, oxygen content reaches more than critical dissolved oxygen content, as long as these two conditions have possessed simultaneously, has run into enough ignition energies and burning or blast will occur.Under normal temperature and pressure, the aerial explosive range of methane is limited to 5% ~ 15%.When imflammable gas or liquid vapors mix within the scope of finite concentration with air (or oxygen), running into burning things which may cause a fire disaster can blast, and this concentration range is its explosion limit.Therefore flammable mist can be made to blast necessary minimum combustable gas concentration, be called lower explosive limit; Flammable mist can be made to blast the highest necessary combustable gas concentration, be called upper explosion limit.The mist of concentration below lower limit or more than the upper limit can not catch fire or explode.This is because when combustible gas concentration is below lower limit, containing excessive air in system, due to the cooling effect of air, prevent flame transmission, now the destruction number of active centre is greater than generation number.Equally, when concentration is more than the upper limit, air has fire or explosion danger.Therefore can not think to the combustible gas-air Mixture more than upper limit, containing excessive inflammable substance, air (oxygen) is not enough, and flame can not be propagated, but now supply is safe.The scope that the explosion limit neither one of fuel gas is fixing, the factor that affect explosion limit a lot, as initial temperature, system initial pressure, oxygen content, inert gas (impact on explosion limit of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, steam increases successively), ignition energy and container size etc.Therefore calculate by the formula in the present invention, in air injection process, the natural gas mainly in crude oil mixes with air easily blasts, so the composition of natural gas determines its explosion limit.The step of estimation natural gas and air mixed explosion boundary is the blast Upper-lower Limit first using formula (l) and formula (2) to estimate one pack system respectively; The explosion limit of multicomponent combustible gas mixture is calculated again by formula (3).Thus fuel gas is controlled beyond explosive range by the present invention, or control oxygen content lower than the minimum of critical dissolved oxygen content and safety content of oxygen, avoid blasting.
Critical dissolved oxygen content refers to and can make the fuel gas of a certain concentration that the critical most high oxygen concentration of combustion explosion does not just occur when give enough ignition energies, is blast and not quick-fried critical point.If oxygen content is higher than this concentration, burning or blast just can occur, just can not there is burning or blast lower than this concentration in oxygen content.Safety content of oxygen refers to the critical most high oxygen concentration when give that sufficiently high ignition energy all can not make the fuel gas of any concentration or liquid vapour blast, oxygen content is higher than this concentration, generation combustion explosion known from experience by combustible gas for a certain concentration, but if oxygen content is lower than this concentration, to the fuel gas of any concentration, burning or blast all can not occur.Usual minimum critical dissolved oxygen content is safety content of oxygen.When imflammable gas (or steam) and oxygen occur to burn completely, chemical equation is as follows:
In formula: the atomicity of n-carbon; The atomicity of m-hydrogen; The atomicity of λ-oxygen;
When imflammable gas (or steam) volume fraction is lower explosive limit L, now reaction is oxygen enrichment state, if volume fraction is L, under normal temperature and pressure, theoretical minimum critical dissolved oxygen content equals the critical dissolved oxygen content of combustible just required for complete reaction of least concentration.And fuel gas is when upper explosion limit, its critical dissolved oxygen content equals the actual oxygen content in gaseous mixture.When there is no specific experiment foundation, the lower explosive limit of available imflammable gas reaches required oxygen atom number (minimum oxygen volume fraction) when burning completely and estimates minimum critical dissolved oxygen content, can draw the minimum critical dissolved oxygen content of natural gas each component according to formula (4).For most of petroleum product, under normal temperature and pressure, theoretical minimum critical dissolved oxygen content is about 10%, and oxygen content, lower than this value, also can not be blasted even if meet naked light.
The method of viscous crude foam flooding of the present invention, in Ke Qin stratum, described Shandong, the critical dissolved oxygen content of blast is 10.89%, injecting the process of bubbling system, should control oxygen content lower than this value.
Experimentally the explosion limit scope of Plotting data is known, the ooze critical point of oxygen in oil field of Lu Ke is 10.89%, also the critical dissolved oxygen content namely exploded is 10.89%, when oxygen content is lower than this value, also can not blast even if meet naked light, thus ensure the safety of foam flooding, foam flooding in the present invention is temperature 80 DEG C, and under pressure 13MPa condition, the oxygen content of final foam flooding is 3.2%, well below the critical dissolved oxygen content 10.89% of blast, it is safe for therefore carrying out foam flooding.
In sum, owing to have employed technique scheme, the invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
1, the method for viscous crude foam flooding of the present invention, improves the recovery ratio of viscous crude further in high temperature, high salt, hypotonic viscous crude field;
2, the method for viscous crude foam flooding of the present invention, controls fuel gas beyond explosive range, or controls oxygen content lower than the minimum of critical dissolved oxygen content and safety content of oxygen, avoids blasting.
3, the method for viscous crude foam flooding of the present invention, foam is constantly vanished and regeneration during seepage flow in pore media, substantially solves the permanently effective sex chromosome mosaicism of what is called that Chemical Flooding Fluids exists in oil reservoir flow event; Foam in porous media during seepage flow, has very high apparent viscosity and apparent viscosity raises with the increase of medium holes porosity, and namely foam system has mechanism and the effect of blocking high not low blocking; Foam has the effect of meeting oily froth breaking, namely has mechanism and the effect of the not stifled oil of water blockoff.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the explosion limit and the blast area figure that test the methane air recorded in the present invention.
Detailed description of the invention
All features disclosed in this manual, or the step in disclosed all methods or process, except mutually exclusive feature and/or step, all can combine by any way.
Arbitrary feature disclosed in this manual (comprising any accessory claim, summary), unless specifically stated otherwise, all can be replaced by other equivalences or the alternative features with similar object.That is, unless specifically stated otherwise, each feature is an example in a series of equivalence or similar characteristics.
The method of viscous crude foam flooding of the present invention, gas/liquid ratio is that the bubbling system (most wherein preferably being the bubbling system that gas/liquid ratio is 1.2:1) of 1:1 ~ 1.5:1 is injected into gas injection well shaft bottom simultaneously by employing foam maker, wherein bubbling system comprises pressure can be adopted to be the air of 10MPa and the frother of valid density >=0.06%, the concentration being preferably frother is 0.08%-0.1%, optimum efficiency is 0.1%, and the concentration of frother certainly also can be selected according to actual needs to be 0.08% or 0.09% or other concentration; Bubbling system forms foam in shaft bottom, and foam enters into seepage flow in oil reservoir interstitial space, wherein the foaming seepage velocity < 1.0m/d of bubbling system, and the optimum foaming seepage velocity for bubbling system is 0.7m/d; The apparent viscosity of foam raises with the increase of degree of porosity; When foam meets viscous crude in hole, the oil droplet that foam sticks at viscous crude occurs to vanish, the oil droplet of viscous crude is made to become oil film, wherein foaming oil saturation≤21% of foam system in pore media, foam is constantly vanished and regeneration in interstitial space, make oil film become little oil droplet in the coalescence, dispersion process of foam, and along the liquid film edge of foam, the stop walking around foam is constantly migrated forward.
The method of viscous crude foam flooding of the present invention, under the conditions such as reservoir temperature (80 DEG C), injection water, formation water, quartz sand, the natural oil-sand of oil reservoir, has carried out coreflooding experiment.Primary evaluation foam displacement velocity on the impact of foamability, oil saturation on the impact of foamability, valid density on the impact of foamability, gas/liquid ratio to the major parameter such as foamability and foam pattern.
Experiment condition:
1, experimental water: simulated formation water and clear water.
2, frother: XHY-4, concentration is determined according to specific experiment content.
3, experiment gas: air, gas pressure 10MPa.
4, rock core is tested: fill out sand tube, diameter 5.08cm, long 1.3m.
5, experimental temperature: 80 DEG C.
Experimental technique:
1, by sandpack column access process.
2, model is evacuated to-720mmHg post, saturated formation water.
3, start water drive with certain injection rate, measure sandpack column permeability.
4, by frother and air alter least-squares sandpack column.
5, real time record fill out sand tube pressure meter registration everywhere.Fill out sand tube is uniformly distributed four precision pressure gauges, pressure distribution on record fill out sand tube, reveals the size of foam shut-off capacity in pore media by the variant of pressure.
Foaming agent concentration is on the impact of resistance coefficient
Consider that field use is actual, come accurately to determine frother valid density further by the coreflooding experiment considering above-mentioned 2 influence conditions.
Rock core table 1 gives the coreflooding experiment data that frother valid density affects resistance coefficient, and resistance coefficient has reacted foamability and the shut-off capacity of foam system, and rock core outlet back pressure 10MPa, following displacement experiment is identical.
Table 1 concentration is to liquid foams drainage properties influence
Fill out sand tube voids volume is 700mL, and degree of porosity is 28.6%, and permeability is 463 × 10
-3μm
2.RF
12for the fill out sand tube resistance coefficient between pressure meter on fill out sand tube 1 and pressure meter 2, in like manner, RF
23, RF
34be respectively pressure meter 2 and pressure meter 3, resistance coefficient between pressure meter 3 and pressure meter 4, RF
14for the resistance coefficient of whole fill out sand tube.
Can find out, when frother valid density increases gradually in 0.02% ~ 0.06%, resistance coefficient RF
12, RF
23and RF
14rise slightly by a small margin.Such as RF
12when being only 0.02% by concentration 7.2 slightly increase to 16.2 when concentration is 0.06%; RF
14when being only 0.02% by concentration 2.3 slightly increase to 6.8 when concentration is 0.06%; When frother valid density increases gradually in 0.06% ~ 0.10% scope, resistance coefficient RF
12, RF
23and RF
14obvious rising.Such as RF
12when being 0.06% by concentration 16.2 significantly increase to 45.7 when concentration is 0.10%; RF
14when being 0.06% by concentration 6.8 sharply increase to 31.4 when concentration is 0.06%.This illustrates, when frother valid density is 0.02% ~ 0.06%, the plugging action of foam to fill out sand tube of formation is not obvious; When frother valid density is when being greater than 0.06%, resistance coefficient is larger.Now, the foam system that foam is formed in fill out sand tube, has desirable plugging action.
And for fill out sand tube rock core final stage rock core, frother XHY-4 concentration in 0.02% ~ 0.06% scope, resistance coefficient RF
34=0, illustrate in this section of rock core there is no formation of foam.When XHY-4 valid density >=0.06%, this section of rock core forms foam, and foamy body increases along with increasing of concentration.
In addition, this figure result also shows, XHY-4 valid density is higher, and resistance coefficient is larger; For alter least-squares mode, nearer apart from arrival end, resistance coefficient is larger.Prove the expansion rate < antifoaming speed of foam.
Result shows, frother XHY-4 valid density is substantially identical with the trend of the result of the test of fill out sand tube rock core on the impact of resistance coefficient.
When frother XHY-4 valid density increases gradually in 0.02% ~ 0.06%, resistance coefficient RF slightly rises.When being only 0.02% by concentration 9.1 slightly increase to 25.2 when concentration is 0.06%; When XHY-4 valid density increases gradually in 0.06% ~ 0.08%, resistance coefficient RF sharply rises.When being 0.06% by concentration 25.2 increase to rapidly 53.0 when concentration is 0.08%.Illustrate, ooze on oil reservoir natural core at Lu Ke, XHY-4 still has desirable foaming effect.Visible, Lu Ke is oozed oil field foam flooding, determines that frother valid density is 0.10% comparatively reasonable.
Gas/liquid ratio is on the impact of resistance coefficient
The important parameter of foaming properties is affected during gas/liquid ratio.Table 2 give gas/liquid ratio to from arrival end to the manometric data of exit diverse location.
Table 2 gas liquid ratio is to liquid foams drainage properties influence
Fill out sand tube voids volume is 700mL, and degree of porosity is 28.6%, and permeability is 463 × 10
-3μm
2.Frother XHY-4 valid density is 0.10%.No matter be RF
12, RF
23, RF
34and RF
14curve is the parabola that Open Side Down.When gas/liquid ratio is 1.2:1, maximum resistance coefficient is the highest, and maximum value is respectively 90.2,75,75 and 61.4.Namely the optimum gas/liquid of Shandong Ke Qin oil field air foam flooding shaft is than being 1.2:1(subsurface temperature and pressure).
The result of the test that gas/liquid ratio affects XHY-4 foam resistance coefficient, basically identical with the trend of sand-filling tube model.But the optimum range of gas/liquid ratio is 1:1 ~ 1.5:1, gas/liquid ratio scope is slightly larger than the gas/liquid ratio scope of fill out sand tube.
Analysis is got up, and gas/liquid ratio is too small, and because the amount of gas formed needed for foam is not enough, therefore the resistance coefficient of foam flooding system is not too high.Along with increasing of gas/liquid ratio, this situation improves gradually, and thus resistance coefficient continues to increase.But when increasing gas/liquid ratio further, because amount of gas is too much, the average thickness of liquid film of foam is thinning, the bad stability of foaming, thus the resistance coefficient of foam system is along with the increase of gas/liquid ratio, after reaching maximum value, starts to decline by a small margin.
Permeability is on the impact of resistance coefficient
Result of study above shows, the coagulation efficiency and mechanism that foam has " blocking high not low blocking ".Because Lu Ke oozes reservoir heterogeneity seriously, each layer permeability contrast is comparatively large, and the formation condition of foam is different.Therefore, research permeability is on the impact of resistance coefficient further, significant.
Table 3 gives the result of the test of long cores permeability size on affecting foam resistance coefficient.Frother XHY-4 valid density 0.10%, gas/liquid ratio=1.2:1.
Along with the increase of core permeability, RF12, RF23, RF34 and RF14 increase gradually, further demonstrate foam and have the coagulation efficiency and mechanism of " blocking high not low blocking ".
But, in permeability 256 × 10
-3μm
2~ 463 × 10
-3μm
2in scope, along with the increase of permeability, resistance coefficient increases rapidly.RF
12, RF
23, RF
34and RF
1483.2,66.6,52.2 and 67.3 are sharply risen to respectively by 45.1,36.3,24.4 and 36.6; In permeability 463 × 10
-3μm
2~ 852 × 10
-3μm
2in scope, along with the increase of permeability, resistance coefficient ascensional range is less.RF
12, RF
23, RF
34and RF
1492.3,73.1,62.1 and 73.3 are slowly risen to respectively by 83.2,66.6,52.2 and 67.3.
Equally, no matter permeability height, distance arrival end distance is far away, and resistance coefficient is lower.Namely lather quickness is less than antifoaming speed.
Table 3 permeability is on the impact of seepage characteristic
Linear velocity is on the impact of resistance coefficient
Improve recovery efficiency technique for foam flooding, in Injection Well near wellbore zone, oil reservoir deep and oil well shaft bottom, the seepage velocity of fluid differs greatly.For target zone, the water absorption of high permeability zone, less permeable layer is different, and the seepage velocity of foam is not identical yet.Therefore, under studying different linear velocity condition, the resistance coefficient of foam has important actual application value.
Table 4 gives the experimental result that sand-filling tube model foam flooding linear velocity affects pressure and resistance coefficient.
Table 4 linear velocity is on the impact of resistance coefficient
Result shows, along with the increase of linear velocity, the resistance coefficient of foam increases gradually, illustrates that linear velocity is higher, and the foaming capacity of foam liquid is stronger; Distance arrival end distance is far away, and resistance coefficient is less, foam is described in pore media during seepage flow, lather quickness < antifoaming speed.Such as, when increasing in the scope that linear velocity is 0.3m/d ~ 0.6m/d, resistance coefficient RF12 slowly increases, and by 8 during 0.3m/d, is increased to 15 during 0.6m/d; When increasing in the scope that linear velocity is 0.6m/d ~ 1.2m/d, resistance coefficient sharply increases, and by 15 during 0.6m/d, is increased to 73 during 0.6m/d; When linear velocity increases at 1.2m/d ~ 3.0m/d, resistance number RF12 slightly increases.Also same trend is had for resistance coefficient RF23, RF34 and RF14.Therefore, critical lather quickness is at about 1.0m/d.
The result of the test of natural core shows, along with the increase of linear velocity, the resistance coefficient of foam increases gradually, illustrates that linear velocity is higher, and the foaming capacity of foam liquid is stronger; Distance arrival end distance is far away, and resistance coefficient is less, shows foam in pore media during seepage flow, lather quickness < antifoaming speed.When increasing in the scope that linear velocity is 0.31m/d ~ 0.52m/d, resistance coefficient RF slowly increases, and by 9 during 0.31m/d, is increased to 16 during 0.52m/d; When increasing in the scope that linear velocity is 0.52m/d ~ 1.0m/d, resistance coefficient sharply increases, and by 16 during 0.52m/d, is increased to 67 during 1.0m/d; When linear velocity increases at 1.0m/d ~ 3.0m/d, resistance coefficient RF slightly increases, and is increased to 80.2 by 67.1.Visible, critical foaming linear velocity < 1.0m/d, the about 0.7m/d of natural core.
Linear velocity is on bubbling and the impact of antifoaming speed
Fill out sand tube and natural core Experiment on resistance coefficient result show above, and foam is in pore media during seepage flow, and the resistance coefficient of rear portion or the distance port of export decreases.This shows that the shut-off capacity of foam decreases.The impact of liquid foams drainage linear velocity differential pressure gradients, namely reflects the relation of foam lather quickness and antifoaming speed indirectly.Δ P12 is mean unit length pressure reduction on fill out sand tube between table 1 and table 2 and barometric gradient.In like manner, Δ P23, Δ P34 are respectively pressure meter 2 and pressure meter 3, mean unit length pressure reduction between pressure meter 3 and pressure meter 4, and Δ P14 is the mean unit length pressure reduction of whole fill out sand tube.
Can find out, the general trend of curve is, along with the increase of linear velocity, the barometric gradient of foam increases gradually, illustrates that linear velocity is higher, and the foaming capacity of foam liquid is stronger; Along with the increase of linear velocity, curve is divided into slow ascent stage, sharply ascent stage and slowly rises or smoothing stage.In seepage line speed from 0.3m/d ~ 3m/d increase process gradually, always there is Δ P12 > Δ P23 > Δ P34, namely the shut-off capacity of fill out sand tube front end foam is greater than the shut-off capacity of the foam of end, and namely lather quickness is less than antifoaming speed.Visible, linear velocity corresponding to flex point place is also 1.0m/d.
Oil saturation is on the impact of resistance coefficient
For foam flooding target zone, due to long-term injecting water exploitation, the water absorption of high permeability zone, less permeable layer is different, and its water drive recovery percent of reserves is difference and oil saturation difference also.Therefore, research oil saturation, on the impact of the resistance coefficient of foam, has important practical significance.
Table 5 gives the result of the test that oil saturation affects resistance coefficient.Equally, RF
12for the fill out sand tube resistance coefficient between pressure meter on fill out sand tube 1 and pressure meter 2, RF
23, RF
34be respectively pressure meter 2 and pressure meter 3, resistance coefficient between pressure meter 3 and pressure meter 4, RF
14for the resistance coefficient of whole fill out sand tube.
Table 5 oil saturation is on the impact of seepage characteristic
Along with the increase of oil saturation, foam resistance coefficient reduces gradually, but the reduction amplitude difference under different oil saturations.Oil saturation is in the scope of 0% ~ 16%, and along with increasing of oil saturation, it is medium that resistance coefficient reduces amplitude.Such as when oil saturation is 0, resistance coefficient RF14 is 73; When oil saturation is increased to 16%, RF14 is reduced to 61.In the scope of oil saturation 16% ~ 21%, along with increasing of oil saturation, resistance coefficient reduces amplitude and is greater than in the scope of oil saturation 0% ~ 16%, along with oil saturation increases, and the amplitude that resistance coefficient reduces.Such as, when RF14 is 16% by oil saturation 61 are sharply reduced to 38.3 when oil saturation is 21%.In the scope of oil saturation 21% ~ 33%, along with increasing of oil saturation, resistance coefficient reduces in the scope of amplitude and oil saturation 0% ~ 16%, and along with oil saturation increases, it is substantially suitable that resistance coefficient reduces amplitude.When 33%≤oil saturation≤55%, along with the increase of oil saturation, resistance coefficient substantially no longer reduces.Such as resistance coefficient RF14 is reduced to 22.6 by 24.0 during oil saturation 33%.
Therefore, the critical foaming oil saturation of foam system in pore media is about 21%.
In like manner, Δ P12 is the mean unit length pressure reduction on fill out sand tube between table 1 and table 2, and in like manner, Δ P23, Δ P34 are respectively table 2 and the mean unit length pressure reduction between table 3, table 3 and table 4, and Δ P14 is the mean unit length pressure reduction of whole fill out sand tube.Visible, the general trend of curve is identical with the trend that oil saturation affects resistance coefficient.At oil saturation from 0 ~ 55% increase process gradually, always have Δ P12 > Δ P23 > Δ P34, namely the foam volume of fill out sand tube front end is greater than the foam volume of end, and namely lather quickness is less than antifoaming speed.
Foam pattern
Foam flooding improves the foam pattern of recovery ratio ground or shaft bottom foaming, the foaming of gas-liquid alter least-squares stratum.Here this two kinds of foam pattern of primary study are on the impact of foam.In experiment, gas/liquid ratio is system foaming and the alter least-squares foaming of 1.2:1 by employing foam maker, under 10MPa back pressure condition, has carried out coreflooding experiment.The valid density of frother XHY-4 is 0.10%.The resistance coefficient RF of ground or shaft bottom foaming reduces along with the increase of linear velocity.This is mainly due to after foam enters into rock core, and due to higher apparent viscosity, resistance coefficient is higher, along with the increase of flow velocity, and the shear thinning effect of non newtonian aerated fluid, apparent viscosity reduces; In addition, also may due to along with foam seepage flow in rock core, because foam antifoaming speed is greater than lather quickness, bubble amt level quality decreases, and therefore, resistance coefficient reduces gradually.Such as, in the scope of on-line velocity 0.3m/d ~ 3.0m/d, the resistance coefficient of shaft bottom foam is just reduced to 75 by a small margin by 98.And for gas-liquid alter least-squares foam flooding, under low flow velocity and initial stage condition, because the amount of foaming is large not, therefore resistance coefficient is little.Along with the further increase of fluid seepage flow and foaming effect in pore media, the effect of foam increases gradually, and resistance coefficient also raises and substantially steady under the condition that attains to a high place gradually.Illustrate, shaft bottom frothing foam oil displacement efficiency is better than the effect of gas-liquid alter least-squares foam flooding.
In sum, the ooze Main Conclusions of oil field foam flooding of Lu Ke is as follows:
1, frother is Chengdu XHY-4; Optimum effective concentration is 0.1%, and gas is air.
2, optimum gas/liquid is than being 1.2:1.
3, the foamability of oil reservoir natural core is desirable; Fill out sand tube permeability permeability > 463 × 10
-3μm
2after, permeability is less on resistance coefficient impact.
4, the critical foaming seepage velocity of bubbling system is at about 0.7m/d.
5, the critical foaming oil saturation of foam system is about 21%.
6, frothing foam oil displacement efficiency in shaft bottom is better than the effect of gas-liquid alter least-squares foam flooding.
The present invention, injecting the process of bubbling system, needs in the gaseous mixture of fuel gas and oxygen in control well, and the concentration of combustible gas is lower than lower explosive limit, or higher than upper explosion limit, oxygen content is lower than the critical dissolved oxygen content of blast.
Wherein, three base substance factors that fuel gas (liquid vapour) occurs to burn and explode are: fuel gas (liquid vapour), oxygen, ignition energy.And combustion explosion, not only need the existence of combustible gas and oxygen, an essential condition is also needed to be exactly the suitable mixing ratio of combustible gas and oxygen, in the gaseous mixture of both fuel gas and oxygen, the concentration of combustible gas must higher than lower explosive limit, lower than upper explosion limit, oxygen content reaches more than critical dissolved oxygen content, as long as these two conditions have possessed simultaneously, has run into enough ignition energies and burning or blast will occur.Under normal temperature and pressure, the aerial explosive range of methane is limited to 5% ~ 15%.
When imflammable gas or liquid vapors mix within the scope of finite concentration with air (or oxygen), running into burning things which may cause a fire disaster can blast, and this concentration range is its explosion limit.Therefore flammable mist can be made to blast necessary minimum combustable gas concentration, be called lower explosive limit; Flammable mist can be made to blast the highest necessary combustable gas concentration, be called upper explosion limit.The mist of concentration below lower limit or more than the upper limit can not catch fire or explode.This is because when combustible gas concentration is below lower limit, containing excessive air in system, due to the cooling effect of air, prevent flame transmission, now the destruction number of active centre is greater than generation number.Equally, when concentration is more than the upper limit, air has fire or explosion danger.Therefore can not think to combustible gas one air Mixture more than upper limit, containing excessive inflammable substance, air (oxygen) is not enough, and flame can not be propagated, if but now supply is safe.Result of study shows, the scope that the explosion limit neither one of fuel gas is fixing, the factor affecting explosion limit is a lot, as: initial temperature, system initial pressure, oxygen content, inert gas (impact on explosion limit of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, steam increases successively), ignition energy and container size etc.
The theoretical calculation method of combustible gas explosion limit is as follows:
The explosion limit of single-component gas mixture (as methane mixes with air) can be calculated by following formula:
In formula
C
l-be the explosion ratio lower limit of one pack system imflammable gas, %;
C
u-be the explosion ratio upper limit of one pack system imflammable gas, %;
N-to burn completely requisite oxygen atomicity for mixture.
Concerning multicomponent gas (as natural gas), its explosion limit is between one pack system limiting value, and available following formula is estimated:
In formula:
C
minthe explosion limit (%) of-multicomponent flammable mixtures;
V
1, V
2, V
3..., V
nthe percentage by volume of-each component in mist (%);
C
1, C
2, C
3..., C
n-be the explosion limit (%) of each component gas.
In air injection process, the natural gas mainly in crude oil mixes with air easily blasts, so the composition of natural gas determines its explosion limit.The step of estimation natural gas and air mixed explosion boundary is the blast Upper-lower Limit first using formula (l) and formula (2) to estimate one pack system respectively; The explosion limit of multicomponent combustible gas mixture is calculated again by formula (3).Actual gas as single component explosion limit is in table 6.
Table 6 gas component content and one pack system explosion limit
Critical dissolved oxygen content refers to and can make the fuel gas of a certain concentration that the critical most high oxygen concentration of combustion explosion does not just occur when give enough ignition energies, is blast and not quick-fried critical point.If oxygen content is higher than this concentration, burning or blast just can occur, just can not there is burning or blast lower than this concentration in oxygen content.Safety content of oxygen refers to the critical most high oxygen concentration when give that sufficiently high ignition energy all can not make the fuel gas of any concentration or liquid vapour blast, oxygen content is higher than this concentration, generation combustion explosion known from experience by combustible gas for a certain concentration, but if oxygen content is lower than this concentration, to the fuel gas of any concentration, burning or blast all can not occur.Usual minimum critical dissolved oxygen content is safety content of oxygen.
The theory calculate of critical dissolved oxygen content:
When imflammable gas (or steam) and oxygen occur to burn completely, chemical equation is as follows:
In formula: the atomicity of n-carbon; The atomicity of m-hydrogen; The atomicity of λ-oxygen;
When imflammable gas (or steam) volume fraction is lower explosive limit L, now reaction is oxygen enrichment state, if volume fraction is L, theoretical minimum critical dissolved oxygen content (being also theoretical minimum oxygen volume fraction) is:
In formula:
C (O
2the minimum critical dissolved oxygen content (%) of theory of)-imflammable gas (steam):
The lower explosive limit of L-imflammable gas (steam) is also its volume fraction (%);
Oxygen molecule number required when N-every mole fuel gas (steam) burns completely.
Under normal temperature and pressure, theoretical minimum critical dissolved oxygen content equals the critical dissolved oxygen content of combustible just required for complete reaction of least concentration.And fuel gas is when upper explosion limit, its critical dissolved oxygen content equals the actual oxygen content in gaseous mixture.When there is no specific experiment foundation, the lower explosive limit of available imflammable gas reaches required oxygen atom number (minimum oxygen volume fraction) when burning completely and estimates minimum critical dissolved oxygen content, can draw the minimum critical dissolved oxygen content (see table 7) of natural gas each component according to formula (4).For most of petroleum product, under normal temperature and pressure, theoretical minimum critical dissolved oxygen content is about 10%, and oxygen content, lower than this value, also can not be blasted even if meet naked light.
The minimum critical dissolved oxygen content of table 7 natural gas each component
| Component | One pack system lower explosive limit/% | Critical dissolved oxygen content/% |
| N2 | 0 | 0 |
| CO2 | 0 | 0 |
| CH4 | 5.4 | 10.80 |
| C2H6 | 3.5 | 11.20 |
| C3H8 | 2.28 | 11.40 |
| C4H10 | 1.72 | 11.18 |
| C5H12 | 1.38 | 11.04 |
| C6H14 | 1.15 | 10.89 |
| C7H16 | 0.99 | 10.89 |
| C8H18 | 0.87 | 10.87 |
| C9H20 | 0.77 | 10.78 |
| C10H22 | 0.69 | 10.70 |
The Mixed Gases Explosion limit is tested:
Water is filled in explosive container, gating enters methane, the volume V1 of the water in record graduated cylinder, then the volume of methane is V1, then can enter air in container, and keeps pressure constant, the volume V2 of the water in record graduated cylinder, then the volume of oxygen is (V2-V1)/5, and igniting sees whether blast, and calculates the content of methane and oxygen.
Experimental result is as table 8 and table 9.
Explosion limit table+the blast of table 8 methane air ,-do not explode
Explosion limit table (the continued)+blast of table 9 methane air ,-do not explode
Due to output gas, gas component more complicated, and the gas content of each oil well and composition are also different, therefore select methane to represent fuel gas in explosive characteristic experiment and test.Test the relation of air-methane blast area and the oxygen content recorded as shown in Figure 1.As seen from the figure, the ooze critical point of oxygen in oil field of Lu Ke is 10.89%, and the content of oxygen would not be blasted lower than this value.
Experimentally prove, in Ke Qin stratum, described Shandong, the critical dissolved oxygen content of blast is 10.89%, injecting the process of bubbling system, should control oxygen content lower than this value.Temperature 80 DEG C, under pressure 13MPa condition, the Lu Ke final oxygen content in stratum that oozes is 3.2%, and well below the critical dissolved oxygen content 10.89% of blast, it is safe for therefore carrying out air foam flooding shaft.
The method of viscous crude foam flooding of the present invention solves the recovery ratio improving viscous crude in high temperature, high salt, hypotonic viscous crude field further; Also solve fuel gas to control beyond explosive range, or control oxygen content lower than the minimum of critical dissolved oxygen content and safety content of oxygen, avoid blasting.
The present invention is not limited to aforesaid detailed description of the invention.The present invention expands to any new feature of disclosing in this manual or any combination newly, and the step of the arbitrary new method disclosed or process or any combination newly.
Claims (4)
1. the method for viscous crude foam flooding, is characterized in that: gas/liquid ratio is that the bubbling system of 1:1 ~ 1.5:1 is injected into gas injection well shaft bottom simultaneously by employing foam maker, and wherein bubbling system comprises the frother of air and valid density >=0.06%; Bubbling system forms foam in shaft bottom, and foam enters into seepage flow in oil reservoir interstitial space, wherein the foaming seepage velocity < 1.0m/d of bubbling system, and the apparent viscosity of foam raises with the increase of degree of porosity; When foam meets viscous crude in hole, the oil droplet that foam sticks at viscous crude occurs to vanish, the oil droplet of viscous crude is made to become oil film, wherein foaming oil saturation≤21% of foam system in pore media, foam is constantly vanished and regeneration in interstitial space, make oil film become little oil droplet in the coalescence, dispersion process of foam, and along the liquid film edge of foam, the stop walking around foam is constantly migrated forward.
2. the method for viscous crude foam flooding as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: the gas/liquid ratio of described bubbling system is 1.2:1, the concentration of described frother is 0.08%-0.1%, and the foaming seepage velocity of bubbling system is 0.7m/d.
3. the method for viscous crude foam flooding as claimed in claim 1 or 2, it is characterized in that: injecting the process of bubbling system, need in the gaseous mixture of fuel gas and oxygen in control well, the concentration of combustible gas is lower than lower explosive limit, or higher than upper explosion limit, oxygen content is lower than the critical dissolved oxygen content of blast;
Wherein, the explosion limit of single-component gas mixture can be calculated by following formula:
In formula: C
l-be the explosion ratio lower limit of one pack system imflammable gas, C
u-be the explosion ratio upper limit of one pack system imflammable gas, N-to burn completely requisite oxygen atomicity for mixture;
Wherein, the explosion limit of multicomponent gas is between one pack system limiting value, and available following formula is estimated:
In formula: C
minthe explosion limit (%) of-multicomponent flammable mixtures,
V
1, V
2, V
3..., V
nthe percentage by volume of-each component in mist,
C
1, C
2, C
3..., C
nthe explosion limit (%) of-each component gas;
When imflammable gas and oxygen occur to burn completely, chemical equation is as follows:
In formula: the atomicity of n-carbon; The atomicity of m-hydrogen; The atomicity of λ-oxygen;
When imflammable gas volume fraction is lower explosive limit L, volume fraction is L, and theoretical minimum critical dissolved oxygen content is:
In formula: C (O
2the minimum critical dissolved oxygen content of theory of)-imflammable gas;
The lower explosive limit of L-imflammable gas;
Oxygen molecule number required when N-every mole fuel gas burns completely.
4. the method for viscous crude foam flooding as claimed in claim 3, it is characterized in that: in Ke Qin stratum, described Shandong, the critical dissolved oxygen content of blast is 10.89%, injecting the process of bubbling system, should control oxygen content lower than this value.
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