CN103242817A - Emulsified penetration-driving oil recovery agent and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

Emulsified penetration-driving oil recovery agent and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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CN103242817A
CN103242817A CN2013101358885A CN201310135888A CN103242817A CN 103242817 A CN103242817 A CN 103242817A CN 2013101358885 A CN2013101358885 A CN 2013101358885A CN 201310135888 A CN201310135888 A CN 201310135888A CN 103242817 A CN103242817 A CN 103242817A
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recovery agent
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water
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张翼
韩大匡
王兴伟
蔡红岩
王德虎
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China Petroleum and Natural Gas Co Ltd
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Abstract

The invention relates to an emulsified penetration-driving oil recovery agent and a preparation method thereof. The emulsified penetration-driving oil recovery agent consists of the following components by weight percent: 0.1 to 0.2 percent of anionic/nonionic polymer, 0.01 to 0.03 percent of anionic polyacrylamide, 0.01 to 0.05 percent of coactivating agent and the balance of water, wherein the negative nonionic polymer is TH3100. The preparation method of the emulsified penetration-driving oil recovery agent comprises the following steps of: preparing the TH3100 into an aqueous solution with the concentration of 5 to 10 wt%; preparing the anionic polyacrylamide into an aqueous solution with the concentration of 0.1 to 0.2 wt%; preparing the coactivating agent into an aqueous solution with the concentration of 0.1 to 0.5 wt%; and mixing the three aqueous solutions, supplementing the residual water and stirring uniformly to obtain the emulsified penetration-driving oil recovery agent. The emulsified penetration-driving oil recovery agent has good solubility, can be mixed with water to form a uniform solution, does not have light oil, can form O/W emulsion when encountering crude oil in an aqueous phase, achieves good deoiling and oil washing effects, and is a good oil recovery agent for S/P binary displacement.

Description

A kind of oil-in-water type drives and oozes type oil recovery agent and preparation method thereof
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of oil-in-water type and drive and ooze type oil recovery agent and preparation method thereof, belong to technical field of petroleum extraction.
Background technology
In order to reduce the external interdependency of crude oil in China, the become history dominant technology of China's maturing field in decades of tertiary oil recovery technology, alkali/polymkeric substance/tensio-active agent ternary chemical combined flooding technology is ripe, the tangible a kind of technology of raising recovery ratio, and on record vital role has been played in the stable and high yields of some elephants.But in application and implementation process, a series of problems such as fouling, corrosion and extraction liquid oily water separation difficulty also occurred, also therefore limited the further broadened application of this technology.Therefore, alkali-free binary chemical combined flooding technology has caused concern widely.But according to the evaluation screening criteria in past, particularly harsh to the performance requriements of the tensio-active agent in the binary chemistry composite displacement system under the alkali-free condition---interfacial tension must reach ultralow, therefore seldom has promoting agent to reach this requirement at no alkali systems.Though the synergy of polymkeric substance/promoting agent still can keep visco-elasticity and the interfacial activity of system, but if reaching ultra low interfacial tension, usefulness standard-required in the past just seems difficult, the promoting agent that can reach this requirement is also few, add the requirement of economy and practicality, adopt the oil recovery agent system that new judgement criteria is sought and the development good binary chemical combined flooding that satisfies oil displacement efficiency is used extremely urgent, become the binary chemical combined flooding technology key in application problem that influences.
CN1597835A discloses a kind of micro-emulsion type oil-displacing agent, and its weight consists of: emulsifying agent 15-50%, fraction oil of petroleum 40-80% helps emulsion 0.5-5%, water surplus.Wherein, emulsifying agent is polyolefine carboxylicesters and/or polyolefine carboxylic acid Soxylat A 25-7, is composited with polyolefine carboxylic acid Soxylat A 25-7 sulphonate and/or phosphoric acid ester, or only uses polyolefine carboxylic acid Soxylat A 25-7 sulphonate and/or phosphoric acid ester; Polyolefinic number-average molecular weight is 500-3000 in each component, and polyolefine is the polymkeric substance of carbon four or carbon pentaene hydrocarbon.Oxy-compound is selected from monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, trolamine, ethylene glycol, glycerine, sorbyl alcohol and tetramethylolmethane; Fraction oil of petroleum comprises: gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil; Helping emulsion is R lCOOH or R 2COH, wherein R l, R 2Be C 4-C 20Straight chain or the alkane of isomery, helping the emulsion amount ranges is 2-4%.The viscosity of this emulsifying agent is 20-3000 (100 ℃ of mm 2/ s), the emulsifying agent amount ranges is 10-60w%, preferably 30-50w%.This is a kind of water-in-oil emulsion oil-displacing agent, can add other component again according to oil field reality during use.
CN101684406A discloses suitable low pressure and low permeability anti-salt temperature-resistant high-efficient oil-displacing agent and preparation method thereof, formulated according to weight percent by following component: Soxylat A 25-7 sulfonated alkyl naphathalene 25-30%, permeate agent 8-15%, nonionogenic tenside 10-15%, organic solvent 15-20%, compositions such as water 20-42%.Permeate agent is the mixture of a kind of or its any proportioning in certain herbaceous plants with big flowers base Soxylat A 25-7, the pentadecyl Soxylat A 25-7; Nonionogenic tenside is the mixture of a kind of or its any proportioning in fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether, glycerine fatty acid fat, the sorbitol polyoxyethylene ether; Organic solvent is the mixture of a kind of or its any proportioning of methyl alcohol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, Virahol.This oil-displacing agent effective active thing content can effectively reduce interfacial tension to 10 when 0.4-1.0% -2-10 -3MN/m.
Above oil-displacing agent be used for the binary combination flooding oil-displacing agent, moiety is many, contain organic solvent or organic hydrocarbon component (lightweight oil) etc., cost is higher, preparation is complicated, the former is oil-in-water emulsify type oil-displacing agent, the latter is ultralow with interfacial tension to be judgement criteria, all be applicable to the binary combination flooding system, do not provide oil displacement efficiency.
Summary of the invention
In order to overcome prior art the interfacial activity that requires promoting agent in promoting agent/polymkeric substance (S/P) system is reached the limitation of ultralow requirement and the complexity problem that existing oil-displacing agent is formed, the purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of oil-in-water type drives and oozes type oil recovery agent, with appropriate emulsification with drive, ooze principle combination, that take into account multi-functional, economy and practicality, develop displacement of reservoir oil excellent property, alkali-free combination flooding cheap, safety and environmental protection drives with oil-in-water type and oozes type oil recovery agent.
For achieving the above object, the invention provides a kind of oil-in-water type drives and oozes type oil recovery agent, by percentage to the quality, this oil-in-water type drives and oozes type oil recovery agent and have following one-tenth and be grouped into: anion-nonionic type polymkeric substance 0.1-0.2%, anion-polyacrylamide 0.01-0.03%, cosurfactant 0.01-0.05%, and all the other are water; Wherein, anion-nonionic type polymkeric substance is TH3100.
TH3100(carboxylate salt-sulfonate-nonionic terpolymer claims TH-3100 again) be contain in a kind of molecule multiple functional group (COOH ,-SO 3H) novel water conditioner.TH3100 is driven the host of oozing type oil recovery agent as oil-in-water type of the present invention, both had preferably interfacial activity, washability is strong, have stronger visco-elasticity again and involve ability.
According to specific embodiments of the present invention, anion-polyacrylamide is the auxiliary penetration enhancer that drives, good with the host compatibility, can regulate oil-in-water type better and drive visco-elasticity, mobility ratio, emulsifying property, de-oiling ability and the volumetric conformance efficiency that oozes type oil recovery agent system, and then improve recovery ratio.Preferably, to drive the molecular weight that oozes the anionic polypropylene amine that type oil recovery agent adopts be 1600-2500 ten thousand to above-mentioned oil-in-water type.
According to specific embodiments of the present invention, preferably, above-mentioned oil-in-water type drives and oozes the cosurfactant that type oil recovery agent adopts and be made up of sodium polyacrylate and aerosol-OT salt, the mass ratio of the two is 1:1, wherein, sodium polyacrylate has dissemination and scale effect, and aerosol-OT salt has emulsification and osmosis.
The present invention also provides above-mentioned oil-in-water type to drive the preparation method of oozing type oil recovery agent, and it may further comprise the steps:
TH3100 is mixed with the aqueous solution that concentration is 5-10wt% with anion-nonionic type polymkeric substance;
Anion-polyacrylamide is mixed with the aqueous solution that concentration is 0.1-0.2wt%;
Cosurfactant is mixed with the aqueous solution that concentration is 0.1-0.5wt%;
With above-mentioned three kinds of aqueous solution and replenish remaining water, stir, obtain described oil-in-water type and drive and ooze type oil recovery agent.
The displacement of reservoir oil and take off the washing oil effect and can represent with the value of chemical flooding recovery ratio and de-oiling rate, chemical flooding recovery ratio=(displacing the quality that contains crude oil in the quality/rock core of oil) * 100%; De-oiling rate=(deviating from the quality of original oil in oily quality/oil-sand or the rock core) * 100%.
Oil-in-water type provided by the invention drives and oozes type oil recovery agent and have the following advantages:
(1) adopts TH3100 as host, have the tangible displacement of reservoir oil, washing oil effect, overcome highly basic and had formation damage and the problems such as fouling, burn into extraction liquid difficult treatment that cause;
(2) adopt anion-polyacrylamide as assistant agent, effective with the auxiliary enhancement of host, system constituent kind is few, and preparation is convenient, does not need to add large-scale dosing equipment, has reduced running cost;
(3) this oil-in-water type drives that to ooze type oil recovery agent solvability good, can be mixed into uniform solution with water, does not add lightweight oil, runs into crude oil at aqueous phase and can form O/W type milk sap, and de-oiling, washing oil are effective;
(4) this oil-in-water type drives and oozes alkali-free (NaOH, Na in the type oil recovery agent 2CO 3, NaHCO 3Deng), be that good S/P binary is driven and used the oil recovery agent.
Embodiment
Understand for technical characterictic of the present invention, purpose and beneficial effect being had more clearly, existing technical scheme of the present invention is carried out following detailed description, but but can not be interpreted as restriction to practical range of the present invention.
In following examples, the rock core that adopts is that (length is respectively 20cm, 30cm for the natural Berea core of natural exposure rock core and U.S.'s import, diameter is respectively 2.5cm, 3.8cm), crude oil and stratum Simulated Water are respectively crude oil and the water of Dagang Oilfield and Daqing oil field, and the Dagang Oilfield water salinity is 9.9mPas(53.6 ℃ of 8768mg/L, in-place oil viscosity).The Daqing oil field water salinity is 10.0mPas(45 ℃ of 5679mg/L, in-place oil viscosity);
TH3100 is carboxylate salt-sulfonate-nonionic terpolymer, is produced by the good Kang Huagong in Shanghai company limited, is excellent water treatment dirt dispersion agent, solid content 43-44wt%, and density is not less than 1.15g/cm 3, pH is 2.1-2.8.
Aerosol-OT salt is produced by Huantai County, Shandong Province company of the imperial chemical industry of gold company limited, and the trade mark is penetrant t, and active constituent content is not less than 30%, pH=5.0-7.0.
Sodium polyacrylate is produced by Huantai County, Shandong Province company of the imperial chemical industry of gold company limited, and the trade mark is PAAS, and wherein, solid content is 30-50wt%, and free monomer is (with CH 2=CH-COOH meter) content is 0.5-1wt%, and the pH value is 6-8;
The oil field anion-polyacrylamide (HPAM) that polyacrylamide is produced by the permanent dimerization worker in Beijing Group Co.,Ltd, working substance content 88wt%, molecular-weight average 1600-2500 ten thousand.
Other reagent are all from being purchased.
Experimental technique:
(1) oil-in-water type drives the preparation of oozing type oil recovery agent
Be that the TH3100 aqueous solution, the concentration of 5-10wt% is that the 0.1-0.3wt%HPAM aqueous solution and concentration are that the cosurfactant of 0.1-0.5wt% (is made up of sodium polyacrylate and aerosol-OT salt with concentration, the mass ratio of the two is 1:1) strong solution such as the aqueous solution is diluted to expection concentration with an amount of grand celebration (or huge port) oil field stratum Simulated Water, then with three kinds of aqueous solution, the oil-in-water type of the amount that obtains expecting drives that to ooze type oil recovery agent stand-by, and the emulsifying property of gained oil recovery agent is 3 and 4 etc.
(2) oil-sand de-oiling experiment (imbibition de-oiling experiment)
The oil-in-water type of step (1) preparation driven ooze type oil recovery agent, viscosity is 10mPas, d=0.8294g/cm when adopting 45 ℃ 3The oil-sand of Daqing crude oil preparation or 53.6 ℃ the time viscosity be 9.9mPas, d=0.8603g/cm 3The oil-sand of huge port crude oil preparation carry out the static de-oiling experiment of normal pressure, using normal pressure de-oiling bottle in the experiment (is the self-priming instrument that ZL201120075849.7 provides, it is introduced here as a reference in full), the observed and recorded result calculates 24 hours de-oiling rate value of result.
(3) rock core de-oiling or oil displacement experiment
Viscosity is 10mPas, d=0.8294g/cm when adopting 45 ℃ 3Daqing crude oil or 53.6 ℃ the time viscosity be 9.9mPas, d=0.8603g/cm 3The different rock core of huge port crude oil saturated permeability, adopt the oil-in-water type of step (1) preparation to drive to ooze type oil recovery agent and carry out the static de-oiling experiment of normal pressure or conventional oil displacement experiment, using normal pressure de-oiling bottle in the experiment (is the self-priming instrument that ZL201120075849.7 provides, it is introduced here as a reference in full), the concrete operations of conventional oil displacement test (chemical flooding) are referring to SY/T6424-2000 " composite oil-displacing system performance test methods ", and record and de-oiling rate value or the calculational chemistry calculated when reaching the imbibition balance are driven the overall recovery factor value.It is 0.3PV that oil-in-water type drives the injection rate of oozing type oil recovery agent.
Embodiment 1
(1) oil-sand thing mould experiment
1) drives according to (1) in top experimental technique preparation oil-in-water type and ooze type oil recovery agent and adopt oil-sand to carry out the de-oiling experiment according to (2).
Prepare three kinds of oil-in-water types and drive and ooze type oil recovery agent, salinity is respectively 12700mg/L, 13700mg/L, 14700mg/L, and wherein, the content of TH3100 is 0.2wt%, and the content of assistant agent HPAM is 0.01wt%, and the content of cosurfactant is 0.02wt%;
Use huge port oil-sand (100-160 order, aging 120 hours) to carry out the de-oiling experiment, record three kinds of oil-in-water types and drive 24 hours de-oiling rates of oozing type oil recovery agent and be respectively 86.79,87.32,89.45, all more than 86.79%.
2) drive according to (1) in top experimental technique preparation oil-in-water type and ooze type oil recovery agent and adopt oil-sand to carry out the de-oiling experiment according to (2).
Prepare four kinds of oil-in-water types and drive and ooze type oil recovery agent, salinity is respectively 8700mg/L, 18700mg/L, 28700mg/L, 38700mg/L, and wherein, the content of TH3100 is 0.2wt%, and the content of assistant agent HPAM is 0.01wt%, and the content of cosurfactant is 0.03wt%;
Use huge port oil-sand (100-160 order, aging 120 hours) to carry out the de-oiling experiment, record four kinds of oil-in-water types and drive 24 hours de-oiling rates of oozing type oil recovery agent and be respectively 76.93%, 79.21%, 82.22%, 88.07%, de-oiling rate average out to 81.61%.
3) drive according to (1) in top experimental technique preparation oil-in-water type and ooze type oil recovery agent and adopt oil-sand to carry out the de-oiling experiment according to (2).
Prepare two kinds of oil-in-water types and drive and ooze type oil recovery agent, salinity is respectively 18700mg/L, and wherein, the content of TH3100 is 0.2wt%, and the content of assistant agent HPAM is 0.01wt%, and the content of cosurfactant is 0.05wt%;
Use huge port oil-sand (〉=160 orders and 100-160 order, aging 172 hours) to carry out the de-oiling experiment, record two kinds of oil-in-water types and drive 24 hours de-oiling rates of oozing type oil recovery agent and be respectively 73.98% and 79.87%, average de-oiling rate 76.93%.
4) drive according to (1) in top experimental technique preparation oil-in-water type and ooze type oil recovery agent and adopt oil-sand to carry out the de-oiling experiment according to (2).
Prepare two kinds of oil-in-water types and drive and ooze type oil recovery agent, salinity is respectively 8700mg/L, 18700mg/L, and wherein, the content of TH3100 is 0.2wt%, and the content of assistant agent HPAM is 0.01wt%, and the content of cosurfactant is 0.02wt%;
Use huge port oil-sand (100-160 order, aging 192 hours) to carry out the de-oiling experiment, record two kinds of oil-in-water types and drive 24 hours de-oiling rates of oozing type oil recovery agent and be respectively 83.20%, 77.31%, de-oiling rate average out to 80.26%.
5) drive according to (1) in top experimental technique preparation oil-in-water type and ooze type oil recovery agent and adopt oil-sand to carry out the de-oiling experiment according to (2).
Preparation assistant agent amount difference, 6 groups of different oil-in-water types of system viscosity drive and ooze type oil recovery agent sample, wherein, the content of host TH3100 is 0.2wt%, the content of cosurfactant is 0.01wt%, content and the system viscosity of assistant agent HPAM are as shown in table 1, and it is that 2.78mN/m, salinity are 18700mg/L that oil-in-water type drives the interfacial tension of oozing type oil recovery agent;
Use huge port oil-sand (100-160 order, aging 72 hours) to carry out the de-oiling experiment, test result is as shown in table 1.
Table 1
Sample number 1 2 3 4 5 6
Assistant agent content/wt% 0 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
System viscosity/mPas 0.2 1.3 2.15 3.0 3.15 5.20
24 hours de-oiling rate/% 70.35 81.10 70.37 70.27 71.55 66.71
By the result of table 1 as can be seen, the average de-oiling rate 71.73% of 6 samples, the de-oiling rate reduces along with the increase of the increase of assistant agent content, viscosity increases afterwards earlier, and the de-oiling effect was best when assistant agent was 0.02wt%.
6) drive according to (1) in top experimental technique preparation oil-in-water type and ooze type oil recovery agent and adopt oil-sand to carry out the de-oiling experiment according to (2).
Preparation assistant agent amount difference, 4 groups of different oil-in-water types of system viscosity drive and ooze type oil recovery agent sample, wherein, the content of host TH3100 is 0.2wt%, the content of cosurfactant is 0.02wt%, content and the system viscosity of assistant agent HPAM are as shown in table 2, and it is that 2.78mN/m, salinity are 18700mg/L that oil-in-water type drives the interfacial tension of oozing type oil recovery agent;
Use grand celebration oil-sand (100-160 order, aging 192 hours) to carry out the de-oiling experiment, test result is as shown in table 2.
Table 2
Sample number 1 2 3 4
Assistant agent content/wt% 0 0.01 0.02 0.04
System viscosity/mPas 0.2 0.5 1.3 3.0
Average de-oiling rate/% 83.46 78.80 83.12 71.12
By the data of table 2 as can be seen, average de-oiling rate is 79.13%, and it is comparatively suitable to drive when oozing that assistant agent content is at 0.01-0.02wt% in the type oil recovery agent at oil-in-water type.
7) Comparative Examples
Adopt oil-sand to carry out the de-oiling experiment according to the oil-displacing agent of (1) in top experimental technique preparation and according to (2).
The sulfonated petro-leum series products that the actual oil-displacing agent KPS(Xinjiang Oilfield that adopts Xinjiang Oilfield to use is produced) the preparation salinity is respectively two kinds of oil-displacing agents of 8700mg/L and 18700mg/L, adopt huge port oil-sand (100-160 order, aging 93 hours) carry out the de-oiling experiment, 24 hours de-oiling rates that record two kinds of oil-displacing agents are respectively 53.68% and 62.63%, and average de-oiling rate is 58.16%.
Among the embodiment 1 1) to 6) oil-sand de-oiling experimental result in the example shows, no matter to the grand celebration oil-sand, or the huge port oil-sand, oil-in-water type drives the average de-oiling rate of oozing type oil recovery agent and all is higher than 70%, obviously will get well than the oil-displacing agent KPS effect of the actual use of Xinjiang Karamay oilfield.
(2) rock core thing mould experiment
Embodiment 2
1) drives according to (1) in top experimental technique preparation oil-in-water type and ooze type oil recovery agent and adopt corresponding crude oil saturated core and carry out rock core de-oiling experiment according to (3), adopt crude oil and the water of Dagang Oilfield in the experiment, adopt perm-plug method to be respectively the natural exposure rock core of 5.03mD and 103mD.Oil-in-water type drives and oozes consisting of of type oil recovery agent: host 0.2wt%, assistant agent 0.01wt%, and cosurfactant 0.02wt%, surplus is water; It is 8700mg/L that oil-in-water type drives the salinity of oozing type oil recovery agent, records its static de-oiling rate for two kinds of rock cores through experiment and is respectively 32.26% and 31.79%, average out to 32.03%.
2) drive according to (1) in top experimental technique preparation oil-in-water type and ooze type oil recovery agent and adopt corresponding crude oil saturated core and carry out rock core de-oiling experiment according to (3), the employing rate of permeation is respectively 3 natural exposure rock cores of 85.3mD, 102mD and 120mD in the experiment, adopts crude oil and the water of Dagang Oilfield.Oil-in-water type drives and oozes consisting of of type oil recovery agent: host 0.3wt%, assistant agent 0.02wt%, and cosurfactant 0.01wt%, surplus is water; Oil-in-water type drives the salinity of oozing type oil recovery agent and is respectively 18700mg/L, and interfacial tension is respectively 2.725mN/m, records its static de-oiling rate for three kinds of rock cores through experiment and is respectively 17.17%, 30.86% and 35.93%, average out to 27.99%.
3) drive according to three kinds of oil-in-water types of (1) in top experimental technique preparation and ooze type oil recovery agent and adopt corresponding crude oil saturated core and carry out rock core de-oiling experiment according to (3), adopt crude oil and the water of Dagang Oilfield in the experiment, adopt perm-plug method to be respectively the import Berea core of 90.7mD and 96.9mD.Oil-in-water type drives and oozes consisting of of type oil recovery agent: host 0.2wt%, assistant agent 0.01wt%, and cosurfactant 0.02wt%, surplus is water; It is 8700mg/L that oil-in-water type drives the salinity of oozing type oil recovery agent.The oil-displacing agent injection rate is 0.3PV, records through experiment: be that the recovery ratio of chemical flooding is respectively 19.2% and 19.4% on 35.0% and 35.5% the basis at waterflood recovery efficiency factor.
By The above results as can be seen, oil-in-water type drives the static rock core de-oiling rate of oozing type oil recovery agent and is higher than 25%, chemical flooding recovery ratio for the low permeability cores that is lower than 100mD is higher than 19%, it is all good to illustrate that this oil-in-water type drives the displacement of reservoir oil and the imbibition de-oiling effect of oozing type oil recovery agent, also has good oil displacement efficiency under hypotonic condition.

Claims (4)

1. an oil-in-water type drives and oozes type oil recovery agent, by percentage to the quality, this oil-in-water type drives and oozes type oil recovery agent and have following one-tenth and be grouped into: anion-nonionic type polymkeric substance 0.1-0.2%, anion-polyacrylamide 0.01-0.03%, cosurfactant 0.01-0.05%, and all the other are water; Wherein, described anion-nonionic type polymkeric substance is TH3100.
2. oil-in-water type according to claim 1 drives and oozes type oil recovery agent, and wherein, the molecular weight of described anionic polypropylene amine is 1600-2500 ten thousand.
3. oil-in-water type according to claim 1 drives and oozes type oil recovery agent, and wherein, cosurfactant is made up of sodium polyacrylate and aerosol-OT salt, and the mass ratio of the two is 1:1.
4. each described oil-in-water type of claim 1-3 drives the preparation method of oozing type oil recovery agent, and it may further comprise the steps:
TH3100 is mixed with the aqueous solution that concentration is 5-10wt% with anion-nonionic type polymkeric substance;
Anion-polyacrylamide is mixed with the aqueous solution that concentration is 0.1-0.2wt%;
Cosurfactant is mixed with the aqueous solution that concentration is 0.1-0.5wt%;
With above-mentioned three kinds of aqueous solution and replenish remaining water, stir, obtain described oil-in-water type and drive and ooze type oil recovery agent.
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CN111088008A (en) * 2018-10-23 2020-05-01 中国石油化工股份有限公司 Surfactant composition for pressure reduction and injection increase of low-permeability oil reservoir and preparation method and application thereof

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