CN103236077B - The three-dimensional model line method for drafting that a kind of feature strengthens - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses the three-dimensional model line method for drafting that a kind of feature strengthens, in being drawn by the linear backbone information inlead characterizing three-dimensional model global feature, comprise the steps: step (1): based on an outline line for the outline line extraction algorithm extraction model of traversal; Step (2): the geometric properties line of drawing three-dimensional model; Step (3): use the skeletal extraction algorithm based on convex hull and OBB to extract model framework characteristic line, comprises framework characteristic extraction and the line based on skeleton is drawn.The three-dimensional model line method for drafting that feature of the present invention strengthens adopts the exchange method of convex hull and oriented bounding box extract linear backbone and draw based on the line of skeleton, during the linear backbone information inlead characterizing three-dimensional model global feature is drawn, effect drawn by the line that greatly can enrich model, again basis adds more multi-sense, produce stronger artistic effect.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to that the drafting of three-dimensional model line, non-photorealistic rendering, computer art, cartoon animation, medical data are visual, Object identifying and the field such as coupling, virtual navigation, more specifically, the three-dimensional model line method for drafting that a kind of feature adopted in artistic display, Graphing of Engineering, data illustration strengthens.
Background technology
Existing three-dimensional line method for drafting mainly concentrates on the characteristic curve how obtaining model, and how to produce in the work of art up effect according to the change of other information controlling feature line widths, recent line rendering algorithm is then to draw for the purpose of abundanter characteristic curve, give characteristic curve with clear and definite mathematical definition according to geometry differential information, and each point in judgment models is whether on characteristic curve.Current common method is as follows:
The people such as DeCarlo propose heuristic outline line, and namely radial buckling is the curve of zero, show that curved surface deviates from observer wherein.So-called heuristic outline line, the i.e. emerging outline line when viewpoint generation slight change, it represents to have didactic effect for the description of model under current view point, is expansion and the extension of outline line; Ohtake etc. then give the mathematical definition of crest line, finite-difference approximation method is had to estimate principal curvatures and differential attribute thereof by using multi-level implicit surface matching, be zero by the derivative of maximum principal curvatures, its second derivative is negative, and the point that maximum principal curvatures is less than the absolute value of minimum principal curvatures is defined as the point on crestal line, contrary then be the point on valley line, couple together after extracting corresponding point, form valley line and crestal line, enrich model detail, effectively can show the relief region of model; Judd etc. further, propose remarkable fold line algorithm on the basis of Ohtake, and the principal curvatures away from viewpoint center, by the mapping calculation of object space to view plane, is become large by this algorithm, extract than crest line more remarkable fold line; Line rendering technique is then applied in archaeology by LuoTao etc., the multi-scale Representation in traces is set up by random walk, model dimension is selected by Minimum description length criterion, final application crest line method generates line drawing result, result show the method and artificial Freehandhand-drawing methods and results similar, manually loaded down with trivial details work can be replaced to a certain extent.
Above-mentioned existing line method for drafting is similar with Freehandhand-drawing result, can presentation model character preferably, if but model flat site is more, then effect is poor, body surface details is not enriched, and present major technique more pays attention to geometry and the mathematical definition of characteristic curve, and these mathematical definitions are generally represent with the differential information of grid model surface vertices, these differential informations be substantially all based on model local geometry and topological relation estimate, this just inevitably causes the local message of the characteristic curve that extracts characterization model more, and correspondingly have ignored the global feature of model.
Summary of the invention
Can not the configuration information of effective preservation model in order to solve existing line method for drafting, body surface details is abundant not, the defects such as visually-perceptible artistic effect is not strong, the invention provides the three-dimensional model line method for drafting that a kind of feature strengthens, during the linear backbone information inlead characterizing three-dimensional model global feature is drawn, comprise the steps:
Step (1): based on an outline line for the outline line extraction algorithm extraction model of traversal;
Step (2): the geometric properties line of drawing three-dimensional model;
Step (3): use the skeletal extraction algorithm based on convex hull and OBB to extract model framework characteristic line, comprises framework characteristic extraction and the line based on skeleton is drawn.
Further, three-dimensional model is divided into geometry and non-geometry feature by the weights according to geometric properties in step (2), draws geometric properties line.
Further, some weights being less than setting threshold value is set to geometric properties territory point set S, and then these are pressed syntople and carry out attended operation, the lines that can obtain geometric properties territory represent: for any summit
, arrange from small to large according to geometry weights, geometric properties line drawing process is as follows:
Step1. for
middle summit, takes out
(
the point that middle geometry weights are minimum) as current vertex
, will
add path chain, path is set to 0, and will
from
middle deletion;
Step2. travel through
all of its neighbor point, obtain
, and meet
?
abutment points in geometry weights minimum;
If Step3.
do not exist, jump to step 5;
Step4. will
add path chain, path adds
, from
in leave out
, and make
, return step 2;
If Step5. now path is less than the length of user's setting, then leave out this path chain, to avoid producing short broken lines, otherwise using path chain as recessed provincial characteristics line.If
, then extracted, otherwise returned step 1.
Further, framework characteristic described in step (3) extracts and comprises: carry out on the basis of interactive segmentation to three-dimensional model, convex closure is asked for the various piece after segmentation, be similar to convex closure summit and replace model each several part, then the centre of form on convex closure summit is got as initial scaffold point, OBB is asked for each several part convex closure summit, by OBB, adjacent two-part crossing point set is obtained, by the centre of form of this point set as articulation point, skeleton point does redundancy and detects after connecting, if two wire clamp angles that certain skeleton point and adjacent segment point connect into are greater than the threshold value of setting, this skeleton point redundancy is described, leave out this point, finally generate complete skeleton.
Further, the line drafting based on skeleton in step (3) comprises: from the non-geometric region of three-dimensional model, extract framework characteristic line.If the point set in model non-geometric region is
, and the convex hull point set of each sub-grid is, then in each sub-grid from set
the starting point of middle extraction framework characteristic line, set
the global shape information of guarantee point characterization model, set
then guarantee point is in the non-geometric region of model, and the non-starting point of framework characteristic line is by gathering
middle extraction, will
geometry weights are pressed on middle summit
after descending arrangement, start to extract framework characteristic line: Step1. for
middle summit, takes out
in the point of concavo-convex maximum weight
as current vertex
, will
add path chain, path is set to 0, and will
from
middle deletion;
Step2. travel through
all of its neighbor point, obtain
?
abutment points in maximum weight be greater than the threshold value of setting, to ensure that framework characteristic line can not depart from skeleton especially, its mid point
weights vector
with section skeleton vector of two in this sub-grid
,
the higher value of absolute value of dot product represent;
If Step3.
do not exist, jump to step 5;
Step4. will
add path chain, path adds
, from
in leave out
if, simultaneously
, then delete from p
, finally make
, return step 2;
If Step5. now path is less than the length of user's setting, then leave out this path chain, to avoid producing short broken lines, otherwise using path chain as recessed provincial characteristics line, if
, then extracted, otherwise returned step 1.
Further, the drafting also comprising vertical framework characteristic line drawn by the described line based on skeleton.
Further, the line drafting also comprising perception information drawn by the described line based on skeleton.
The three-dimensional model line method for drafting that feature of the present invention strengthens adopts the exchange method of convex hull and oriented bounding box extract linear backbone and draw based on the line of skeleton, during the linear backbone information inlead characterizing three-dimensional model global feature is drawn, effect drawn by the line that greatly can enrich model, again basis adds more multi-sense, produce stronger artistic effect.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is fish model illumination pattern and line drawing;
Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram of the viewpoint curvature of being correlated with and torsion information;
Fig. 3 is that fish model geometric characteristic curve is drawn and model segmentation figure;
Fig. 4 is the line drafting figure based on skeleton;
Fig. 5 is the design sketch that the line based on skeleton of the present invention is drawn;
Fig. 6 is the design sketch that the line based on skeleton of the present invention is drawn;
Fig. 7 is the design sketch that the line based on skeleton of the present invention is drawn;
Fig. 8 is the process flow diagram of the three-dimensional model line method for drafting that feature of the present invention strengthens.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the invention will be further described.
As shown in Figure 8, the three-dimensional model line method for drafting that feature of the present invention strengthens, in being drawn by the linear backbone information inlead characterizing three-dimensional model global feature, effect drawn by the line that greatly can enrich model, again basis adds more multi-sense, produce stronger artistic effect.Comprise the steps:
(1) first, based on an outline line for the outline line extraction algorithm extraction model of traversal;
Line rendering technique, as the important component part of non-photorealistic rendering technology, is paid close attention to and how to be used lines representation shape, namely a given model, solves where setting-out, draws the problem of what line-transect.
First we need the outline line of rendering model.The profile of outline line presentation model and general shape information, can regard the set of the perpendicular point of normal and sight line on model curved surface as, namely
, wherein
for a bit on curved surface,
to the normal that should put, c is the position of viewpoint.
This method adopts based on an outline line extraction algorithm extraction model outline line for traversal, and extracts point, the unit normal on each summit and the inner product of sight line vector of unit length on computation model by the method for linear interpolation
, its computing formula is:
If three summit inner products on certain tri patch
sign different, then this dough sheet must have outline line process, two now inconsistent to symbol summits
carry out following linear interpolation:
So not only with
corresponding normal and the inner product of sight line are zero, and the line of interpolation point has better approached accurate outline line.As shown in Figure 1, the outline line schematic diagram of the fish model on the right, discovery can well presentation model profile information.
(2) secondly, the geometric properties line of drawing three-dimensional model, by the geometrical characteristic that definition grid vertex viewpoint is relevant, extracts recessed provincial characteristics line according to geometrical characteristic and user-defined threshold value;
In the test changed about body form, people are more responsive to the change in geometric properties region.Therefore, in three-dimensional model line is drawn, geometric properties region is the region needing emphasis to portray.For the summit on three-dimensional grid model, by its geometric attribute setting geometry weights, distinguish geometric areas with this.From infinitesimal geometry, on curved surface, the curvature information on summit characterizes the bending status of curved surface at this point, the torsion information on summit then characterizes the degreeof tortuosity of this point nearby local surface, both can be combined, for representing the geometry situation of curved surface near summit.Curvature on the discrete summit of grid is represented by mean curvature, maximum principal curvatures, and can estimate and obtain.Torsion on summit is represented by the geodesic main torsion of this point, also can calculate.
When we consider the geometric properties of grid model by viewpoint position, curvature and viewpoint position can also being connected, representing as adopted the relevant curvature estimation of viewpoint and radial buckling.Here we use radial buckling to represent the curvature information on summit, and use similar approach to arrange the relevant geodesic main torsion information of viewpoint.
As shown in Figure 2, the radial buckling definition of certain summit P of curved surface, light vector v is projected on the section on summit, obtain vectorial w, the plane of normal n composition and the intersection of curved surface on w and summit are diametral curve, this curve is the radial buckling of P point on curved surface in a curvature at P place, can be obtained by Euler's formula
Wherein
it is the angle of the maximum principal direction of curvature of vectorial w and P point in Fig. 2.
Known by infinitesimal geometry, curved surface becomes with principal direction at summit p
the butt at angle to geodesic torsion is
Obviously, when
for
time, its geodesic torsion obtains extreme value, and (maximal value is set to
, minimum value is
), and known:
Pass through
with maximum principal direction of curvature relation, we can obtain the torsion value based on viewpoint, and are obtained by formula below:
Therefore, we estimate by formula below the geometric properties that grid vertex viewpoint is relevant:
Wherein
for summit geometrical characteristic,
viewpoint for summit is correlated with curvature,
viewpoint for summit is correlated with torsion,
for specific gravity factor.
The point that weights are less than setting threshold value by us is set to geometric properties territory point set S, and then these are pressed syntople and carry out attended operation, the lines that can obtain geometric properties territory represent.For any summit
, according to (the namely geometric properties degree from high to low) arrangement from small to large of geometry weights.Geometric properties line drawing process is as follows:
Extract geometry characteristic of field line:
Step1. for
middle summit, takes out
(
the point that middle geometry weights are minimum) as current vertex
, will
add path chain, path is set to 0, and will
from
middle deletion.
Step2. travel through
all of its neighbor point, obtain
, and meet
?
abutment points in geometry weights minimum.
If Step3.
do not exist, jump to step 5.
Step4. will
add path chain, path adds
, from
in leave out
, and make
, return step 2.
If Step5. now path is less than the length of user's setting, then leave out this path chain, to avoid producing short broken lines, otherwise using path chain as recessed provincial characteristics line.If
, then algorithm completes, otherwise returns step 1.
The line adding geometric properties is drawn shown in figure as left in Fig. 3, and compare with outline line drafting figure, the surface details of model is necessarily enriched.But we find, the model detail that geometric areas characteristic curve and outline line characterize is still limited, performance for fish model bosom non-geometric region is inadequate, still has large stretch of blank, and we need to introduce other types and such as strengthen effect based on the characteristic curve of skeleton.
(3) then, the skeletal extraction algorithm based on convex hull and OBB is used to extract model framework characteristic line.
1. framework characteristic extracts.
The linear backbone of three-dimensional model is the one-dimensional representation of 3D object geometry and topology information, can be applicable in the fields such as the shape analysis of three-dimensional model, is also that enhancing detailed information drawn by the line of 3D model, provides reference significance.
Have some algorithms to the skeletal extraction of three-dimensional model, this method provides a kind of based on convex closure and the oriented bounding box of OBB() skeletal extraction technology, skeleton connectedness and centrality can be ensured well.We are carrying out (shown in experimental result figure as right in Fig. 3) on the basis of interactive segmentation to model, convex closure is asked for the various piece after segmentation, be similar to convex closure summit and replace model each several part, both the shape information of model each several part had been saved, additionally reduce the data of subsequent operation, improve efficiency of algorithm.Then the centre of form on convex closure summit is got as initial scaffold point, OBB is asked for each several part convex closure summit, by OBB, adjacent two-part crossing point set is obtained, by the centre of form of this point set as articulation point, skeleton point does redundancy and detects after connecting, if two wire clamp angles that certain skeleton point and adjacent segment point connect into are greater than the threshold value of setting, this skeleton point redundancy is described, leave out this point, finally generate complete skeleton.Figure as left in Fig. 4 is depicted as the design sketch after framework characteristic extraction.
In this skeletal extraction algorithmic procedure, the OBB structure on each several part convex closure summit is key operation.We regard triangular apex set the probability distribution function of ternary as, when calculating OBB bounding box, utilize the average of triangular apex and covariance matrix to calculate center and the axis of bounding box.If triangle collection i-th vertex of a triangle vector is
,
with
, the tri patch number that bounding box surrounds, namely the dough sheet number of convex hull is n, then the average on convex closure point set summit is:
Its covariance matrix is:
.
Wherein
,
be respectively vector
x, y, z component, the definition of some q and r correlated variables and above-mentioned definition similar.
Covariance matrix
it is a real symmetric matrix, so its three proper vectors are orthogonal, after normalization, can be used as a substrate, this defines three axis of OBB, calculate each summit respectively in three of this substrate maximal values axially and minimum value, to determine the size of this OBB.
2. the line based on skeleton is drawn
This method extracts framework characteristic line from the non-geometric region of model.If the point set in model non-geometric region is
, and the convex hull point set of each sub-grid is
, then in each sub-grid we from set
the starting point of middle extraction framework characteristic line, this is because set
the global shape information of guarantee point characterization model, set
then guarantee point is in the non-geometric region of model, distinguishes come with geometric areas characteristic curve; And the non-starting point of framework characteristic line is by gathering
middle extraction.Will
geometry weights are pressed on middle summit
after descending arrangement, start to extract framework characteristic line.
Extract framework characteristic line:
Step1. for
middle summit, takes out
(
in the point of concavo-convex maximum weight) as current vertex
, will
add path chain, path is set to 0, and will
from
middle deletion.
Step2. travel through
all of its neighbor point, obtain
?
abutment points in maximum weight and be greater than user setting threshold value, to ensure that framework characteristic line can not depart from skeleton especially, its mid point
weights vector
(unitization) and two sections of skeleton vectors in this sub-grid
,
(unitization) (if only have a skeleton in this sub-grid, is then used
with the dot product of this skeleton vector as weights) the higher value of absolute value of dot product represent the parallel degree of two skeletons (this weight table timberline section with).
If Step3.
do not exist, jump to step 5.
Step4. will
add path chain, path adds
, from
in leave out
if, simultaneously
, then delete from p
, finally make
, return step 2.
If Step5. now path is less than the length of user's setting, then leave out this path chain, to avoid producing short broken lines, otherwise using path chain as recessed provincial characteristics line.If
, then algorithm completes, otherwise returns step 1.
Extract after skeleton line through above-mentioned algorithm, the line of fish model is drawn shown in effect figure as right in Fig. 4, and we find on the basis of geometric areas characteristic curve, and the framework characteristic line of interpolation can fill the white space of fish model body part well, more can the Global Information of characterization model, draw better effects if.
(3) last, the line based on skeleton is drawn and is optimized.
Based in the line drawing process of skeleton, in order to produce different art up effects, we also can extract for skeleton line and optimize accordingly.
The drafting of vertical framework characteristic line: namely when extracting framework characteristic line, not only uses the method construct characteristic curve guided with parallel skeleton, also can adopt the method construct vertical features line that vertical skeleton guides.We only in the 2nd step of algorithm extracting framework characteristic line, need be changed into by former method and finding
?
abutment points in weights minimum and be less than user setting threshold value, can ensure that the line segment extracted farthest departs from skeleton line, namely as much as possible perpendicular to skeleton line like this.
The line of perception information is drawn and is introduced: on the basis that skeleton line extracts, and we can add more perception information and carry out further optimized algorithm, produces better line and draws artistic effect.Such as, corresponding line width can be set according to each line segment center extracted to the distance of viewpoint, so can show near big and far smaller visual information.In addition, we also can add optical point source in scene, illumination simulation effect, make the lines of model produce deep or light different effect.
As shown in Fig. 5 (a), we find the vertebrates such as wolf, and the line of skeleton line is drawn can well the morphological feature of represented object and Global Information; To the plants such as flowers (as Suo Shi Fig. 5 (b)), the line drawing result based on skeleton also has very strong Artistic Render effect.
Fig. 6 (a) can be obtained according to this skeleton line extracting method (namely degree parallel with skeleton line is the highest), and if adopt and extracted with the highest method of skeleton line vertical extent, then can obtain Fig. 6 (b), thus special artistic effect can be shown.
As shown in Figure 7 (a), near the neck of snake model, after we with the addition of vertical framework characteristic line, well show the characteristic information that this position is different from other regions.In the hand model of Fig. 7 (b), we combine the feature of parallel and vertical framework characteristic line, and line is drawn effect artistry and is enhanced.
Claims (4)
1. a three-dimensional model line method for drafting for feature enhancing, in being drawn by the linear backbone information inlead characterizing three-dimensional model global feature, comprises the steps:
Step (1): based on an outline line for the outline line extraction algorithm extraction model of traversal;
Step (2): the geometric properties line of drawing three-dimensional model;
Step (3): use the skeletal extraction algorithm based on convex hull and OBB to extract model framework characteristic line, comprises framework characteristic extraction and the line based on skeleton is drawn;
Wherein, three-dimensional model is divided into geometry and non-geometry feature by the weights according to geometric properties in step (2), draws geometric properties line; The weights of geometric properties are calculated in conjunction with the geodesic main torsion information that viewpoint is relevant by the curvature information on summit on curved surface.
2. the three-dimensional model line method for drafting of feature enhancing as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: framework characteristic described in step (3) extracts and comprises: carry out on the basis of interactive segmentation to three-dimensional model, convex closure is asked for the various piece after segmentation, be similar to convex closure summit and replace model each several part, then the centre of form on convex closure summit is got as initial scaffold point, OBB is asked for each several part convex closure summit, by OBB, adjacent two-part crossing point set is obtained, by the centre of form of this point set as articulation point, skeleton point does redundancy and detects after connecting, if two wire clamp angles that certain skeleton point and adjacent segment point connect into are greater than the threshold value of setting, this skeleton point redundancy is described, leave out this point, finally generate complete skeleton.
3. the three-dimensional model line method for drafting of feature enhancing as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: the drafting comprising vertical framework characteristic line drawn by the described line based on skeleton.
4. the three-dimensional model line method for drafting of feature enhancing as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: the described line based on skeleton is drawn the line comprising perception information and drawn.
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