CN103223478A - Method for producing (12-15)*(630-650)mm red copper wide strip bellet by up-draw process - Google Patents
Method for producing (12-15)*(630-650)mm red copper wide strip bellet by up-draw process Download PDFInfo
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- CN103223478A CN103223478A CN2013101867175A CN201310186717A CN103223478A CN 103223478 A CN103223478 A CN 103223478A CN 2013101867175 A CN2013101867175 A CN 2013101867175A CN 201310186717 A CN201310186717 A CN 201310186717A CN 103223478 A CN103223478 A CN 103223478A
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of production of red copper wide strip bellet and in particular relates to a method for producing a (12-15)*(630-650)mm red copper wide strip bellet by an up-draw process. The method comprises the following steps of: dosing materials and smelting the materials into melts by utilizing an underflow furnace and preserving heat for the melts; and drawing by a drawing mechanism and continuously casting by utilizing an up-draw crystallizer, sizing, rolling and forming by a rolling machine gauge. According to the method for producing (12-15)*(630-650)mm red copper wide strip bellet by an up-draw process, a process flow including dosing, smelting, up-draw continuous casting, rolling and sizing is adopted, so that relative to a hot-rolling process, seven processes are shortened, measured energy consumption is reduced by more than one third, and the production efficiency is greatly improved. Relative to a horizontal continuous-casting process, four processes are shortened and the energy consumption can be lowered by more than one fourth. Moreover, the service life of the up-draw crystallizer is greatly improved, the production continuity and efficiency are improved, the device cost is lowered and incomparable advantages are achieved.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to copper processing casting technology field, relate in particular to the method that a kind of up-drawing method is produced 12 ~ 15 * 630 ~ 650mm red copper wide cut made-up belt.
Background technology
At present, red copper made-up belt production method generally has two kinds: a kind of is the hot rolling method, its technological process is, and raw material batching-melting-semicontinuous or continuous casting-ingot casting sawing-ingot casting heating-hot rolling-made-up belt batch-made-up belt uncoiling-leveling-and two made-up belts that mill behind face-the mill face shear and batch-supply the roughing split rolling method end to end; Another kind is the horizontal casting method, and its technological process is, raw material batching-melting-horizontal continuous-casting-cutting to length made-up belt batches-made-up belt uncoiling-leveling-two mill face-mill face after made-up belt batch-supply the roughing split rolling method.
Above-mentioned two kinds of technological process of production operations are more, more complicated, energy resource consumption is big, production continuity and production efficiency are lower, the production input cost is big, and shortened the service life of drawing crystallizer fast, and above-mentioned two kinds of technological process of production workers can not be used to produce the red copper wide cut made-up belt of width more than 630mm.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to overcome the defective of above-mentioned prior art and provide the method for high up-drawing method production 12 ~ 15 * 630 ~ 650mm red copper wide cut made-up belt of a kind of production efficiency.
For achieving the above object, the present invention adopts following technical scheme:
A kind of up-drawing method is produced the method for 12 ~ 15 * 630 ~ 650mm red copper wide cut made-up belt, may further comprise the steps:
After finishing batching, utilize the undercurrent stove to be smelted into melt and make the insulation of described melt, draw by haulage gear then and draw crystallizer in the utilization and cast continuously, and by getting volume machine scale clot moulding; Drawing crystallizer in the described utilization, to carry out the technological parameter that adopts in the casting process continuously as follows:
The temperature that described melt goes out described undercurrent stokehold is 1090～1210 ℃, the liquid level of described melt keeps variation to be no more than ± 20mm, charcoal cladding thickness maintenance 〉=150mm in the molten bath of described undercurrent stove, cold in-water temperature≤30 ℃ of drawing crystallizer on described, leaving water temperature≤45 ℃, stable water pressure is at 0.3～0.6Mpa; The lead speed of described haulage gear is 20～100mm/ minute.
Described undercurrent stove includes two molten baths that are used for reinforced fusing and one and is used for the insulation pond of drawing in the insulation of described melt, and the through hole of a 114 * 100mm is arranged at the partition wall bottom between two described molten baths.
Draw crystallizer on described and comprise secondary cooling chamber, a cooling chamber and the graphite jig that is connected with a described cooling chamber, be provided with conductive powder between a described graphite jig and a described cooling chamber, be provided with vertical tank in the described cooling chamber, be provided with the graphite scale between described secondary cooling chamber and red copper wide cut made-up belt.
The present invention since adopt batching-melting-on draw continuous casting-clot scale technological process, hot rolling method flow process shortens 7 procedures relatively, energy consumption is calculated reduction more than 1/3rd, productivity ratio increases substantially; Relatively horizontal casting method flow process shortens 4 procedures, and energy consumption reduces more than 1/4th, and the life-span of drawing crystallizer on making improve greatly, production continuity and efficient improve, the equipment cost reduction has incomparable superiority.
Description of drawings
Draw structure of mould on Figure 1 shows that the embodiment of the invention provides and show schematic diagram;
Fig. 2 is the assembling schematic diagram of Fig. 1
Fig. 3 is the partial sectional view of the crystallizer of Fig. 1.
The specific embodiment
Below, in conjunction with example substantive distinguishing features of the present invention and advantage are further described, but the present invention is not limited to listed embodiment.
The method of the described up-drawing method production of embodiment of the invention red copper wide cut made-up belt can be used for producing 12 ~ 15 * 630 ~ 650mm red copper wide cut made-up belt, and promptly thickness is 12 ~ 15mm, and width is the red copper wide cut made-up belt of 630 ~ 650mm, and this method may further comprise the steps:
After finishing batching, utilize the undercurrent stove to be smelted into melt and make the insulation of described melt, draw by haulage gear then and draw crystallizer in the utilization and cast continuously, and by getting volume machine scale clot moulding; Drawing crystallizer in the described utilization, to carry out the technological parameter that adopts in the casting process continuously as follows:
The temperature that described melt goes out described undercurrent stokehold is 1090～1210 ℃, the liquid level of described melt keeps variation to be no more than ± 20mm, charcoal cladding thickness maintenance 〉=150mm in the molten bath of described undercurrent stove, cold in-water temperature≤30 ℃ of drawing crystallizer on described, leaving water temperature≤45 ℃, stable water pressure is at 0.3～0.6Mpa; The lead speed of described haulage gear is 20～100mm/ minute.
In the embodiment of the invention, the undercurrent stove and accessory that is utilized has two molten baths structure, and the through hole of a 114 * 100mm is arranged at the partition wall bottom between two molten baths.Wherein melting tank is used for reinforced fusing, and the insulation pond is used for drawing in the insulation of melt.The bell of melting tank has the charge door of slit-shaped, and certain sealing air-isolation and insulation effect are arranged.The bell in insulation pond has good sealing air-isolation and heat insulation effect, unless add charcoal and occur opening when abnormal conditions must be observed, the other times bell remains closed condition.
Shown in Fig. 1 ~ 3; draw crystallizer on described and comprise crystallizer body 1; the top of described crystallizer body 1 is secondary cooling chamber 2; the bottom is a cooling chamber 3; crystallizer body 1 below is provided with graphite jig 4; cooling chamber 3 outsides of the outside of graphite jig 4 and crystallizer body 1 are provided with graphite protective sleeve 5; graphite jig 4 is connected with a cooling chamber 3 of crystallizer body 1; be provided with conductive powder between the cooling chamber 3 of graphite jig 4 and described crystallizer body 1; be provided with the silicic acid aluminium paper between the cooling chamber 3 of graphite protective sleeve 5 and graphite jig 4 and crystallizer body 1; the inside of a cooling chamber 3 is provided with vertical tank 6, is provided with graphite scale 7 between secondary cooling chamber 2 and the made-up belt.
Draw the assembling of crystallizer on described and install according to the continuous casting current techique, before installing, must toast by graphite jig, graphite jig must fully contact with a cooling chamber during installation, casting nozzle is installed before the crystallizer assembly, must can use the making of scrutiny casting nozzle through pressure testing is water-tight, after meeting the continuous casting current techique, can dock and draw crystallizer on packing into, graphite components is stressed evenly indeformable during butt joint, and the plate face of butt joint back graphite components must vertical parallel.
The described production method of the embodiment of the invention is applicable to the production to TU1, TU2, T2, T2, TP1 product, and therefore raw material and the charcoal to production usefulness has very strict requirement.
1) produces various high-purity copper converted products because the undercurrent stove is exclusively used in, therefore only use the old material of cleaning of tough cathode and above-mentioned TU1, TU2, T2, T2, the TP1 trade mark.Except that banded cable and high conductivity product, allow to use a small amount of phosphor bronze alloy.
2) standard cathode copper bans use of surface blackening, dirty-green, verdigris is arranged, copper knurl, greasy dirt, mud and moist tough cathode.
3) allow to use following old material:
Cleaning surfaces, there is not the old material of any attachments such as corrosion oxidation, mud, greasy filth.Ban use of because the stub bar that rolling broken belt produces, material tail etc. have the old material than multistage emulsion.Strictness is forbidden above-mentioned old material packing is used.
On draw the waste product that the workshop produces: can use draw the inner copper component that produces in workshop qualified on draw waste product.But do not allow to use that composition is defective, indeterminate, inhomogeneous, the surface is unclean, mud is arranged, draw waste product on moist.
4) phosphor bronze alloy specification requirement (CuP10, CuP15)
Definite ingredients is reliable, cleaning surfaces, drying, do not have the graininess intermediate alloy (granularity is greater than 5 millimeters) of mud, greasy dirt, corrosion.Do not allow to use Powdered intermediate alloy.
5) charcoal requirement
Require to adopt hardwood high-quality, drying, cleaning charcoal.Charcoal granularity 〉=30mm.
In the embodiment of the invention, described undercurrent stove is exclusively used in produces TU1, TU2, high-purity standard copper converted products such as T2, TP1, and furnace binding is different with the split stove, and reinforced melting method is also different.The key request of operation is:
* must strict guarantee go into stove cathode copper, melt down old material, phosphorus-copper intermediate alloy composition qualified reliable, cleaning surfaces, drying, do not have oxidation stain, do not have verdigris;
* reinforced operation must accomplish that " a small amount of many meal at regular time and quantity, ", block-by-block baking add.The assurance liquid level is stable, and furnace temperature is stable, reduces furnace temperature fluctuation;
* must strict guarantee go into the charcoal cleaning of stove, dry, granularity 〉=30mm.The charcoal of going into stove must be through fully baking, must guarantee that the charcoal cladding thickness from start to finish 〉=150 millimeter;
* in the operating process, according to charging rate, fast as far as possible adjusting obtains one and stablizes constant voltage, makes furnace temperature fluctuation as much as possible little.
* must be from start to finish in the production operation process, careful, strictly observe above operation requirement.Particularly for gas hole defect because careless for the moment the generation after the pore, not only useless worker, when useless, waste material, and proofread and correct very difficult.
1) new, old material proportioning and intermediate alloy addition
2) insulation
Unless abnormal conditions perhaps take place the interpolation charcoal, in the time of must observing the insulation pond working condition of undercurrent stove, bell to the beginning causes and is in closed condition eventually.
3) charcoal covers
Must cause the abundant cladding thickness 〉=150mm of charcoal that keeps two molten baths of undercurrent stove eventually to the beginning, reduce burning and air-breathing as far as possible.Ban use of the charcoal that does not meet specification requirement.
When producing TU1, block-by-block is selected the charcoal use by hand.Go into the stokehold, pack netted silk chase on bell fully after the baking drying, just allow into.
4) use of phosphor bronze alloy (CuP10, CuP15):
1. for TU1(banded cable and high conductivity product, require finished product conductance 〉=99%), do not allow to use phosphor bronze alloy.
2. require greater than 95% for T2(finished product electrical conductivity): draw under the situation of difficult last, allow to use the minute quantity phosphor bronze alloy, but must guarantee phosphorus content≤0.004%;
3. for TP1, require made-up belt to analyze phosphorus content 0.004～0.015%.
4. for being not used in the product (when not requiring the finished product conductance) of making conductance element:
If pore or crack defect appear in made-up belt, allow to add a small amount of phosphor bronze alloy, but must guarantee made-up belt phosphorus content≤0.008%.
5. special circumstances: for example add old material proportioning greater than 20～30% o'clock, perhaps in order to correct serious made-up belt defective, added more phosphor bronze alloy, made-up belt is analyzed phosphorus content greater than special circumstances such as 0.004%, must be on made-up belt clear and definite note " phosphorus content exceeds standard " and made-up belt phosphorus content analysis result so that other products are transformed in production division.
6. the batching adding method of phosphor bronze alloy: by every batch of 600Kg(cathode copper and old material) after the CuP15 addition of weighing, is divided three evenly addings.
In the embodiment of the invention, when on carrying out, drawing operation, must note following item:
1) drawing the preceding various device of base must be in place, and zero load trial run is normal.
Must guarantee when 2) coming out of the stove that the tapping temperature of melt and the liquid level of melt satisfy technological requirement.On draw temperature in 1100～1200 ℃ of scopes, be stabilized in ± 10 ℃ within; The liquid level variation of melt does not allow to surpass ± 20mm.Abundant cladding thickness 〉=the 150mm of charcoal.
3) cooling water:
Inflow temperature≤30 ℃, leaving water temperature≤45 ℃, pressure is 0.3～0.6Mpa, stable water pressure.
4) draw technology on the little stroke high-frequency of employing;
20 ~ 100 millimeters/minute of average lead speeds.According to last leader tape base surface quality situation, rationally regulate and draw parameter.
5) after the casting traction normally, crystallizer inside is filled it up with crystalline flake graphite and is carried out secondary cooling, lubricated and anti-oxidation.
6) draw base at every turn begin to change over to and draw after the technology on normal, must cut sample check fracture do not have pore, surface do not have crackle, stokehold constituent analysis qualified after, can produce.
F, on 12 ~ 15 * 630 ~ 650mm red copper wide cut made-up belt of drawing draw through draw-gear, at last by the coiling machine clot, surface-brightening non-oxidation defective can directly be carried out split rolling method for the next procedure roughing without milling face.
Below, in conjunction with specific embodiments the present invention is described in further details:
A. batching-by different trade mark TU1, TU2, T2 lead, T2, TP1 and product requirement prepare burden, the addition of strict old material additional proportion of control and phosphor copper guarantees that composition is qualified.
B. melting-melting contains fusing refining and insulation." at regular time and quantity, a small amount of many meal ", block-by-block baking added when fusing was reinforced, guaranteed that liquid level is stable, and furnace temperature is stable, reduces furnace temperature fluctuation; Deoxygenation refining requires charcoal to reach cleaning, drying, granularity 〉=30mm through fully toasting with quantitative phosphor copper and charcoal.The chemical examination composition is qualified after the refining, and refining and insulation the time must guarantee charcoal cladding thickness 〉=150 from start to finish millimeter.
C. continuous up-casting (made-up belt detection)-on draw that various device must be in place before the base, zero load trial run is normal.The liquid level that must guarantee tapping temperature and melt when coming out of the stove satisfies technological requirement.On draw temperature in 1100～1200 ℃ of scopes, be stabilized in ± 10 ℃ within; The liquid level variation does not allow to surpass ± 20mm.Abundant cladding thickness 〉=the 150mm of charcoal.Cooling water: inflow temperature≤30 ℃, leaving water temperature≤45 ℃, pressure is 0.3～0.6Mpa, stable water pressure.
Adopt and draw technology on the little stroke high-frequency: average lead speed 20 ~ 100mm/ branch.After the casting traction was normal, crystallizer inside was filled it up with crystalline flake graphite and is carried out secondary cooling, lubricated and anti-oxidation.According to last leader tape base surface quality situation, rationally regulate and draw parameter.Draw base at every turn and begin to change over to and draw after the technology on normal, must cut sample check fracture do not have pore, surface do not have crackle, stokehold constituent analysis qualified after, can produce.
D. the scale rolling-on draw red copper wide cut made-up belt (be generally 12 * 630mm) through draw-gear at last by the coiling machine clot, surface-brightening non-oxidation defective can be without milling face, directly carry out split rolling method for the next procedure roughing.
Embodiment 1:
On draw 12 * 630mmTU2 oxygen-free copper cable made-up belt.Batching cathode copper 100%, the phosphor-copper addition according to the CuP15 addition (less than) 0.05Kg/600Kg, through fusing refining insulation, " at regular time and quantity, a small amount of many meal ", block-by-block baking add when reinforced, guarantee that liquid level is stable, furnace temperature is stable, reduces furnace temperature fluctuation; Deoxygenation refining requires charcoal to reach cleaning, drying, granularity 〉=30mm through fully toasting with quantitative phosphor copper and charcoal.The chemical examination composition is qualified after the refining, and refining and insulation the time must guarantee that the charcoal cladding thickness from start to finish 〉=150 millimeter.On draw that various device must be in place before the base, zero load trial run is normal.Guarantee when coming out of the stove that tapping temperature and melt liquid level height satisfy technological requirement.On draw temperature be stabilized at 1170 ℃ ± 10 ℃ within; The liquid level variation does not allow to surpass ± 20mm.Abundant cladding thickness 〉=the 150mm of charcoal.Cooling water: 30 ℃ of inflow temperatures, 40 ℃ of leaving water temperatures, pressure are 0.4Mpa, stable water pressure.Adopt and draw technology on the little stroke high-frequency: 80 millimeters/minute of average lead speeds.Draw base change over to draw technology on normal after, cut sample and check that fracture does not have pore, surface not to have crackle, stokehold constituent analysis qualified, can produce the scale rolling.
Embodiment 2:
On draw 15 * 650mmT2 ordinary electronic copper strips made-up belt.The batching cathode copper 80%, old material 20%, the phosphor-copper addition according to the CuP15 addition (less than) 0.15Kg/600Kg, through fusing refining insulation, " at regular time and quantity, a small amount of many meal ", block-by-block baking add when reinforced, guarantee that liquid level is stable, furnace temperature is stable, reduces furnace temperature fluctuation; Deoxygenation refining requires charcoal to reach cleaning, drying, granularity 〉=30mm through fully toasting with quantitative phosphor copper and charcoal.The chemical examination composition is qualified after the refining, and refining and insulation the time must guarantee that the charcoal cladding thickness from start to finish 〉=150 millimeter.On draw that various device must be in place before the base, zero load trial run is normal.Guarantee when coming out of the stove that tapping temperature and melt liquid level height satisfy technological requirement.On draw temperature be stabilized at 1180 ℃ ± 10 ℃ within; The liquid level variation does not allow to surpass ± 20mm.Abundant cladding thickness 〉=the 150mm of charcoal.Cooling water: 32 ℃ of inflow temperatures, 45 ℃ of leaving water temperatures, pressure are 0.45Mpa, stable water pressure.Adopt and draw technology on the little stroke high-frequency: 60 millimeters/minute of average lead speeds.Draw base change over to draw technology on normal after, cut sample and check that fracture does not have pore, surface not to have crackle, stokehold constituent analysis qualified, can produce the scale rolling.
Adopt technical solution of the present invention, have following beneficial effect:
1, the relative hot rolling method of up-drawing method production 12 ~ 15 * 630 ~ 650mm red copper wide cut made-up belt process flow process shortens 7 procedures, and the energy consumption measuring and calculating reduces more than 1/3rd, and productivity ratio increases substantially.Horizontal casting method flow process shortens 4 procedures relatively, and energy consumption reduces more than 1/4th, and the crystallizer life-span improves greatly, and production continuity and efficient improve, and equipment cost and standby redundancy cost reduce.As seen this abbreviated system has incomparable superiority.
2, this up-drawing method can be produced thickness 12 ~ 15mm, and the trades mark such as the red copper TU1 of width 630 ~ 650mm, TU2, T2 lead, T2, TP1 series wide cut made-up belt is used for subsequent fine processing finished product.
3, the made-up belt surface-brightening non-oxidation defective of the present invention's production can directly be carried out split rolling method for the next procedure roughing without milling face.
The above only is a preferred implementation of the present invention; should be pointed out that for those skilled in the art, under the prerequisite that does not break away from the principle of the invention; can also make some improvements and modifications, these improvements and modifications also should be considered as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. the method that up-drawing method is produced 12 ~ 15 * 630 ~ 650mm red copper wide cut made-up belt is characterized in that, may further comprise the steps:
After finishing batching, utilize the undercurrent stove to be smelted into melt and make the insulation of described melt, draw by haulage gear then and draw crystallizer in the utilization and cast continuously, and by getting volume machine scale clot moulding; Drawing crystallizer in the described utilization, to carry out the technological parameter that adopts in the casting process continuously as follows:
The temperature that described melt goes out described undercurrent stokehold is 1090～1210 ℃, the liquid level of described melt keeps variation to be no more than ± 20mm, charcoal cladding thickness maintenance 〉=150mm in the molten bath of described undercurrent stove, cold in-water temperature≤30 ℃ of drawing crystallizer on described, leaving water temperature≤45 ℃, stable water pressure is at 0.3～0.6Mpa; The lead speed of described haulage gear is 20～100mm/ minute.
2. produce the method for 12 ~ 15 * 630 ~ 650mm red copper wide cut made-up belt according to the described up-drawing method of claim 1, it is characterized in that, described undercurrent stove includes two molten baths that are used for reinforced fusing and one and is used for the insulation pond of drawing in the insulation of described melt, and the through hole of a 114 * 100mm is arranged at the partition wall bottom between two described molten baths.
3. produce the method for 12 ~ 15 * 630 ~ 650mm red copper wide cut made-up belt according to the described up-drawing method of claim 1, it is characterized in that, draw crystallizer on described and comprise secondary cooling chamber, a cooling chamber and the graphite jig that is connected with a described cooling chamber, be provided with conductive powder between a described graphite jig and a described cooling chamber, be provided with vertical tank in the described cooling chamber, be provided with the graphite scale between described secondary cooling chamber and red copper wide cut made-up belt.
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| CN2013101867175A CN103223478A (en) | 2013-05-20 | 2013-05-20 | Method for producing (12-15)*(630-650)mm red copper wide strip bellet by up-draw process |
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| CN2013101867175A CN103223478A (en) | 2013-05-20 | 2013-05-20 | Method for producing (12-15)*(630-650)mm red copper wide strip bellet by up-draw process |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108838620A (en) * | 2018-06-13 | 2018-11-20 | 黄奎 | A kind of manufacturing method of pure nickel band |
| CN113275523A (en) * | 2021-05-24 | 2021-08-20 | 沈阳诚至信电炉有限公司 | Copper strip blank crystallizer adopting upward-drawing method and casting method |
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| US3942582A (en) * | 1973-04-27 | 1976-03-09 | Metallurgie Hoboken-Overpelt | Manufacture of copper wire rod |
| CN2079541U (en) * | 1990-12-19 | 1991-06-26 | 淄博市淄川无氧铜材厂 | Graphite mould used for upper leading continuous casting of copper tube |
| CN102009078A (en) * | 2009-09-08 | 2011-04-13 | 高玉树 | Technological process for producing brass pipe through upwards continuous casting, continuous rolling and drawing |
| CN201848519U (en) * | 2010-10-25 | 2011-06-01 | 永康市日久高新材料股份有限公司 | Continuous casting equipment of copper strip stock |
| CN102211158A (en) * | 2011-05-24 | 2011-10-12 | 李福金 | Upward continuous casting machine of superwide copper strip blank |
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- 2013-05-20 CN CN2013101867175A patent/CN103223478A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3942582A (en) * | 1973-04-27 | 1976-03-09 | Metallurgie Hoboken-Overpelt | Manufacture of copper wire rod |
| CN2079541U (en) * | 1990-12-19 | 1991-06-26 | 淄博市淄川无氧铜材厂 | Graphite mould used for upper leading continuous casting of copper tube |
| CN102009078A (en) * | 2009-09-08 | 2011-04-13 | 高玉树 | Technological process for producing brass pipe through upwards continuous casting, continuous rolling and drawing |
| CN201848519U (en) * | 2010-10-25 | 2011-06-01 | 永康市日久高新材料股份有限公司 | Continuous casting equipment of copper strip stock |
| CN102211158A (en) * | 2011-05-24 | 2011-10-12 | 李福金 | Upward continuous casting machine of superwide copper strip blank |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108838620A (en) * | 2018-06-13 | 2018-11-20 | 黄奎 | A kind of manufacturing method of pure nickel band |
| CN113275523A (en) * | 2021-05-24 | 2021-08-20 | 沈阳诚至信电炉有限公司 | Copper strip blank crystallizer adopting upward-drawing method and casting method |
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Application publication date: 20130731 |