CN103195210B - Pre-stressing assembly type corrugated web plate holding-on steel beam - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种预应力装配式波纹腹板咬合钢梁，属于建筑型材技术领域。其是由两个波纹槽钢梁通过螺栓和预应力索装配而成，两个波纹槽钢梁的腹板咬合对接，通过采用螺栓在腹板的螺栓孔处进行装配连接，预应力索穿过装配后的腹板和梁端板上的预应力索孔，经张拉后由锚具将其固定在波纹槽钢梁的梁端板上；波纹槽钢梁的断面口型由上、下翼缘和腹板构成，腹板的断面呈均匀或不均匀周期性重复的波形，梁端板垂直于上、下翼缘和腹板，设置在梁的两端。本发明是一种适用于装配式钢结构体系，尤其是大跨度多高层装配式钢结构体系的创新型预应力装配式钢梁，与传统的装配式梁相比，具有自重轻，承载力高和跨度大等优点。
The invention relates to a prestressed assembled corrugated web occlusal steel beam, which belongs to the technical field of building profiles. It is assembled by two corrugated channel steel girders through bolts and prestressed cables. The webs of the two corrugated channel steel girders are occluded butt joint, and the bolts are used to assemble and connect at the bolt holes of the web plates. The assembled web and the prestressed cable hole on the beam end plate are fixed on the beam end plate of the corrugated channel steel beam by the anchor after being stretched; Composed of flange and web, the cross-section of the web is uniform or non-uniform periodically repeated waves, and the beam end plates are perpendicular to the upper and lower flanges and the web, and are arranged at both ends of the beam. The present invention is an innovative prestressed prestressed steel girder suitable for prefabricated steel structure systems, especially large-span multi-story prefabricated steel structures. Compared with traditional prefabricated beams, it has light weight and high bearing capacity and large span advantages.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种预应力装配式波纹腹板咬合钢梁，属于建筑型材The invention relates to a prestressed assembled corrugated web occlusal steel beam, belonging to building profiles
技术领域。technology field.
背景技术Background technique
目前，大跨度多高层装配式钢结构体系是钢结构住宅体系发展的主要方向。传统的钢结构住宅建筑施工时采用了大量的现场焊接，施工速度慢，对环境的污染严重，最重要的是焊缝的质量不宜控制，严重影响建筑物的安全性能，装配式钢结构体系有效地克服了传统钢结构住宅的缺点。在装配式钢结构体系中，梁和梁的现场拼装节点是一个关键问题。At present, the large-span multi-high-rise fabricated steel structure system is the main direction of the development of the steel structure residential system. A lot of on-site welding is used in the construction of traditional steel structure residential buildings, the construction speed is slow, and the pollution to the environment is serious. The most important thing is that the quality of the welds is not suitable for control, which seriously affects the safety performance of the building. It completely overcomes the shortcomings of traditional steel structure houses. In the prefabricated steel structure system, the on-site assembly of beams and beams is a key issue.
在现有的装配式钢结构体系中，通常采用的是两个槽钢进行拼装，两个槽钢的腹板对接，通过螺栓进行连接，形成装配式H型钢。但是，在这种拼接方式中，剪力是通过螺栓传递给腹板，腹板为平钢板，所以所需的螺栓数和腹板的用钢量很大，抗剪承载力有待提高。同时，应用在大跨度的装配式钢结构体系中时，传统的装配式钢构件要大幅度地增加梁截面的高度和面积，增加了用钢量。In the existing prefabricated steel structure system, two channel steels are usually used for assembly, and the webs of the two channel steels are butted and connected by bolts to form a prefabricated H-shaped steel. However, in this splicing method, the shear force is transmitted to the web through bolts, and the web is a flat steel plate, so the number of bolts required and the amount of steel used for the web are large, and the shear bearing capacity needs to be improved. At the same time, when used in a large-span fabricated steel structure system, the traditional fabricated steel components need to greatly increase the height and area of the beam section, increasing the amount of steel used.
由此可见，将传统的型钢构件用在装配式钢结构体系之中效果不是很理想，不仅影响构件的受力性能，而且需要消耗大量的钢材，产生不必要的浪费。综上所述，创新出应用于装配式钢结构体系的新型受力构件是装配式钢结构体系发展的必经之路。It can be seen that the effect of using traditional steel components in the fabricated steel structure system is not very satisfactory, which not only affects the mechanical performance of the components, but also consumes a large amount of steel, resulting in unnecessary waste. To sum up, it is the only way for the development of prefabricated steel structure system to innovate new type of force-bearing members applied to prefabricated steel structure system.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明提出了一种属于建筑型材技术领域的预应力装配式波纹腹板咬合钢梁，其目的在于提供一种成本低廉，受力性能优越的适用于装配式钢结构体系，尤其是大跨度多高层装配式钢结构体系的装配式钢梁。The present invention proposes a prestressed assembled corrugated web occlusal steel beam belonging to the technical field of building profiles. Fabricated steel girders for high-rise fabricated steel structure systems.
本发明采用的技术方案如下：The technical scheme that the present invention adopts is as follows:
一种预应力装配式波纹腹板咬合钢梁，是由两个波纹槽钢梁通过螺栓和预应力索装配而成；所述两个波纹槽钢梁的腹板咬合对接，通过采用螺栓在腹板的螺栓孔处进行装配连接，所述预应力索穿过装配后的腹板和梁端板上的预应力索孔，经张拉后由锚具将其固定在波纹槽钢梁的梁端板上；A prestressed assembled corrugated web occlusal steel girder is assembled by two corrugated channel steel girders through bolts and prestressed cables; The bolt hole of the plate is assembled and connected, and the prestressed cable passes through the prestressed cable hole on the assembled web and beam end plate, and is fixed to the beam end of the corrugated channel steel beam by an anchor after tensioning board;
所述波纹槽钢梁，其断面口型由上翼缘、腹板、下翼缘和梁端板组成，所述上翼缘与下翼缘平行，所述腹板垂直位于上翼缘与下翼缘之间；The cross section of the corrugated channel steel beam is composed of an upper flange, a web, a lower flange and a beam end plate, the upper flange is parallel to the lower flange, and the web is vertically located between the upper flange and the lower flange. between the flanges;
所述腹板的断面呈均匀或不均匀周期性重复的波纹，该波纹断面为矩形波纹曲线、梯形波纹曲线、楔形波纹曲线或正弦曲线；所述腹板上开设有螺栓孔和预应力索孔，螺栓孔设置在整个腹板上，预应力索孔设置在腹板的斜折板部分；The cross-section of the web shows uniform or non-uniform periodically repeated corrugations, and the corrugated cross-section is a rectangular corrugated curve, trapezoidal corrugated curve, wedge-shaped corrugated curve or sinusoidal curve; bolt holes and prestressed cable holes are opened on the web , the bolt holes are set on the entire web, and the prestressed cable holes are set on the obliquely folded plate part of the web;
所述上翼缘和下翼缘为钢板，钢板中与腹板平行的一条边为波形曲线，波纹曲线的形状与腹板的波纹断面形状相同；所述腹板放置于上翼缘和下翼缘的波纹曲线边处，腹板的波纹断面与上翼缘和下翼缘的波纹曲线边吻合相连；The upper flange and the lower flange are steel plates, and one side of the steel plate parallel to the web is a wave curve, and the shape of the corrugated curve is the same as that of the corrugated section of the web; the web is placed on the upper flange and the lower wing At the edge of the corrugated curve, the corrugated section of the web coincides with the corrugated curves of the upper and lower flanges;
所述梁端板为钢板，与腹板，上翼缘和下翼缘垂直，位于波纹槽钢梁的两端，梁端板与上翼缘、腹板和下翼缘焊接相连；梁端板上留有预应力索孔。The beam end plate is a steel plate, perpendicular to the web, the upper flange and the lower flange, and is located at the two ends of the corrugated channel steel beam, and the beam end plate is connected to the upper flange, the web and the lower flange by welding; the beam end plate There are prestressed cable holes.
所述矩形波纹曲线为圆弧角矩形波纹曲线，所述梯形波纹曲线为圆弧角梯形波纹曲线，所述楔形波纹曲线为圆弧角楔形波纹曲线。The rectangular corrugation curve is an arc-angle rectangular corrugation curve, the trapezoidal corrugation curve is an arc-angle trapezoidal corrugation curve, and the wedge-shaped corrugation curve is an arc-angle wedge-shaped corrugation curve.
所述梯形波纹曲线、圆弧角梯形波纹曲线的梯形斜线段的倾角为20°-90°，所述楔形波纹曲线、圆弧角楔形波纹曲线的楔形斜线段的倾角为20°-90°。The inclination angle of the trapezoidal oblique line segment of the trapezoidal corrugation curve and arc-angle trapezoidal corrugation curve is 20°-90°, and the inclination angle of the wedge-shaped oblique line segment of the wedge-shaped corrugation curve and arc-angle wedge-shaped corrugation curve is 20°-90°.
所述腹板与上翼缘和下翼缘之间分别为单面角焊缝。There are single-side fillet welds between the web and the upper flange and the lower flange respectively.
所述腹板的波纹密度和高度可根据受力要求改变。The corrugation density and height of the web can be changed according to the force requirements.
所述圆弧角梯形波纹曲线、圆弧角矩形波纹曲线和圆弧角楔形波纹曲线采用数控折弯技术制成，正弦曲线采用数控辊压技术制成。The arc-angle trapezoidal corrugation curve, the arc-angle rectangular corrugation curve and the arc-angle wedge-shaped corrugation curve are made by numerical control bending technology, and the sinusoidal curve is made by numerical control rolling technology.
所述预应力索为预应力索，或者为预应力筋，穿过腹板和梁端板上预留的预应力索孔的预应力索是一根或者多根；The prestressed cables are prestressed cables, or prestressed tendons, and there are one or more prestressed cables passing through the prestressed cable holes reserved on the web and beam end plates;
所述预应力索的线形是凹口向上的，线性的形状可根据受力要求改变。The linear shape of the prestressed cable is notched upward, and the linear shape can be changed according to the force requirement.
本发明提出了一种适用于装配式钢结构体系的预应力装配式波纹腹板咬合钢梁，通过引入构件的咬合作用和预应力技术大大地改善了装配式钢构件的受力性能，相比与传统的装配式钢结构体系中的装配式钢梁，本发明有以下几个优点：The present invention proposes a prestressed assembled corrugated web occlusal steel girder suitable for the assembled steel structure system, which greatly improves the mechanical performance of the assembled steel member by introducing the occlusal effect of the components and the prestressing technology. Compared with the prefabricated steel beams in the traditional prefabricated steel structure system, the present invention has the following advantages:
本发明采用预应力技术，有效地提高了装配式咬合钢梁的承载能力，保证了受力的合理性，预应力技术的引用，可以在保证装配式钢梁承载能力的前提下，有效地减轻装配式钢梁的自重，提高装配式钢梁的跨度，使本发明更适用于大跨度和多高层装配式钢结构体系之中。同时，预应力索穿插设置在装配式钢梁的腹板处，可以提高装配式钢梁平面内的抗拉承载力。The present invention adopts the prestressing technology, which effectively improves the bearing capacity of the assembled occlusal steel girder and ensures the rationality of the force. The introduction of the prestressing technology can effectively reduce the stress on the premise of ensuring the bearing capacity of the assembled steel beam. The self-weight of the assembled steel beam increases the span of the assembled steel beam, making the present invention more suitable for large-span and multi-high-rise assembled steel structure systems. At the same time, the prestressed cables are interspersed at the web of the assembled steel beam, which can increase the tensile bearing capacity in the plane of the assembled steel beam.
本发明的钢梁腹板是装配式波纹钢板，可以有效地利用波纹钢板优良的平面外刚度、抗屈曲承载能力和较高的疲劳强度，与槽钢拼装成的平钢板相比，在厚度相同的情况下其抗剪承载力和抗面外变形能力都有显著提高。The steel girder web of the present invention is an assembled corrugated steel plate, which can effectively utilize the excellent out-of-plane rigidity, buckling resistance and high fatigue strength of the corrugated steel plate. Compared with the flat steel plate assembled from channel steel, it has the same thickness Its shear bearing capacity and out-of-plane deformation resistance are significantly improved.
本发明的钢梁承咬合状，有效的增加装配式钢梁的平面内的剪切承载力，传统的装配式钢梁的平面内的剪力是依靠螺栓承担和传递的，本发明是依靠钢梁的咬合作用使整个钢梁来承担平面内的剪力，有效地提高装配式钢梁的抗剪承载能力。The occlusal shape of the steel beam of the present invention can effectively increase the shear bearing capacity in the plane of the assembled steel beam. The shear force in the plane of the traditional assembled steel beam is borne and transmitted by bolts. The present invention relies on steel The occlusion of the beam enables the entire steel beam to bear the shear force in the plane, effectively improving the shear bearing capacity of the fabricated steel beam.
因此，采用本发明的预应力装配式波纹腹板咬合钢梁可以同时发挥上述三种技术优势，与其他同类产品相比，其力学性能有显著提高，有效地促进大跨度和多高层装配式钢结构体系在我国的发展。Therefore, the prestressed assembled corrugated web occlusal steel girder of the present invention can give full play to the above three technical advantages at the same time. The development of structural systems in our country.
同时，本发明采用全自动焊接技术和专业定位工装夹具，能确保腹板和翼缘之间的准确定位，焊缝轨迹一致，容易实现标准化，可以实现多规模生产，有效提高生产效率。本发明提出的预应力装配式波纹腹板咬合钢梁中，断面组合最大特点是更大程度上优化了断面力学性能与产品用钢量之间的关系，使其更趋于合理化和科学化。预应力技术的引用可以提高钢梁的承载能力，减轻钢梁自重，增加钢梁的跨度。因此，本发明具有高承载力和高刚度等优良的受力性能，是一种十分理想的结构用型钢材料。At the same time, the invention adopts fully automatic welding technology and professional positioning fixtures, which can ensure accurate positioning between the web and the flange, consistent weld track, easy standardization, multi-scale production, and effectively improve production efficiency. In the prestressed assembled corrugated web occlusal steel girder proposed by the present invention, the biggest characteristic of the section combination is that the relationship between the mechanical properties of the section and the steel consumption of the product is optimized to a greater extent, making it more rational and scientific. The introduction of prestressing technology can improve the bearing capacity of the steel beam, reduce the self-weight of the steel beam, and increase the span of the steel beam. Therefore, the present invention has excellent mechanical properties such as high bearing capacity and high rigidity, and is a very ideal structural steel material.
与传统的装配式钢梁相比，本发明显著的提高了装配式钢梁的承载能力，减少了用钢量，增加了跨度，降低了工程造价，同时可以实现大规模的工业化生产和现场快速装配式，减少施工周期。Compared with the traditional assembled steel beam, the present invention significantly improves the bearing capacity of the assembled steel beam, reduces the amount of steel used, increases the span, reduces the cost of the project, and at the same time can realize large-scale industrial production and on-site rapid Prefabricated, reducing construction period.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是本发明的结构示意图；Fig. 1 is a structural representation of the present invention;
图2是本发明的结构单元分解图；Fig. 2 is an exploded view of a structural unit of the present invention;
图3是波纹槽钢梁的示意图；Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram of corrugated channel steel girder;
图4是波纹槽钢梁的单元分解图；Fig. 4 is an exploded view of a unit of a corrugated channel steel beam;
图5是腹板断面的矩形波纹曲线示意图；Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a rectangular corrugated curve of a web section;
图6是腹板断面的梯形波纹曲线示意图；Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the trapezoidal corrugation curve of the web section;
图7是腹板断面的楔形波纹曲线示意图；Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of the wedge-shaped corrugation curve of the web section;
图8是腹板断面的圆弧角矩形波纹曲线示意图；Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram of the arc angle rectangular corrugation curve of the web section;
图9是腹板断面的圆弧角梯形波纹曲线示意图；Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of the arc angle trapezoidal corrugation curve of the web section;
图10是腹板断面的圆弧角楔形波纹曲线示意图；Fig. 10 is a schematic diagram of the arc angle wedge-shaped corrugation curve of the web section;
图11是腹板断面的正弦曲线波纹曲线示意图；Fig. 11 is a schematic diagram of the sinusoidal corrugation curve of the web section;
图12是波纹槽钢梁的平面示意图；Fig. 12 is a schematic plan view of a corrugated channel steel girder;
图13是预应力装配式波纹腹板咬合钢梁的平面示意图；Fig. 13 is a schematic plan view of a prestressed assembled corrugated web occlusal steel beam;
图中：1-波纹槽钢梁，2-上翼缘，3-腹板，4-下翼缘，5-螺栓孔，6-螺栓，7-预应力索，8-预应力索孔，9-锚具，10-梁端板。In the figure: 1-corrugated channel steel beam, 2-upper flange, 3-web plate, 4-lower flange, 5-bolt hole, 6-bolt, 7-prestressed cable, 8-prestressed cable hole, 9 - Anchors, 10-beam end plates.
具体实现方式Specific implementation
下面通过实施例结合附图进一步说明本发明。The present invention is further illustrated below by means of embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
如附图1-4所示，本发明提出的预应力装配式波纹腹板咬合钢梁是由两个波纹槽钢梁1通过螺栓6和预应力索7装配而成；所述两个波纹槽钢梁1的腹板咬合对接，通过采用螺栓6在腹板3的螺栓孔5处进行装配连接，所述预应力索7穿过装配后的腹板3和梁端板10上的预应力索孔8，经张拉后由锚具9将其固定在波纹槽钢梁1的梁端板10上。As shown in accompanying drawings 1-4, the prestressed assembled corrugated web occlusal steel girder proposed by the present invention is assembled by two corrugated channel steel girders 1 through bolts 6 and prestressed cables 7; The webs of the steel beam 1 are occluded and connected, and the bolts 6 are used to assemble and connect at the bolt holes 5 of the web 3, and the prestressed cables 7 pass through the assembled web 3 and the prestressed cables on the beam end plates 10 The hole 8 is fixed on the beam end plate 10 of the corrugated channel steel beam 1 by the anchor 9 after being stretched.
如附图3-4所示，波纹槽钢梁1，其断面口型由上翼缘2，腹板3，下翼缘4和梁端板10组成，上翼缘2与下翼缘4平行，腹板3垂直位于上翼缘2与下翼缘4之间，所述腹板3上开设有螺栓孔5和预应力索孔8，螺栓孔5设置在整个腹板3上，预应力索孔8设置在腹板3的斜折板部分。As shown in the accompanying drawings 3-4, the corrugated channel steel girder 1 has a section shape composed of an upper flange 2, a web 3, a lower flange 4 and a beam end plate 10, and the upper flange 2 is parallel to the lower flange 4 , the web 3 is vertically located between the upper flange 2 and the lower flange 4, the web 3 is provided with a bolt hole 5 and a prestressed cable hole 8, the bolt hole 5 is arranged on the entire web 3, and the prestressed cable Holes 8 are provided in the obliquely folded plate portion of the web 3 .
如附图5-11所示，所述腹板3的断面呈均匀或不均匀周期性重复的波纹，该波纹断面为矩形波纹曲线，或为圆弧角矩形波纹曲线，或为梯形波纹曲线，或为圆弧角梯形波纹曲线，或为楔形波纹曲线，或为圆弧角楔形波纹曲线，或为正弦曲线波纹曲线。As shown in Figures 5-11, the cross section of the web 3 is uniform or non-uniform periodically repeated corrugations, the corrugated section is a rectangular corrugation curve, or a rectangular corrugation curve with arc angles, or a trapezoidal corrugation curve, Either a trapezoidal corrugated curve with an arc angle, or a wedge-shaped corrugated curve, or a wedge-shaped corrugated curve with an arc angle, or a sinusoidal corrugated curve.
如附图3-4和附图12-13所示，所述上翼缘2和下翼缘4为钢板，钢板中与腹板3平行的一条边为波形曲线，波纹曲线的形状与腹板3的波纹断面形状相同，腹板3放置于上翼缘2和下翼缘4的波纹曲线边处，腹板3的波纹断面与上翼缘2和下翼缘4的波纹曲线边吻合相连，腹板3与上翼缘2和下翼缘4之间分别为单面角焊缝；与腹板3，上翼缘2和下翼缘4垂直，位于波纹槽钢梁1的两端，梁端板10与上翼缘2、腹板3和下翼缘4焊接相连，梁端板10上留有预应力索孔8。As shown in accompanying drawings 3-4 and accompanying drawings 12-13, the upper flange 2 and the lower flange 4 are steel plates, one side of the steel plate parallel to the web 3 is a wave curve, and the shape of the wave curve is the same as that of the web 3 have the same corrugated section shape, the web 3 is placed on the corrugated curve edge of the upper flange 2 and the lower flange 4, and the corrugated section of the web 3 coincides with the corrugated curved edge of the upper flange 2 and the lower flange 4, Between the web 3 and the upper flange 2 and the lower flange 4 are single-sided fillet welds; perpendicular to the web 3, the upper flange 2 and the lower flange 4, and located at both ends of the corrugated channel steel beam 1, the beam The end plate 10 is welded to the upper flange 2 , the web 3 and the lower flange 4 , and a prestressed cable hole 8 is left on the beam end plate 10 .
其中，所述梯形波纹曲线、圆弧角梯形波纹曲线的梯形斜线段的倾角为20°-90°，所述楔形波纹曲线、圆弧角楔形波纹曲线的楔形斜线段的倾角为20°-90°，所述腹板3的波纹密度和高度可根据受力要求改变，所述圆弧角梯形波纹曲线、圆弧角矩形波纹曲线和圆弧角楔形波纹曲线采用数控折弯技术制成，正弦曲线采用数控辊压技术制成，所述预应力索7为预应力索，或者为预应力筋，穿过腹板3和梁端板10上预留的预应力索孔8的预应力索7是一根或者多根。Wherein, the inclination angle of the trapezoidal oblique line section of the trapezoidal corrugation curve and arc angle trapezoidal corrugation curve is 20°-90°, and the inclination angle of the wedge-shaped oblique line segment of the wedge-shaped corrugation curve and arc angle wedge-shaped corrugation curve is 20°-90° °, the corrugation density and height of the web 3 can be changed according to the force requirements, and the arc-angle trapezoidal corrugation curve, arc-angle rectangular corrugation curve and arc-angle wedge-shaped corrugation curve are made by numerical control bending technology, and the sinusoidal The curve is made by numerical control rolling technology, the prestressed cable 7 is a prestressed cable, or a prestressed tendon, the prestressed cable 7 passing through the prestressed cable hole 8 reserved on the web 3 and the beam end plate 10 is one or more.
以上是本发明的一个典型实施例，本发明的实施不限于此。The above is a typical embodiment of the present invention, and the practice of the present invention is not limited thereto.
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| CN103485478A (en) * | 2013-09-13 | 2014-01-01 | 北京工业大学 | Prestress assembly type corrugation web holding-on combination beam applied to multi-story and high-rise buildings |
| CN103882984A (en) * | 2014-03-20 | 2014-06-25 | 北京工业大学 | Pitch point rigid connection assembly type steel structure occlusion splicing system |
| CN103866851A (en) * | 2014-03-20 | 2014-06-18 | 北京工业大学 | Multi-high-rise assembly steel structure occluded steel beam prestress eccentric support system |
| CN103866850A (en) * | 2014-03-20 | 2014-06-18 | 北京工业大学 | Multi-high-rise assembly steel structure occluded steel beam frame central support system |
| CN103866856A (en) * | 2014-03-20 | 2014-06-18 | 北京工业大学 | Center support occlusion splicing system of assembly type steel structure with rigid-connection nodes |
| CN103899021A (en) * | 2014-03-20 | 2014-07-02 | 北京工业大学 | Assembly type steel frame meshing splicing system for rigid joint |
| CN103882940A (en) * | 2014-03-20 | 2014-06-25 | 北京工业大学 | Modularized multi-story and high-rise assembly type steel structure meshed steel beam frame system |
| CN103866854A (en) * | 2014-03-20 | 2014-06-18 | 北京工业大学 | Assembly type steel structure prestressing force center supporting, engaging and splicing system with rigidly connected joints |
| CN103882979A (en) * | 2014-03-24 | 2014-06-25 | 北京工业大学 | Assembly type steel structure eccentric supporting system spliced by pre-stressing force in meshed mode |
| CN103882959A (en) * | 2014-03-24 | 2014-06-25 | 北京工业大学 | Rigid joint assembly type steel structure center supporting system spliced by pre-stressing force in meshed mode |
| CN103882963A (en) * | 2014-03-24 | 2014-06-25 | 北京工业大学 | Assembly type steel structure system spliced by pre-stressing force in meshed mode |
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