CN103194677A - Steel plates for 355MPa-level easy-to-weld ocean platform and production process of steel plates - Google Patents
Steel plates for 355MPa-level easy-to-weld ocean platform and production process of steel plates Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of constructional steel for ships and ocean engineering and in particular relates to steel plates for a 355MPa-level easy-to-weld ocean platform and a production process of the steel plates. Two steel plates of which the thickness specifications are [6-40]mm and [40-60]mm are comprised, wherein the steel plate with the thickness specification of [6-40]mm comprises the following chemical components in percentage by mass: 0.10-0.15 percent of C, 0.20-0.50 percent of Si, 1.20-1.50 percent of Mn, not more than 0.015 percent of P, not more than 0.005 percent of S, 0.020-0.050 percent of Nb, 0.010-0.050 percent of V, 0.008-0.020 percent of Ti, 0.015-0.055 percent of Als, not more than 0.43 percent of Ceq, not more than 0.23 percent of Pcm and the balance of Fe and inevitable impurities; and the steel plate with the thickness specification of [40-60]mm comprises the following chemical components in percentage by mass: 0.10-0.15 percent of C, 0.20-0.50 percent of Si, 1.30-1.60 percent of Mn, not more than 0.015 percent of P, not more than 0.005 percent of S, 0.030-0.060 percent of Nb, 0.020-0.060 percent of V, 0.008-0.020 percent of Ti, 0.015-0.055 percent of Als, not more than 0.12 percent of Nb+V+Ti, not more than 0.43 percent of Ceq, not more than 0.23 percent of Pcm and the balance of Fe and inevitable impurities. According to the production method, the steel plates for the easy-to-weld ocean platform are produced by adopting low Ceq, low Pcm, Nb as well as V and Ti microalloy components and a normalizing heat treatment process and are lower in production cost, even in mechanical property and favorable in welding property.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to boats and ships and oceanographic engineering structure iron technical field, particularly a kind of 355MPa level is easily welded ocean platform steel plate and production technique thereof.
Background technology
Be accompanied by the China's economic rapid growth of three more than ten years, domestic shipbuilding and the development of oceanographic engineering equipment manufacture are rapidly.Accomplished shipbuilding, newly the amount of receiving orders, hand-held order volume all occupy prostatitis, the world for many years, and the oceanographic engineering equipment manufacture has also obtained significant progress.Along with the continuous development of ocean exploitation, offshore oil development moves towards the deep-sea gradually, and the demand of ocean platform with steel further strengthened.The coming years, ocean platform is good with the steel plate demand prospect.
Ocean platform is high with every technical requirement of steel plate, must have high strength, high tenacity, antifatigue, anti-lamellar tearing, good weldability, seawater corrosion resistance and good performances such as cold-workability.The international ocean platform is 355,420,460MPa with the main rank of steel plate at present.The main trade mark of 355 MPa levels: the 350EM of the S355 of En10225, the API2H-50 of API, BS7191, ship target E36; The main trade mark of 420 MPa levels: the S420 of En10225, the API2Y-60 of API, ship target E40, E420; The main trade mark of 460 MPa levels: the S460 of En10225, ship target E460.Homemade ocean platform with steel plate oneself through extensively adopting, the following rank of EH36 realizes production domesticization substantially, accounts for 90% of platform steel using amount, but the used big thickness of key position, High Strength Steel dependence on import still.Along with offshore platform structure to large scale development, required steel plate thickness increases thereupon, to ocean platform with the demands for higher performance of steel plate.
Under this background, be badly in need of carrying out the high-performance marine platform with the R﹠D and promotion of steel plate, develop the ocean platform steel plate of high strength, high tenacity, anti-lamellar tearing, easy welding especially energetically.
Therefore application number is that 201210564686.8 patent application discloses a kind of 355MPa level low welding crack sensitivity steel plate, its chemical ingredients mass percent is: C 0.09~0.13%, and Si 0.25~0.35%, and Mn 1.20~1.50%, P≤0.015%, S≤0.005%, Al 0.025~0.04%, and Nb 0.02~0.05%, Ti 0.01~0.03%, Cu 0.10~0.3%, and Ni 0.10~0.3%, and all the other are Fe and inevitable impurity; Adopt top and bottom combined blown converter smelting, and adopt the low nickel pig iron to join nickel; Continuously cast bloom type thickness specification is 400mm, and width is at 1800~2400mm; Steel plate adopts two stages controlled rolling+control cooling+normalizing treatment, and above-mentioned patent has been added Cu and Ni, adds Cu in steel, easily make strand and surface of steel plate produce star-like crack, and the price of Ni alloy is more expensive, and cost is higher, does not have cost advantage.
And being 201110358089.5 patent application, application number a kind of welding crack sensibility index is disclosed less than the manufacture method of 0.23 355MPa level low alloy steel plate, the chemical component weight per-cent span of control of this steel plate: C: 0.10~0.13, Mn: 1.45~1.53, Si: 0.20~0.30, Nb: 0.030~0.040, V: 0.060~0.070, Ti: 0.005~0.015, Al: 0.020~0.050, P :≤0.013, S :≤0.003%, all the other are Fe and unavoidable impurities; And the chemical ingredients of this steel plate meets welding crack sensibility indices P cm=C+Si/30+Mn/20+Cu/20+Ni/60+Cr/20+Mo/15+V/10+5B≤0.23 by weight percentage, but more V has been added in above-mentioned patent application, according to alum space consulting investigation on the net, the price of V is floated at 85000 yuan/ton, cost is higher, and in the making method of above-mentioned patent thermal treatment process actual be modified, step is more, thereby further improved cost, be unfavorable for scale operation.
Summary of the invention
At above deficiency, the invention provides a kind of 355MPa level and easily weld ocean platform steel plate and production technique thereof, this steel plate adopts Nb, V, Ti microalloy composition, by low-carbon-equivalent Ceq, low-welding crack-sensitive indices P cm and normalizing heat treatment technique, produce easily welding ocean platform steel plate, production cost is lower, and mechanical property is even, and welding property is good.
The present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions: a kind of 355MPa level is easily welded the ocean platform steel plate, it comprise the thickness specification for [6 ~ 40] mm with (40 ~ 60] two kinds of mm,
The steel plate chemical ingredients mass percent of described thickness specification [6 ~ 40] mm is: C:0.10 ~ 0.15%, Si:0.20 ~ 0.50%, Mn:1.20 ~ 1.50%, P :≤0.015%, S :≤0.005%, Nb:0.020 ~ 0.050%, V:0.010 ~ 0.050%, Ti:0.008 ~ 0.020%, Als:0.015 ~ 0.055%, Ceq≤0.43, Pcm≤0.23%, surplus is Fe and unavoidable impurities;
Described thickness specification for (40 ~ 60] the steel plate chemical ingredients mass percent of mm is: C:0.10 ~ 0.15%, Si:0.20 ~ 0.50%, Mn:1.30 ~ 1.60%, P :≤0.015%, S :≤0.005%, Nb:0.030 ~ 0.060%, V:0.020 ~ 0.060%, Ti:0.008 ~ 0.020%, Als:0.015 ~ 0.055%, Nb+V+Ti≤0.12%, Ceq≤0.43, Pcm≤0.23%, surplus are Fe and inevitable impurity.
Steel plate chemical ingredients mass percent is when described steel plate thickness specification is 36mm: C:0.12%, Si:0.23%, Mn:1.44%, P:0.014%, S:0.003%, Nb:0.034%, V:0.020%, Ti:0.015%, Als:0.032%, Ceq:0.37, Pcm:0.21%, surplus is Fe and unavoidable impurities.
Steel plate chemical ingredients mass percent is when described steel plate thickness specification is 60mm: C:0.12%, Si:0.26%, Mn:1.47%, P:0.015%, S:0.004%, Nb:0.042%, V:0.030%, Ti:0.019%, Als:0.029%, Ceq:0.38, Pcm:0.21%, surplus is Fe and unavoidable impurities.
Steel plate of the present invention, its manufacturing process steps is:
Blast-melted → molten iron pre-desulfurization → converter smelting → deoxidation alloying → LF refining → RH refining → sheet billet continuous casting → slab stacking slow cooling → slab cleaning → slab reheat → 4300 mill millings → Mulpic cooling → steel plate stacking slow cooling → flaw detection → normalizing → finished product inspection by sampling → warehouse-in that rolls off the production line.
When the thickness specification of steel plate was [6 ~ 40] mm, its processing condition were:
(1) molten iron pre-desulfurization, go into stove molten iron S≤0.003%, press C:0.10 ~ 0.15%, Si:0.20 ~ 0.50%, Mn:1.20 ~ 1.50%, P :≤0.015%, S :≤0.005%, Nb:0.020 ~ 0.050%, V:0.010 ~ 0.050%, Ti:0.008 ~ 0.020%, Als:0.015 ~ 0.055%, Ceq≤0.43, Pcm≤0.23%, surplus is Fe and unavoidable impurities smelting molten steel, and molten steel is through LF, RH refining, [N]≤30ppm, [O]≤25ppm, [H]≤1.5ppm becomes the 250mm heavy slab with molten steel casting, and stacking slow cooling rolls off the production line;
(2) slab inspection cleaning back shove charge heating, heat-up time 0.9 ~ 1.0min/mm, 1100 ~ 1180 ℃ of tapping temperatures;
(3) slab is through high-pressure water descaling, and high pressure water pressure is 19 ~ 20Mpa, enters the 4300mm mill milling;
(4) rough rolling step improves reduction in pass, guarantees to have 2 above reduction in pass>25mm; The thickness of intermediate blank thickness 〉=2.5 times finished product steel plate;
(5) finish rolling guarantees finishing temperature: the steel plate finishing temperature is controlled at 840 ± 10 ℃;
(6) normalizing treatment temperature: 900 ± 10 ℃; Soaking time: 1.5min/mm+10min.
More specifically, when the thickness specification of steel plate was 36mm, its processing condition were:
(1) molten iron pre-desulfurization is gone into stove molten iron S≤0.003%, presses C:0.12%, Si:0.23%, Mn:1.44%, P:0.014%, S:0.003%, Nb:0.034%, V:0.020%, Ti:0.015%, Als:0.032%, Ceq:0.37, Pcm:0.21%, surplus is Fe and unavoidable impurities smelting molten steel, molten steel is through LF, RH refining, [N]≤30ppm, [O]≤25ppm, [H]≤1.5ppm becomes the 250mm heavy slab with molten steel casting, and stacking slow cooling rolls off the production line;
(2) slab inspection cleaning back shove charge heating, heat-up time 235min, 1160 ℃ of tapping temperatures;
(3) slab is through high-pressure water descaling, and high pressure water pressure is 19Mpa, enters the 4300mm mill milling;
(4) rough rolling step improves reduction in pass, guarantees to have 2 above reduction in pass>25mm; The thickness of intermediate blank thickness 〉=2.5 times finished product steel plate;
(5) finish rolling guarantees finishing temperature: 843 ℃ of steel plate finishing temperatures;
(6) normalizing treatment temperature: 902 ℃; Soaking time: 64min.
When the thickness specification of steel plate be (40 ~ 60] during mm, its processing condition are:
(1) molten iron pre-desulfurization is gone into stove molten iron S≤0.003%, presses C:0.10 ~ 0.15%, Si:0.20 ~ 0.50%, Mn:1.30 ~ 1.60%, P :≤0.015%, S :≤0.005%, Nb:0.030 ~ 0.060%, V:0.020 ~ 0.060%, Ti:0.008 ~ 0.020%, Als:0.015 ~ 0.055%, Nb+V+Ti≤0.12%, Ceq≤0.43, Pcm≤0.23%, surplus is Fe and inevitable impurity smelting molten steel, molten steel is through LF, RH refining, [N]≤30ppm, [O]≤25ppm, [H]≤1.5ppm, molten steel casting is become the 250mm heavy slab, and stacking slow cooling rolls off the production line;
(2) slab inspection cleaning back shove charge heating, heat-up time 0.9 ~ 1.0min/mm, 1100 ~ 1180 ℃ of tapping temperatures;
(3) slab is through high-pressure water descaling, and high pressure water pressure is 19 ~ 20Mpa, enters the 4300mm mill milling;
(4) rough rolling step improves reduction in pass, guarantees to have 2 above reduction in pass>25mm; The thickness of intermediate blank thickness 〉=2.5 times finished product steel plate;
(5) finish rolling guarantees finishing temperature: the steel plate finishing temperature is controlled at 820 ± 10 ℃;
(6) normalizing treatment temperature: 900 ± 10 ℃; Soaking time: 1.5min/mm+10min.
More specifically, when the thickness specification of steel plate was 60mm, its processing condition were:
(1) molten iron pre-desulfurization is gone into stove molten iron S≤0.003%, presses C:0.12%, Si:0.26%, Mn:1.47%, P:0.015%, S:0.004%, Nb:0.042%, V:0.030%, Ti:0.019%, Als:0.029%, Ceq:0.38, Pcm:0.21%, surplus is Fe and unavoidable impurities smelting molten steel, molten steel is through LF, RH refining, [N]≤30ppm, [O]≤25ppm, [H]≤1.5ppm becomes the 250mm heavy slab with molten steel casting, and stacking slow cooling rolls off the production line;
(2) slab inspection cleaning back shove charge heating, heat-up time 238min, 1165 ℃ of tapping temperatures;
(3) slab is through high-pressure water descaling, and high pressure water pressure is 20Mpa, enters the 4300mm mill milling;
(4) rough rolling step improves reduction in pass, guarantees to have 2 above reduction in pass>25mm; The thickness of intermediate blank thickness 〉=2.5 times finished product steel plate;
(5) finish rolling guarantees finishing temperature: the steel plate finishing temperature is controlled at 818 ℃;
(6) normalizing treatment temperature: 900 ℃; Soaking time: 100min.
The 355MPa level ocean platform steel plate that the present invention produces, producible maximum ga(u)ge is 60mm; This steel plate does not adopt traditional Cu and Ni, but adopt Nb, V, Ti microalloy composition, and the usage quantity of V reduces greatly, by low-carbon-equivalent Ceq, low-welding crack-sensitive indices P cm and normalizing heat treatment technique, greatly reduce production cost, and can guarantee even mechanical property: lower yield strength 370 ~ 430MPa, tensile strength 515 ~ 575MPa, elongation after fracture 25 ~ 35% ,-20 ℃ of summers are more vertical on average more than 160J than impact absorbing energy, and Z-direction stretching relative reduction in area is on average more than 45%, and welding property is good, under the condition that guarantees mechanical property and welding property, the present invention greatly reduces production cost, is conducive to the development of the industry.
Embodiment
The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific embodiment, so that those skilled in the art can better understand the present invention, but therefore do not limit the present invention.
Technical process of the present invention is: blast-melted → molten iron pre-desulfurization → converter smelting → deoxidation alloying → LF refining → RH refining → sheet billet continuous casting → slab stacking slow cooling → slab cleaning → slab reheat → 4300 mill millings → Mulpic cooling → steel plate stacking slow cooling → flaw detection → normalizing → finished product inspection by sampling → warehouse-in that rolls off the production line.
According to chemical ingredients scope provided by the invention, according to the processing condition of above-mentioned technical process and regulation, smelting molten steel in 210 tons of converters becomes the 250mm heavy slab with molten steel casting, at 4300mm wide and heavy plate mill rolling 36,60mm steel plate respectively.
The chemical ingredients of steel plate sees Table 1; Heating, normalizing process parameter see Table 2; Rolling technological parameter sees Table 3; The performance situation of steel plate sees Table 4; The test piece for welding test-results sees Table 5.
According to table 4 and table 5 as can be known, under the situation that production cost reduces, lower yield strength 370 ~ 430MPa of the present invention, tensile strength 515 ~ 575MPa, elongation after fracture 25 ~ 35%,-20 ℃ of summers are more vertical on average more than 160J than impact absorbing energy, and Z-direction stretching relative reduction in area is on average more than 45%, and welding property is good.
Claims (8)
1. a 355MPa level is easily welded the ocean platform steel plate, described steel plate comprise the thickness specification for [6 ~ 40] mm with (40 ~ 60] two kinds of mm,
The steel plate chemical ingredients mass percent of described thickness specification [6 ~ 40] mm is: C:0.10 ~ 0.15%, Si:0.20 ~ 0.50%, Mn:1.20 ~ 1.50%, P :≤0.015%, S :≤0.005%, Nb:0.020 ~ 0.050%, V:0.010 ~ 0.050%, Ti:0.008 ~ 0.020%, Als:0.015 ~ 0.055%, Ceq≤0.43, Pcm≤0.23%, surplus is Fe and unavoidable impurities;
Described thickness specification for (40 ~ 60] the steel plate chemical ingredients mass percent of mm is: C:0.10 ~ 0.15%, Si:0.20 ~ 0.50%, Mn:1.30 ~ 1.60%, P :≤0.015%, S :≤0.005%, Nb:0.030 ~ 0.060%, V:0.020 ~ 0.060%, Ti:0.008 ~ 0.020%, Als:0.015 ~ 0.055%, Nb+V+Ti≤0.12%, Ceq≤0.43, Pcm≤0.23%, surplus are Fe and inevitable impurity.
2. a kind of 355MPa level according to claim 1 is easily welded the ocean platform steel plate, it is characterized in that: steel plate chemical ingredients mass percent is when described steel plate thickness specification is 36mm: C:0.12%, Si:0.23%, Mn:1.44%, P:0.014%, S:0.003%, Nb:0.034%, V:0.020%, Ti:0.015%, Als:0.032%, Ceq:0.37, Pcm:0.21%, surplus is Fe and unavoidable impurities.
3. a kind of 355MPa level according to claim 1 is easily welded the ocean platform steel plate, it is characterized in that: steel plate chemical ingredients mass percent is when described steel plate thickness specification is 60mm: C:0.12%, Si:0.26%, Mn:1.47%, P:0.015%, S:0.004%, Nb:0.042%, V:0.030%, Ti:0.019%, Als:0.029%, Ceq:0.38, Pcm:0.21%, surplus is Fe and unavoidable impurities.
4. a kind of 355MPa level according to claim 1 is easily welded ocean platform with the production technique of steel plate, and its processing step is: blast-melted, molten iron pre-desulfurization, converter smelting, deoxidation alloying, LF refining, RH refining, sheet billet continuous casting, slab roll off the production line stacking slow cooling, slab cleaning, slab reheat, 4300 mill millings, Mulpic cooling, steel plate stacking slow cooling, flaw detection, normalizing, finished product inspection by sampling, warehouse-in.
5. a kind of 355MPa level according to claim 4 is easily welded the production technique that ocean platform is used steel plate, it is characterized in that when the thickness specification of steel plate was [6 ~ 40] mm, its processing condition were:
(1) molten iron pre-desulfurization, go into stove molten iron S≤0.003%, press C:0.10 ~ 0.15%, Si:0.20 ~ 0.50%, Mn:1.20 ~ 1.50%, P :≤0.015%, S :≤0.005%, Nb:0.020 ~ 0.050%, V:0.010 ~ 0.050%, Ti:0.008 ~ 0.020%, Als:0.015 ~ 0.055%, Ceq≤0.43, Pcm≤0.23%, surplus is Fe and unavoidable impurities smelting molten steel, and molten steel is through LF, RH refining, [N]≤30ppm, [O]≤25ppm, [H]≤1.5ppm becomes the 250mm heavy slab with molten steel casting, and stacking slow cooling rolls off the production line;
(2) slab inspection cleaning back shove charge heating, heat-up time 0.9 ~ 1.0min/mm, 1100 ~ 1180 ℃ of tapping temperatures;
(3) slab is through high-pressure water descaling, and high pressure water pressure is 19 ~ 20Mpa, enters the 4300mm mill milling;
(4) rough rolling step improves reduction in pass, guarantees to have 2 above reduction in pass>25mm; The thickness of intermediate blank thickness 〉=2.5 times finished product steel plate;
(5) finish rolling guarantees finishing temperature: the steel plate finishing temperature is controlled at 840 ± 10 ℃;
(6) normalizing treatment temperature: 900 ± 10 ℃; Soaking time: 1.5min/mm+10min.
6. a kind of 355MPa level according to claim 5 is easily welded the production technique that ocean platform is used steel plate, it is characterized in that when the thickness specification of steel plate was 36mm, its processing condition were:
(1) molten iron pre-desulfurization is gone into stove molten iron S≤0.003%, presses C:0.12%, Si:0.23%, Mn:1.44%, P:0.014%, S:0.003%, Nb:0.034%, V:0.020%, Ti:0.015%, Als:0.032%, Ceq:0.37, Pcm:0.21%, surplus is Fe and unavoidable impurities smelting molten steel, molten steel is through LF, RH refining, [N]≤30ppm, [O]≤25ppm, [H]≤1.5ppm becomes the 250mm heavy slab with molten steel casting, and stacking slow cooling rolls off the production line;
(2) slab inspection cleaning back shove charge heating, heat-up time 235min, 1160 ℃ of tapping temperatures;
(3) slab is through high-pressure water descaling, and high pressure water pressure is 19Mpa, enters the 4300mm mill milling;
(4) rough rolling step improves reduction in pass, guarantees to have 2 above reduction in pass>25mm; The thickness of intermediate blank thickness 〉=2.5 times finished product steel plate;
(5) finish rolling guarantees finishing temperature: 843 ℃ of steel plate finishing temperatures;
(6) normalizing treatment temperature: 902 ℃; Soaking time: 64min.
7. a kind of 355MPa level according to claim 4 is easily welded ocean platform with the production technique of steel plate, it is characterized in that, when the thickness specification of steel plate be (40 ~ 60] during mm, its processing condition are:
(1) molten iron pre-desulfurization is gone into stove molten iron S≤0.003%, presses C:0.10 ~ 0.15%, Si:0.20 ~ 0.50%, Mn:1.30 ~ 1.60%, P :≤0.015%, S :≤0.005%, Nb:0.030 ~ 0.060%, V:0.020 ~ 0.060%, Ti:0.008 ~ 0.020%, Als:0.015 ~ 0.055%, Nb+V+Ti≤0.12%, Ceq≤0.43, Pcm≤0.23%, surplus is Fe and inevitable impurity smelting molten steel, molten steel is through LF, RH refining, [N]≤30ppm, [O]≤25ppm, [H]≤1.5ppm, molten steel casting is become the 250mm heavy slab, and stacking slow cooling rolls off the production line;
(2) slab inspection cleaning back shove charge heating, heat-up time 0.9 ~ 1.0min/mm, 1100 ~ 1180 ℃ of tapping temperatures;
(3) slab is through high-pressure water descaling, and high pressure water pressure is 19 ~ 20Mpa, enters the 4300mm mill milling;
(4) rough rolling step improves reduction in pass, guarantees to have 2 above reduction in pass>25mm; The thickness of intermediate blank thickness 〉=2.5 times finished product steel plate;
(5) finish rolling guarantees finishing temperature: the steel plate finishing temperature is controlled at 820 ± 10 ℃;
Normalizing treatment temperature: 900 ± 10 ℃; Soaking time: 1.5min/mm+10min.
8. a kind of 355MPa level according to claim 7 is easily welded the production technique that ocean platform is used steel plate, it is characterized in that when the thickness specification of steel plate was 60mm, its processing condition were:
(1) molten iron pre-desulfurization is gone into stove molten iron S≤0.003%, presses C:0.12%, Si:0.26%, Mn:1.47%, P:0.015%, S:0.004%, Nb:0.042%, V:0.030%, Ti:0.019%, Als:0.029%, Ceq:0.38, Pcm:0.21%, surplus is Fe and unavoidable impurities smelting molten steel, molten steel is through LF, RH refining, [N]≤30ppm, [O]≤25ppm, [H]≤1.5ppm becomes the 250mm heavy slab with molten steel casting, and stacking slow cooling rolls off the production line;
(2) slab inspection cleaning back shove charge heating, heat-up time 238min, 1165 ℃ of tapping temperatures;
(3) slab is through high-pressure water descaling, and high pressure water pressure is 20Mpa, enters the 4300mm mill milling;
(4) rough rolling step improves reduction in pass, guarantees to have 2 above reduction in pass>25mm; The thickness of intermediate blank thickness 〉=2.5 times finished product steel plate;
(5) finish rolling guarantees finishing temperature: the steel plate finishing temperature is controlled at 818 ℃;
(6) normalizing treatment temperature: 900 ℃; Soaking time: 100min.
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CN102409234A (en) * | 2011-11-14 | 2012-04-11 | 南京钢铁股份有限公司 | Method for manufacturing 355MPa grade low alloy steel plate with welding crack sensitivity index less than 0.23 |
CN102605293A (en) * | 2012-04-18 | 2012-07-25 | 江苏省沙钢钢铁研究院有限公司 | Non-quenched and tempered low-crack sensitivity steel plate with excellent low-temperature toughness, and production method thereof |
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