CN103105794A - Liquid automatic discoloring disguised film device - Google Patents

Liquid automatic discoloring disguised film device Download PDF

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Publication number
CN103105794A
CN103105794A CN201210516487XA CN201210516487A CN103105794A CN 103105794 A CN103105794 A CN 103105794A CN 201210516487X A CN201210516487X A CN 201210516487XA CN 201210516487 A CN201210516487 A CN 201210516487A CN 103105794 A CN103105794 A CN 103105794A
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check valve
endpiece
controllable check
inlet end
runner
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CN201210516487XA
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CN103105794B (en
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薛心智
李松晶
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Harbin Institute of Technology
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Harbin Institute of Technology
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Abstract

The invention discloses a liquid automatic discoloring disguised film device, and relates to the field of discoloring film devices. The liquid automatic discoloring disguised film device aims at solving the technical problems that an existing discoloring film device is single in discoloration, small in cycle times, difficult to achieve panchromatic image discoloration, small in usable area, long in response time and high in price. The liquid automatic discoloring disguised film device is composed of multi-layer discoloring runner film, a liquid injection power device, a micro valve device, a logic control unit, a colored liquid concentration ratio unit, a camera and a runner used for connection. The working principle includes that the camera collects color information of real-time environment, the color information is input to the logic control unit to be processed and obtain red, green blue (RGB) color information, logic calculation is carried out, a corresponding relation of dye concentration and proportion is obtained, a liquid dye circulation return circuit is controlled, the multi-layer discoloring runner film is enabled to become various colors which are conform to the color information of the real-time environment, and a disguised aim is achieved. The liquid automatic discoloring disguised film device is applicable to the filed of visual disguising.

Description

A kind of liquid automatic color-changing camouflage membrane unit
Technical field
The present invention relates to the optically variable films device.
Background technology
Metachromatism refers to material under extraneous environmental activity and the change of a kind of light reflex of producing.This phenomenon is prevalent in nature.Common color-changing device is off-color material, is divided into photochromic material, electrochromic material, and thermochromic material etc., wherein on photochromic material market, maturation is applied as the automatic color-changing glasses.The ultimate principle of off-color material is that its material has two kinds of different molecules or electronic structure state, at visible region, two kinds of different absorption coefficients are arranged, under the effect of light, can be from a kind of Structure Transformation to another kind of structure, cause the reversible variation of color, the common silver halide photo chromic glass etc. that contains.But the synthetic difficult point of these off-color materials is many, and variable color is single mostly, and cycle index is few, is difficult to realize panchromatic amplitude variation look and large tracts of land request for utilization, and the response time is also longer, and is expensive.
Summary of the invention
The present invention will solve existing optically variable films device to exist variable color single, and cycle index is few, is difficult to realize panchromatic amplitude variation look, and usable floor area is little, response time length and expensive technical matters, and a kind of liquid automatic color-changing camouflage membrane unit is provided.
A kind of liquid automatic color-changing camouflage membrane unit is comprised of multi-layer colour-changing runner film, fluid injection propulsion system, microvalve device, logic control element, colored liquid concentration proportioning unit and camera; Described multi-layer colour-changing runner film is stacked gradually by the first variable color runner film, the second variable color runner film and the 3rd variable color runner film and forms; Described microvalve device is comprised of the first operation valve, the second operation valve, the 3rd operation valve, the first controllable check valve, the second controllable check valve, the 3rd controllable check valve, the 4th controllable check valve, the 5th controllable check valve and the 6th controllable check valve; Described colored liquid concentration proportioning unit is comprised of the first module that the liquid dyes I is housed, the second unit that the liquid dyes II is housed, the Unit the 4th that Unit the 3rd of liquid dyes III is housed and solvent is housed;
The endpiece of the runner in described the first variable color runner film is communicated with the first inlet end of fluid injection propulsion system, the first endpiece of fluid injection propulsion system is communicated with the inlet end of the 4th controllable check valve, the inlet end of the runner in the endpiece of the 4th controllable check valve and the first variable color runner film is communicated with, formation first liquid flow cycle; The endpiece of the runner in described the second variable color runner film is communicated with the second inlet end of fluid injection propulsion system, the second endpiece of fluid injection propulsion system is communicated with the inlet end of the 5th controllable check valve, the inlet end of the runner in the endpiece of the 5th controllable check valve and the second variable color runner film is communicated with, formation second liquid flow cycle; The endpiece of the runner in described the 3rd variable color runner film is communicated with the 3rd inlet end of fluid injection propulsion system, the 3rd endpiece of fluid injection propulsion system is communicated with the inlet end of the 6th controllable check valve, the inlet end of the runner in the endpiece of the 6th controllable check valve and the 3rd variable color runner film is communicated with, formation the 3rd liquid communication loop;
The described endpiece that the first module of liquid dyes I is housed is communicated with the inlet end of the first controllable check valve, is communicated with between the first endpiece of the endpiece of the first controllable check valve and fluid injection propulsion system and the inlet end of the 4th controllable check valve; The described endpiece that the second unit of liquid dyes II is housed is communicated with the inlet end of the second controllable check valve, is communicated with between the second endpiece of the endpiece of the second controllable check valve and fluid injection propulsion system and the inlet end of the 5th controllable check valve; The described endpiece that Unit the 3rd of liquid dyes III is housed is communicated with the inlet end of the 3rd controllable check valve, is communicated with between the 3rd endpiece of the endpiece of the 3rd controllable check valve and fluid injection propulsion system and the inlet end of the 6th controllable check valve; The described endpiece that Unit the 4th of solvent is housed is communicated with the inlet end of the first operation valve, the inlet end of the second operation valve and the inlet end of the 3rd operation valve respectively, is communicated with between the first endpiece of the endpiece of the first operation valve and fluid injection propulsion system and the inlet end of the 4th controllable check valve; Be communicated with between the second endpiece of the endpiece of the second operation valve and fluid injection propulsion system and the inlet end of the 5th controllable check valve; Be communicated with between the 3rd endpiece of the endpiece of the 3rd operation valve and fluid injection propulsion system and the inlet end of the 6th controllable check valve;
Described camera is with adopting in collection real time environment color information, the picture intelligence output terminal of camera connects the picture signal input end of logic control element, and the control signal output terminal of logic control element connects respectively on the power supply control apparatus of the first operation valve, the second operation valve, the 3rd operation valve, the first controllable check valve, the second controllable check valve, the 3rd controllable check valve, the 4th controllable check valve, the 5th controllable check valve, the 6th controllable check valve and fluid injection propulsion system.
Principle of work: the real time environment color information is gathered by camera, and convert signal to, in the input logic control module, by to signal analysis, form corresponding rgb color information, by logical operation, obtain the proportioning of corresponding orchil, green colouring material and blue dyes and the relation of concentration, to the microvalve device output signal, by controlling microvalve device, reach the purpose of the relation of the proportioning of controlling orchil, green colouring material and blue dyes and concentration; After the orchil solution for preparing, green colouring material solution and blue dyes solution are injected into the hydraulic power device, be injected in corresponding the first variable color runner film, the second variable color runner film and the 3rd variable color runner film by the 4th conveying flow passage, the 5th conveying flow passage and the 6th conveying flow passage respectively, dye solution circulates in liquid communication loop I, liquid communication loop II and liquid communication loop III respectively; The first variable color runner film, the second variable color runner film and the 3rd variable color runner film are owing to having injected different color dye, and the color that finally presents is the color mixture of three kinds of colors, is the color of real time environment color; When environmental color information changes, by logic control element, the color in corresponding environmental color information and flow cycle is carried out logic analysis, and calculate the amount of corresponding injection dyestuff, and and be injected into again in flow cycle, complete the color of the environmental color after change.
Advantage of the present invention: one, a kind of liquid automatic color-changing camouflage membrane unit provided by the invention, realized adaptive change to environmental color by logic control element, can be real-time regulate the film color according to environmental color, form corresponding color, will be stealthy in real-time environment by the dummy load body vision; Two, a kind of liquid automatic color-changing camouflage membrane unit provided by the invention, the reaction time is shorter, and long service life is cheap, simultaneously, chemical reaction does not occur in change procedure, and is environmentally friendly, harmless; Three, a kind of liquid automatic color-changing camouflage membrane unit provided by the invention, sandwich construction due to variable color runner film, can make the through-flow different runners of different colours liquid, adopt simultaneously different patterns to design runner route in variable color runner film, can realize that multiple color changes and change in pattern, makes camouflage performance better.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of a kind of liquid automatic color-changing camouflage membrane unit of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is that the master of the multi-layer colour-changing runner film of a kind of liquid automatic color-changing camouflage membrane unit of the present invention looks schematic diagram.
Fig. 3 is A-A cross-sectional schematic in Fig. 2.
Embodiment
Embodiment one: present embodiment is a kind of liquid automatic color-changing camouflage membrane unit, is comprised of multi-layer colour-changing runner film, fluid injection propulsion system 3, microvalve device, logic control element 2, colored liquid concentration proportioning unit and camera 7; Described multi-layer colour-changing runner film is stacked gradually by the first variable color runner film 1-1, the second variable color runner film 1-2 and the 3rd variable color runner film 1-3 and forms; Described microvalve device is comprised of the first operation valve 4-1, the second operation valve 4-2, the 3rd operation valve 4-3, the first controllable check valve 5-1, the second controllable check valve 5-2, the 3rd controllable check valve 5-3, the 4th controllable check valve 5-4, the 5th controllable check valve 5-5 and the 6th controllable check valve 5-6; Described colored liquid concentration proportioning unit is comprised of the first module 6-1 that the liquid dyes I is housed, the second unit 6-2 that the liquid dyes II is housed, the 4th unit 6-4 that the 3rd unit 6-3 of liquid dyes III is housed and solvent is housed;
The endpiece of the runner in described the first variable color runner film 1-1 is communicated with the first inlet end 3-1 of fluid injection propulsion system 3, the first endpiece 3-4 of fluid injection propulsion system 3 is communicated with the inlet end of the 4th controllable check valve 5-4, the inlet end of the runner in the endpiece of the 4th controllable check valve 5-4 and the first variable color runner film 1-1 is communicated with, formation first liquid flow cycle; The endpiece of the runner in described the second variable color runner film 1-2 is communicated with the second inlet end 3-2 of fluid injection propulsion system 3, the second endpiece 3-5 of fluid injection propulsion system 3 is communicated with the inlet end of the 5th controllable check valve 5-5, the inlet end of the runner in the endpiece of the 5th controllable check valve 5-5 and the second variable color runner film 1-2 is communicated with, formation second liquid flow cycle; The endpiece of the runner in described the 3rd variable color runner film 1-3 is communicated with the 3rd inlet end 3-3 of fluid injection propulsion system 3, the 3rd endpiece 3-6 of fluid injection propulsion system 3 is communicated with the inlet end of the 6th controllable check valve 5-6, the inlet end of the runner in the endpiece of the 6th controllable check valve 5-6 and the 3rd variable color runner film 1-3 is communicated with, formation the 3rd liquid communication loop;
The described endpiece that the first module 6-1 of liquid dyes I is housed is communicated with the inlet end of the first controllable check valve 5-1, is communicated with between the first endpiece 3-4 of the endpiece of the first controllable check valve 5-1 and fluid injection propulsion system 3 and the inlet end of the 4th controllable check valve 5-4; The described endpiece that the second unit 6-2 of liquid dyes II is housed is communicated with the inlet end of the second controllable check valve 5-2, is communicated with between the second endpiece 3-5 of the endpiece of the second controllable check valve 5-2 and fluid injection propulsion system 3 and the inlet end of the 5th controllable check valve 5-5; The described endpiece that the 3rd unit 6-3 of liquid dyes III is housed is communicated with the inlet end of the 3rd controllable check valve 5-3, is communicated with between the 3rd endpiece 3-6 of the endpiece of the 3rd controllable check valve 5-3 and fluid injection propulsion system 3 and the inlet end of the 6th controllable check valve 5-6; The described endpiece that the 4th unit 6-4 of solvent is housed is communicated with the inlet end of the first operation valve 4-1, the inlet end of the second operation valve 4-2 and the inlet end of the 3rd operation valve 4-3 respectively, is communicated with between the first endpiece 3-4 of the endpiece of the first operation valve 4-1 and fluid injection propulsion system 3 and the inlet end of the 4th controllable check valve 5-4; Be communicated with between the second endpiece 3-5 of the endpiece of the second operation valve 4-2 and fluid injection propulsion system 3 and the inlet end of the 5th controllable check valve 5-5; Be communicated with between the 3rd endpiece 3-6 of the endpiece of the 3rd operation valve 4-3 and fluid injection propulsion system 3 and the inlet end of the 6th controllable check valve 5-6;
Described camera 7 use are adopted in collection real time environment color information, the picture intelligence output terminal of camera 7 connects the picture signal input end of logic control element 2, and the control signal output terminal of logic control element 2 connects respectively on the power supply control apparatus of the first operation valve 4-1, the second operation valve 4-2, the 3rd operation valve 4-3, the first controllable check valve 5-1, the second controllable check valve 5-2, the 3rd controllable check valve 5-3, the 4th controllable check valve 5-4, the 5th controllable check valve 5-5, the 6th controllable check valve 5-6 and fluid injection propulsion system 3.
The principle of work of a kind of liquid automatic color-changing camouflage membrane unit that present embodiment provides: the real time environment color information is gathered by camera, and convert signal to, in the input logic control module, by to signal analysis, form corresponding rgb color information, by logical operation, obtain the proportioning of corresponding orchil, green colouring material and blue dyes and the relation of concentration, to the microvalve device output signal, by controlling microvalve device, reach the purpose of the relation of the proportioning of controlling orchil, green colouring material and blue dyes and concentration; After the orchil solution for preparing, green colouring material solution and blue dyes solution are injected into the hydraulic power device, be injected in corresponding the first variable color runner film, the second variable color runner film and the 3rd variable color runner film by the 4th conveying flow passage, the 5th conveying flow passage and the 6th conveying flow passage respectively, dye solution circulates in liquid communication loop I, liquid communication loop II and liquid communication loop III respectively; The first variable color runner film, the second variable color runner film and the 3rd variable color runner film are owing to having injected different color dye, and the color that finally presents is the color mixture of three kinds of colors, is the color of real time environment color; When environmental color information changes, by logic control element, the color in corresponding environmental color information and flow cycle is carried out logic analysis, and calculate the amount of corresponding injection dyestuff, and and be injected into again in flow cycle, complete the color of the environmental color after change.
The advantage of a kind of liquid automatic color-changing camouflage membrane unit that present embodiment provides: one, a kind of liquid automatic color-changing camouflage membrane unit provided by the invention, realized adaptive change to environmental color by logic control element, can be real-time regulate the film color according to environmental color, form corresponding color, will be stealthy in real-time environment by the dummy load body vision; Two, a kind of liquid automatic color-changing camouflage membrane unit provided by the invention, the reaction time is shorter, and long service life is cheap, simultaneously, chemical reaction does not occur in change procedure, and is environmentally friendly, harmless; Three, a kind of liquid automatic color-changing camouflage membrane unit provided by the invention, sandwich construction due to variable color runner film, can make the through-flow different runners of different colours liquid, adopt simultaneously different patterns to design runner route in variable color runner film, can realize that multiple color changes and change in pattern, makes camouflage performance better.
Embodiment two: the difference of present embodiment and embodiment one is, the material of described multi-layer colour-changing runner film is a kind of in dimethyl silicone polymer, polymethylmethacrylate, glass and macromolecule resin or wherein several combination.Other is identical with embodiment one.
Embodiment three: present embodiment and embodiment one or twos' difference is, the runner of described multi-layer colour-changing runner film inside presents labyrinth type and is distributed in film, and the runner both ends open.Other is identical with embodiment one or two.
Embodiment four: the difference of one of present embodiment and embodiment one to three is, the power that described fluid injection propulsion system 3 adopt is motor-driven pump.Other is identical with embodiment one to three.
Embodiment five: the difference of one of present embodiment and embodiment one to four is, described logic control element 2 is digital circuit or computing machine.Other is identical with embodiment one to four.

Claims (5)

1. a liquid automatic color-changing camouflage membrane unit, is characterized in that this device is comprised of multi-layer colour-changing runner film, fluid injection propulsion system (3), microvalve device, logic control element (2), colored liquid concentration proportioning unit and camera (7); Described multi-layer colour-changing runner film is stacked gradually by the first variable color runner film (1-1), the second variable color runner film (1-2) and the 3rd variable color runner film (1-3) and forms; Described microvalve device is comprised of the first operation valve (4-1), the second operation valve (4-2), the 3rd operation valve (4-3), the first controllable check valve (5-1), the second controllable check valve (5-2), the 3rd controllable check valve (5-3), the 4th controllable check valve (5-4), the 5th controllable check valve (5-5) and the 6th controllable check valve (5-6); Described colored liquid concentration proportioning unit is comprised of the first module that the liquid dyes I is housed (6-1), the second unit (6-2) that the liquid dyes II is housed, the Unit the 4th (6-4) that Unit the 3rd (6-3) of liquid dyes III is housed and solvent is housed;
The endpiece of the runner in described the first variable color runner film (1-1) is communicated with first inlet end (3-1) of fluid injection propulsion system (3), first endpiece (3-4) of fluid injection propulsion system (3) is communicated with the inlet end of the 4th controllable check valve (5-4), the inlet end of the runner in the endpiece of the 4th controllable check valve (5-4) and the first variable color runner film (1-1) is communicated with, formation first liquid flow cycle; The endpiece of the runner in described the second variable color runner film (1-2) is communicated with second inlet end (3-2) of fluid injection propulsion system (3), second endpiece (3-5) of fluid injection propulsion system (3) is communicated with the inlet end of the 5th controllable check valve (5-5), the inlet end of the runner in the endpiece of the 5th controllable check valve (5-5) and the second variable color runner film (1-2) is communicated with, formation second liquid flow cycle; The endpiece of the runner in described the 3rd variable color runner film (1-3) is communicated with the 3rd inlet end (3-3) of fluid injection propulsion system (3), the 3rd endpiece (3-6) of fluid injection propulsion system (3) is communicated with the inlet end of the 6th controllable check valve (5-6), the inlet end of the runner in the endpiece of the 6th controllable check valve (5-6) and the 3rd variable color runner film (1-3) is communicated with, formation the 3rd liquid communication loop;
The described endpiece that the first module (6-1) of liquid dyes I is housed is communicated with the inlet end of the first controllable check valve (5-1), is communicated with between first endpiece (3-4) of the endpiece of the first controllable check valve (5-1) and fluid injection propulsion system (3) and the inlet end of the 4th controllable check valve (5-4); The described endpiece that the second unit (6-2) of liquid dyes II is housed is communicated with the inlet end of the second controllable check valve (5-2), is communicated with between second endpiece (3-5) of the endpiece of the second controllable check valve (5-2) and fluid injection propulsion system (3) and the inlet end of the 5th controllable check valve (5-1); The described endpiece that Unit the 3rd (6-3) of liquid dyes III is housed is communicated with the inlet end of the 3rd controllable check valve (5-3), is communicated with between the 3rd endpiece (3-6) of the endpiece of the 3rd controllable check valve (5-3) and fluid injection propulsion system (3) and the inlet end of the 6th controllable check valve (5-6); The described endpiece that Unit the 4th (6-4) of solvent is housed is communicated with the inlet end of the first operation valve (4-1), the inlet end of the second operation valve (4-2) and the inlet end of the 3rd operation valve (4-3) respectively, is communicated with between first endpiece (3-4) of the endpiece of the first operation valve (4-1) and fluid injection propulsion system (3) and the inlet end of the 4th controllable check valve (54); Be communicated with between second endpiece (3-5) of the endpiece of the second operation valve (4-2) and fluid injection propulsion system (3) and the inlet end of the 5th controllable check valve (5-5); Be communicated with between the 3rd endpiece (3-6) of the endpiece of the 3rd operation valve (4-3) and fluid injection propulsion system (3) and the inlet end of the 6th controllable check valve (5-6);
described camera (7) is with adopting in collection real time environment color information, the picture intelligence output terminal of camera (7) connects the picture signal input end of logic control element (2), the control signal output terminal of logic control element (2) connects respectively the first operation valve (4-1), the second operation valve (4-2), the 3rd operation valve (4-3), the first controllable check valve (5-1), the second controllable check valve (5-2), the 3rd controllable check valve (5-3), the 4th controllable check valve (5-4), the 5th controllable check valve (5-5), on the power supply control apparatus of the 6th controllable check valve (5-6) and fluid injection propulsion system (3).
2. a kind of liquid automatic color-changing camouflage membrane unit according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the material of described multi-layer colour-changing runner film is a kind of in dimethyl silicone polymer, polymethylmethacrylate, glass and macromolecule resin or wherein several combination.
3. a kind of liquid automatic color-changing camouflage membrane unit according to claim 1 and 2 is characterized in that: the runner of described multi-layer colour-changing runner film inside presents labyrinth type and is distributed in film, and the runner both ends open.
4. a kind of liquid automatic color-changing according to claim 1 pretends membrane unit, it is characterized in that: the power that described fluid injection propulsion system (3) adopt is motor-driven pump.
5. a kind of liquid automatic color-changing according to claim 1 pretends membrane unit, and it is characterized in that: described logic control element (2) is digital circuit or computing machine.
CN201210516487.XA 2012-12-05 2012-12-05 Liquid automatic discoloring disguised film device Active CN103105794B (en)

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Cited By (7)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105676556A (en) * 2016-03-18 2016-06-15 电子科技大学 Environment color self-adaption device and method based on electrochromic device
CN105774141A (en) * 2016-02-17 2016-07-20 浙江西溪玻璃有限公司 Electronic-control color-changing anti-fog mirror
CN107009699A (en) * 2017-05-18 2017-08-04 重庆森土科技发展有限公司 A kind of dimming glass of tangible light modulation
CN109675488A (en) * 2018-12-26 2019-04-26 中山市胜航机电科技有限公司 Cutting fluid concentration monitoring and automatic mixing system and working method
CN112484573A (en) * 2020-11-24 2021-03-12 哈尔滨工业大学 Fast-assembling automatic camouflage film
CN115055214A (en) * 2022-05-26 2022-09-16 中国人民解放军军事科学院国防工程研究院工程防护研究所 Gas drive control system of micro-channel type self-adaptive color-changing film
CN117707065A (en) * 2023-12-11 2024-03-15 上海曼孚机电控制工程有限公司 Concentration-based intelligent liquid additive blending method, system and medium

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CN2590732Y (en) * 2002-12-31 2003-12-10 湖北省荆门市龙华实业有限公司 Sandwich light modulating colour change glass
CN1476549A (en) * 2001-10-05 2004-02-18 ������������ʽ���� Liquid type electrochromic element
US20070115428A1 (en) * 2005-11-18 2007-05-24 Tony Optical Enterprise Co., Ltd. Polarized optical lens

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CN1476549A (en) * 2001-10-05 2004-02-18 ������������ʽ���� Liquid type electrochromic element
CN2590732Y (en) * 2002-12-31 2003-12-10 湖北省荆门市龙华实业有限公司 Sandwich light modulating colour change glass
US20070115428A1 (en) * 2005-11-18 2007-05-24 Tony Optical Enterprise Co., Ltd. Polarized optical lens

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105774141A (en) * 2016-02-17 2016-07-20 浙江西溪玻璃有限公司 Electronic-control color-changing anti-fog mirror
CN105676556A (en) * 2016-03-18 2016-06-15 电子科技大学 Environment color self-adaption device and method based on electrochromic device
CN107009699A (en) * 2017-05-18 2017-08-04 重庆森土科技发展有限公司 A kind of dimming glass of tangible light modulation
CN107009699B (en) * 2017-05-18 2019-08-20 重庆森土科技发展有限公司 A kind of dimming glass of tangible light modulation
CN109675488A (en) * 2018-12-26 2019-04-26 中山市胜航机电科技有限公司 Cutting fluid concentration monitoring and automatic mixing system and working method
CN112484573A (en) * 2020-11-24 2021-03-12 哈尔滨工业大学 Fast-assembling automatic camouflage film
CN112484573B (en) * 2020-11-24 2022-06-17 哈尔滨工业大学 Fast-assembling automatic camouflage film
CN115055214A (en) * 2022-05-26 2022-09-16 中国人民解放军军事科学院国防工程研究院工程防护研究所 Gas drive control system of micro-channel type self-adaptive color-changing film
CN117707065A (en) * 2023-12-11 2024-03-15 上海曼孚机电控制工程有限公司 Concentration-based intelligent liquid additive blending method, system and medium
CN117707065B (en) * 2023-12-11 2024-06-18 上海曼孚机电控制工程有限公司 Concentration-based intelligent liquid additive blending method, system and medium

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