CN103097055B - The side frame of rail vehicle bogie and bolster and manufacture method thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

A kind of method of bolster manufacturing railroad vehicle, described bolster is included in a pair brake shoe mouth of each end in the bolster hole being configured to be inserted into each side frame, and described method includes the bolster pattern providing drag portion and cope portion for forming mould.Additionally provide the core of the interior zone of the bolster limiting casting.Described bolster pattern and described core are configured to the angle limits of brake shoe mouth in the tolerance of about ± 0.5 °.

Description

The side frame of rail vehicle bogie and bolster and manufacture method thereof

Background technology

Railroad vehicle is generally made up of the rail car being supported on a pair truck assemblies.Truck assemblies includes passing through A pair side frame that bolster and damping system link together and wheel set.Compartment is supported on the central bowl of bolster, central authorities' bowl Shape thing is as the point of rotation of bogie system.The movement of car body, spring is resisted by spring and friction-type wedge shape amortisseur With friction-type wedge shape amortisseur, bolster and side frame are connected.Side frame includes that pedestal, pedestal respectively define otch, makes With roller bearing adapter, the wheel assembly of wheel set is placed in described otch.

Side frame and bolster can be formed by various foundry engieerings.For producing the most frequently used technology of these elements for passing through sand Mold casting.Sand casting provides a kind of for forming the low cost high yield of composite hollow shape (such as side frame and bolster) Method.In general sand casting operation, (1) forms mould around pattern placing sand, generally includes running gate system；(2) by type Mould moves apart mould；(3) core is positioned in the mould of closing；(4) mould is filled by cast with red-hot liquid metal； (5) metal cools in mould is made；(6) metal of the solidification being referred to as raw casting is removed by the demoulding；And (7) are to foundry goods It is ground and cleans, wherein can include using grinder, welding machine, heat treatment and machining.

In sand casting operates, based on using sand, material manufactures mould, and described sand mixes with binding agent To keep shape.Making mold is two half-unit cope portion (top) and drag portion (bottom), and they separate along seam line.Sand Son carries out placing around pattern and is removed from the molds at it and keeps the shape of pattern afterwards.With 3 degree or more than 3 degree go out modular angle Degree processing pattern is to guarantee to release from mould pattern during taking out.In some sand casting operates, in the moulding process phase Between during pouring into use sandbox supporting sand.Core inserts mould, and cope portion is positioned in drag portion with closed mould.

When casting is compound or during hollow part, core is used for limiting inside hollow, or can not be otherwise for restriction The complicated part made by pattern.These cores generally by be configured to this core produce feature box in water casting sand and Binding agent is made.These core boxes can be clogged by hand, or uses core blower to make.Core is removed from core box, and puts into In mould.Use core print to guide placement to be placed in mould by core, and when preventing irrigating metal, core moves.It addition, core Support can be used for supporting or suppressing the movement of core, and is fused in parent metal in process of setting.

Mould generally includes running gate system, and this running gate system provides passage for motlten metal, and controls metal to die cavity Inflow.This pouring ladle includes mouth, and this inlet controls the flow velocity of metal, and is connected with running channel.Running channel is metal stream Cross cast gate and enter the passage of die cavity.This cast gate controls to enter the flow velocity of die cavity, and prevents liquid turbulence.

After metal pours into mould, along with foundry goods is close to solid-state, foundry goods cools down and shrinks.When metal contracts, it is necessary to Continue to inject extra liquid metal to constriction zone, otherwise will appear from space at final parts.In the region of high convergency, at mould Tool is placed the secondary reservoir that rising head will be filled during pouring into offer.These rising heads are the final areas of solidification, from And the time of the die cavity of the parts that the time ratio making content be maintained at liquid casts is long.When the content of die cavity cools down, The region that rising head supply is shunk, it is ensured that produce solid final casting.At the open-topped rising head of mo(u)ld top half mould, it is alternatively arranged as filling Enter and the outlet of cooling period gas overflowing.

In various foundry engieerings, different sand mold binder is used to keep pattern shape by sand.These binding agents pair Final products tool has a significant impact, and can complete because they control the stability of size, surface smoothness, and each detailed process Casting details.Two kinds of most typical sand mould casting methods include: (1) greensand, are made up of silica sand, organic binder bond and water；With And (2) chemical bonding agent material or resin-bonded agent material, by the fast setting chemistry of silica sand and such as phenolic urethanes etc Binding agent forms.Traditionally, owing to the cost relevant with molding materials is relatively low, greensand technique is used to make side frame and bolster.To the greatest extent It is effective for managing the most this method in terms of producing these elements, but this technique is the most defective.

There are some problems in side frame and bolster by above-mentioned greensand work production.First, pattern requires relatively large Depanning angle causes cast product to have corresponding depanning angle.Pedestal district on the region requiring flat, such as side frame Friction block mouth (friction shoe pocket) on territory and bolster, it is necessary to use these parts of core production.In casting During these cores have displacement and float trend.It is inconsistent that this motion may result in final products size, increases and grinds Time, if or beyond given size, cause element to be scrapped.Read following specification, it can be seen that these casting manipulationses Other problems.

Summary of the invention

It is an object of the present invention to provide a kind of manufacture for casting the side frame mould of the side frame of rail vehicle bogie Method.Described side frame includes the forward direction pedestal jaw of the wheel assembly for installing wheel set and backward pedestal jaw.Described method The drag portion of mould and cope portion is formed, for limiting drag portion and the cope portion of described side frame respectively including by founding materials Outer surface.Described mould includes the part in the pedestal region for casting side frame, and described pedestal region includes axle Box top, contact surface, the vertical clamping plate of external shaft clamping plate and inside.It is subsequently cured described drag portion and cope portion.

It is a further object to provide a kind of manufacture and for casting the mould of the side frame of rail vehicle bogie The method of the core being used together, wherein said side frame includes installing the forward direction pedestal jaw of the wheel assembly of wheel set and backward axle box Otch, and the most each pedestal part extends to the bolster hole of this side frame by the respective end of side frame.Described method bag Include independent drag portion and the cope portion forming at least one pedestal core.The drag portion of described pedestal core and upper Type portion limits the interior zone of at least one pedestal of described side frame.Described method also includes under pedestal core Type portion and cope portion link together, thus form the pedestal core package inserting described mould.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a kind of method of side frame manufacturing rail vehicle bogie, wherein said side Frame includes installing the forward direction pedestal jaw of the wheel assembly of wheel set and backward pedestal jaw.Described method includes providing a kind of mould, Described mould limits the drag portion of this mould and the outer surface of cope portion and at least one pedestal jaw respectively.Then, molten steel fills Enter mould and make it solidify.The side frame of casting is removed from mould, and the side frame of described casting is by final parts, rising head and cast gate Composition.Excess stock is ground off from the side frame of casting, thus forms finished product side frame.From the amount of the excess stock that foundry goods removes, With core seam, seam line overlap, rising head, configuration pattern, the form of passage, less than the steel initially poured in side frame mould The 10% of gross weight.

A further object of the present invention is to provide the side frame of a kind of rail vehicle bogie, and described side frame includes a pair side frame Column and a pair pedestal, described side frame column limits bolster hole, and described pedestal extends from corresponding side frame column.Each Pedestal limits the otch being configured to install the wheel assembly of wheel set.That described side frame includes being arranged on each side frame column and side Erect the first gusset of the relative inner side, bolster side of post.Opening is defined on each side frame column.Described opening is from bolster side Extend to the inner side of corresponding side frame column.Described opening extends through the first gusset size and is fixed to by wear plate for storage The bolt of the bolster side of side frame column.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a kind of method of bolster manufacturing rail vehicle bogie.Described method bag Include drag portion and the cope portion that mould is provided.In the main part of mould, the seam line base that drag portion is separated with cope portion In basis described mould limit bolster side brake window opening part between central authorities.Described method also includes: Insert one or more cores, and casting bolster in a mold.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a kind of core package, and described core package is used for manufacturing railroad vehicle and turns to The bolster of frame.Described core package include main body core, described main body core substantially limit the heart from which of described bolster to The whole interior zone that the inside gib of the outboard end part being positioned at bolster extends, and partly limit from described inside gib To the inside end part of the described bolster that the outboard end of described bolster extends.Described core package also includes limiting not by described master The end cores of the interior zone of the end portion of the described bolster that build core limits.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a kind of manufacture for casting the bolster mould of the bolster of rail vehicle bogie The method of tool.Described method includes drag portion and the cope portion being formed mould by founding materials, for limiting described bolster respectively Drag portion and the outer surface of cope portion.The seam line that described drag portion separates with described cope portion is located substantially on described mould Central authorities between the part of the brake window opening of the side limiting bolster of tool.Described method also includes solidifying drag portion and mo(u)ld top half Portion.

A further object of the present invention is to provide the core package of a kind of bolster for manufacturing rail vehicle bogie.Institute State core package include main body core, described main body core substantially limit described bolster from the center of described bolster to being positioned at The whole interior zone that the inside gib of the outboard end part of this bolster extends, and partly limit from described inside gib to The inside end part of the described bolster that the respective end of this bolster extends.Described core package also includes end cores, described end Portion's core limits the interior zone that the described bolster end not limited is divided by described main body core.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a kind of manufacture for casting the bolster mould of the bolster of rail vehicle bogie The method of tool.Described method includes drag portion and the cope portion being formed mould by founding materials, for limiting described bolster respectively Drag portion and the outer surface of cope portion.The seam line that drag portion separates with cope portion is located substantially on the restriction of described mould Central authorities between the part of the brake window opening of the side of bolster.Described method also includes solidifying described drag portion and cope portion.

A further object of the present invention is a kind of method of bolster manufacturing rail vehicle bogie.Described method includes carrying For including the mould of drag portion and cope portion.The seam line that described drag portion separates with cope portion is located substantially on described mould Limit bolster side brake window opening part between central authorities.Described method also includes molten steel pouring into mould and making Its solidification.Remove the bolster of casting subsequently from mould, the bolster of described casting is by final bolster parts, rising head and running gate system Constitute.Grind off to form finished product bolster from the bolster of described casting by excess stock.From the amount of the excess stock that foundry goods removes, with The form of core seam, rising head and cast gate, less than the 15% of the gross weight of the steel initially poured in described bolster mould.

A kind of method that it is yet another object of the invention to provide bolster for manufacturing rail vehicle bogie, described method Including the drag portion and the cope portion that provide mould.In the main part of described mould, by described drag portion and described cope portion Central authorities between the part of the brake window opening that the seam line separated is located substantially on the side limiting bolster of described mould.? Described mould insert one or more cores and in this mould, pours into melted material, thus casting described bolster.

A kind of method that it is yet another object of the invention to provide side frame manufacturing railroad vehicle, wherein said side frame limits and puts Put the hole of bolster.Described hole is limited by a pair column, spring base and compression member in opposite directions.For formed mould drag portion and The side frame pattern in type portion provides together with one or more cores of the interior zone of the side frame limiting casting.Here, Spacing between described side frame pattern and one or more cores are configured to column in opposite directions is limited in about ± 0.038 English In very little tolerance.

A kind of method that it is yet another object of the invention to provide side frame manufacturing railroad vehicle, described method includes: provide The side frame pattern of drag portion and cope portion for forming mould；And provide one of the interior zone limiting the side frame cast Or more than one core, at least some core in one or more cores wherein said limits at described mould Drag portion places one or one or more core prints of more than one core.One or more than one core The outer surface of seat is nearest with the outer surface of the distance one of the drag portion of described mould or more than one core print Distance between surface is less than or equal to about 0.030 inch.

A kind of method that it is yet another object of the invention to provide bolster manufacturing railroad vehicle, described bolster is included in configuration For inserting a pair brake shoe mouth of each end in the bolster hole of each side frame.Described method includes: provides and is used for forming mould Drag portion and the bolster pattern of cope portion；And one or more types of the interior zone of the bolster limiting casting are provided Core.Described bolster pattern and one or more than one core are configured to the angle limits of brake shoe mouth the public affairs of about ± 0.5 ° In difference.

A kind of method that it is yet another object of the invention to provide bolster manufacturing railroad vehicle, described bolster is included in configuration For inserting a pair brake shoe mouth of each end in the bolster hole of side frame.Described method includes: provide for being formed under mould The bolster pattern of type portion and cope portion；And one or more cores of the interior zone of the bolster limiting casting are provided. Width between described bolster pattern and one or more than one core are configured to the pair of brake shoe mouth is limited in about In the tolerance of ± 0.063 inch.

A kind of method that it is yet another object of the invention to provide bolster manufacturing railroad vehicle.Described method includes: provide The bolster pattern of drag portion and cope portion for forming mould；And provide one of the interior zone limiting the bolster cast Or more than one core.At least some core in one or more than one core limits for the mo(u)ld bottom half at described mould One or one or more core prints of more than one core are placed in portion.One or more than one core print The distance one of drag portion of outer surface and described mould or the nearest table of the outer surface of more than one core print Distance between face is less than or equal to about 0.030 inch.

It is yet another object of the invention to provide the mould of a kind of side frame for casting rail vehicle bogie.Described side frame Forward direction pedestal jaw and backward pedestal jaw including the wheel assembly for installing wheel set.Described mould includes: by molding materials The cope portion formed and drag portion, for limiting the drag portion of described side frame and the outer surface of cope portion respectively.Described mould bag Include the part of at least one pedestal jaw for casting described side frame.

It is yet another object of the invention to provide the bolster of a kind of rail vehicle bogie formed by mould.Described bolster bag Include drag portion and cope portion.The seam line limiting described drag portion and cope portion is configured that the main part at described bolster, institute State the central authorities between the brake window opening of the side that seam line is located substantially on described bolster.

It is yet another object of the invention to provide the mould of a kind of bolster for manufacturing rail vehicle bogie.Described mould Including drag portion and cope portion.The seam line that described drag portion separates with described cope portion is configured to it and is located substantially on described Central authorities between the part of the brake window opening of the side limiting described bolster of mould.

It is yet another object of the invention to provide the bolster of a kind of rail vehicle bogie formed by mould.Described bolster bag Include drag portion and cope portion.The seam line limiting described drag portion and described cope portion is configured at outer end portion substantially Limited by described drag portion.

It is yet another object of the invention to provide the mould of a kind of bolster manufacturing rail vehicle bogie.Described mould includes Drag portion and cope portion.The corresponding matching surface of described drag portion and cope portion has nonplanar complementary shape.

When checking following Figure and illustrating, to those skilled in the art, other features and advantage are aobvious And be clear to.Be intended to be included in all these supplementary features included in this manual and advantage claim scope it In, and protected by appended claims.

Accompanying drawing explanation

Accompanying drawing is incorporated herein and is further appreciated by claim to provide, and accompanying drawing is incorporated to this explanation Book, constitutes the part of this specification.Illustrate and the embodiment illustrated that describe are defined by the claims for explaining Principle.

Figure 1A and Figure 1B respectively illustrates perspective view and the side view of the example side frame of rail vehicle bogie；

Fig. 2 A and Fig. 2 B illustrates the inner surface of the example side frame column including a column girth member；

Fig. 3 illustrates the example pedestal jaw of the side frame of casting；

Fig. 4 illustrates the exemplary operations for manufacturing side frame；

Fig. 5 A illustrates example drag portion and the cope portion of the mould for forming side frame；

Fig. 5 B illustrates the example rising head for side frame and running gate system；

Fig. 6 illustrates the example core can being used together with mould；

Fig. 7 illustrates the example bolster can being used in combination with above-mentioned side frame；

Fig. 8 illustrates the rising head for forming bolster and running gate system；

Fig. 9 A illustrates the example mould for forming bolster；

Fig. 9 B illustrates the example bolster formed in the mould shown in Fig. 9 A；

Fig. 9 C illustrates the example cross-section of the core in bolster mould and bolster mould；

Figure 10 A illustrates the cross section of bolster in brake window port area；

Figure 10 B illustrates the cross section of the friction block mouth of bolster；And

Figure 11 illustrates the core package can being used together with the mould forming bolster.

Detailed description of the invention

Figure 1A illustrates the perspective view of the side frame 100 of rail vehicle bogie.Railroad vehicle can corresponding lorry, such as in U.S. National expenditures is in transporting gross weight those lorries more than 220,000lbs (pound) goods.Side frame 100 includes bolster hole 110 and a pair axle box Drawing strickle guide 105.

Bolster hole 110 is limited by a pair side frame column 120, compression member 125 and spring base 127.Bolster hole 110 size Outboard end part 705 (Fig. 7) for storage bolster 700 (Fig. 7).One group of spring (not shown) is placed on the outboard end of bolster 700 It is connected with side frame 100 elasticity between part 705 and spring base 127 and by bolster 700.

A pair wear plate 135 be placed on the brake shoe mouth 710 of the outboard end part 705 of bolster 700 and side frame column 120 it Between.For illustration purposes, to show single example wear plate 135 under clastotype in Figure 1A.Wear plate 135 and friction Voussoir (not shown) serves as amortisseur to stop the sustained vibration between side frame 100 and bolster 700.Each wear plate 135 can be by Metal is made.Wear plate 135 is configured to side frame column 120 towards side (that is, the bolster of side frame column 120 of bolster 700 Side) connect.Wear plate 135 can be by the securing member (the such as bolt or bolt and nut group that make wear plate 135 to be disassembled Part) connect.

In operation, in bolster hole 110, the motion of bolster 700 produces pressure to wear plate 135.At existing side frame In, side frame column 120 tends to elastic deformation in the pressure of these wedges.As a result, wear plate 135 is fixed to side frame column 120 Securing member becomes loosening.In order to overcome these problems, a kind of embodiment of the side frame 100 of the application has the vertical of gusset form Post girth member 205 (Fig. 2), gusset 205 is to be arranged on side frame column 120.

Fig. 2 A and Fig. 2 B illustrates the inner surface 130 of the example side frame column 120 including a column girth member 205.Vertical Post girth member 205 is placed on the inner surface of side frame column 120 and extends between each side of side frame 100.Such as, column adds Firmware 205 extends between the drag portion 102 and cope portion 103 of side frame 100.Column girth member 205 can be with side frame column 120 Centered by the opening 210 of middle formation, opening 210 is for above-mentioned securing member.Stand with the existing side frame without column girth member The thickness 0.625 that post uses " form comparison, the thickness T 203 of the side frame column 120 in column girth member 205 region may be about 1.125”.Column girth member 205 provides the supporting strengthened to prevent side frame column 120 under above-mentioned pressure to side frame column 120 Deformation.And, column girth member 205 adds the length that securing member is tightened up.In other words, the part ratio that securing member is tightened up The length of existing side frame.This makes securing member have longer stretching, extension during fastening, and produces bigger clamping force, extends spiral shell The fatigue life that bolt closes.

Returning Figure 1A, each pedestal 105 limits pedestal jaw 140, and the wheel assembly of bogie wheel set is installed to described axle In case otch.Specifically, each pedestal jaw 140 includes the vertical clamping plate in axle box top 116, outside 117, the vertical clamping plate in inner side 118 and inner side and outer side contact surface 115 (referred to as thrust bead), directly connect with the complementary surface of adapter and wheel assembly Touch.Contact surface 115 determines the alignment of the wheel assembly in pedestal jaw 140.Aliging accurately for providing, contact surface 115 exists Grinding technics cleans eliminate the flaw left in casting technique.

Fig. 3 illustrate side frame after mould 500 (Fig. 5 A) is removed but the example pedestal jaw of side frame 100 before the milling 140.In this case, contact surface 115 is not smooth.On the contrary, contact surface 115 is tapered and forms depanning angle D 305, described depanning angle correspondence manufactures the depanning angle of the mould of side frame 100, as described below.Depanning angle D 305 can be About 1 ° or less, this is less than the depanning angle of the side frame of existing casting, and existing depanning angle can be 3 ° or bigger.One Planting in embodiment, described depanning angle is about 3/4 °.Other parts also can have less depanning angle.Such as, axle box top Portion 116 can have the depanning angle of less than about 3/4 °.The depanning angle of clamping plate 117 and 118 can be less than about 3/4 °.Depanning angle The least, form the grinding required by flat surfaces the fewest.Therefore, the contact surface 115 of side frame 100 is than the side frame of existing casting Contact surface require milling time few, because there is no core seam in pedestal region.

Fig. 4 illustrates the exemplary operations manufacturing above-mentioned side frame 100.It is best understood from described operation with reference to Fig. 5 and Fig. 6.

At square frame 400, the mould 500 for manufacturing side frame 100 can be formed.With reference to Fig. 5 A, mould 500 can include mo(u)ld bottom half Portion 505 and cope portion 510.The drag portion 505 of mould 500 includes the die cavity that the shape of the mo(u)ld bottom half side 102 with side frame 100 is formed. Cope portion 510 includes the die cavity that the shape of the mo(u)ld top half side 103 with side frame 100 is formed.

The mo(u)ld bottom half side 102 of side frame 100 and the first of the outside circumference of mo(u)ld top half side 103 can be limited respectively by first providing Pattern and the second pattern form various piece.Described pattern can partly limit for distributing melted material in mould 500 One or more feeding paths 540.One or more than one feeding path 540 are advantageously disposed at mould 500 Central area, this makes melted material be uniformly distributed in whole mould 500.Such as, feeding path 540 can be arranged on mould The region in the bolster hole 110 limiting side frame 100 of tool 500.

The pedestal jaw part 520 of the pedestal jaw 140 limiting side frame 100 is also limited by described pattern (not shown) Fixed.In existing forming method, described pattern does not limit the details of pedestal jaw 140.Instead, will have before casting The core of the general shape of the interior zone of pedestal jaw 140 inserts mould.Described core tend in casting process mobile and Make size inaccuracy, it has to eliminate big core seam.

Above-mentioned pattern and one group of rising head 535 can be subsequently inserted into corresponding sandbox 525 and 526 to accommodate molding materials 527. Rising head 535 may be inserted into cope portion 510.Melted material, corresponding to hollow cylindrical structure, is filled extremely during casting by rising head 535 In rising head 535.Rising head 535 is arranged on the region of the corresponding side frame thicker region of mould, and wherein said thicker region is than side frame Other regions cool down slowly.Rising head 535 serves as the melted material for compensating the contraction that melted material occurs when it is cooled Reservoir, thus prevent from shrinking, or prevent the hot tear crack that may additionally occur in thicker region of side frame of casting.Fig. 5 B schemes Show the example rising head 550 of side frame 100.

In existing casting operation, it is desirable to accurately the accurate location of charging is the most ignorant.Thus, use relatively Big rising head (such as, 6 inches or bigger) covers bigger region.By contrast, in embodiment disclosed by the invention, logical Cross various analytical technology and determine the accurate location requiring accurately charging, as described below.Therefore, it is possible to use diameter is fairly small The rising head 535 of (such as, about 4 inches or less), which improves the production of casting.Riser height can be at about 4 inches to 6 inches Between.In one embodiment, pour in the founding materials of mould and eventually enter into rising head less than the material of gross weight 10%.This The use making founding materials is more effective.

The size of sandbox 525 and 526 generally follows the shape of described pattern, this and the sandbox of use in existing casting operation Different.The size of these sandboxes generally adapts to cast article maximum in casting operation.Such as, in existing casting operation, The size of sandbox is suitable for bolster or the biggest article.By contrast, as shown in Figure 5A, according to enforcement disclosed by the invention The shape that the sandbox 525 and 526 of mode has follows the general shape of cast member.Such as, the tool of the sandbox 525 and 526 in Fig. 5 A There is the general shape of side frame 100.The edge of corresponding sandbox 525 and 526 and the described pattern portion nearest to the edge of described sandbox / ultimate range L 530 can be less than 2 inches.Described sandbox 525 and 526 makes the molding sand required for formation mould 500 Amount minimum.Such as, molding sand can be less than 5:1 with the ratio of the melted material pouring into mould in ensuing operation.Assuming that Mould 500 can only use once when casting, and this is a critically important Consideration.

Molding materials 527 is put into sandbox 525 subsequently and spreads all over and around described pattern until filling up sandbox 525.Modeling Material 527 is calibrated subsequently or flattens out with sandbox, is subsequently cured so that molding materials 527 hardens.Once molding materials 527 is solid Change, just remove described pattern.

Molding materials 527 can corresponding chemical bonding agent material or resin-bonded agent material (such as phenolic urethanes), rather than The greensand product used in existing casting operation.Chemical Felter material product can be formed has higher accuracy and finer The mould of details.

Removing pattern (not shown) for convenience, the side of the drag portion of mould and the respective chamber of cope portion is formed with depanning Angle D 515 is 1 °, 3/4 ° or the least to prevent from damaging mould 500 when removing pattern.The depanning angle of mould is along side The side of frame 100 forms corresponding depanning angle D 305.The depanning angle formed in the most surfaces of side frame 100 may The consequence produced is the least.But, in some region, the contact surface 115 of such as pedestal jaw 140, depanning angle more than 1 ° is The most permissible.Compared with greensand product, the chemical bonding agent material of such as phenolic urethanes etc or resin-bonded agent material Easily form the side that depanning angle is 1 ° or less.In pedestal jaw 140, the extra core of greensand product requirement produces These features are to keep flatness requirement.These cores form big seam and change in size between foundry goods.

At square frame 405, form the core package 545 of the interior zone limiting side frame 100.With reference to Fig. 6, core package 545 One or more parts can be included.Such as, core package 545 can include a pair pedestal and window core 605, bolster hole Core 610, spring base core 615, the tensional element core 620 of bottom and a pair inner clamps slab core 625.Each pedestal The axle box of the side frame that core limits the medial extremity of the side frame column 120 (Figure 1A) from one end 101 (Figure 1A) of side frame to side frame is led Inside frame.Pedestal core can be limited to be formed in the side frame of casting one or more core prints of opening.Such as, One group of core print 630 can form opening in the end of the pedestal in respective side frame end portion.Second-Type core print seat 632 can be Opening is formed on the diagonal angle tensional element 141 (Figure 1A) of side frame.3rd core print 634 can form column window 142 on side frame (Figure 1A).

For example, it is possible to form the cope portion and the mould of drag portion including being defined to sizing core.Molding sand may be inserted into core box And solidify.Remove core box subsequently to expose the core of solidification.Could be separately formed, be integrally formed or with above-mentioned one A little combinations form corresponding core.Corresponding core can be formed as two parts.Such as, each core (that is, pedestal type Core, bolster core etc.) may be included in the cope portion formed respectively in the core box (that is, mo(u)ld top half mould and mo(u)ld bottom half mould) of separation and under Type portion.After solidification, formed part can be connected.Such as, cope portion and the drag portion of given core can be bonded in Form core together.

At square frame 410, core package 545 inserts mould and casts side frame 100.Such as, core package 545 may be inserted into The drag portion 505 of mould 500.Cope portion 510 can be placed in drag portion 505 and solid with drag portion 505 by fixture, band etc. Fixed.Thus, location feature can be formed in drag portion 505 and cope portion 510 to guarantee the Accurate align of appropriate section.

After appropriate section is fixing, the melted material of such as molten steel etc pours into mould by the opening of cope portion 510 500.Described melted material is flowed into by cast gate (feeding path) 540 subsequently and spreads all over mould 500 and the core group of mould 500 Space between part 545.

At square frame 415, side frame 100 is removed and ground to mould 500 from side frame 100.Such as, contact surface 115 is carried out Process residual depanning angle D 305 part produced with elimination by depanning angle D 515 of mould.Removable other materials.Example As, remove the Riser material being formed at rising head 535.In some embodiments, mould 500 is configured at side frame 100 Wedge or recess is formed in Riser material outside side.Riser material hammer can be fallen by described wedge or recess, and not It it is the more time-consuming flame cutting used in existing casting operation.

As by shown in various operations, side frame 100 can minimal waste and minimum when produce.Such as, Sandbox structure make formation mould 500 required for the amount of founding materials minimum.Less rising head makes to remove during grinding Material (that is, the steel of solidification) is less.Such as, the degree of accuracy of mould can produce accurate pedestal jaw in size.These improve Make the material removed during grinding less than 10%.

Except these advantages, also achieve other advantage.Such as, as noted above, when casting side frame 100, sand Case 525 and 526 is optional.Therefore, when the side frame 100 that casting is given, sandbox 525 and 526 can be used for forming new mould Tool.

As noted above, various analytical technology can be used to be accurately determined various sizes.For realizing than greensand or The chemical bonding agent material of such as phenolic urethanes molding etc or the most attainable less tolerance of resin-bonded agent material, The iterative process using casting and 3-D scanning measures accurate critical dimension and transmutability.The method can run through core box, Being casted into of the manufacture of pattern, core manufacture, mo(u)ld top half mould part and mo(u)ld bottom half mould part manufacture and final parts is exercised With.By accurately measuring each step of described technique, know the accurate receipts of three-dimensional dimension (that is, vertical direction, longitudinally, laterally) Core and mould how disintegration during shrinkage and solidification.

In one embodiment, described scanning can use 3D point cloud scanner, such as Z scanner, method Shandong laser to sweep Retouch instrument or similar equipment.3D cloud data can be such as WithEtc Software in be analyzed to measure and comparison mould, core and final parts.These compare can be used to calculate actual Foundry goods shrinks, and its medium casting shrinks and is generally expressed as a percentage.Such as, the typical molding allowance for shrinkage of carbon steel can be about 1.56%.This typical case's allowance for shrinkage is not accurate, and changes according to the complexity of the shape cast.In some situations In, allowance for shrinkage can be up to 2%.For heavy castings, such as side frame or bolster, this scope of allowance for shrinkage can produce height Reach 0.5 " foundry goods deviation, thus beyond tolerance.In described embodiment, use described method determine vertical direction, Actual shrinkage factor longitudinally and transversely, described actual shrinkage factor is reflected on die size.

Except calculating the contraction of foundry goods when cooling, during understanding solidification, how disintegration is the most critically important for core and mould.Control The collapsibility of manufacturing mold core and mould can the margin of tolerance of control realization.This can be by combination molding materials, core and mould Geometry realizes.For side frame critical size, such as column interval A 170 (Figure 1B), pedestal interval B 175 (figure 1B) and column wear plate bolt spacings C 270 (Fig. 2 A), the buffering opening 570 (Fig. 5 A) core and mould formed is permissible For controlling the contraction of foundry goods.By forming pedestal in a mold, rather than outside core, reach between the center of pedestal To ± 0.038 " tolerance, as shown in the figure.By adding the buffering opening of a pair symmetry in bolster pass core 610 (Fig. 6) 570, the center of the buffering opening of described symmetry is on spring base about 10.6 " place, and distance column face about 2 ", it is achieved ± 0.038 " column of spacing.That is, size A 170 and B 175 may be limited to ± 0.038 " in, in order to the error width of these sizes Degree is ± 0.038 ".Additionally, between all parts, bolt hole openings spacing C 270 (Fig. 2 A) can be unified, and allow raw The upstanding studs opening 210 of the parts produced is each other ± 0.020 " in the range of.That is, size C 270 may be limited to ± 0.020 " in.Accurately placing of opening 210 contributes to using less core to produce opening 210.For tighter assembling spiral shell For bolt closes, than securing member big 0.050 ".

Except determining that mould and core, for calculating the scope shrinking the foozle with disintegration, can reduce core print chi Very little.Reduce the space between the interface between mould type core print seat and core projection and decrease the core motion during cast.Core is transported The most accurate and parts the tolerance of wall thickness of the fewest dynamic generation is the most accurate.In addition to the degree of accuracy of mould and mould tolerance, also Achieve the controlled quentity controlled variable of mold wass, so that the minimum deviation of core print size.The space that this technique uses is 0.030 ", wherein Mould is than the insertion projection big 0.030 formed in core ", as shown in size F 561, it is illustrated that intercept along cross section 555 (Fig. 5 A) Cross section.That is, distance F561 between the edge of core print 630 and the nearest part of the release core print seat 630 of mould is about 0.030”.This means that attainable wall thickness tolerance E 560 (Fig. 5 A) on final parts is ± 0.020 ".That is, wall thickness E 560 may be limited to ± 0.020 ".

The surface smoothness of the side frame that another advantage is that casting of these operations is more smooth than the operation of known foundry goods.Table Face is the most smooth, and the fatigue life of parts is the biggest.Aforesaid operations be conducive to make surface smoothness be less than about 750 microinch RMS and Pedestal surface smoothness is less than about the side frame of 500 microinch RMS.

Fig. 7 illustrates exemplary bolster 700, can be used in combination as of rail vehicle bogie with side frame 100 Point.Bolster 700 includes main part 715 and the first outboard end part and the second outboard end part 705.Main part 715 limits Bowl portion 707, supports rail car on bowl portion.A pair brake window opening 725 and buffer window 720 are limited to shake On longitudinal side of pillow 700.Brake window opening 725 and buffer window 720 are configured to substantially at seam line center, and this seam line divides From forming the drag portion of mould and the cope portion of bolster, as described below.First outboard end part and the second outboard end part 705 are joined It is set to be connected to a pair side frame 100.Specifically, each outboard end part 705 is positioned in the bolster hole 110 of side frame 100 also Define a pair side bearing backing plate 706 being positioned under the bearing-surface of rail car.One group of spring is positioned over and divides 705 in outboard end Under bolster hole 110 in.

Each outboard end part 705 includes a pair friction block mouth 710.Respective brake shoe mouth 710 for grinding viewpoint Surface is known as the key area of bolster 700 because brake shoe mouth 710 be configured to adjacent wear plate 135 and with wear plate 135 Cooperate to play the effect of amortisseur, as mentioned above.There is wedge to be assembled in brake shoe mouth, and wedge keeps off anti-abrasion with bolster Plate rubs.

As it has been described above, the main part 715 of bolster 700 defines a pair that is configured to enable brake rigging to use Brake window opening 725.In a mold, these windows also function as core print with supportive body core.

Mode that can be similar with the mode forming side frame 100 forms bolster 700.Such as, the cope portion of mould and mo(u)ld bottom half Portion can be made up of founding materials, such as, and the chemical bonding agent material of such as phenolic urethanes etc or resin-bonded agent material.Can It is each that the pattern using the outside limiting the respective cope portion of bolster 700 and drag portion is formed in mould cope portion and drag portion From die cavity.The depanning angle of pattern side can be 1 ° or less.As side frame, the size of the sandbox forming mould can be abided by Follow the shape of the pattern limiting bolster.The sandbox configured in this manner makes the quantity of the molding materials required for casting bolster Minimize.Such as, in some embodiments, modeling sand can be little with the ratio of the melted material pouring into mould in operation subsequently In 3:1.Assuming that mould can only use once when casting, then this is an important Consideration.

Rising head 805 (Fig. 8) may be provided at key position optimized dimensions to provide the feeding material of optimised quantity during solidifying Expect to prevent the key area at bolster 700 from forming shrinkage cavity and hot tear crack.Can in a mold along bolster 700 longitudinal side extend Die region forms one or more feeding paths 810 for distributing melted material throughout whole mould.Such as, can with The feeding forming uniform length in the inner side of the inside gib 708 of the die region and bolster 700 that form brake window opening 725 is led to Road 810, as shown in the figure.Feeding path 810 is advantageously placed at the central area of mould, and this makes melted material during casting exist Whole bolster 700 is uniformly distributed.By contrast, in existing bolster casting operation, melted material end outside pours into Bolster mould.Which results in the inhomogeneous cooling along the material of bolster fore-and-aft plane even.Such as, if melted material is at bolster mould Bolster mould is poured into, at the metal of the bolster mould other end by the metal than bolster mould the first end 701 at first end 701 of tool Cool down rapider.Once each several part solidification, so that it may remove formation drag portion and the sandbox of cope portion.

Fig. 9 A illustrates cope portion 903 and the drag portion 902 of the Guan Bi of the example of bolster mould 900.As it can be seen, separate The seam line 905 of each several part is along being parallel to the straight line at cope portion 903 and drag portion 902 edge (at existing bolster mould In be but such), as shown in the dotted line 901 in Fig. 9 A.Fig. 9 B illustrates in seam line 905 and bolster mould 900 shaking of casting Relation between pillow 700.In the main part 715 of mould, seam line 905 is generally located at mould and limits brake window opening 725 Central authorities between Bu Fen.Seam line 905 generally along the path of the centre being positioned at bolster 700 top and bottom.But, at end At the brake shoe mouth 710 in portion 705, seam line 905 is configured to make brake shoe mouth 710 be substantially confined in the drag portion of mould.Change speech It, seam line 905 is not passed through brake shoe mouth 710.

In existing casting operation, whole piece seam line forms the plane cutting through bolster.Such as, seam line can in end it Between extend and can be placed in the middle in end, so, seam line is divided brake shoe mouth equally and passes the top braking window.In greensand, lock Watt mouth is to use core to make, because this operation can not form this shape.

According to embodiments disclosed herein configuration seam line, there is several advantage relative to the configuration of existing seam line.Example As, it is known that the upper and lower of each braking window is high stress areas.Seam line leads near the layout of such position, existing configuration It is often so, causes bolster to be more susceptible to heavily stressed impact.By comparison, in embodiments disclosed herein, seam line 905 Being positioned at the centre of brake window opening 725, stress is relatively low herein.The seam line of mould be also in the seam line of core as position Put.This makes the wall thickness of sidewall uniformly, thus promotes that foundry goods uniformly cools down.

Do not require to grind brake shoe mouth 710, because seam line does not passes through brake shoe mouth 710.In existing seam line configures, mould Suture can be to divide the straight line of bolster equally and pass the zone line of brake shoe mouth.This can make grinding become around the core seam of brake shoe mouth For necessity.But, seam line disclosed herein is configured on brake shoe mouth 710.It is to say, brake shoe mouth 710 is at mould Cope portion or drag portion in be integrally formed.As noted before, brake shoe mouth 710 is the more crucial region of bolster 700.Therefore, It is favourable for saving grinding operation.

The tranverse sectional thickness of bolster is more symmetrical about seam line 905.As noted above, pattern is used to form the mo(u)ld bottom half of mould Portion and the die cavity of cope portion.Pattern is formed as having the depanning angle that pattern can be made to remove from mould.Core box is used for making limit Determine the core within bolster.The two half-unit of core box connects at seam line, and depanning angle also extends to permit from this seam line Permitted to remove core.Under the seam line of core and the unmatched situation of the seam line of mould, uneven wall thickness occurs.By mould Suture is placed to the top of bolster, is typically so, can cause the thickness of bolster cross section not in existing seam line configures Uniformly.It is superfluous that uneven thickness causes casting materials'use in bolster.Uneven thickness also hampers uniform cooling, and May occur in which contraction and space.For preventing contraction and space, it is necessary to use big rising head to feed key component.Phase therewith As disclosed herein, ratio, arranges that seam line 905 can be formed in and has the bolster of uniform side wall thickness around seam line 905 700, such as the thickness T in Figure 10 A₁1005 and T₂Shown in 1010.And then, this makes the quantity minimum of casting bolster 700 material requested Change and make whole foundry goods uniformly cool down.In some embodiments, from foundry goods bolster, remove to be formed the casting of finished product bolster Material is less than 15%.The cooldown rate of whole casting uniformly allows to use fairly small rising head.

What seam line 905 disclosed herein configured another advantage is that it can easily make cope portion and the drag portion of mould Alignment.In existing molded operation, location feature, such as pin and opening, it is arranged in drag box portion and cope portion with right These two parts neat.Any amount of not lining up in location feature can cause not lining up between bolster drag portion and cope portion. But, described seam line 905 is keyed according to its geometry, and drag portion and cope portion are with two parts self-aligning mode base In basis interlocked with one another.Therefore, for keeping drag portion and cope portion alignment, pin and sleeve cylinder known in the art is not required 's.

After forming drag portion and cope portion, form one or more cores 1100 limited within bolster 700. With reference to Figure 11, core 1100 can be formed according to described in above-mentioned square frame 405.Core 1100 can include drag portion and mo(u)ld top half Portion, this drag portion limits the most whole inside of bolster 700 together with cope portion.Such as, one or more subject types Core 1105 can include drag portion 1105a and cope portion 1105b, and this drag portion limits bolster 700 totality together with cope portion Region.In other embodiments, from shaking in each the limited totality region in main body core 1105a and 1105b The center (i.e. dividing the central transverse plane of bolster equally) of pillow is to the inside gib 709 (figure of the outboard end part 705 being positioned at bolster 700 7) respective half.Main body core 1105a and 1105b can partly limit between inside gib 709 and the end of bolster 700 Interior zone.Each in main body core 1105a and 1105b can limit the first core print 1120 and Second-Type core print seat 1115. Individually end cores 1110 can limit the outboard end part 705 of the bolster 700 not limited by main body core 1105a and 1105b The interior zone at place.End cores 1110 can be formed independent of main body core 1105a and 1105b.End cores 1110 can with After operation in be connected with main body core 1105a and 1105b by such as binding agent.

The technology being used for limiting various sizes tolerance described above with reference to side frame is applicable to bolster.Key to bolster Between size such as brake shoe bicker degree N 1020 (Figure 10 B), brake shoe mouth width M 1025 (Figure 10 B) and inside and outside gib Every G 750 (Fig. 9 B), similar method can be used accurately to measure the actual disintegration amount of core and mould.By calculating mould In described amount, final parts obtain brake shoe bicker degree N 1020 ± tolerance of 0.5 ° and brake shoe mouth width M 1025 ± 0.063 " tolerance.Additionally, internal gib 708 and outside gib (inside gib) 709 (Fig. 9 B) can be made in bolster mould Make, therefore their interval G 750 is limited in ± 0.063 " tolerance.

For manufacturing the portion that the respective core print of the core of bolster is nearest with the release core print seat surface of cope portion and drag portion Distance H 950 (Fig. 9 C) between/may be configured as about 0.030 ".

The surface smoothness of the bolster that another advantage is that casting of these operations is more smooth than the operation of existing foundry goods.Table Face is the most smooth, and the fatigue life of parts is the biggest.Aforesaid operations is conducive to making surface smoothness and is less than about 750 microinch RMS Bolster, and surface smoothness is less than about the brake shoe mouth of 500 microinch RMS.

Although embodiments have been described various embodiments, the most obviously It is to have more embodiment and embodiment within the scope of the claims.Above-mentioned various sizes are merely exemplary also Can change when necessary.Therefore, it is evident that for those of ordinary skill in the art within the scope of the claims can To have more embodiment and embodiment.Therefore, described embodiment is intended for help and understands claim, and unrestricted The scope of claim.

Claims (15)

1. the method manufacturing the bolster of railroad vehicle, described bolster is included in bolster hole each being configured to be inserted into each side frame A pair brake shoe mouth of end, a pair brake window opening and a pair buffer window, described method includes:

First sandbox and the second sandbox are provided；

First bolster pattern is inserted described first sandbox and the second bolster pattern is inserted described second sandbox；

Molding materials is filled around described first bolster pattern to described first sandbox, and to described second sandbox around described the Two bolster patterns fill molding materials, and wherein said molding materials includes chemical bonding agent material；

Curing mold；

Described first bolster pattern is removed from described molding materials thus forms the drag portion of mould, by described second bolster type Mould is removed from described molding materials thus is formed the cope portion of mould, and wherein said drag portion and cope portion are by around described mould The seam line that outer surface extends limits, and wherein this seam line is positioned at described brake window opening and the center of buffer window, and its In this seam line make brake shoe mouth be limited in the drag portion of mould；

One or more than one core limiting the interior zone of the bolster of casting is inserted the drag portion of described mould；

Close described mould；

By at least one feeding path melted material poured into described mould thus form bolster foundry goods；

Being removed from described mould by described bolster foundry goods, wherein the error span of the angle of brake shoe mouth is within ± 0.5 °；

Excess stock is removed from described bolster foundry goods；And

Grind described bolster foundry goods.

The surface smoothness of the bolster of the most described casting is less than 750 microinch RMS.

3. method as claimed in claim 2, wherein, the surface smoothness of the pair of brake shoe mouth is less than 500 microinch RMS.

The depanning angle of the brake shoe mouth sidewall of the bolster of the most described casting is not more than 3/ 4 degree.

The most described bolster pattern and one or more than one core are configured to make The error span of the spacing between corresponding internal gib and the outside gib of the bolster of described casting ± 0.063 inch it In.

The most the method for claim 1, wherein the depanning angle of each internal gib and outside gib is not more than 3/4 degree.

7. the method for claim 1, wherein said chemical bonding agent material is resin-bonded agent material.

8. method as claimed in claim 7, wherein said resin-bonded agent material is phenolic urethanes.

9. the method manufacturing the bolster of railroad vehicle, described bolster is included in each end in the bolster hole being configured to be inserted into side frame A pair brake shoe mouth at portion, a pair brake window opening and a pair buffer window, described method includes:

First sandbox and the second sandbox are provided；

First bolster pattern is inserted described first sandbox and the second bolster pattern is inserted described second sandbox；

Molding materials is filled, to described second sandbox around described second around described first bolster pattern to described first sandbox Bolster pattern fills molding materials, and wherein said molding materials includes chemical bonding agent material；

Curing mold；

Described first bolster pattern is removed from described molding materials thus forms the drag portion of mould, by described second bolster type Mould is removed from described molding materials thus is formed the cope portion of mould, and wherein said drag portion and cope portion are by around described mould The seam line that outer surface extends limits, and wherein this seam line is positioned at described brake window opening and the center of buffer window, and its In this seam line make brake shoe mouth be limited in the drag portion of mould；

One or more than one core of the interior zone of the bolster limiting casting is inserted to the drag portion of mould；

Close described mould；

By at least one feeding path melted material poured into described mould thus form bolster foundry goods, wherein said at least one Individual feeding path is positioned at the central area of described mould；

Described bolster foundry goods is removed from described mould, wherein width between the pair of brake shoe mouth error span ± Within 0.063 inch；

Excess stock is removed from described bolster foundry goods；And

Grind described bolster foundry goods；

Wherein excess stock is removed and is ground the bolster casting removed the step of described bolster foundry goods from described bolster foundry goods The weight of material is less than the 15% of the gross weight of bolster founding materials；

The surface smoothness of wherein said bolster foundry goods is less than 750 microinch RMS；

The surface smoothness of wherein said a pair brake shoe mouth is less than 500 microinch RMS；

Wherein the error span of the angle of brake shoe mouth is within ± 0.5 °；

Wherein molding materials is less than 3:1 with the ratio of the melted material pouring into mould；And

Wherein said bolster foundry goods includes having the sidewall at the uniform wall thickness in seam line both sides.

10. method as claimed in claim 9, wherein said chemical bonding agent material is resin-bonded agent material.

11. methods as claimed in claim 10, wherein said resin-bonded agent material is phenolic urethanes.

The method of 12. 1 kinds of bolster manufacturing railroad vehicle, described bolster is included in bolster hole each being configured to be inserted into side frame A pair brake shoe mouth of end, a pair brake window opening and a pair buffer window, described method includes:

First sandbox and the second sandbox are provided；

First bolster pattern is inserted described first sandbox and the second bolster pattern is inserted described second sandbox；

Molding materials is filled, to described second sandbox around described second around described first bolster pattern to described first sandbox Bolster pattern fills molding materials, and wherein said molding materials includes chemical bonding agent material；

Curing mold；

Described first bolster pattern is removed from described molding materials thus forms the drag portion of mould, by described second bolster type Mould is removed from described molding materials thus is formed the cope portion of mould, and wherein said drag portion and cope portion are by around described mould The seam line that outer surface extends limits, and wherein this seam line is positioned at described brake window opening and the center of buffer window, and its In this seam line make brake shoe mouth be limited in the drag portion of mould；

One or more than one core of the interior zone of the bolster limiting casting is inserted to the drag portion of mould；

Close described mould；

By at least one feeding path melted material poured into described mould thus form bolster foundry goods, wherein said at least one Individual feeding path is positioned at the central area of described mould and includes the feeding path of uniform length；

Described bolster foundry goods is removed from described mould；

Excess stock is removed from described bolster foundry goods；

Grind described bolster foundry goods；

Wherein excess stock is removed and is ground the bolster casting removed the step of described bolster foundry goods from described bolster foundry goods The weight of material is less than the 15% of the gross weight of bolster founding materials；

The surface smoothness of wherein said bolster foundry goods is less than 750 microinch RMS；

The surface smoothness of wherein said a pair brake shoe mouth is less than 500 microinch RMS；

The depanning angle of the brake shoe mouth sidewall of wherein said bolster foundry goods is not more than 3/4 degree；

Wherein said bolster pattern and one or more than one core be configured to make the bolster of described casting corresponding in The error span of the spacing between portion's gib and outside gib is within ± 0.063 inch；

One or more than one core wherein said limits for one or more than one core are placed on described mould Drag portion in one or more than one core print；

One or more than one core print wherein said and the drag portion of described mould near one or more than one Distance between the surface of core print is less than or equal to 0.03 inch；

One or more than one core wherein said includes subject type core, and in a mold, the pair of brake window opening serves as type Core print seat is to support described main body core；

Wherein the depanning angle of each internal gib and outside gib is not more than 3/4 degree；

Wherein the error span of the angle of brake shoe mouth is within ± 0.5 °；

Wherein molding materials is less than 3:1 with the ratio of the melted material pouring into mould；

Position as wherein the seam line of mould is in the seam line of one or more than one core；And

Wherein said bolster foundry goods includes having the sidewall at the uniform wall thickness in seam line both sides.

13. methods as claimed in claim 12, wherein, described bolster pattern and one or more than one core are configured to Make the error span of wall thickness of the bolster of casting within ± 0.02 inch.

14. methods as claimed in claim 12, wherein said chemical bonding agent material is resin-bonded agent material.

15. methods as claimed in claim 14, wherein said resin-bonded agent material is phenolic urethanes.