CN103046917B - A kind of down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush - Google Patents
A kind of down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush Download PDFInfo
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- CN103046917B CN103046917B CN201310023260.6A CN201310023260A CN103046917B CN 103046917 B CN103046917 B CN 103046917B CN 201310023260 A CN201310023260 A CN 201310023260A CN 103046917 B CN103046917 B CN 103046917B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush, closed toroidal cavity (16) is provided with between outer sleeve (7) and inner sleeve (9), in toroidal cavity (16), be connected with closed the first shoe cream room (161) in turn, the sliding sleeve piston (163) of the annular be fixedly connected with inner sleeve (9), the second shoe cream room (162) closed, inner sleeve can be driven by fueller and control device to move to injection liquid force feed in the first shoe cream room or the second shoe cream room, achieve the switch that this down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush can control sliding sleeve automatically, simple to operation, operating efficiency is high.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of petroleum extraction, particularly a kind of down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush used in oil well fracturing operation process.
Background technology
Along with the middle and later periods is stepped in oil field development, increase production to make steady output of oilwell and just need to carry out fracturing reform to oil well, generally fracturing sliding bush is adopted in oil field compression fracture rebuilding construction, existing fracturing sliding bush adopts the mechanically actuated pattern of ball-throwing type mostly, and its shortcoming is that workload is large, fracturing effect is undesirable.
For this reason, there is a kind of novel electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush in recent years both at home and abroad, this device is take electronic tag as automatically controlled signal carrier, wireless telecommunications are signal transmission form, achieving down-hole non-block hinders multistage fracturing control to be constructed, this device operation technique is simple, transformation hop count is unrestricted, and can obtain larger latus rectum.Combined by multistage, also can realize the controlled exploitation of oil well multistage.As Chinese patent CN102518420A, June 27 2012 publication date, disclose " one does not limit the automatically controlled fracturing sliding bush of layer ", this automatically controlled sliding sleeve fracturing have that big orifice, operation technique are simple, success rate and safety is high, easily realize the advantages such as the without hindrance pressure break of multistage.But this does not limit the shortcoming of the automatically controlled fracturing sliding bush of layer to be: switch transition inconvenient operation, sliding sleeve drops into down-hole and can only open once, and cannot realize automatic closedown, will by sliding sleeve from lift-off ground, down-hole as closed, again to injection liquid force feed in chamber to close sliding sleeve, workload is larger.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve the unhandy technical problem of electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush switch transition in prior art, the invention provides a kind of down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush device, this down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush can control the switch of sliding sleeve automatically, simple to operation.
The present invention is the technical scheme solving the employing of its technical problem: a kind of down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush, comprise outer sleeve and be arranged on the inner sleeve in outer sleeve, the two ends of inner sleeve and outer sleeve are tightly connected and inner sleeve can sliding axially along outer sleeve, closed toroidal cavity is provided with between outer sleeve and inner sleeve, in toroidal cavity, axis along outer sleeve is connected with the first closed shoe cream room in turn, the sliding sleeve piston of the annular be fixedly connected with inner sleeve, the second shoe cream room closed, described down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush also comprises the fueller providing hydraulic oil, hydraulicdirectional control valve and the control device for hydraulic control reversal valve, hydraulicdirectional control valve is two-bit triplet electirc controlling hydraulic reversing valve, fueller is communicated with the oil-in of hydraulicdirectional control valve, first oil-out of hydraulicdirectional control valve is communicated with the first shoe cream room, second oil-out of hydraulicdirectional control valve is communicated with the second shoe cream room, the volume of the hydraulic oil that fueller can hold is at least 2 times of the first shoe cream room volume, control device can make fueller only to the first shoe cream room fuel feeding by hydraulic control reversal valve, or make fueller only to the second shoe cream room fuel feeding.
After under this down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush lower going-into-well, sliding sleeve is in closed condition, and the spray-hole that outer sleeve is arranged can not be communicated with the sandblasting hole of inner sleeve.When control device by antenna receive electronic tag send signal demand open this fracturing sliding bush time, control device can make fueller only to the first shoe cream room fuel feeding force feed by hydraulic control reversal valve, sliding sleeve piston driving inner sleeve moves to the position that spray-hole is communicated with sandblasting hole, now this down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush is in opening, can carry out pressing crack construction.When sliding sleeve closed by needs, control device can make fueller only to the second shoe cream room fuel feeding force feed by hydraulic control reversal valve, and sliding sleeve piston driving inner sleeve oppositely moves and makes inner sliding sleeve with the initial position be not communicated with sandblasting hole to spray-hole.
The outer cylinder sheath that preferred fueller comprises tubular and the inner cylinder liner be sheathed in outer cylinder sheath, one end of one end of outer cylinder sheath and inner cylinder liner simultaneously with one end fixed seal connection of outer sleeve, the other end of outer cylinder sheath is connected with the other end of inner cylinder liner, annular spatial accommodation is formed between outer cylinder sheath and inner cylinder liner, in annular spatial accommodation, axis along outer cylinder sheath is connected with closed annular oil storage space in turn, the oil cylinder piston of annular and the energy storing space of annular, the spring that can promote oil cylinder piston compression oil storage space is provided with in energy storing space, the inside of inner cylinder liner is communicated with the inside of inner sleeve, oil storage space is communicated with the oil-in of hydraulicdirectional control valve, energy storing space is communicated with the inside of inner cylinder liner.
The other end of preferred fueller is provided with the top connection of tubular, the inwall of the other end of outer cylinder sheath and the outer wall fixed seal connection of top connection one end, the outer wall of the other end of inner cylinder liner is connected with the inwall of top connection one end, energy storing space is adjacent with top connection, one end of spring abuts with one end of top connection, the other end of spring abuts with oil cylinder piston, and the inside of energy storing space and inner cylinder liner is by the gap area between inner cylinder liner and top connection.
Preferred oil storage space is adjacent with outer sleeve, and the inwall of one end of outer cylinder sheath is connected with the outer wall of one end of outer sleeve, and the outer wall of one end of inner cylinder liner is connected with the inwall of one end of outer sleeve, and fuel feed pump is arranged in the sidewall of outer sleeve.
Preferred control device comprises the control unit of the antenna for received RF signal, the signal hydraulic control reversal valve operation according to antenna reception.
Preferred antenna is arranged on the inner surface of outer sleeve, and control unit is arranged in the annular seal space in outer sleeve sidewall.
Preferred inner sleeve is provided with multiple sandblasting hole, and outer sleeve is provided with the spray-hole that can be communicated with sandblasting hole and outer sleeve outside, is provided with shear pin between outer sleeve and inner sleeve.
Preferably along the axis direction of inner sleeve, the external surface of inner sleeve is provided with groove, is provided with the guide pin be fixedly connected with the inner surface of outer sleeve in groove.
The other end of preferred outer sleeve is provided with columnar lower contact, and one end of lower contact is fixedly connected with the other end of outer sleeve, and the other end of lower contact is communicated with the inside of inner sleeve.
Preferred outer sleeve comprises the first outer sleeve, the second outer sleeve and the 3rd outer sleeve that connect successively from the top down, the inwall of the first outer sleeve is provided with annular groove, annular groove forms toroidal cavity by the outer wall sealing of inner sleeve, and fueller is fixedly connected with one end of the first outer sleeve.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows: inner sleeve can be driven by fueller and control device to move to injection liquid force feed in the first shoe cream room or the second shoe cream room, achieve the switch that this down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush can control sliding sleeve automatically, simple to operation, operating efficiency is high.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush in down-hole of the present invention is described in further detail.
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush in down-hole of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the close-up schematic view at B position in Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is the close-up schematic view at A position in Fig. 1.
Fig. 4 is the close-up schematic view of A position when sliding sleeve is in closed condition in Fig. 1.
Wherein 1. top connections, 4. fueller, 41. annular spatial accommodations, 42. outer cylinder sheaths, 43. springs, 44. oil cylinder pistons, 45. inner cylinder liners, 46. oil storage space, 47. energy storing space, 6. control device, 61. antennas, 62. control units, 63. annular seal spaces, 7. outer sleeve, 71. first outer sleeves, 72. second outer sleeves, 73. the 3rd outer sleeve, 8. hydraulicdirectional control valves, 9. inner sleeve, 12. lower contacts, 13. sandblasting holes, 15. guide pins, 16. toroidal cavities, 161. first shoe cream rooms, 162. second shoe cream rooms, 163. sliding sleeve pistons.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush in down-hole of the present invention is described in detail.A kind of down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush, the inner sleeve 9 comprising outer sleeve 7 and be arranged in outer sleeve 7, the two ends of inner sleeve 9 and outer sleeve 7 are tightly connected and inner sleeve 9 can sliding axially along outer sleeve 7, closed toroidal cavity 16 is provided with between outer sleeve 7 and inner sleeve 9, in toroidal cavity 16, axis along outer sleeve 7 is connected with the first closed shoe cream room 161 in turn, the sliding sleeve piston 163 of the annular be fixedly connected with inner sleeve 9, the second shoe cream room 162 closed, described down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush also comprises the fueller 4 providing hydraulic oil, hydraulicdirectional control valve 8 and the control device 6 for hydraulic control reversal valve 8, hydraulicdirectional control valve 8 is two-bit triplet electirc controlling hydraulic reversing valve, fueller 4 is communicated with the oil-in of hydraulicdirectional control valve 8, first oil-out of hydraulicdirectional control valve 8 is communicated with the first shoe cream room 161, second oil-out of hydraulicdirectional control valve 8 is communicated with the second shoe cream room 162, the volume of the hydraulic oil that fueller 4 can hold is at least 2 times of the first shoe cream room 161 volume, control device 6 can make fueller 4 only to the first shoe cream room 161 fuel feeding by hydraulic control reversal valve 8, or make fueller 4 only to the second shoe cream room 162 fuel feeding, as shown in Figure 1.
After under this down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush lower going-into-well, sliding sleeve is in closed condition, and the spray-hole that outer sleeve 7 is arranged can not be communicated with the sandblasting hole 13 of inner sleeve 9.When control device 6 by antenna 61 receive electronic tag send signal demand open this fracturing sliding bush time, control device 6 can make fueller 4 only to servicing fluids force feed in the first shoe cream room 161 by hydraulic control reversal valve 8, sliding sleeve piston 163 drives inner sleeve 9 as moved from bottom to top in Fig. 1, when inner sleeve 9 moves to the position that spray-hole is communicated with sandblasting hole 13, this down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush is in opening, can carry out pressing crack construction.When sliding sleeve closed by needs, control device 6 can make fueller only to servicing fluids force feed in the second shoe cream room 162 by hydraulic control reversal valve 8, sliding sleeve piston 163 drives inner sleeve 9 as moved from the top down in Fig. 1, and namely inner sleeve 9 oppositely moves and the initial position making inner sliding sleeve 9 get back to spray-hole not to be communicated with sandblasting hole 13.First shoe cream room 161 and the second shoe cream room 162 are provided with the discharge that relief hole is beneficial to hydraulic oil.
This fueller uses in down-hole, due to down-hole limited space, need to make full use of space, the outer cylinder sheath 42 that fueller 4 comprises tubular and the inner cylinder liner 45 be sheathed in outer cylinder sheath, one end of one end of outer cylinder sheath 42 and inner cylinder liner 45 simultaneously with one end fixed seal connection of outer sleeve 7, the other end of outer cylinder sheath 42 is connected with the other end of inner cylinder liner 45, annular spatial accommodation 41 is formed between outer cylinder sheath 42 and inner cylinder liner 45, in annular spatial accommodation 41, axis along outer cylinder sheath is connected with closed annular oil storage space 46 in turn, the oil cylinder piston 44 of annular and the energy storing space 47 of annular, be provided with in energy storing space 47 and can promote the spring 43 that oil cylinder piston 44 compresses oil storage space 46, the inside of inner cylinder liner 45 is communicated with the inside of inner sleeve 9, oil storage space 46 is communicated with the oil-in of hydraulicdirectional control valve 8, energy storing space 47 is communicated with the inside of inner cylinder liner 45, as shown in Figure 2.The radial area that can not increase fracturing sliding bush is set like this, little on the volume impact of fracturing sliding bush, facilitate input and the operation of this down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush.In addition, generally, the first shoe cream room 161 is identical with the volume of the second shoe cream room 162, and the volume of oil storage space 46 is at least 2 times of the first shoe cream room 161 volume, can ensure like this this down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush at least can switch once.
The other end of fueller 4 is provided with columnar top connection 1, the inwall of the other end of outer cylinder sheath 42 and the outer wall fixed seal connection of top connection 1 one end, the outer wall of the other end of inner cylinder liner 45 is connected with the inwall of top connection 1 one end, energy storing space 47 is adjacent with top connection 1, one end of spring 43 abuts with one end of top connection 1, the other end of spring 43 abuts with oil cylinder piston 44, and the inside of energy storing space 47 and inner cylinder liner 45 is by the gap area between inner cylinder liner 45 and top connection 1.After oil storage space 46 is injected into hydraulic oil, spring 43 is compressed, the potential energy that the mechanical energy of hydraulic oil is converted to spring is stored, energy storing space 47 is communicated with the inside of inner cylinder liner 45, such design can make the pressure of spring when stretching suffered by oil cylinder piston 44 only come from spring, avoid the change of the inside and outside differential pressure of energy storing space 47 when volumetric change on the impact of oil cylinder piston, ensure the pressure stable homogeneous of this fueller output hydraulic pressure oil.
Oil storage space 46 is adjacent with outer sleeve 7, the outer wall fixed seal connection of the inwall of one end of outer cylinder sheath 42 and one end of outer sleeve 7, the inwall fixed seal connection of the outer wall of one end of inner cylinder liner 45 and one end of outer sleeve 7.Be tightly connected by oil cylinder piston 44 and outer sleeve 7 between outer cylinder sheath 42 and inner cylinder liner 45 and form oil storage space 46.With the tight storage space, one end 46 of outer sleeve 7, existing structure can be made full use of like this and carry out conserve space.
Control device 6 comprises the control unit 62 of the antenna 61 for received RF signal, signal hydraulic control reversal valve 8 operation according to antenna 61 reception.Antenna 61 is arranged on the inner surface of outer sleeve 7, and control unit 62 is arranged in the annular seal space 63 in outer sleeve sidewall.
Inner sleeve 9 is provided with multiple sandblasting hole 13, and outer sleeve 7 is provided with and can be communicated with sandblasting hole 13 and the spray-hole of outer sleeve 7 outside, is provided with shear pin between outer sleeve 7 and inner sleeve 9.
In order to avoid inner sleeve 9 rotates vertically, along the axis direction of inner sleeve 9, the external surface of inner sleeve 9 is provided with groove, is provided with the guide pin 15 be fixedly connected with the inner surface of outer sleeve 7 in groove.Groove matches with guide pin 15 and can ensure being communicated with of sandblasting hole 13 and spray-hole.
The other end of outer sleeve 7 is provided with columnar lower contact 12, and one end of lower contact 12 is fixedly connected with the other end of outer sleeve 7, and the other end of lower contact 12 is communicated with the inside of inner sleeve 9.From top connection 1 to the direction of lower contact 12, the inside of this down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush is in conducting state.
For the ease of processing and manufacturing, outer sleeve 7 comprises the first outer sleeve 71, second outer sleeve 72 and the 3rd outer sleeve 73 that connect successively from the top down, the inwall of the first outer sleeve 71 is provided with annular groove, annular groove forms toroidal cavity 16 by the outer wall sealing of inner sleeve 9, and fueller 4 is fixedly connected with one end of the first outer sleeve 71.Annular seal space 63 is arranged in the inwall of the first outer sleeve 71.Top connection 1, fueller 4, first outer sleeve 71, second outer sleeve 72, the 3rd outer sleeve 73 and lower contact 12 are threaded connection successively.
The course of work of this down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush is as follows:
Under this down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush is assembled rear lower going-into-well, now this fracturing sliding bush is in closed condition, and the spray-hole that outer sleeve 7 is arranged can not be communicated with the sandblasting hole 13 of inner sleeve 9, as shown in Figure 4.As needs open this fracturing sliding bush time, as shown in Figure 1, electronic tag ball is thrown in this down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush, this electronic tag ball enters this down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush from top connection 1 and moves down, when electronic tag ball warp crosses antenna 61, control device 6 can receive the command signal of electronic tag transmission by antenna 61, control device 6 hydraulic control reversal valve 8 make fuel feed pump only with the first output oil pipe conducting, now fueller 4 by fuel feed pump and the first output oil pipe to servicing fluids force feed in the first shoe cream room 161, sliding sleeve piston 163 drives inner sleeve 9 to move from bottom to top, inner sleeve 9 moves the shear pin cut off between inner sleeve 9 and outer sleeve 7, when inner sleeve 9 moves to the position that spray-hole is communicated with sandblasting hole 13, this down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush is in opening, as shown in Figure 3, pressing crack construction can be carried out.Control device 6 can make this down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush be held open state in a setting-up time according to the order of electronic tag ball, and then close this fracturing sliding bush, or this down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush is made to be in closed condition according to the order of the electronic tag ball again thrown in.When sliding sleeve closed by needs, control device 6 can hydraulic control reversal valve 8 make fuel feed pump only with the second output oil pipe conducting, now fueller by fuel feed pump and the second output oil pipe to servicing fluids force feed in the second shoe cream room 162, sliding sleeve piston 163 drives inner sleeve 9 as moved from the top down in Fig. 1, namely inner sleeve 9 oppositely moves and the initial position making inner sliding sleeve 9 get back to spray-hole not to be communicated with sandblasting hole 13, as shown in Figure 4.First shoe cream room 161 and the second shoe cream room 162 are provided with the discharge that relief hole is beneficial to hydraulic oil.
The above, be only specific embodiments of the invention, can not limit the scope that invention implements with it, so the displacement of its equivalent assemblies, or the equivalent variations done according to scope of patent protection of the present invention and modification, all still should belong to the category that this patent is contained.
Claims (10)
1. a down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush, comprise outer sleeve (7) and be arranged on the inner sleeve (9) in outer sleeve (7), the two ends of inner sleeve (9) and outer sleeve (7) are tightly connected and inner sleeve (9) can sliding axially along outer sleeve (7), it is characterized in that: between outer sleeve (7) and inner sleeve (9), be provided with closed toroidal cavity (16), in toroidal cavity (16), axis along outer sleeve (7) is connected with closed the first shoe cream room (161) in turn, the sliding sleeve piston (163) of the annular be fixedly connected with inner sleeve (9), the second shoe cream room (162) closed, described down-hole electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush also comprises the fueller (4) providing hydraulic oil, hydraulicdirectional control valve (8) and the control device (6) for hydraulic control reversal valve (8), hydraulicdirectional control valve (8) is two-bit triplet electirc controlling hydraulic reversing valve, fueller (4) is communicated with the oil-in of hydraulicdirectional control valve (8), first oil-out of hydraulicdirectional control valve (8) is communicated with the first shoe cream room (161), second oil-out of hydraulicdirectional control valve (8) is communicated with the second shoe cream room (162), the volume of the hydraulic oil that fueller (4) can hold is at least 2 times of the first shoe cream room (161) volume, control device (6) can make fueller (4) only to the first shoe cream room (161) fuel feeding by hydraulic control reversal valve (8), or make fueller (4) only to the second shoe cream room (162) fuel feeding.
2. electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush in down-hole according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the outer cylinder sheath (42) that fueller (4) comprises tubular and the inner cylinder liner (45) be sheathed in outer cylinder sheath, one end of one end of outer cylinder sheath (42) and inner cylinder liner (45) simultaneously with one end fixed seal connection of outer sleeve (7), the other end of outer cylinder sheath (42) is connected with the other end of inner cylinder liner (45), annular spatial accommodation (41) is formed between outer cylinder sheath (42) and inner cylinder liner (45), in annular spatial accommodation (41), axis along outer cylinder sheath is connected with closed annular oil storage space (46) in turn, the oil cylinder piston (44) of annular and the energy storing space (47) of annular, the spring (43) that can promote oil cylinder piston (44) compression oil storage space (46) is provided with in energy storing space (47), the inside of inner cylinder liner (45) is communicated with the inside of inner sleeve (9), oil storage space (46) is communicated with the oil-in of hydraulicdirectional control valve (8), energy storing space (47) is communicated with the inside of inner cylinder liner (45).
3. electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush in down-hole according to claim 2, it is characterized in that: the other end of fueller (4) is provided with the top connection (1) of tubular, the inwall of the other end of outer cylinder sheath (42) and the outer wall fixed seal connection of top connection (1) one end, the outer wall of the other end of inner cylinder liner (45) is connected with the inwall of top connection (1) one end, energy storing space (47) is adjacent with top connection (1), one end of spring (43) abuts with one end of top connection (1), the other end of spring (43) abuts with oil cylinder piston (44), the inside of energy storing space (47) and inner cylinder liner (45) is by the gap area between inner cylinder liner (45) and top connection (1).
4. electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush in down-hole according to claim 2, it is characterized in that: oil storage space (46) is adjacent with outer sleeve (7), the inwall of one end of outer cylinder sheath (42) is connected with the outer wall of one end of outer sleeve (7), and the outer wall of one end of inner cylinder liner (45) is connected with the inwall of one end of outer sleeve (7).
5. electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush in down-hole according to claim 1, is characterized in that: control device (6) comprises the control unit (62) run for the antenna (61) of received RF signal, the signal hydraulic control reversal valve (8) that receives according to antenna (61).
6. electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush in down-hole according to claim 5, it is characterized in that: antenna (61) is arranged on the inner surface of outer sleeve (7), control unit (62) is arranged in the annular seal space (63) in outer sleeve sidewall.
7. electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush in down-hole according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: inner sleeve (9) is provided with multiple sandblasting hole (13), outer sleeve (7) is provided with and can be communicated with sandblasting hole (13) spray-hole outside with outer sleeve (7), is provided with shear pin between outer sleeve (7) and inner sleeve (9).
8. electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush in down-hole according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: along the axis direction of inner sleeve (9), the external surface of inner sleeve (9) is provided with groove, is provided with the guide pin (15) be fixedly connected with the inner surface of outer sleeve (7) in groove.
9. electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush in down-hole according to claim 2, it is characterized in that: the other end of outer sleeve (7) is provided with columnar lower contact (12), one end of lower contact (12) is fixedly connected with the other end of outer sleeve (7), and the other end of lower contact (12) is communicated with the inside of inner sleeve (9).
10. electrichydraulic control fracturing sliding bush in down-hole according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: outer sleeve (7) comprises the first outer sleeve (71), the second outer sleeve (72) and the 3rd outer sleeve (73) that connect successively from the top down, the inwall of the first outer sleeve (71) is provided with annular groove, annular groove forms toroidal cavity (16) by the outer wall sealing of inner sleeve (9), and fueller (4) is fixedly connected with one end of the first outer sleeve (71).
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