CN102970647A - Simulating calculation method for nonlinear characteristics in loudspeaker vibration - Google Patents
Simulating calculation method for nonlinear characteristics in loudspeaker vibration Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention proposes a simulating calculation method for nonlinear characteristics in loudspeaker vibration. According to a relation that physical quantities such as a stiffness factor of a loudspeaker vibration system, an average magnetic induction intensity at a voice coil and an electrical inductance of the voice coil are changed with the position changes of the voice coil, each frequency component of voice coil vibration under the excitation of any single-frequency or multiple-frequency voltages is calculated, thereby obtaining nonlinear characteristics such as direct-current bias and harmonic distortion and intermodulation distortion in voice coil vibration. By the method disclosed by the invention, various linear characteristics in voice coil vibration and various linear and nonlinear characteristics of voice coil currents also can be obtained.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the loud speaker field, relate to the emulated computation method of nonlinear characteristic in a kind of loudspeaker vibration.Use the present invention also can obtain the multiple linear characteristic in the voice coil loudspeaker voice coil vibration, multiple line style and the nonlinear characteristic of voice coil loudspeaker voice coil electric current simultaneously.
Background technology
When loud speaker is worked in relatively high power, because the physical quantitys such as the average magnetic induction intensity (B) at vibrational system stiffness factor (K), voice coil loudspeaker voice coil place and voice coil loudspeaker voice coil inductance (L) change with voice coil loudspeaker voice coil displacement (x), cause the Non-Linear Vibration of vibrational system.The Non-Linear Vibration of vibrational system causes the nonlinear distortion of loud speaker, and it is impure, unpleasant to show sound, and therefore the nonlinear distortion in research and the inhibition loudspeaker vibration is the main points in the medium-to-high grade loudspeaker design.Loudspeaker vibration parts area is larger, motion state changes to some extent with the position, for the ease of quantitative research, Vibration Condition that can primary study voice coil loudspeaker voice coil place, obtain the various nonlinear characteristics in the voice coil loudspeaker voice coil vibration, for example: (average displacement of voice coil loudspeaker voice coil steady-state vibration is the balance point place when static not necessarily for displacement bias, the distance that departs from is displacement bias), the each harmonic distortion is (when single-frequency encourages, the voice coil loudspeaker voice coil vibration not only comprises driving frequency, 2 overtones bands that also comprise driving frequency, 3 overtones bands etc., this phenomenon is called harmonic distortion), each time intermodulation distortion is (when double frequency excitation, the voice coil loudspeaker voice coil vibration not only comprises driving frequency, also comprise driving frequency with frequently and difference frequency etc., this phenomenon is called intermodulation distortion) etc.Although the nonlinear characteristic of voice coil loudspeaker voice coil place vibration is not equal to the nonlinear characteristic of loud speaker integral body, and directly close contact is arranged, the non-linear of voice coil loudspeaker voice coil vibration is the main source of Nonlinear Distortion of Loudspeakers.Nonlinear vibration characteristics by simulation calculation understanding loudspeaker voice coil can instruct design and the improvement of loud speaker effectively.
Existing correlation technique and method:
(1) method of sample preparation measurement.According to designing and producing a sample, measure the characteristics such as harmonic distortion, intermodulation distortion of sample, electroacoustic enterprise generally adopts this method to understand the distortion situation of design at present.The shortcoming of this method has: 1. because each design improvement is needed sample preparation, so the cycle grows up to this height; 2. every detection is more consuming time, the especially detection of multi-frequency intermodulation distortion, the very large complete detection that is difficult to of various combination of frequency total amounts; 3. detect and to find the distortion situation, but can not illustrate it is the nonlinear distortion which partial design causes;
(2) paper of Wolfgang Klippel " Tutorial:Loudspeaker Nonlinearities-Causes, Parameters, Symptoms " causes that for each parts the principle of nonlinear distortion and characteristics have done comprehensive elaboration.Take this cover theory as the basis, the Klippel measuring system can provide qualitatively analysis and proposition to the generation of the nonlinear distortion of loud speaker.But this cover system just rule of thumb provides the reason of some possibilities " producing 10% nonlinear distortion ", and can't analyze quantitatively concrete nonlinear distortion situation;
(3) loud speaker is comprised the whole modeling of circuit, magnetic circuit and vibrational system, utilize nonlinear finite element method to calculate the transient motion characteristic, recursion can be calculated vibrational system nonlinear motion curve.The shortcoming of this method has: 1. model is large, relates to the multiple physical field coupling and calculates and dynamic calculation, needs very large memory, and computing time, overlength needed special calculating cluster just may realize; 2. the algorithm of multistep transient superposition produces error accumulation easily; 3. user's physics, mathematics standard are required height, be unfavorable for that the electroacoustic engineering teacher grasps.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is for the problems referred to above, propose the functional relation of the physical quantity such as a kind of average magnetic induction intensity (B) according to known stiffness factor (K), voice coil loudspeaker voice coil place and voice coil loudspeaker voice coil inductance (L) and voice coil loudspeaker voice coil displacement (x), calculate the method for the nonlinear characteristic in the loudspeaker voice coil vibration under arbitrarily single-frequency or multifrequency voltage drive.Utilize this method can calculate fast in the vibration of under various main non-linear factor couplings loudspeaker voice coil and the multiple nonlinear characteristic in the voice coil loudspeaker voice coil electric current.
The object of the present invention is achieved like this:
The emulated computation method of nonlinear characteristic in the loudspeaker vibration of the present invention according to each component physical character of loud speaker, calculates under single-frequency or multifrequency voltage drive, the nonlinear characteristic in the loudspeaker voice coil vibration.The method may further comprise the steps:
(1) to the voltage drive function of any period, determines the range value of its frequency content He each frequency;
(2) according to above-mentioned each frequency values, each time frequency multiplication of calculating in the concern scope and the frequency values of frequency and difference frequency are removed the part that wherein repeats or too approach, and obtain calculated rate and gather, and generally comprise 20Hz to 5kHz in the concern scope,, frequency sets is designated as:
(3) loudspeaker voice coil displacement function and voice coil loudspeaker voice coil current function are expressed as respectively the form of the weighted sum of one group of basic function:
Coefficient
Be unknown quantity, the basic function set is:
(4) utilize the result of step (3), by to the time differentiate, obtain the time-derivative of voice coil loudspeaker voice coil speed, voice coil loudspeaker voice coil acceleration, voice coil loudspeaker voice coil electric current:
They all are two groups of unknown quantitys mentioning in step (3) and time to be the function of independent variable;
(5) utilize the result of step (3), vibrational system stiffness factor (K), voice coil loudspeaker voice coil place average magnetic induction intensity (B) and voice coil loudspeaker voice coil inductance (L) physical quantity are write as two groups of unknown quantitys mentioning in the step (3) and time and are the function of independent variable:
(6) with function substitution loud speaker nonlinear circuit equation and Nonlinear Equations of Motion in step (3), step (4), the step (5), form two two groups of unknown quantitys mentioning in the step (3) and time and be the differential equation of independent variable;
(7) with two equations in the step (6) and one group of trial function multiplies each other and to the time variable integration, do not comprised the time, about the equation group of two groups of unknown quantitys mentioning in the step (3); Wherein the time integral interval should be taken as the common multiple in the cycle of each single-frequency that obtains in the step (2), perhaps gets the value that a low-limit frequency that obtains in the step (2) does not comprise cycle of 0;
(8) with the equation group that obtains in the Solving Nonlinear Systems of Equations Algorithm for Solving step (7);
(9) according to the voice coil loudspeaker voice coil displacement function of hypothesis and the form of voice coil loudspeaker voice coil current function in two groups of coefficient values that solve and the step (3), obtain the final solution of voice coil loudspeaker voice coil displacement function and voice coil loudspeaker voice coil current function; Also calculate multiple linearity and nonlinear characteristic in the vibration of speaker loop current and voice coil loudspeaker voice coil according to these two groups of coefficient values;
(10) choose the voltage excitation signals of a plurality of different frequencies, repeating step (1) is to the process of step (9), obtains in the vibration of voice coil loudspeaker voice coil electric current and voice coil loudspeaker voice coil various linearities and nonlinear characteristic with the curve of frequency change.
Described loud speaker is coil-moving speaker.
Basic function set described in the step (3) is comprised of SIN function, the cosine function that a constant function and a series of frequency are respectively each frequency values that obtains in the step (2).
Loud speaker nonlinear circuit equation described in the step (6) includes but not limited to:
(1) coil is modeled as the inductance series resistance, the basic circuit equation of formation:
Wherein t represents the time, and u (t) is the driving voltage function, i (t) voice coil loudspeaker voice coil electric current, x (t) voice coil loudspeaker voice coil displacement function, constant Re voice coil loudspeaker voice coil D.C. resistance, constant l voice coil loudspeaker voice coil length;
(2) based on the basic circuit equation, magnetic circuit current vortex phenomenon is modeled as inductance in parallel resistance, the circuit equation that comprises eddy current of formation:
Wherein L2 and R2 are analog electrical vortex phenomenon device parameters, are respectively voice coil loudspeaker voice coil inductance and resistance, and i2 (t) is the voice coil loudspeaker voice coil electric current by resistance R 2;
Separate this equation and need to add one group of unknown quantity, simultaneously more prescription journeys copy the mode of processing the voice coil loudspeaker voice coil electric current to process;
Based on the basic circuit equation, consider that the voice coil loudspeaker voice coil electric current affects the circuit equation of formation to some extent on magnetic flux density:
Nonlinear Equations of Motion described in the step (6) includes but not limited to:
Vibrational system is modeled as spends without a break coefficient with the spring of voice coil loudspeaker voice coil change in displacement, form the equation of motion:
Consider that the voice coil loudspeaker voice coil electric current affects the equation of motion of formation to some extent on magnetic flux density:
；
Wherein Rms is the system mechanics damping in the vibration, and m is the vibrational system effective mass;
One group of trial function described in the step (7) is elected as and is included but not limited to: A) identical with the set of basic function described in the step (3); B) one group of unit pulse function is also referred to as: Dirac delta function, Dirac Delta function; C) each trial function is 1 in a segmentation, is 0 outside this segmentation;
Solving Nonlinear Systems of Equations algorithm described in the step (8) includes but not limited to: Picard iterative method Picard iteration, confidence region method Trust Region Method, the derivation algorithm of these algorithms;
Linear characteristic described in the step (9) includes but not limited to: impedance curve comprises amplitude and phase place, circuit transfer function, voice coil loudspeaker voice coil Displacement Transfer Function; Nonlinear characteristic described in the step (9) comprises Nonlinear Steady response, vibration biasing, vibration peak, each order harmonics distortion, total harmonic distortion, each rank intermodulation distortion, overall intermodulation distortion, amplitude modulation distortion, the frequency modulation distortion of voice coil loudspeaker voice coil vibration at least, and the Nonlinear Steady response of voice coil loudspeaker voice coil electric current, current offset, current peak, each order harmonics distortion, total harmonic distortion, each rank intermodulation distortion, overall intermodulation distortion, amplitude modulation distortion, frequency modulation distortion.
Because the present invention has adopted above-mentioned technical scheme, so have the following advantages:
(1) comprised the principal element that causes the loud speaker nonlinear motion in the calculating, can calculate very accurately the nonlinear situation that loud speaker shows under concrete excitation.
(2) amount of calculation is very little, and it is short few computing time to take resource.
(3) not only can calculate loudspeaker movements state under the single-frequency excitation, can also calculate the motion state of loud speaker under double frequency or the more complicated pumping signal.
(4) to various nonlinear physics amounts, only definite functional relation need to be arranged, do not need expression formula clear and definite or special shape.
(5) obtain simultaneously the solution of the equation of motion and circuit equation, so this method also can be used for linearity and the nonlinear characteristic of emulation speaker circuit part, for example emulation impedance curve (amplitude and phase place), current harmonics distortion, electric current intermodulation distortion etc. simultaneously.
(6) take weighted residual method and confidential interval solution as the basis, obtain half analytic solutions, computational accuracy is high.As long as select enough harmonic numbers just can obtain accurately result.
(7) this method directly obtains moving and the steady state solution of circuit, is not subject to the impact of transient state factor, also when not required between recursion therefore do not have the problem of error accumulation.
Embodiment
The below elaborates to the embodiment of this patent.
(1) functional relation that at first needs the physical quantitys such as known vibrational system stiffness factor (K), voice coil loudspeaker voice coil place average magnetic induction intensity (B) and voice coil loudspeaker voice coil inductance (L) to change with voice coil loudspeaker voice coil position (x), these functions are write respectively and are done: K (x), B(x) and L(x).Also need in addition to know some normal value physical quantitys of this loud speaker, comprising: the voice coil loudspeaker voice coil D.C. resistance
, voice coil loudspeaker voice coil length (l), this amount is also often calculated with B, note is Bl), the vibrational system mechanical damping
With vibrational system effective mass (m).Can from design, calculate these functional relations and constant by methods such as finite elements, also can obtain these functional relations and constant by making sample in measurement.The physical quantity that emulation or detection obtain generally all is the form of discrete point with the variation relation of position, can fit to polynomial form and use, and also can adopt the method match of spline curve and so on to use, and this method to the form of these functions without limits.
(2) according to demand, determine a kind of voltage excitation signals that will calculate, this signal can be simple signal, also can be the multiple-frequency signal of a plurality of simple signal combinations, and the frequency that wherein comprises is designated as:
(3) displacement function of voice coil loudspeaker voice coil comprises each rank frequency multiplication and frequency and the difference frequency component of each frequency of pumping signal.That is to say, to arbitrarily
And arbitrary integer
, may contain the single-frequency components that frequency is in voice coil loudspeaker voice coil displacement function and the voice coil loudspeaker voice coil current function.Only need to get with all less in the Practical Calculation, and the component of (for example, getting 20Hz to 10kHz) in the concern scope calculates.Remove repeat in the said frequencies with some frequency that too approaches, the final frequency set of determining is arranged from small to large and is designated as.
For follow-up use, should determine that also a time integral interval is 0 to T.T should be taken as the common multiple in the cycle of above-mentioned single-frequency, perhaps gets the value in the cycle of a low-limit frequency (not comprising 0) in the said frequencies.
(4) after the frequency of determining may contain in voice coil loudspeaker voice coil displacement function and the voice coil loudspeaker voice coil current function, the voice coil loudspeaker voice coil displacement function can be write and do:
The voice coil loudspeaker voice coil current function can be write as:
, wherein
Undetermined coefficient, 4n+2 altogether.If the row vector
Note is w(t), order
, voice coil loudspeaker voice coil displacement function and current function can be write as simpler and clearer vector form:
(5) can get the time differentiate above equation both sides:
Wherein because w(t) be that known function (is worked as frequency set
After determining), so its time-derivative and second derivative all are the known functions that can write out.
(6) according to the result of step (4), the known conditions of preparing in the integrating step (1), K, B and L can be write as the function of X and time t:
(7) take the basic nonlinear circuit equation of loud speaker and basic Nonlinear Equations of Motion as example:
It wherein is the driving voltage function.Bringing step (4) into above-mentioned two formulas to the equation in the step (6) obtains:
Therefore (7) top two equations are all set up random time, get arbitrarily a time function (being called " trial function "), with the inner product (inner product of two functions of time is: two functions multiply each other, and the time are quadratured to T 0 again) of equation levoform all be 0.For example, can amount of orientation w(t) in 2n+1 the function of time as trial function, ask inner product with above two equation levoforms respectively, do not comprised time variable, about common 4n+2 the equation of X and I.With matrix form write out into:
Because K (X, t), B (X, t) and L (X, t) not necessarily have simple expression formula, so these equations can't direct solution.But, as long as the value of one group of X and I is arranged, just can know the functional value of each time point in the integration item, use numerical integration method, Gauss – Legendre integral formula for example, just can calculate the approximation of each integration item, further can draw 4n+2 the margin value that above-mentioned equation group is brought left side behind specific X and the I into.
(8) use the Solving Nonlinear Systems of Equations algorithm, such as Picard iterative method (Picard iteration), confidence region method (Trust Region Method) etc. can solve the equation group that obtains in the step (7).Needing wherein to attempt each time equation group left side surplus in the calculation procedure (7).Specific algorithm is with reference to relevant paper.
(9) solve coefficient X and I after, just obtain the steady state solution of voice coil loudspeaker voice coil displacement and voice coil loudspeaker voice coil electric current according to the equation in the step (4).According to these coefficients and pumping signal information, can also calculate multiple linearity and nonlinear parameter.For example, if pumping signal U (t) is simple signal, this Frequency and Amplitude is U, can obtain from X and I vector:
1, the direct current biasing of this frequency place vibration is a
0
2, the fundamental component of this frequency place vibration is:
, the transfer function amplitude that is activated to vibration is:
3, the n order harmonics distortion ratio of this frequency place vibration is:
, wherein
It is gross energy.
4, the total harmonic distortion ratio of this frequency place vibration is:
5, this frequency place loudspeaker impedance amplitude is:
, phase place is:
Each order harmonics distortion in the electric current and total harmonic distortion etc. also can be obtained by the formula in similar 3 and 4.
If pumping signal is two-frequency signal, can also obtains n rank intermodulation distortion ratio and be:
The frequency that wherein coefficient is corresponding in the denominator is one of fundamental frequency in the pumping signal (if calculate many group dual-frequency datas, this frequency should be " fixing " frequency wherein), is called f
1, another fundamental frequency in the pumping signal is called f
2, two frequencies that then coefficient is corresponding in the molecule are respectively:
With
Similarly can also obtain overall intermodulation distortion etc.
In conjunction with the steady state solution of voice coil loudspeaker voice coil displacement, voice coil loudspeaker voice coil electric current and coefficient,, can also obtain displacement/current peak, amplitude modulation distortion, frequency modulation distortion etc., various loud speaker nonlinear characteristic amounts.
(10) generally can be to the operation of a series of frequency repeated application this method steps (2) to step (9), calculate a series of nonlinear characteristic values, obtain these characteristic values with the relation of frequency change, such as the vibration transfer function curve that can obtain loud speaker to a series of simple signals use this method, impedance curve, direct current biasing curve, each order harmonics distortion curve, total harmonic distortion curve etc.To a series of two-frequency signals (one of them frequency is constant, is called " fixing " frequency), can calculate each rank intermodulation distortion curve, overall intermodulation distortion curve etc.Utilize these characteristic curves, can instruct loudspeaker design and improvement.
Above embodiment is only in order to illustrate the present invention and unrestricted technical scheme described in the invention.Although this specification has been described in detail the present invention with reference to above-mentioned each embodiment, but will be understood by those skilled in the art that, in the situation of the spirit and scope that limit that do not break away from following claims, can make many modifications, variation or equivalence and replace; And all do not break away from technical scheme and the improvement thereof of the spirit and scope of the present invention, and it all should be covered by in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. the emulated computation method of nonlinear characteristic in the loudspeaker vibration according to each component physical character of loud speaker, calculates under single-frequency or multifrequency voltage drive, and the nonlinear characteristic in the loudspeaker voice coil vibration is characterized in that the method may further comprise the steps:
(1) to the voltage drive function of any period, determines the range value of its frequency content He each frequency;
(2) according to above-mentioned each frequency values, each time frequency multiplication of calculating in the concern scope and the frequency values of frequency and difference frequency are removed the part that wherein repeats or too approach, and obtain calculated rate and gather, and generally comprise 20Hz to 5kHz in the concern scope, and frequency sets is designated as:
(3) loudspeaker voice coil displacement function and voice coil loudspeaker voice coil current function are expressed as respectively the form of the weighted sum of one group of basic function:
Coefficient
Be unknown quantity, the basic function set is:
(4) utilize the result of step (3), by to the time differentiate, obtain the time-derivative of voice coil loudspeaker voice coil speed, voice coil loudspeaker voice coil acceleration, voice coil loudspeaker voice coil electric current:
They all are two groups of unknown quantitys mentioning in step (3) and time to be the function of independent variable;
(5) utilize the result of step (3), vibrational system stiffness factor (K), voice coil loudspeaker voice coil place average magnetic induction intensity (B) and voice coil loudspeaker voice coil inductance (L) physical quantity are write as two groups of unknown quantitys mentioning in the step (3) and time and are the function of independent variable:
(6) with function substitution loud speaker nonlinear circuit equation and Nonlinear Equations of Motion in step (3), step (4), the step (5), form two two groups of unknown quantitys mentioning in the step (3) and time and be the differential equation of independent variable;
(7) with two equations in the step (6) and one group of trial function multiplies each other and to the time variable integration, do not comprised the time, about the equation group of two groups of unknown quantitys mentioning in the step (3); Wherein the time integral interval should be taken as the common multiple in the cycle of each single-frequency that obtains in the step (2), perhaps gets the value that a low-limit frequency that obtains in the step (2) does not comprise cycle of 0;
(8) with the equation group that obtains in the Solving Nonlinear Systems of Equations Algorithm for Solving step (7);
(9) according to the voice coil loudspeaker voice coil displacement function of hypothesis and the form of voice coil loudspeaker voice coil current function in two groups of coefficient values that solve and the step (3), obtain the final solution of voice coil loudspeaker voice coil displacement function and voice coil loudspeaker voice coil current function; Also calculate multiple linearity and nonlinear characteristic in the vibration of speaker loop current and voice coil loudspeaker voice coil according to these two groups of coefficient values;
(10) choose the voltage excitation signals of a plurality of different frequencies, repeating step (1) is to the process of step (9), obtains in the vibration of voice coil loudspeaker voice coil electric current and voice coil loudspeaker voice coil various linearities and nonlinear characteristic with the curve of frequency change.
2. the emulated computation method of loud speaker nonlinear vibration characteristics according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described loud speaker is coil-moving speaker.
3. the emulated computation method of loud speaker nonlinear vibration characteristics according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the basic function set described in the step (3) is comprised of SIN function, the cosine function that a constant function and a series of frequency are respectively each frequency values that obtains in the step (2).
4. the emulated computation method of loud speaker nonlinear vibration characteristics according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the loud speaker nonlinear circuit equation described in the step (6) includes but not limited to:
(1) coil is modeled as the inductance series resistance, the basic circuit equation of formation:
Wherein t represents the time, and u (t) is the driving voltage function, i (t) voice coil loudspeaker voice coil electric current, x (t) voice coil loudspeaker voice coil displacement function, constant Re voice coil loudspeaker voice coil D.C. resistance, constant l voice coil loudspeaker voice coil length;
(2) based on the basic circuit equation, magnetic circuit current vortex phenomenon is modeled as inductance in parallel resistance, the circuit equation that comprises eddy current of formation:
Wherein L2 and R2 are analog electrical vortex phenomenon device parameters, are respectively voice coil loudspeaker voice coil inductance and resistance, and i2 (t) is the voice coil loudspeaker voice coil electric current by resistance R 2;
Separate this equation and need to add one group of unknown quantity, simultaneously more prescription journeys copy the mode of processing the voice coil loudspeaker voice coil electric current to process;
(3) based on the basic circuit equation, consider that the voice coil loudspeaker voice coil electric current affects the circuit equation of formation to some extent on magnetic flux density:
5. the emulated computation method of loud speaker nonlinear vibration characteristics according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the Nonlinear Equations of Motion described in the step (6) includes but not limited to:
(1) vibrational system be modeled as spend without a break coefficient with the spring of voice coil loudspeaker voice coil change in displacement, form the equation of motion:
；
(2) consider that the voice coil loudspeaker voice coil electric current affects the equation of motion of formation to some extent on magnetic flux density:
Wherein Rms is the system mechanics damping in the vibration, and m is the vibrational system effective mass.
6. the emulated computation method of loud speaker nonlinear vibration characteristics according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: one group of trial function described in the step (7) is elected as and is included but not limited to: A) identical with the set of basic function described in the step (3); B) one group of unit pulse function is also referred to as: Dirac delta function, Dirac Delta function; C) each trial function is 1 in a segmentation, is 0 outside this segmentation.
7. the emulated computation method of loud speaker nonlinear vibration characteristics according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the Solving Nonlinear Systems of Equations algorithm described in the step (8) includes but not limited to: Picard iterative method Picard iteration, confidence region method Trust Region Method, the derivation algorithm of these algorithms.
8. the emulated computation method of loud speaker nonlinear vibration characteristics according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the linear characteristic described in the step (9) includes but not limited to: impedance curve comprises amplitude and phase place, circuit transfer function, voice coil loudspeaker voice coil Displacement Transfer Function; Nonlinear characteristic described in the step (9) comprises Nonlinear Steady response, vibration biasing, vibration peak, each order harmonics distortion, total harmonic distortion, each rank intermodulation distortion, overall intermodulation distortion, amplitude modulation distortion, the frequency modulation distortion of voice coil loudspeaker voice coil vibration at least, and the Nonlinear Steady response of voice coil loudspeaker voice coil electric current, current offset, current peak, each order harmonics distortion, total harmonic distortion, each rank intermodulation distortion, overall intermodulation distortion, amplitude modulation distortion, frequency modulation distortion.
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