CN102935334B - Testing liquid for testing pollution resistance of membrane biological reactor (MBR) membrane materials and testing device of testing liquid - Google Patents
Testing liquid for testing pollution resistance of membrane biological reactor (MBR) membrane materials and testing device of testing liquid Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a testing device for MBR membrane materials for water treatment, in particular to a testing liquid for testing pollution resistance of MBR membrane materials. The testing liquid comprises components of 50 mg/L to 2200mg/L of metal inorganic salts, 10 mg/L to 200mg/L of polysaccharide substances, 10 mg/L to 200mg/L of proteinaceous substances, 10 mg/L to 200mg/L of macromolecule organics, 1000 mg/L to 9000 mg/L of particulate matters with particle diameters smaller than 200 meshes, 0 mg/L to 800 mg/L of colloid substances, and the balance water. The testing liquid and the testing device can be used for testing pollution resistance of membrane material products rapidly, and the evaluation period of current common techniques is shortened greatly; and the testing liquid and the testing device can be widely applied in pollution resistance evaluation of various micro-filtration membrane material products and critical flux and operation flux testing.
Description
[technical field]
The present invention relates to the testing arrangement of the MBR membrane material for water treatment.More specifically, the present invention relates to a kind of test fluid of the stain resistance for detecting MBR membrane material, and use the testing arrangement of described test fluid.
[background technology]
Membrane bioreactor (Membrane Bio-Reactor, MBR) be a kind of Novel sewage treatment process membrane separation technique being combined with biodegradation principle and develop, it utilizes membrane separation device by the activated sludge in biochemical reaction tank and larger molecular organics matter effectively catching, substitute the second pond in traditional handicraft, have the significant advantages such as high to contaminant removal efficiency, effluent quality good, stable operation, convenient management, floor space are few, application prospect is very wide.
But, there is the problem of the easy blocking pollution of membrane material in the application in MBR technique, can cause membrane material flux decline thus, increase the series of problems such as service life shortens greatly, energy consumption increases greatly of the frequency of membrane module replacing and Membrane cleaning, operating cost surge, membrane material.Therefore, fouling membrane and high energy consumption affect the obstacle that membrane bioreactor applies.What fouling membrane referred to that particulate, colloidal particle or solute transportation in material handling and film exist physics, chemical interaction or mechanism and cause adsorbs in film surface or fenestra, deposit and cause membrane aperture to diminish or block, film hydraulic resistance is increased, the phenomenon that permeation flux reduces.
The type of membrane contaminant is usually divided into the large class of inorganic pollution, Organic Pollution, colloid pollution and microbial contamination four.
The inorganic pollution of film mainly refers to the pollution of the scale forming matter such as sulfate and silicate such as calcium carbonate and calcium, barium, strontium, wherein calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate the most common.The initial film that organic matter causes is polluted the reversible cake layer that produced by concentration polarization phenomenon and further adsorptivity and is polluted these two stages and form.Colloidal substance has algae, bacterium and organic matter.Microbial contamination has two kinds, the dissolubility that first bacteria metabolism produces or colloidal material (dissolved phenols and extracellular polymeric), and it two is bacterial adsorptions on film surface and propagation forms biomembrane.
It is the most important factor promoting membrane bioreactor (MBR) technique that controlling diaphragm pollutes, the prerequisite factor affecting fouling membrane in MBR technique is the character of membrane material, so it is just very necessary to adopt effectively evaluating guide for method film production industry to produce resistant to pollution MBR membrane material.
In order to obtain the performance of membrane material in prior art, usually membrane material being made membrane module and putting in pilot test system, under certain aeration effect, constant flux, observes the situation of change of pressure in running.At present, the stain resistance of evaluated for film material in pilot test system, generally need continuous service 1 year, go through the temperature in four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter and the change of water quality, by the effect after the situation of change of reduced pressure, cleaning frequency and cleaning, the quality judging membrane silk anti-fouling performance could be contrasted.
Such as Chinese utility model patent 200820215623.0 discloses a kind of for multi-membrane-bioreactor Testing Platform, comprise biochemistry pool, discharge bay, pump, the membrane module that at least two membrane cisternas are different with the performance of installing respectively in each membrane cisterna, carries out the conveying of water by pump between described biochemistry pool and each membrane cisterna; Described drainpipe between each membrane cisterna and discharge bay is provided with water-quality sampling point.The utility model can utilize a set of platform on the basis realizing sewage disposal, compares simultaneously and test the performance of many group membrane modules under identical water quality, water yield condition.
The shortcoming of this kind of technology is 1) length consuming time (at least one year), performance evaluation speed is slow, badly influences the manufacturing schedule of membrane material production industry; 2) cost is high.The operating aeration of membrane module and cleaning cause a large amount of energy consumptions, and system long-term observation and maintenance need cost of labor higher; 3) equipment, system footprint area are large; 4) composition of MBR membrane cisterna mixed liquor is stable not, and can be subject to the impact of the environmental condition such as season, temperature, therefore evaluation result is not accurate enough, comparativity and poor reproducibility; 5) condition is harsh, will be run by the membrane module of contrast simultaneously, just have stronger comparativity in identical mud environment.
Therefore, if the test fluid that can make a kind of stable performance is with the stain resistance of Fast Measurement membrane material product, for produce and process operation provides reliable Data support and reference, the problem of fouling membrane can be solved to a certain extent.Therefore, a kind ofly can to stablize, the solution of the stain resistance of test membrane and method seem particularly important fast.In addition, the performance evaluation of membrane material product can provide foundation for membrane reactor and membrane biological reactor process design.
[summary of the invention]
[technical problem that will solve]
The object of this invention is to provide the test fluid that a kind of MBR membrane material product anti-fouling performance is evaluated, can quick, convenient, the stain resistance that measures film product exactly with this solution, for the research and development of membrane material product category and selection provide foundation, there is certain directive significance to the production of MBR process operation and membrane material simultaneously.And compared with prior art, this new method of testing has rapid and convenient, simple to operate, be convenient to control, and reduce the advantages such as cost.
For this reason, the invention provides a kind of test fluid detected for MBR membrane material stain resistance, described test fluid component is as follows:
Metal inorganic salt 50 ~ 2200mg/L
Polysaccharose substance 10 ~ 200mg/L
Protein matter 10 ~ 200mg/L
Larger molecular organics class material 10 ~ 200mg/L
Particle diameter is less than 200 object particle 1000 ~ 9000mg/L
Colloidal type material 0 ~ 800mg/L
Surplus is water;
Wherein, metal inorganic salt is selected from inorganic sodium, inorganic calcium salt, inorganic magnesium salt and/or inorganic phosphate;
Polysaccharose substance is selected from sodium alginate, starch, cellulose and glycogen;
Protein matter is selected from bovine serum albumin and collagen;
Larger molecular organics class material is selected from sodium humate and fulvic acid sodium;
Particle diameter is less than 200 object particles and contains mud granule, usually also containing diatomite particle or titanium dioxide granule, is sieve by the mud dried and crushed in MBR membrane cisterna and with 200 object sieves to obtain.
In the present invention, described inorganic sodium is selected from sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium acid carbonate, sodium phosphate, sodium nitrate, sodium sulfite, clorox, sodium chlorate, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium thiosulfate, sodium peroxydisulfate, sodium metasilicate, sodium bromate, sodium bromide and/or sodium iodide.
In the present invention, described inorganic calcium salt is selected from calcium carbonate, calcium bicarbonate, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, calcium phosphate and/or calcium monohydrogen phosphate.
In the present invention, described inorganic magnesium salt is selected from magnesium carbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, magnesium phosphate and/or magnesium monohydrogen phosphate.
In the present invention, described inorganic phosphate is selected from sodium phosphate, calcium phosphate, potassium phosphate, sodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and/or magnesium phosphate.
According to one preferred embodiment, described test fluid is also containing colloidal type material 0 ~ 800mg/L, and described colloidal type material is selected from aluminium polychloride, PAFC and/or ferric chloride hexahydrate.
In the present invention, the concentration that metal inorganic salt, protein matter, humate, particle diameter are less than all kinds of materials such as 200 object particles is too low, and film surface cake layer is formed slowly, membrane material pollutes slowly, makes the pollution level that membrane material reaches certain, consuming time longer; Too high then at the membrane material surface meeting dense gel layer that formation resistivity is higher rapidly, membrane material pollutes rapidly, can not contrast the difference of the anti-fouling performance of different membrane material.
Test fluid preparation process of the present invention is simple, is stirred evenly by mixing.Preferably, particle diameter can be less than 200 object particles and add in pure water, add protein matter successively after stirring, colloid, polysaccharide and inorganic salts, solution will be stirred after often adding a kind of material.Particle diameter of the present invention is less than 200 object particles and can buys from waste water treatment plant, also can obtain from the MBR membrane cisterna abolishing process unit.Although the particle possibility composition of separate sources is different, they all contain mud granule, usually also containing diatomite particle or titanium dioxide granule, all can be used for the present invention.
In the present invention, described MBR membrane material is selected from PVDF, PVC, PP, PTFE, PAN, CA, PC, PEI, PSF or PEI membrane material, is all the MBR film of existing water treatment field.
The present invention also provides a kind of testing arrangement detected for MBR membrane material stain resistance, wherein said testing arrangement comprises test liquid pool, membrane module, the outlet pipeline that is connected with described membrane module, hold test fluid according to claim 1 in described test liquid pool, in test liquid pool, be also provided with aerator; Described membrane module is placed in below test liquid pool, liquid level, and described membrane module is provided with flux measuring device; Outlet pipeline is provided with control valve, Pressure gauge and vavuum pump.
According to the preferred detailed description of the invention of one, in described test liquid pool, be also provided with aerator.
Particularly preferably, described testing arrangement adopts the method for operation of operation or intermittent duty continuously.
The invention still further relates to a kind of testing arrangement detected for MBR membrane material stain resistance, described testing arrangement comprises test liquid pool 1, membrane module 2, the outlet pipeline 7 that is connected with described membrane module, hold above-mentioned test fluid 3 in described test liquid pool 1, in test liquid pool 1, be also provided with aerator; Described membrane module 2 as test liquid pool in, below liquid level, described membrane module is provided with flux measuring device; Outlet pipeline is provided with Pressure gauge 4 and vavuum pump 5.
According to one preferred embodiment, also aerator is provided with in described test liquid pool 1.
In the present invention, described testing arrangement can adopt the method for operation of operation or intermittent duty continuously.
Evaluate compared with MBR membrane material product stain resistance with prior art by pilot test system, beneficial effect of the present invention is as follows:
1) stable performance.Test fluid stable performance provided by the invention.The content of various composition easily controls, and test fluid performance is by the impact of time, water quality, temperature and environment;
2) test period is short.Described test fluid can be used for the anti-fouling performance of Fast Measurement membrane material product, substantially reduces the evaluation cycle of current common technology;
3) practical.The anti-fouling performance evaluation of various microfiltration membranes material product can be widely used in; The mensuration of critical flux and operating flux can be used for.
4) cost is low.The composition of described test fluid is cheap and easy to get; Test period is short substantially reduce the number cost of labor.
5) equipment is simple.Experimental provision simple structure, without the need to additionally adding equipment.
6) floor space is little.Without the need to capital construction facility, save capital construction cost.
[accompanying drawing explanation]
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the testing arrangement for the detection of MBR membrane material stain resistance of the present invention;
Wherein, 1, test liquid pool; 2, membrane module; 3, test fluid; 4, Pressure gauge; 5, vavuum pump; 6, graduated cylinder; 7, outlet pipeline.
Fig. 2 is the flux and the graph of a relation of running time that in embodiment 1, two kinds of sample P VC membrane modules measure in testing arrangement;
Fig. 3 is the operating pressure and the graph of a relation of time that in comparative examples 1, two kinds of PVC film assemblies measure in pilot scale operational system;
Fig. 4 is the flux decline situation of four PVDF assemblies in test fluid in embodiment 8;
Fig. 5 is the flux and the graph of a relation of running time that in embodiment 9, two kinds of PTFE film assemblies measure in testing arrangement;
Fig. 6 is the stain resistance of embodiment 10 and the graph of a relation of running time.
[detailed description of the invention]
Following embodiment illustrates the present invention by reference to the accompanying drawings without limitation.
embodiment 1
Configuration testing liquid, composition is as follows:
Particle diameter is less than 200 object particles (containing dry mud particle) 9000mg/L
Sodium alginate 100mg/L
Bovine serum albumin 100mg/L
Sodium humate 50mg/L
Calcium chloride 550mg/L
Surplus is pure water
The membrane module 2 as shown in Figure 1, install a set of testing arrangement, comprise test liquid pool 1, sinking to below test liquid pool 1 liquid level, the outlet pipeline 7 be connected with membrane module 2, held above-mentioned test fluid, in test liquid pool 1, had aerator in test liquid pool 1; Membrane module is provided with flux measuring device; Outlet pipeline is provided with Pressure gauge 4 and vavuum pump 5.
Be that the sample P VC membrane module (1) of 30cm and PVC film assembly (2) are in pure water after complete wetting by effective length, the initial pure water flux before its filtration is measured in pure water, then be immersed in the testing arrangement containing above-mentioned test fluid and tested initial testing flux (being numerically significantly less than initial pure water flux), then in this testing arrangement under 20KPa constant pressure more than negative-pressure ward 2h, measure the negative pressure flux of two kinds of membrane modules on time respectively, record the curved line relation of its flux with running time.When the film silk flux measured in two continuous print time points variable quantity lower than 5% time, suction terminate, the flux finally measured is called platform flux.Then two kinds of polluted membrane assemblies are put into pure water stirring and washing (physical cleaning) polluted membrane under 600rpm rotating speed, repeatedly clean 3 times, each scavenging period is 0.5h, after pure water rinsing, kind of the membrane module of two after physical cleaning is put into pure water and measures membrane flux after the cleaning of membrane module.Experimental result is in table 1, and drafting pattern 2.Passing flux with the curved line relation of running time, the stain resistance of polluted membrane pure water flux and membrane flux recovery rate reaction film material product.
Table 1
Visible, the flux decline speed ratio membrane module 1 of membrane module 2 is fast; After membrane module 1 aspirates 120min in test fluid, the platform flux 19L/m reached
2h, than the platform flux 12L/m of membrane module 2
2h is high; The flux recovery rate 79% of membrane module 1 is greater than the flux recovery rate 62% of membrane module 2, and the stain resistance of visible membrane module 2 in test solution is poorer than membrane module 1.
Comparative examples 1
Get in the pilot test system that identical test sample PVC film assembly (1) and PVC film assembly (2) adopt conventional method to buy in existing market and test sample stain resistance.Two groups of membrane modules run 1 year under the following conditions: operation aeration rate is 6.5m
3/ h, sludge concentration is 6000 ~ 8000mg/L, and film average flux is 25L/m
2h, water yield is at 170L/m
2about h, open the periodic running mode that 7min runs 1min, on-line cleaning once weekly.By the quality of the pressure reacting condition film silk stain resistance of two kinds of membrane modules under Heng Tong amount.Partial data in the cycle of operation as shown in figure 3 and table 2.
Table 2
As can be seen here, adopt the test fluid of the present embodiment to be consistent with testing arrangement with the evaluation result of conventional method to membrane material stain resistance, but the time spent and expense have obvious difference.Obviously, stain resistance evaluation method proposed by the invention can reduce evaluation time and expense greatly.
embodiment 2
Identically with embodiment 1 carry out, only have test fluid composition different, concrete composition is as follows:
Particle diameter is less than 200 object particles (containing dry mud particle) 1000mg/L
Starch 150mg/L
Collagen 200mg/L
Fulvic acid sodium 200mg/L
Calcium carbonate 500mg/L
Sodium chloride 500mg/L
Surplus is pure water
Test result shows to adopt the test fluid same energy effective evaluation of the present embodiment to membrane material stain resistance.
embodiment 3
Identically with embodiment 1 carry out, only have test fluid composition different, concrete composition is as follows:
Particle diameter is less than 200 object particles (containing dry mud particle) 5000mg/L
Glycogen 50mg/L
Collagen 10mg/L
Sodium humate 200mg/L
Calcium phosphate 2000mg/L
Aluminium chloride 200mg/L
Surplus is pure water
Test result shows to adopt the test fluid same energy effective evaluation of the present embodiment to membrane material stain resistance.
embodiment 4
Identically with embodiment 1 carry out, only have test fluid composition different, concrete composition is as follows:
Particle diameter is less than 200 object particles (containing dry mud particle) 1000mg/L
Cellulose 150mg/L
Collagen 200mg/L
Sodium humate 10mg/L
Magnesium sulfate 2000mg/L
Aluminium polychloride 800mg/L
Surplus is pure water
Test result shows to adopt the test fluid same energy effective evaluation of the present embodiment to membrane material stain resistance.
embodiment 5
Identically with embodiment 1 carry out, only have test fluid composition different, concrete composition is as follows:
Particle diameter is less than 200 object particles (containing dry mud particle) 8000mg/L
Starch 10mg/L
Collagen 100mg/L
Sodium humate 100mg/L
Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 50mg/L
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 50mg/L
PAFC 50mg/L
Surplus is pure water
Test result shows to adopt the test fluid same energy effective evaluation of the present embodiment to membrane material stain resistance.
embodiment 6
Identically with embodiment 1 carry out, only have test fluid composition different, concrete composition is as follows:
Particle diameter is less than 200 object particles (containing dry mud particle) 2000mg/L
Sodium alginate 50mg/L
Collagen 10mg/L
Sodium humate 10mg/L
Potassium phosphate 50mg/L
Aluminium polychloride 800mg/L
Surplus is pure water
Test result shows to adopt the test fluid same energy effective evaluation of the present embodiment to membrane material stain resistance.
embodiment 7
Identically with embodiment 1 carry out, only have test fluid composition different, concrete composition is as follows:
Particle diameter is less than 200 object particles (containing dry mud particle) 2000mg/L
Cellulose 200mg/L
Collagen 200mg/L
Sodium humate 10mg/L
Magnesium phosphate 1000mg/L
Potassium phosphate 1000mg/L
Aluminium polychloride 100mg/L
Surplus is pure water
Test result shows to adopt the test fluid same energy effective evaluation of the present embodiment to membrane material stain resistance.
embodiment 8to stability and the reappearance of membrane material product anti-pollution evaluation result
Get four groups of identical pvdf membrane assemblies, adopt the test fluid of embodiment 1 and testing arrangement to test respectively, evaluate stability and the reappearance of the method.Its result is as Fig. 4.
As seen from Figure 4, the flux measurement result of membrane module in test fluid of four same materials is basically identical, and the stain resistance measuring membrane material product in test fluid provided by the invention can realize good reappearance.
embodiment 9to the stain resistance evaluation of PTFE film material product
Preparation test fluid composition is as follows:
Particle diameter is less than 200 object particles (containing dry mud particle) 2000mg/L
Sodium alginate 10mg/L
Bovine serum albumin 30mg/L
Sodium humate 2.5mg/L
Calcium chloride 1100mg/L
Aluminium polychloride 666mg/L
Surplus is pure water
Get two groups of different PTFE film assemblies, be respectively PTFE film assembly (1) and PTFE film assembly (2), the stain resistance of comparative determination two kinds of PTFE film assemblies in test fluid provided by the invention and test macro, measurement result is as follows:
The stain resistance contrast of table 3 two kinds of PTFE film assemblies
As can be seen from table 3 and Fig. 5, initial pure water flux is 340L/m
2two kinds of membrane modules 1 and 2 of h, membrane module 1 is stronger than the stain resistance of membrane module 2, after membrane module 1 aspirates 60min in test fluid, the platform flux 192L/m reached
2h, than the platform flux 118L/m of membrane module 2
2h is high; The flux recovery rate 76% of membrane module 1 is greater than the flux recovery rate 65% of membrane module 2, visible, and the stain resistance of membrane module 2 in simulated solution is poorer than membrane module 1.
embodiment 10pP and PE membrane material product stain resistance is evaluated
Test fluid preparation composition is as follows:
Particle diameter is less than 200 object particles (containing dry mud particle) 6000mg/L
Sodium alginate 200mg/L
Bovine serum albumin 50mg/L
Sodium humate 150mg/L
Calcium chloride 2200mg/L
Surplus is pure water
Get two kinds of different membrane modules, be respectively PP membrane module and PE membrane module, the stain resistance of comparative determination two kinds of membrane modules in test fluid provided by the invention, result is as follows:
Table 4 PP membrane module and PE membrane module stain resistance measurement result
As can be seen from table 4 and Fig. 6, initial pure water flux is 345L/m
2pP and PE two kinds of membrane modules of h, PP membrane module is stronger than the stain resistance of PE membrane module, after PP membrane module aspirates 120min in test fluid, the platform flux 66L/m reached
2h, than the platform flux 16L/m of PE membrane module
2h is high; The flux recovery rate 81% of PP membrane module is greater than the flux recovery rate 72% of PE membrane module, and the stain resistance of visible PP membrane module in simulated solution is better than PE membrane module.
Embodiment 11
Carry out with embodiment 10 same way, difference is to test PVDF, PVC, PTFE, PAN, CA, PC film, and result is as follows:
Table 5 PVDF, PVC, PTFE, PAN, CA, PC membrane module stain resistance measurement result
From table 5, initial pure water flux (330-350L/m
2the film silk of h) suitable with aperture various materials, in test fluid proposed by the invention, pollution course and the flux recovery rate of various film are more or less the same, and show that the film silk stain resistance of various material is suitable, this is consistent with actual conditions.This also illustrates that the method evaluates the film silk stain resistance of various material exactly.
Claims (8)
1., for the test fluid that MBR membrane material stain resistance detects, it is characterized in that described test fluid component is as follows:
Metal inorganic salt 50 ~ 2200mg/L
Polysaccharose substance 10 ~ 200mg/L
Protein matter 10 ~ 200mg/L
Larger molecular organics class material 10 ~ 200mg/L
Particle diameter is less than 200 object particle 1000 ~ 9000mg/L
Colloidal type material 50 ~ 800mg/L
Surplus is water;
Wherein, metal inorganic salt is selected from inorganic sodium, inorganic calcium salt, inorganic magnesium salt and/or inorganic phosphate;
Polysaccharose substance is selected from sodium alginate, starch, cellulose and glycogen;
Protein matter is selected from bovine serum albumin and collagen;
Larger molecular organics class material is selected from sodium humate and fulvic acid sodium;
Particle diameter is less than 200 object particles and contains mud granule;
Described colloidal type material is selected from aluminium polychloride, PAFC and/or ferric chloride hexahydrate.
2. test fluid according to claim 1, is characterized in that described inorganic sodium is selected from sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium acid carbonate, sodium phosphate, sodium nitrate, sodium sulfite, clorox, sodium chlorate, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium thiosulfate, sodium peroxydisulfate, sodium metasilicate, sodium bromate, sodium bromide and/or sodium iodide.
3. test fluid according to claim 1, is characterized in that described inorganic calcium salt is selected from calcium carbonate, calcium bicarbonate, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, calcium phosphate and/or calcium monohydrogen phosphate.
4. test fluid according to claim 1, is characterized in that described inorganic magnesium salt is selected from magnesium carbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, magnesium phosphate and/or magnesium monohydrogen phosphate.
5. test fluid according to claim 1, is characterized in that described inorganic phosphate is selected from sodium phosphate, calcium phosphate, potassium phosphate, sodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and/or magnesium phosphate.
6. test fluid according to claim 1, is characterized in that described MBR membrane material is selected from PVDF, PVC, PP, PTFE, PAN, CA, PC, PSF or PEI membrane material.
7. the testing arrangement detected for MBR membrane material stain resistance, it is characterized in that described testing arrangement comprises test liquid pool, membrane module, the outlet pipeline that is connected with described membrane module, hold test fluid according to claim 1 in described test liquid pool, in test liquid pool, be also provided with aerator; Described membrane module is placed in below test liquid pool, liquid level, and described membrane module is provided with flux measuring device; Outlet pipeline is provided with control valve, Pressure gauge and vavuum pump.
8. testing arrangement according to claim 7, is characterized in that described testing arrangement adopts the method for operation of operation or intermittent duty continuously.
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