CN102916436A - Transient analysis method and system of high-voltage direct-current transmission - Google Patents
Transient analysis method and system of high-voltage direct-current transmission Download PDFInfo
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- CN102916436A CN102916436A CN2012104549822A CN201210454982A CN102916436A CN 102916436 A CN102916436 A CN 102916436A CN 2012104549822 A CN2012104549822 A CN 2012104549822A CN 201210454982 A CN201210454982 A CN 201210454982A CN 102916436 A CN102916436 A CN 102916436A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a transient analysis method and system of high-voltage direct-current transmission. The transient analysis method and system is based on voltage source converters and used for electromagnetism transient simulation software power system computer aided design/electromagnetism transient simulation program (PSCAD/EMTDC). The method comprises obtaining fault types and fault time corresponding to various faults; according to the fault types and the fault time, controlling a flexible direct-current transmission system model to perform simulation according to the fault types; enabling the flexible direct-current transmission system model to output voltage values corresponding to the fault types; and inputting the voltage values to the electromagnetism transient simulation software and outputting fault voltage waveforms corresponding to the fault types through the electromagnetism transient simulation software. The method can simulate overvoltage distribution situations of a direct-current transmission system under ground connection and interphase faults of an alternating current side of a converter station, internal valve ground connection and interphase faults of the converter station and faults of monopole ground connection and interphase faults of a direct current side of a short circuit and the like, and enables a technicist to accurately master the overvoltage distribution situations under various fault situations and direct the flexible direct-current transmission system overvoltage and rationalization of insulation.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to power system simulation emulation field, in particular, relate to a kind of high voltage direct current transmission transient analytical method and system.
Background technology
High voltage dc transmission technology (being called for short VSC-HVDC) based on voltage source converter refers to adopt by the VSC-HVDC technology of controlled power electronic device as voltage source converter, also is referred to as at home Technology of HVDC based Voltage Source Converter.
The flexible DC power transmission system comprises AC system, current conversion station system and direct current cables system centered by current conversion station.Wherein AC system mainly comprises the primary equipments such as transmission line, shaft tower, circuit breaker, and it provides AC power for the flexible DC power transmission system.The current conversion station system mainly comprises the primary equipments such as converter transformer, star-like earthing reactance, circuit breaker, brachium pontis reactance, modularization voltage source converter spare, major function is that the AC rectification with sending end is direct current, is alternating current output with the dc inverter of receiving end.Direct current cables is positioned in the middle of the current conversion station of two ends, for the transmission of direct current energy provides passage.For Technology of HVDC based Voltage Source Converter, overvoltage and insulation coordination are the bases of Design of Engineering Systems, device fabrication and experiment, therefore, the transient Model of flexible DC power transmission distributes for research flexible DC power transmission system overvoltage and instructs flexible DC power transmission system overvoltage and insulation coordination to have important practical significance.
At present, Technology of HVDC based Voltage Source Converter is still a kind of novel technology of transmission of electricity, there is no the accurately overvoltage distribution situation in the simulated failure situation of effective transient analysis method and model, therefore, a kind of high voltage direct current transmission transient analytical method and system are provided, being used for the overvoltage distribution situation in accurate analysis and the simulated failure situation, is those skilled in the art's problem demanding prompt solutions.
Summary of the invention
In view of this, the invention provides a kind of high voltage direct current transmission transient analytical method and system, there is no the accurately problem of the overvoltage distribution situation in the simulated failure situation of effective transient analysis method and model in the prior art to overcome.
For achieving the above object, the invention provides following technical scheme:
A kind of high voltage direct current transmission transient analytical method based on voltage source converter, is used for electromagnetic transient simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC, and the method comprises:
S1: obtain fault type corresponding to all kinds of faults and fault time;
S2: according to described fault type with control the flexible DC power transmission system model described fault time according to simulating described fault type and described fault time;
S3: described flexible DC power transmission system model is exported magnitude of voltage corresponding to described fault type;
S4: described magnitude of voltage is inputed to described electromagnetic transient simulation software, export false voltage waveform corresponding to described fault type by described electromagnetic transient simulation software.
Preferably, also comprise:
S5: show with described false voltage waveform output and at display terminal.
Wherein, described step S2 is specially:
S21: analyze according to described fault type and described fault time, obtain corresponding analysis result;
S22: described flexible DC power transmission system model is judged the simulated failure type according to described analysis result;
S23: determine described fault type, and according to described fault type and described fault time described fault type being simulated.
Preferably, described fault type comprises: AC fault type and DC side fault type.
Preferably, described fault type comprises: current conversion station AC ground connection, phase-to phase fault, current conversion station internal valve ground connection, phase-to phase fault, current conversion station DC side one pole ground connection, intereelectrode short-circuit.
The present invention also discloses a kind of high voltage direct current transmission transient analytical system on the basis of above-mentioned disclosed a kind of high voltage direct current transmission transient analytical method, based on voltage source converter, be used for electromagnetic transient simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC, and this system comprises:
Acquisition module is used for obtaining fault type corresponding to all kinds of faults and fault time;
Analog module is used for according to described fault type and controls the flexible DC power transmission system model described fault time according to simulating described fault type and described fault time;
Output module is used for described flexible DC power transmission system model is exported magnitude of voltage corresponding to described fault type;
Emulation module is used for described magnitude of voltage is inputed to described electromagnetic transient simulation software, exports false voltage waveform corresponding to described fault type by described electromagnetic transient simulation software.
Preferably, also comprise:
The terminal display module is used for showing with described false voltage waveform output and at display terminal.
Wherein, described analog module specifically comprises:
Analytic unit is used for analyzing according to described fault type and described fault time, obtains corresponding analysis result;
Judging unit is used for described flexible DC power transmission system model and judges the simulated failure type according to described analysis result;
Analogue unit is used for determining described fault type, and according to described fault type and described fault time described fault type being simulated.
Preferably, described fault type comprises: AC fault type and DC side fault type.
Preferably, described fault type comprises: current conversion station AC ground connection, phase-to phase fault, current conversion station internal valve ground connection, phase-to phase fault, current conversion station DC side one pole ground connection, intereelectrode short-circuit.
Via above-mentioned technical scheme as can be known, compared with prior art, the invention discloses a kind of high voltage direct current transmission transient analytical method and system, based on voltage source converter, be used for electromagnetic transient simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC, the method comprises: obtain fault type corresponding to all kinds of faults and fault time; According to fault type with control the flexible DC power transmission system model fault time according to simulating fault type and fault time; Magnitude of voltage corresponding to flexible DC power transmission system model output fault type; Magnitude of voltage is inputed to electromagnetic transient simulation software, export false voltage waveform corresponding to described fault type by electromagnetic transient simulation software.The method can be simulated current conversion station AC ground connection, phase-to phase fault, current conversion station internal valve ground connection, phase-to phase fault, the overvoltage distribution situation of the DC transmission system under the fault types such as current conversion station DC side one pole ground connection, intereelectrode short-circuit is so that the technical staff can grasp accurately the overvoltage distribution situation under the various failure conditions and instruct flexible DC power transmission system overvoltage and insulation coordination.
Description of drawings
In order to be illustrated more clearly in the embodiment of the invention or technical scheme of the prior art, the below will do to introduce simply to the accompanying drawing of required use in embodiment or the description of the Prior Art, apparently, accompanying drawing in the following describes only is embodiments of the invention, for those of ordinary skills, under the prerequisite of not paying creative work, can also obtain according to the accompanying drawing that provides other accompanying drawing.
Fig. 1 is the disclosed a kind of high voltage direct current transmission transient analytical method flow chart of the embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 2 is the further flow chart of the disclosed a kind of high voltage direct current transmission transient analytical method of the embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 3 is AC system modular simulation model in the embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 4 is current conversion station modular simulation model in the embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 5 (1) is the simulation model of individual module voltage source converter;
The simulation model that Fig. 5 (2) is in series for a plurality of modularization voltage source converters;
Fig. 6 is the structural representation of the disclosed a kind of high voltage direct current transmission transient analytical system of the embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 7 is that the change of current became the simulation waveform figure of net side and valve side false voltage when the change of current became net side single phase ground fault in the embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 8 is when the change of current becomes net side single phase ground fault in the embodiment of the invention, the simulation waveform figure of DC side false voltage;
Fig. 9 is in the embodiment of the invention during direct-flow positive pole line earth fault, and the change of current becomes the simulation waveform figure of net side and valve side false voltage;
Figure 10 is in the embodiment of the invention during direct-flow positive pole line earth fault, the simulation waveform figure of direct-current polar positive false voltage.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in the embodiment of the invention, the technical scheme in the embodiment of the invention is clearly and completely described, obviously, described embodiment only is the present invention's part embodiment, rather than whole embodiment.Based on the embodiment among the present invention, those of ordinary skills belong to the scope of protection of the invention not making the every other embodiment that obtains under the creative work prerequisite.
The invention discloses a kind of high voltage direct current transmission transient analytical method and system, based on voltage source converter, be used for electromagnetic transient simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC, the method comprises: obtain fault type corresponding to all kinds of faults and fault time; According to fault type with control the flexible DC power transmission system model fault time according to simulating fault type and fault time; Magnitude of voltage corresponding to flexible DC power transmission system model output fault type; Magnitude of voltage is inputed to electromagnetic transient simulation software, export false voltage waveform corresponding to described fault type by electromagnetic transient simulation software.The method can be simulated current conversion station AC ground connection, phase-to phase fault, current conversion station internal valve ground connection, phase-to phase fault, the overvoltage distribution situation of the DC transmission system under the fault types such as current conversion station DC side one pole ground connection, intereelectrode short-circuit is so that the technical staff can grasp accurately the overvoltage distribution situation under the various failure conditions and instruct flexible DC power transmission system overvoltage and insulation coordination.
See also accompanying drawing 1, be the method flow diagram of the disclosed a kind of high voltage direct current transmission transient analysis of the embodiment of the invention.The embodiment of the invention discloses a kind of analytical method of high voltage direct current transmission transient, based on voltage source converter, be used for electromagnetic transient simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC, the method concrete steps comprise:
Step S1: obtain fault type corresponding to all kinds of faults and fault time.
Step S2: according to fault type with control the flexible DC power transmission system model fault time according to simulating fault type and fault time.
Step S3: magnitude of voltage corresponding to flexible DC power transmission system model output fault type.
Step S4: magnitude of voltage is inputed to electromagnetic transient simulation software, export false voltage waveform corresponding to described fault type by electromagnetic transient simulation software.
Step S5: show with the output of false voltage waveform and at display terminal.
The invention discloses a kind of high voltage direct current transmission transient analytical method, based on voltage source converter, be used for electromagnetic transient simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC, the method comprises: obtain fault type corresponding to all kinds of faults and fault time; According to fault type with control the flexible DC power transmission system model fault time according to simulating fault type and fault time; Magnitude of voltage corresponding to flexible DC power transmission system model output fault type; Magnitude of voltage is inputed to electromagnetic transient simulation software, export false voltage waveform corresponding to described fault type by electromagnetic transient simulation software.The method can be simulated current conversion station AC ground connection, phase-to phase fault, current conversion station internal valve ground connection, phase-to phase fault, the overvoltage distribution situation of the DC transmission system under the fault types such as current conversion station DC side one pole ground connection, intereelectrode short-circuit is so that the technical staff can grasp accurately the overvoltage distribution situation under the various failure conditions and instruct flexible DC power transmission system overvoltage and insulation coordination.
See also accompanying drawing 2, be the further flow chart of method of the disclosed a kind of high voltage direct current transmission transient analysis of the embodiment of the invention.The embodiment of the invention further discloses the method that a kind of high voltage direct current transmission transient is analyzed, and based on voltage source converter, is used for electromagnetic transient simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC, and the method concrete steps comprise:
Step SS1: obtain fault type corresponding to all kinds of faults and fault time.
Step SS2: analyze according to fault type and fault time, obtain corresponding analysis result.
Step SS3: the flexible DC power transmission system model is judged the simulated failure type according to analysis result.
Step SS4: determine fault type, and according to fault type and fault time described fault type being simulated.
Step SS5: magnitude of voltage corresponding to flexible DC power transmission system model output fault type.
Step SS6: magnitude of voltage is inputed to electromagnetic transient simulation software, export false voltage waveform corresponding to described fault type by electromagnetic transient simulation software.
Step SS7: show with the output of false voltage waveform and at display terminal.
The invention discloses a kind of high voltage direct current transmission transient analytical method, based on voltage source converter, be used for electromagnetic transient simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC, the method can be simulated current conversion station AC ground connection, phase-to phase fault, current conversion station internal valve ground connection, phase-to phase fault, the overvoltage distribution situation of the DC transmission system under the fault types such as current conversion station DC side one pole ground connection, intereelectrode short-circuit is so that the technical staff can grasp accurately the overvoltage distribution situation under the various failure conditions and instruct flexible DC power transmission system overvoltage and insulation coordination.
See also accompanying drawing 3, be AC system modular simulation model in the embodiment of the invention.The AC system module is the power module for the flexible direct current system, adopts the three phase sine AC power to add the form realization of power supply internal resistance, and the impedance of circuit is according to electric pressure and tower structure parameter acquiring.
Preferably, see also accompanying drawing 4, be current conversion station modular simulation model in the embodiment of the invention.The current conversion station model comprises converter transformer, star earthing reactance, brachium pontis reactance, modularization voltage source converter in the station, converter transformer converts AC power to the alternating current of required voltage grade in standing, take ± 200kV, 400W DC transmission system as example, capable of selecting capacity is that 420MVA, no-load voltage ratio are that 220kV/208kV, short-circuit impedance are 12% converter transformer.
The star earthing reactance is after the Y-connection to connect with the resistance of a neutrality by three earthing reactances and consists of, be arranged in converter transformer valve side, major function provides the earth potential reference of current conversion station DC side, and its numerical value is recently determined according to the idle percentage that accounts for gross power that consumes, should do not surpassed 20%.
The brachium pontis reactance is series at the reactor between the interior converter transformer in station and the modularization voltage source converter, is used for eliminating the harmonic wave of Circuits System.
One end of modularization voltage source converter links to each other with the brachium pontis reactance, and the other end is connected on the direct-current polar.At sending end, alternating current is direct current by the rectification of modularization voltage source converter; At receiving end, direct current is alternating current by the inversion of modularization voltage source converter.
See also accompanying drawing 5(1) simulation model that is in series for a plurality of module voltage source converter for the simulation model of individual module voltage source converter and Fig. 5 (2).The modularization voltage source converter is the major function structure of current conversion station, its basic circuit unit is called submodule, an end is connected to the reactance of three-phase brachium pontis after the submodule series connection on each phase brachium pontis, and the other end is realized the output of direct voltage with being connected on the direct-current polar.Submodule is by two IGBT switching device G01, G02, direct current storage capacitance C0 and transient state direct voltage source U
CinConsist of.When moving, system by the control switch of closed direct voltage source, after the charging of finishing capacitor C 0, opens switch.The direct voltage source magnitude of voltage determines according to system voltage grade and module number.
V_U
cin=U
dc/n
Wherein: U
DcBe direct-current transmission voltage, n is the emulation module number.Under normal operation, when G01 is open-minded, the submodule output voltage is storage capacitance voltage U c; When G02 opened, output voltage was zero.
Preferably, the current conversion station module can also comprise: pincerlike resistance, be used for providing the earth potential reference of current conversion station module, and the principle that its parameter is selected is to satisfy under the prerequisite that power loss requires to reduce as far as possible resistance.It determines that method is:
Wherein: P
GlossBe the loss of ground connection branch road, P
NBe specified transmission power, U
DcBe dc voltage, η
MaxBe ground connection branch road maximum loss rate.
Preferably, the direct current cables module is made of metallic conductor, inner insulating layer, armour and external insulation layer.The transfer impedance of direct current cables module is obtained by input layers of material attribute and thickness.
See also accompanying drawing 6, be the disclosed a kind of high voltage direct current transmission transient analytical system structure chart of the embodiment of the invention.The present invention also discloses a kind of high voltage direct current transmission transient analytical system on the basis of above-mentioned disclosed method, based on voltage source converter, be used for electromagnetic transient simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC, and this system specifically comprises:
Concrete, above-mentioned analog module 602 specifically comprises: analytic unit 606, be used for analyzing according to described fault type and described fault time, and obtain corresponding analysis result; Judging unit 607 is used for described flexible DC power transmission system model and judges the simulated failure type according to described analysis result; Analogue unit 608 is used for determining described fault type, and according to described fault type and described fault time described fault type being simulated.
The invention discloses a kind of high voltage direct current transmission transient analytical system, based on voltage source converter, be used for electromagnetic transient simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC, current conversion station AC ground connection, phase-to phase fault can be simulated by this system, current conversion station internal valve ground connection, phase-to phase fault, the overvoltage distribution situation of the DC transmission system under the fault types such as current conversion station DC side one pole ground connection, intereelectrode short-circuit is so that the technical staff can grasp accurately the overvoltage distribution situation under the various failure conditions and instruct flexible DC power transmission system overvoltage and insulation coordination.
See also accompanying drawing 7-10, be the simulation waveform figure of the false voltage under the various fault types in the embodiment of the invention.
The project planner is that the simulation time that the flexible DC power transmission system model is set is 3s carrying out initial setting up; Alternating voltage is that Vs=220kV, frequency are f=50Hz, initial phase
Initial time t=0; Alternating-current switch arranges initial condition for closed, considers that harmonics operate time is 100ms, and it is 0.1s that the switch tripping time is set.
Be provided with fault AC fault and DC side fault, fault time and fault type are set in the calculating, fault type is ABC phase single phase ground fault, heterogeneous earth fault, phase-to phase fault etc., and be set fault time is 1s, and the duration is 3s.
Alternating-current switch arranges initial condition for closed, considers that harmonics operate time is 100ms, and it is 100ms after the fault that the switch tripping time is set, and 1.1s.Blocking time is spaced apart 5ms after considering voltage source converter IGBT fault, and it is 1005ms that blocking time is set.
When fault type was set to the AC single-phase earthing, the emulation voltage waveform as shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7; When fault type equipment is DC side single-stage ground connection, emulation voltage waveform such as Fig. 8 and shown in Figure 9.
In sum: the invention discloses a kind of high voltage direct current transmission transient analytical method and system, based on voltage source converter, be used for electromagnetic transient simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC, the method comprises: obtain fault type corresponding to all kinds of faults and fault time; According to fault type with control the flexible DC power transmission system model fault time according to simulating fault type and fault time; Magnitude of voltage corresponding to flexible DC power transmission system model output fault type; Magnitude of voltage is inputed to electromagnetic transient simulation software, export false voltage waveform corresponding to described fault type by electromagnetic transient simulation software.The method can be simulated current conversion station AC ground connection, phase-to phase fault, current conversion station internal valve ground connection, phase-to phase fault, the overvoltage distribution situation of the DC transmission system under the fault types such as current conversion station DC side one pole ground connection, intereelectrode short-circuit is so that the technical staff can grasp accurately the overvoltage distribution situation under the various failure conditions and instruct flexible DC power transmission system overvoltage and insulation coordination.
For the disclosed system of embodiment, because it is corresponding with the disclosed method of embodiment, so description is fairly simple, relevant part partly illustrates referring to method and gets final product.
To the above-mentioned explanation of the disclosed embodiments, make this area professional and technical personnel can realize or use the present invention.Multiple modification to these embodiment will be apparent concerning those skilled in the art, and General Principle as defined herein can be in the situation that do not break away from the spirit or scope of the present invention, in other embodiments realization.Therefore, the present invention will can not be restricted to these embodiment shown in this article, but will meet the widest scope consistent with principle disclosed herein and features of novelty.
Claims (10)
1. a high voltage direct current transmission transient analytical method is characterized in that, based on voltage source converter, is used for electromagnetic transient simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC, and the method comprises:
S1: obtain fault type corresponding to all kinds of faults and fault time;
S2: according to described fault type with control the flexible DC power transmission system model described fault time according to simulating described fault type and described fault time;
S3: described flexible DC power transmission system model is exported magnitude of voltage corresponding to described fault type;
S4: described magnitude of voltage is inputed to described electromagnetic transient simulation software, export false voltage waveform corresponding to described fault type by described electromagnetic transient simulation software.
2. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, also comprises:
S5: show with described false voltage waveform output and at display terminal.
3. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described step S2 is specially:
S21: analyze according to described fault type and described fault time, obtain corresponding analysis result;
S22: described flexible DC power transmission system model is judged the simulated failure type according to described analysis result;
S23: determine described fault type, and according to described fault type and described fault time described fault type being simulated.
4. method according to claim 3 is characterized in that, described fault type comprises: AC fault type and DC side fault type.
5. method according to claim 3 is characterized in that, described fault type comprises: current conversion station AC ground connection, phase-to phase fault, current conversion station internal valve ground connection, phase-to phase fault, current conversion station DC side one pole ground connection, intereelectrode short-circuit.
6. a high voltage direct current transmission transient analytical system is characterized in that, based on voltage source converter, is used for electromagnetic transient simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC, and this system comprises:
Acquisition module is used for obtaining fault type corresponding to all kinds of faults and fault time;
Analog module is used for according to described fault type and controls the flexible DC power transmission system model described fault time according to simulating described fault type and described fault time;
Output module is used for described flexible DC power transmission system model is exported magnitude of voltage corresponding to described fault type;
Emulation module is used for described magnitude of voltage is inputed to described electromagnetic transient simulation software, exports false voltage waveform corresponding to described fault type by described electromagnetic transient simulation software.
7. system according to claim 6 is characterized in that, also comprises:
The terminal display module is used for showing with described false voltage waveform output and at display terminal.
8. system according to claim 6 is characterized in that, described analog module specifically comprises:
Analytic unit is used for analyzing according to described fault type and described fault time, obtains corresponding analysis result;
Judging unit is used for described flexible DC power transmission system model and judges the simulated failure type according to described analysis result;
Analogue unit is used for determining described fault type, and according to described fault type and described fault time described fault type being simulated.
9. system according to claim 8 is characterized in that, described fault type comprises: AC fault type and DC side fault type.
10. method according to claim 8 is characterized in that, described fault type comprises: current conversion station AC ground connection, phase-to phase fault, current conversion station internal valve ground connection, phase-to phase fault, current conversion station DC side one pole ground connection, intereelectrode short-circuit.
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| CN103499753A (en) * | 2013-09-24 | 2014-01-08 | 国家电网公司 | Intelligent system for rapidly identifying transient fault of high-voltage direct-current power transmission system |
| CN103745025A (en) * | 2013-11-29 | 2014-04-23 | 南方电网科学研究院有限责任公司 | EMTDC integrated application platform of high-voltage direct current system |
| CN103745025B (en) * | 2013-11-29 | 2017-03-29 | 南方电网科学研究院有限责任公司 | The integrated EMTDC integrated application platforms of high-voltage direct current |
| CN104393613A (en) * | 2014-11-05 | 2015-03-04 | 南京南瑞继保电气有限公司 | Direct current fault processing method and apparatus |
| CN106229959A (en) * | 2016-08-12 | 2016-12-14 | 中国电力科学研究院 | A kind of extra high voltage direct current transmission line Overvoltage suppressing method |
| CN106229959B (en) * | 2016-08-12 | 2020-07-24 | 中国电力科学研究院 | Overvoltage suppression method for extra-high voltage direct current transmission line |
| CN106446428A (en) * | 2016-09-29 | 2017-02-22 | 全球能源互联网研究院 | Switching circuit electromagnetic transient analysis method and device |
| CN107609256A (en) * | 2017-09-07 | 2018-01-19 | 中国电力科学研究院 | A kind of direct current network metallic return broken string overvoltage computational methods and system |
| CN107832561A (en) * | 2017-11-29 | 2018-03-23 | 中国南方电网有限责任公司超高压输电公司广州局 | The analysis method that a kind of HVDC transmission line influences on communication line |
| CN107832561B (en) * | 2017-11-29 | 2021-02-02 | 中国南方电网有限责任公司超高压输电公司广州局 | Method for analyzing influence of high-voltage direct-current transmission line on communication line |
| CN110176779A (en) * | 2019-05-29 | 2019-08-27 | 国网江苏省电力有限公司 | The system and method for UHVDC converter station copying are realized based on PSCAD |
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