CN102903141A - Multi-earthquake-attribution-fused texture mapping body drawing method based on nontransparency weighing - Google Patents
Multi-earthquake-attribution-fused texture mapping body drawing method based on nontransparency weighing Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a multi-earthquake-attribution-fused texture mapping body drawing method based on nontransparency weighing. The method comprises the following steps of: obtaining the mapping color value and nontransparency of a voxel by utilizing the transfer function of data of each attribution, and then determining the proportion of the color value of the weight of the earthquake attribute according to the nontransparency of each voxel; and synthesizing a new color value via nontransparency weighing finally and then drawing via a two-dimensional texture body drawing manner. The method can be used for realizing simultaneous display of multiple earthquake attributes on three-dimensional body drawing, and bringing convenience for earthquake interpretation personnel.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of many seismic properties based on the opacity weighting and merge the texture object plotting method.
Background technology
Explore application and the development of every technology along with oilfield quake, investigation and prospecting person is also more and more higher to the requirement of Seismic, in the face of day by day complicated, hidden oil reservoir situation, for improving the success ratio of probing, need to provide a brand-new Geological Structural Forms and attributive character thereof for investigation and prospecting person.The appearance of Visualization of Scientific Computing provides the proven technique support for realizing this thought.Visualization of Scientific Computing is applied to seismic data, has produced the earthquake visualization technique.Visual efficient, precision and the integrality that not only can improve seismic interpretation of earthquake easily understood the integrated a large amount of data of demonstration, greatly improved and explained that the people is to the degree of understanding of data volume.
Three-dimensional data is field visualized to be the core realm of visualization in scientific computing, and the achievement in research of this technology is widely used in fields such as medical science, meteorology and geologic prospectings.Three-dimensional data is field visualized mainly to be to being defined in three-dimensional various data analysis and processing, by the processing of 2-D data sequence being obtained the 3-D display effect of object object, and the 3D solid object is made theory, method and the technology of objectively qualitative or quantitative test according to display effect or interactive operation.
The method for visualizing of 3 d data field according to the difference of data description method in the drawing process, roughly can be divided into three major types.One class is to describe the object dimensional structure by the mode of geometric units splicing match body surface, is called the surface rendering method; Another kind of is the method that is directly produced two dimensional image on the screen by three-dimensional data, is called object plotting method, is called again Direct volume rendering.In addition, also have a class not only to reflect the data Global Information as target but also with the algorithm of geometric modeling as display unit, this class algorithm is called the blend rendering method.Object plotting method is directly to use visual theory, by the volume data resampling is come compositing 3 d images.
The direct volume drawing algorithm can be divided into two kinds of image space algorithm and object space algorithms, and the image space algorithm is the pixel from screen, and sampling mixes the pixel color that adds up in the volume data field, directly obtains final image; And the object space algorithm is by predetermined sequential scanning voxel or unit, and voxel or cell projection on the pixel of screen.Most representative in the image space volume rendering algorithm is ray cast (Ray Casting) and texture (Texture Mapping) volume drawing.Mistake cuts-be out of shape (Shear-Warp) and snow throwing ball (Splatting) algorithm is more representational algorithm in the object space volume drawing.
First three demand of planting method for drafting and Real-time Interactive Demonstration differs greatly.Even adopt some improved accelerating algorithm, still can not realize at PC the Real time dynamic display of Large volume data.In order to realize large-scale application, people just seek help from hardware, and that utilizes that high-grade figure video card provides carries out the direct volume drawing of 3 d data field by hard-wired texture function, thereby has greatly improved render speed.
The 2 d texture mapping is object space direct volume drawing algorithm, and this algorithm is converted to three-dimensional resampling process the resampling process of two dimensional surface.Adopt simple secondary linear interpolation arithmetic to replace the trilinear interpolation computing, can greatly reduce calculated amount.The a series of sampling polygon of definition in 3 d data field, these polygons parallel to each other and perpendicular in the object space with the coordinate axis of view plane normal direction angle minimum, these polygons are equivalent to the section of a series of volume datas, because polygonal interval and sampling density are different from raw data, only has the numerical value that could obtain each sampled point on this series of parallel plane by resampling.If the variation that direction of observation occurs surpasses 90 degree, the sampling polygon method to direction also must change, therefore need in internal memory, preserve a plurality of copies of volumetric data set, each copy must represent different polygon normal orientation.At last, synthesize last image.
But above visualization technique just shows for same geological data type.In seismic prospecting, the geophysicist can extract over one hundred kind of attribute (such as amplitude class, frequency class, phase place class, waveform class, structure class, prestack generic attribute and spectral factorization generic attribute etc.) from geological data, and attempts by seismic properties underground geologic body to be carried out qualitative or quantitative description.But because there is multi-solution inevitably in the geophysical survey means, only with single seismic properties or compound after single integrated attribute carry out the geologic interpretation problem and often easily produce deviation, and only make an explanation with the same attribute and tend to lose a lot of Useful Informations.A very difficult thing and number of different types geological data (such as amplitude body and coherent body) is carried out fusion calculation.Not only complexity is high especially but also also bad on effect.
Liu etc. are at document " Multicolor display of spectral attributes " (The Leading Edge, 2007,26 (3): propose a kind of according to self-defined spectral range 268-271), to the different frequency data volume after the spectral factorization, adopt the RGBA color blend technology based on the cosine function conversion.Guo etc. are at document " Principal components analysis of spectral components " (Expanded Abstracts of 76Annual Internat SEG Mtg, 2006, propose 988-992) principal component analysis (PCA) (PCA) technology and the technical tie-up of RGBA color blend are applied to the spectral factorization data, improved the recognition capability of spectral factorization data to the river course.Ding Feng etc. are at document " applied research of earthquake multiattribute RGB color blend technology " (petroleum exploration, 2010,5) key that has proposed PCA-RGBA earthquake multiattribute RGBA color blend in is, with four different seismic properties value (M, i=1,2,3,4) be mapped to one by one R, G by certain conversion, B, four kinds of colors of A.
Above these methods all are to be applied on the two-dimension earthquake section, do not have the method that realizes for the body perspective.And above method can only realize the seismic properties drafting of maximum four components, how in today of prospecting technique prosperity up to a hundred seismic properties to be arranged, and above method does not reach requirement in some aspects.And A(opacity) value is also as one-component, and a component can not be regulated transparency more like this, just can not find own interested component for the body perspective from the space.
Traditional visual all be for a kind of geological data type.And the now development of prospecting technique and the development of subsequent treatment technology, single attribute can not make an explanation to earthquake information well.
And for the disposal route of multiple seismic properties, various seismic properties are calculated merge not Effective arithmetic.Just in two dimensional cross-section shows, realization was arranged and when drawing, merge, do not have good algorithm in the 3-D seismics volume drawing.
Summary of the invention
In order to overcome the above-mentioned shortcoming of prior art, the invention provides a kind of many seismic properties based on the opacity weighting and merge the texture object plotting method, obtain respectively mapping color value and the opacity of voxel with the transport function of each attribute data, then determine the shared proportion of color value of this seismic properties component according to the opacity of each voxel; Through the finally synthetic new color value of opacity weighting, then to draw out with the mode of 2 d texture volume drawing, the inventive method shows when the said three-dimensional body drafting has realized multiple seismic properties, brings convenience for the seismic interpretation personnel.
The technical solution adopted for the present invention to solve the technical problems is: a kind of many seismic properties based on the opacity weighting merge the texture object plotting method, comprise the steps:
Step 1, importing geological data;
Step 2, pretreatment:
1) with raw data according to main profile inline, perpendicular to main profile from survey line xline and three direction equal interval samplings of time shaft time;
2) voxel in each data is processed, the value of voxel is changed into the pseudo-color value of 0-255;
Step 3, respectively to voxel maps color value and the opacity of each seismic data volume:
1) setting of color: the pseudo-color value of setting up voxel by the transport function of color is corresponding with the color index table;
2) setting of opacity;
Color and the opacity of step 4, a plurality of geological datas of fusion;
Step 5, generation 2 d texture paster:
1) to the vertical direction section of data data according to xline, inline and three directions of time, generates texture image;
2) create texture object, binded texture;
3) texture;
Step 6, drawing image:
1) according to the definite direction of drawing texture of direction of visual lines;
2) merge drafting according to sight line from backward front texture.
Compared with prior art, good effect of the present invention is: realized that multiple geological data shows jointly in said three-dimensional body is drawn, solved well seismic interpretation of single attribute, and the direct problem of fusion calculation of different types of data, accuracy, reliability and the validity of seismic data interpretation have been improved, for seismic interpretation provides a kind of effective method, concrete manifestation is as follows:
(1) can take full advantage of structure and the lithological change information that contains in the seismic properties, overcome the shortcoming of single earthquake attribute display deficiency, improved the ability of from multiattribute, extracting geologic body, strengthened the sharpness that image shows, the characteristics of have that feature is obvious, details abundant, high information quantity and multiattribute being united demonstration.Its display effect has obvious advantage than common seismic attribute display mode.Make the explanation personnel can be intuitively carry out discriminatory analysis to the much information of earthquake, improved Efficiency and accuracy.
(2) color value of each seismic attributes data rather than original data value are merged.Seismic attributes data is different, be difficult to a kind of algorithm and merged (such as vector and scalar), even if can merge, algorithm also too complicated, lose more than gain.And implementation algorithm of the present invention is simple, successful.
(3) adopted the method for texture volume drawing, render speed is fast, and interactivity is good.
Embodiment
Before introducing the solution of the present invention, introduce first several concepts:
SEGY:SEGY (Society of Exploration Geophysicists Y format) geological data, that U.S. SEG (Society of Exploration Geophysicists) association is the seventies in last century, in order to make things convenient for one of numerous magnetic tape type geological data general format standards that the earthquake data exchange formulates with sharing.It is organized take seismic trace as unit, by road storage seismic channel data.At present, SEGY geological data file has become the most general data carrier of use in the outdoor data acquisition link of oil-gas exploration industry.
Transport function: transport function mainly is that the data value with 3 d data field is mapped as optical properties, and such as opacity, color value etc. have determined the image quality of volume drawing.Therefore the design of transport function is a critical process in the volume drawing process.
On mathematics, transport function can be defined as the 3 d data field cartesian product to the mapping of optical properties cartesian product:
τ:D
1×D
2×……×D
n→O
1×O
2×……×O
n
Wherein D represents the data attribute of 3 d data field, is the field of definition of transport function.The data attribute of 3 d data field can be the data value of sampled point, can also be the data result of calculation of local sampling point, such as gradient-norm value, gradient direction second derivative, curvature, volume coordinate etc.; O is the codomain of transport function, and visual optical properties is carried out in expression, such as color, transparency, Shadow Parameters, reflectivity, refractive index etc.Definition by transport function as can be known, the sampled point that has certain data attribute in the 3 d data field will be presented in the two dimensional image with certain form.Designing Transfer Function is exactly according to visual demand, the data attribute that Choice and design is suitable and optical properties, and set up mapping relations between them.
Opacity: opacity is to weigh the tolerance that light passes the ability on a surface.The opacity of opaque surface is 1 fully, can stop all to incide this surperficial light and see through.On the other hand, if the opacity on surface is 0, then representative is fully transparent, and this surface is sightless.The translucent surface of opacity between 0 and 1, the color of storage before can indistinctly demonstrating.Effect when seeing through coloured glass and observe coloured object: can find out the color of object, again with the color of glass.Sometimes we represent with the mode of transparency, and the transparency on the surface that opacity is A is 1-A.If we are used as source pixel to texture tile unit, it is object pixel that the pixel in the frame buffer is used as, and the multiple combination mode is arranged between the two, can replace, and also can merge by A.
A kind of many seismic properties based on the opacity weighting merge the texture object plotting method, comprise the steps:
Step 1, importing geological data:
A plurality of seismic data gridization are saved in the internal memory respectively.The principal feature of SEGY geological data is the data memory format standard, comprise the earthquake information amount comprehensively and have certain retractility, these characteristics determined it relatively be applicable between different earthquake exploration software systems the geological data exchange with share.On the other hand, because the redundant information that the SEGY geological data comprises is too numerous and jumbled, cause software systems resource overhead large; Therefore, in the application scenarios high at interactive requirements, that response time requirement is strict, directly read the SEGY geological data by data layout, data reading performance using redundancy is but not bery desirable.For this reason, first with geological data respectively according to main profile inline, perpendicular to main profile from survey line xline and three direction griddings of time shaft time and be saved in the internal memory.
Step 2, pretreatment:
1) with raw data according to main profile inline, perpendicular to main profile from survey line xline and three direction equal interval samplings of time shaft time.Because the restriction of hardware, the data after the sampling are 512 * 512 * 512 to the maximum, and sampling interval is determined by size of data.If size of data is l * w * h, wherein l, w, h are respectively the length of data, and correspond respectively to xline, inline, time direction, and then sampling interval is respectively l/512+1, w/512+1 and h/512+1.Size after the sampling is so:
L=l/(l/512+1)
W=w/(w/512+1)
H=h/(h/512+1)
Wherein: L, W, H are respectively the length after the sampling.Just as a voxel, the value of each voxel is saved among the three-dimensional array data position of intersecting point of grid.
2) voxel in each data is processed.Namely the value of voxel is changed into the pseudo-color value of 0-255.Pseudo-color value is unsigned char type.Adopt the first-order linear conversion among the present invention.Namely
V wherein
iBe the most final pseudo-color value of i voxel, v
iBe the property value of i voxel, v
Max, v
MinBe maximal value and the minimum value of data, allow simultaneously the user to regulate this corresponding relation.The user namely can arrange maximal value and the minimum value of data by regulating the scope of data, and only the volume data in this scope just can be mapped on the color index table, and being in these extraneous data will can be out not drawn.This is conducive to get rid of extraneous data to the impact of final image, the emphasis part of outstanding image.
Consider the attribute that seismic event is the most frequently used, the positive and negative reciprocal distribution character such as amplitude, frequency, the present invention has also done nearly step refining, so that the pseudo-color value of non-negative sampling number certificate is distributed to interval (0,127), the pseudo-color value of the sampling number certificate of negative is distributed to interval (128,255).
Step 3, respectively to voxel maps color value and the opacity of each seismic data volume:
The pseudo-color value of the char type of each voxel is mapped to color by transport function.The color here adopts RGBA form i.e. red (R), green (G), blue (B), opacity (A).Current computer graphical color system is generally supported 32 (256 * 256 * 256 * 256) color depths, wherein red (R), green (G), and blue (B), transparency (A) respectively account for a color channel.Computer display apparatus mixes generation more color, i.e. I by RGBA
RGBA=s (I
R, I
G, I
B, I
A).I
RGBARepresent certain any color; I
R, I
G, I
B, I
ARepresent respectively red, green, blue, transparent 4 kinds of colors; S is the colour mixture conversion, is finished by computer display apparatus.
The rationally effectively design of transport function in volume rendering algorithm in occupation of very important position.The volume drawing transport function is responsible for an optical characteristics (color, opacity etc.) and is distributed to voxel, and with several different materials of raw data, different structure makes a distinction, and when showing the interested important feature of people, hides unessential information.
1) setting of color, the transport function of color are pseudo-color value and color index table corresponding of voxel.
The color index table is to be provided by the user, and the user only need to provide index value and the corresponding color component RGB between the 0-255.Color index according to the user provides carries out interpolation to it and obtains a complete gradual change color index table, and the color index table is corresponding to the pseudo-color value of 0-255.For each voxel, search the color index table, can obtain the color of this voxel.Travel through each voxel, finished the setting of all data colors.
As seen whether 2) the setting of opacity, the voxel in the opaque body data depend on the opacity value that transport function is distributed in the image of drawing, interested voxel distributes higher opacity value, opposite then opacity value that distribution is lower.And the value of voxel shone upon and become color value, so we can regulate opacity according to color table, makes some interested color opacity higher, thereby sees clearly clearer.
Color and the opacity of step 4, a plurality of geological datas of fusion:
For n geological data data
1, data
2Data
nData wherein
iWhat store is color value and the opacity of i geological data, and size is L * W * H.For certain position in the grid, we are from data
iIn obtain an accordingly color value I of position voxel of i earthquake number
RGBAiWherein RGB is color value, and A is opacity, and the fusion results of this position all colours and opacity is so:
I
RGBA=f(I
RGBA1,I
RGBA2,......I
RGBAn)
Wherein f is fusion method.
The present invention adopts each RGB component to get the fusion method of average according to the opacity weighting summation.Why selecting opacity is weighting factor, is because setting and our interesting target of opacity are closely bound up.Each component value is thus:
Can find out from above fusion formula, the opacity height proportion that namely color of relatively important seismic properties accounts for concerning us is relatively larger, thereby upward we easily see the effect that we want in whole drafting.The RGBA of each voxel just can set.All voxels are carried out color and opacity merges, and the value after the fusion is kept among the data.
Step 5, generation 2 d texture paster:
1) to the data data according to xline, inline, the section of the vertical direction of three directions of time generates texture image.Why adopt three directions to be because if only along a direction section, what then see when vertical this direction of sight line is a line, effect is very bad.And if along the sight line section, then the direction change all will regenerate texture after each rotation, interactivity is bad.Here take the time direction as example: carry out Slice Sampling along Z-direction with the interval of distance d, obtaining cutting into slices is of a size of L * W, and slice numbers is W/d.Wherein, sampling interval d has determined the quality of drawing.Less d can obtain more section, and the data of description field operates but the while also can increase the drafting of graphic hardware more accurately, reduces interactive speed.Larger d can obtain faster render speed, but take the quality of sacrificing drawing image as cost.Here we to get d be 1, t ime direction has H section thus, each paster saves as among the two-dimensional array textureData.All data of this array have just formed the pixel value of a pictures, i.e. a texture image.In like manner xline direction and inline direction are also cut into slices respectively.
2) create texture object, binded texture.With glGenTextures function creation texture and glBindTexture function binded texture object, the glTexImage2D function is passed to the pixel value in the textureData array texture object of current binding, so just created texture.
3) texture.For any texture, regardless of the real size of texture, the texture coordinate in its top (upper left corner) perseverance is (0,0), and the texture coordinate perseverance in the lower right corner is (1,1).That is to say, texture coordinate should be a decimal between 0 to 1.That texture coordinate and actual three-dimensional coordinate are mapped during mapping.Corresponding according to unified order during mapping, anti-the demonstration meeting is incorrect otherwise picture pastes.
Step 6, drawing image:
1) according to the definite texture of drawing which direction of direction of visual lines.We have prepared the texture mapping xline of three directions, inline and time, but needn't all draw after the operations such as each rotation, need to drafting the coordinate axis of close direction of visual lines get final product.Suppose to be d (x, y, z) after the direction of visual lines unitization, the grain direction of then selecting just is x, y, the direction of maximum value representative in three values of z.Such as d(0,0,1) be the texture of drawing the time direction so.We always can see with the close texture of our sight line like this, and are respond well.And need not all draw the texture of three directions, interactivity is good.
2) merge drafting according to sight line from backward front texture.The fusion of texture is finished by hardware, and the mode that still must draw near merges just can reach correct effect.Its main cause is between the different object overlapping region to be arranged, and drawing order will affect the color of overlapping region.
Claims (4)
1. the many seismic properties based on the opacity weighting merge the texture object plotting method, it is characterized in that: comprise the steps:
Step 1, importing geological data;
Step 2, pretreatment:
1) with raw data according to main profile inline, perpendicular to main profile from survey line xline and three direction equal interval samplings of time shaft time;
2) voxel in each data is processed, the value of voxel is changed into the pseudo-color value of 0-255;
Step 3, respectively to voxel maps color value and the opacity of each seismic data volume:
1) setting of color: the pseudo-color value of setting up voxel by the transport function of color is corresponding with the color index table;
2) setting of opacity;
Color and the opacity of step 4, a plurality of geological datas of fusion;
Step 5, generation 2 d texture paster:
1) to the vertical direction section of data data according to xline, inline and three directions of time, generates texture image;
2) create texture object, binded texture;
3) texture;
Step 6, drawing image:
1) according to the definite direction of drawing texture of direction of visual lines;
2) merge drafting according to sight line from backward front texture.
2. the many seismic properties based on the opacity weighting according to claim 1 merge the texture object plotting method, it is characterized in that: when the voxel in each data is processed, so that the pseudo-color value of non-negative sampling number certificate is distributed to interval (0,127), the pseudo-color value of the sampling number certificate of negative is distributed to interval (128,255).
3. the many seismic properties based on the opacity weighting according to claim 1 merge the texture object plotting method, it is characterized in that: the method for color settings is: the index value between the 0-255 that provides according to the user and corresponding color component RGB, to its carry out interpolation obtain one complete, corresponding to the pseudo-color value gradual change color index table of 0-255; For each voxel, search the color index table, just obtain the color of this voxel.
4. the many seismic properties based on the opacity weighting according to claim 1 merge the texture object plotting method, and it is characterized in that: the described fusion method of step 4 is the method for each component being got average according to the opacity weighting summation.
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