CN102841220B - Clay scanning electron micrograph segmentation method based on porosity - Google Patents
Clay scanning electron micrograph segmentation method based on porosity Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a clay scanning electron micrograph segmentation method based on porosity. The clay scanning electron micrograph segmentation method comprises the following steps: adopting a conventional experimental method in soil mechanics to measure dry density of a clay sample and figuring out two thirds power of the dry density; preparing a microstructural sample of the clay sample in a laboratory; adopting a ZD-A3 freeze-dryer to freeze-drying the prepared sample, vacuumizing the sample, scanning the electron microscope when vacuum degree reaches 10-6Pa, observing a microstructure of the sample to obtain a scanning photograph; adopting image analysis software to extract binaryzation data corresponding to two thresholds; comparing parameter features of granule and porosity extracted under the two thresholds and figuring out area ratio of pore bodies; and stopping approaching when the area ratio equals to the two thirds power of the dry density and considering the threshold as picture segmentation threshold corresponding to the dry density. The beneficial effects of the clay scanning electron micrograph segmentation method provided by the invention are as follows: scientific change from three-dimensional parameters to two-dimensional parameters is realized, interference by man-made subjective factors is eliminated, and study for the microstructure of a soil body is more accurate.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to civil engineering work subject ground microstructure study field, be specifically related to a kind of clay microstructure parameters based on scanning electron microscope and determine method.
Technical background
The particle of ground and Agglomerate and hole and pore-body are called as the microstructured bodies of ground, the micromechanism that is totally referred to as ground or the microstructure of its size, shape, orientation, arrangement and each other contact and connection relation, it is the fundamental that forms soil.The engineering characteristic of material and residing state are corresponding with the relation between its microstructure.For ground class material, microstructure parameters has not only reflected its forming process, physical property and mechanical property, and is again the reflection of its current state.The microstructure of clay not only forms relevantly with its Material Source, particle, also depends on its stress state and stress history, and determines its mechanics and hydraulic properties.Say in a sense, between native microstructure and its macromechanics characteristic, exist and must be related to.On the one hand, different mechanical process produces material impact to its micromechanism; On the other hand, micromechanism has determined again its downstream mechanical process.In addition, the hydraulic characteristic such as water suction/dehydration feature, moisture holding capacity, infiltration coefficient of soil also depends on its micromechanism.Therefore, the Study on Microstructure of soil and quantification thereof are significant to disclosing different native hydraulics processes.Therefore, be familiar with native microstructure features extremely important to research soil mechanics internal action mechanism, therefore the interrelationship study of ground microstructure quantification and its mechanical property is also subject to generally attention both domestic and external, and has obtained lot of experimental data and theoretical result.
The Microstructure observation means of soil are common mercury experiment, SEM method, the experiment of aperture ratio surface area, scanning electron microscope method, the CT technology of pressing.Due to technology maturation, the reason such as cost is low, experimentation is simple, SEM method becomes that native microstructure appearance is observed and one of main method of research gradually.SEM image can reflect size, form and the distribution characteristics of particle and hole, and research SEM image contributes to understand the soil body origin cause of formation and related physical mechanical property.
But the SEM image of soil is two dimensional gray photo, in data pick-up process, is to distinguish particle and aperture ranges with the relative size of gray scale and threshold value, and further reflect between soil particle and hole be connected and structural.The gray scale of SEM image is determined by factors such as electron beam distance, particulate mineral composition, accelerating potential, coating film thickness, sample size and fixing meanss, even for same observation station, different operating personnel, different scanning electron microscope, operation time period not even together, often obtain different gray-scale values.And the selection of threshold value often shows as subjectivity, randomness, uncertainty and nonuniqueness are stronger.For same analysis domain, because threshold value is different, often can obtain different image segmentation results, and finally obtain different object micro-parameters.So determining of threshold value just becomes vital link in image information leaching process.
In fact, the micromechanism of a certain soil sample is objectively, not different with " the apparent microstructure difference " that division result was reflected of different threshold values.Therefore the measurement that, adopts scientific and reasonable Threshold definite threshold and carry out microstructure parameters seems very meaningful.
Except " with sensation " setting threshold of routine, digital elevation model and the Tobin's mean variance model based on Otsu algorithm based on generalized information system in addition of nearest Introduction of Literatures, but these methods still need artificially to arrange a certain parameter, therefore still do not break away from the impact of subjective factor.
The subject matter existing is at present: in the microstructure evaluation process of ground SEM photo, threshold value determine the impact still do not break away from subjective factor, therefore follow-up image is cut apart, the work such as microstructure parameters extractions, parameter quantitative research and thus obtained all results and conclusion be all subjective and not objective.Therefore, that can not exaggerate says, science, rationally, objectively Threshold is prerequisite and the basis of carrying out native microstructure study, to from microstructure angle assessment ground aspect terms of mechanics, hydraulics and the otherwise otherness such as thermodynamics, electromagnetics have very important significance.
Summary of the invention
For solving the problem existing in above-mentioned technology, the object of the invention is to propose a kind of clay microstructure parameters based on scanning electron microscope and determine method, reach more objective, reasonable to native Study on Microstructure, the object that reliability is strong.
For achieving the above object, the technical solution used in the present invention is to provide a kind of clay stereoscan photograph image partition method based on porosity, and the method comprises the following steps:
(1) adopt soil mechanics normal experiment method to record the dry density of clay sample, three/second power of calculating dry density is standby;
(2) the microstructure sample of clay sample is prepared in laboratory;
(3) adopt ZD-A3 freeze-drying instrument by the sample freeze-drying of step (2) making and vacuumize, vacuum tightness reaches to 10
-6pa;
(4) sample of processing through step (3) is carried out to scanning electron microscope, observe the microstructure of sample and obtain its SEM photo;
(5) corresponding binaryzation data while adopting Leica QWin image analysis software to extract threshold value and be respectively a and b SEM photo, a+10=b wherein, 0≤a≤255, a is artificial definite primary election threshold value arbitrarily, b is for selecting threshold value according to another definite time of " a+10=b " principle;
(6) the binaryzation data that obtain according to (5) are calculated under a, two threshold conditions of b soil body pore-body Area Ratio ξ in SEM picture
awith ξ
b, ξ wherein
athe area of the SEM picture mesoporosity while being a for threshold value and the Area Ratio of particle, ξ
bthe area of the SEM picture mesoporosity while being b for threshold value and the Area Ratio of particle;
(7) compare ξ
a, ξ
bwith the size of three/second power of the described dry density of step (1), determine that follow-up threshold value adjustment is to raise or lower, and raises with ξ
bfor basic point, 5 gray-scale values of each increase, lower with ξ later
afor basic point, reduce by 5 gray-scale values later at every turn, so constantly change threshold value value, until pore-body Area Ratio is while equaling three/second power big or small of the described dry density of step (1), stop approaching, threshold value is now the image segmentation threshold corresponding with surveyed dry density, and the method that obtains this threshold value is the clay stereoscan photograph image partition method based on porosity.
Effect of the present invention is: 1. adopt this clay microstructure parameters to determine method, by three-dimensional parameter two dimensionization, present stage, this similar conversion method belonged to the first in ground field; 2. determining of image segmentation threshold objectifies more, got rid of the interference of artificial subjective factor, and the research that makes Soil microstructure aspect is accuracy more, and the result precision that utilizes the method to analyze is higher than other method, and result approaches reality more.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the corresponding dry density 1.39g/cm of the inventive method
3the effect of 50kPa consolidation pressure complete after SEM figure;
Fig. 2 is the binary picture of the corresponding threshold value of the inventive method Fig. 1 that is 112;
Fig. 3 is the binary picture of the corresponding threshold value of the inventive method Fig. 1 that is 92.
Embodiment
By reference to the accompanying drawings a kind of clay stereoscan photograph image partition method implementation procedure based on porosity of the present invention is illustrated.
The mechanism of action of the present invention is: the dry density of soil is a kind of the measuring of its granule and pore-body distribution proportion, and in the expression soil body, soil particle occupies the ratio in whole analysis domain space.Soil stereoscan photograph come from real particle and distribution of pores state, after image is cut apart, stereoscan photograph in whole analysis domain with regard to discrete granule and pore-body two parts of turning to.The ratio of pore-body area and whole analysis domain area is defined as pore-body Area Ratio, and it represents the density degree of plane of scanning motion granule.Therefore, theoretically, pore-body Area Ratio should be able to reflect the density degree of the original soil body, and has positive connection with indexs such as conventional void ratio, porositys.The concepts such as conventional void ratio, porosity are based on three-dimensional, and stereoscan photograph derives from two-dimensional scan plane.Therefore, the pore-body Area Ratio based on stereoscan photograph should equal three/second power of conventional porosity, and now the critical gray scale of pore-body and granule is the threshold value based on conventional void ratio.
A kind of clay stereoscan photograph image partition method based on porosity of the present invention, the clay stereoscan photograph image segmentation threshold based on porosity is determined method, the method be take the porosity of sample and is found the threshold value that can reflect soil body compaction rate as benchmark, take this threshold value carries out cutting apart of granule and pore-body to two dimensional gray photo as critical point, binary image is carried out to information extraction, adopt on this basis multidimensional analysis method to assess the microstructure parameters of granule and pore-body, so far just completed the whole assessment of native microstructure.
A kind of clay stereoscan photograph image partition method based on porosity of the present invention includes following steps:
(1) adopt soil mechanics normal experiment method to record the dry density of clay sample, three/second power of calculating dry density is standby;
(2) the microstructure sample of clay sample is prepared in laboratory;
(3) adopt ZD-A3 freeze-drying instrument by the sample freeze-drying of step (2) making and vacuumize, vacuum tightness reaches to 10
-6pa;
(4) sample of processing through step (3) is carried out to scanning electron microscope, observe the microstructure of sample and obtain its SEM photo;
(5) corresponding binaryzation data while adopting Leica QWin image analysis software to extract threshold value and be respectively a and b SEM photo, a+10=b wherein, 0≤a≤255, a is primary election threshold value, artificial definite arbitrarily, b is for selecting threshold value according to another definite time of " a+10=b " principle;
(6) the binaryzation data that obtain according to (5) are calculated under a, two threshold conditions of b soil body pore-body Area Ratio ξ in SEM picture
awith ξ
b, ξ wherein
athe area of the SEM picture mesoporosity while being a for threshold value and the Area Ratio of particle, ξ
bthe area of the SEM picture mesoporosity while being b for threshold value and the Area Ratio of particle;
(7) compare ξ
a, ξ
bwith the size of three/second power of the described dry density of step (1), determine that follow-up threshold value adjustment is to raise or lower.Raise with ξ
bfor basic point, 5 gray-scale values of each increase, lower with ξ later
afor basic point, reduce by 5 gray-scale values later at every turn, so constantly change threshold value value, until pore-body Area Ratio is while equaling three/second power big or small of the described dry density of step (1), stop approaching, threshold value is now the image segmentation threshold corresponding with surveyed dry density, and the method that obtains this threshold value is the clay stereoscan photograph image partition method based on porosity.
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, a kind of clay stereoscan photograph image partition method implementation procedure based on porosity of the present invention is described in detail.
The original SEM Fig. 1 of take is example with its corresponding binary picture 2 and Fig. 3:
(1) adopting soil mechanics normal experiment method to record clay sample is that the dry density of a1 is 1.39g/cm
3, three/second power of calculating dry density is 1.25g/cm
3;
(2) the microstructure sample of clay sample is prepared in laboratory;
(3) adopt ZD-A3 freeze-drying instrument by the sample freeze-drying of step (2) making and vacuumize, vacuum tightness reaches to 10
-6pa;
(4) sample of processing through step (3) is carried out to scanning electron microscope, observe the microstructure of sample and obtain the SEM photo that clay sample is Fig. 1;
(5) adopt Leica QWin image analysis software to extract threshold value to SEM photo and be respectively 82 and 92 o'clock corresponding binaryzation data.Threshold value is 82 o'clock, and its binary image is Fig. 2, and in Fig. 2, the pixel number that gray scale is 1 is 37619, and the pixel number that gray scale is 0 is for it than being respectively 35362; Threshold value is 92 o'clock, and its binary image is Fig. 3, and in Fig. 3, the number of the pixel that gray scale is 1 is 33207, and the pixel number that gray scale is 0 is 39774; 0.94,0.97;
(6) the binaryzation data that obtain according to (5) are calculated under 82,92 two threshold conditions soil body pore-body Area Ratio 0.94 and 0.97 in SEM picture;
(7) size of the three/second power 1.25 of comparison 0.94,0.97 and the described dry density of step (1), determines that follow-up threshold value raises.Raise that to take the threshold value 92 of 0.97 correspondence be basic point, increase by 5 gray-scale values, so constantly change threshold value value, when threshold value adjusts to 112, pore-body Area Ratio equals 1.25, and the equal and opposite in direction with the three/second power of (1) described dry density, stops approaching, threshold value 112 is now the image segmentation threshold corresponding with surveyed dry density, and the method that obtains this threshold value is the clay stereoscan photograph image partition method based on porosity.
A kind of clay stereoscan photograph image partition method based on porosity of the present invention, by 3 D stereo parameter of soil body porosity, electron-microscope scanning image is two dimensional surface parameter, by utilizing the operation rule of three/second power, three-dimensional amount is rationally transformed into two dimension amount, has realized the reasonable transformation of three-dimensional parameter research with two-dimensional parameter research.Thereby the acquisition that makes the porosity of clay microstructure is the experimental data of objective, utilize above-mentioned operation rule to change choosing of rear guide image threshold value the experimental data of this objective, there is objective rationality, got rid of the interference of artificial subjective factor.
A kind of clay stereoscan photograph image partition method based on porosity of the present invention, gets up the segmentation threshold organic connections of native dry density and its microstructure image, makes the granule that obtains after cutting apart and the pore-body objectivity that more becomes.
Claims (1)
1. the clay stereoscan photograph image partition method based on porosity, the method adopts soil mechanics normal experiment method to record the dry density of clay sample, and three/second power of calculating dry density is standby; The microstructure sample of preparing clay sample through laboratory; Adopt ZD-A3 freeze-drying instrument by the sample freeze-drying of making and vacuumize, vacuum tightness reaches to 10
-6pa; To prepare the sample that clay sample pretreating crosses through laboratory, carry out scanning electron microscope, the microstructure of observing sample also obtains its SEM photo; Also include following steps simultaneously:
(1) adopt Leica QWin image analysis software to extract threshold value to SEM photo, corresponding binaryzation data when threshold value is respectively a and b, a+10=b wherein, 0≤a≤255, a is artificial definite primary election threshold value arbitrarily, and b is for selecting threshold value according to another definite time of " a+10=b " principle;
(2) the binaryzation data that obtain according to step (1) are calculated under a, two threshold conditions of b soil body pore-body Area Ratio ξ in SEM picture
awith ξ
b, ξ wherein
athe area of the SEM picture mesoporosity while being a for threshold value and the Area Ratio of particle, ξ
bthe area of the SEM picture mesoporosity while being b for threshold value and the Area Ratio of particle;
(3) more described ξ
a, ξ
bwith the size of three/second power of described dry density, determine that follow-up threshold value adjustment is to raise or lower, and raises with ξ
bfor basic point, increase by 5 gray-scale values later at every turn; Lower with ξ
afor basic point, reduce by 5 gray-scale values later at every turn, so constantly change threshold value value, until pore-body Area Ratio is while equaling three/second power big or small of described dry density, stop approaching, threshold value is now the image segmentation threshold corresponding with surveyed dry density, and the method that obtains this threshold value is the clay stereoscan photograph image partition method based on porosity.
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| CN106053316A (en) * | 2016-06-08 | 2016-10-26 | 燕山大学 | Program and calculation method for pore distribution and fractal of microstructure of soil mass |
| CN107462744A (en) * | 2017-08-28 | 2017-12-12 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | A kind of pore space anisotropy evaluation method based on electron-microscope scanning |
| CN108061697B (en) * | 2017-12-06 | 2020-09-25 | 石家庄铁道大学 | Method for calculating three-dimensional porosity of soil body |
| CN108225989A (en) * | 2017-12-20 | 2018-06-29 | 中国电建集团河南省电力勘测设计院有限公司 | A kind of great soil group quickly names method and storage medium |
| CN110458816B (en) * | 2019-08-06 | 2021-04-27 | 北京工商大学 | Fiber material porosity analysis method based on threshold value regression |
| CN114034621B (en) * | 2021-11-09 | 2023-07-07 | 中国电建集团成都勘测设计研究院有限公司 | Soil body permeability coefficient acquisition method and device and model construction method |
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