CN102792191B - Anti-glare film, and polarizing plate and display device including same - Google Patents

Anti-glare film, and polarizing plate and display device including same Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102792191B
CN102792191B CN201080050501.0A CN201080050501A CN102792191B CN 102792191 B CN102792191 B CN 102792191B CN 201080050501 A CN201080050501 A CN 201080050501A CN 102792191 B CN102792191 B CN 102792191B
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CN
China
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mentioned
dazzle film
light transmission
glare
coating composition
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Expired - Fee Related
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CN201080050501.0A
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CN102792191A (en
Inventor
洪承模
林巨山
金基龙
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Dongwoo Fine Chem Co Ltd
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Dongwoo Fine Chem Co Ltd
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/02Diffusing elements; Afocal elements
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B1/00Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
    • G02B1/10Optical coatings produced by application to, or surface treatment of, optical elements
    • G02B1/11Anti-reflection coatings
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/02Diffusing elements; Afocal elements
    • G02B5/0205Diffusing elements; Afocal elements characterised by the diffusing properties
    • G02B5/021Diffusing elements; Afocal elements characterised by the diffusing properties the diffusion taking place at the element's surface, e.g. by means of surface roughening or microprismatic structures
    • G02B5/0226Diffusing elements; Afocal elements characterised by the diffusing properties the diffusion taking place at the element's surface, e.g. by means of surface roughening or microprismatic structures having particles on the surface
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/02Diffusing elements; Afocal elements
    • G02B5/0205Diffusing elements; Afocal elements characterised by the diffusing properties
    • G02B5/0236Diffusing elements; Afocal elements characterised by the diffusing properties the diffusion taking place within the volume of the element
    • G02B5/0242Diffusing elements; Afocal elements characterised by the diffusing properties the diffusion taking place within the volume of the element by means of dispersed particles
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/02Diffusing elements; Afocal elements
    • G02B5/0273Diffusing elements; Afocal elements characterized by the use
    • G02B5/0294Diffusing elements; Afocal elements characterized by the use adapted to provide an additional optical effect, e.g. anti-reflection or filter
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/30Polarising elements
    • G02B5/3025Polarisers, i.e. arrangements capable of producing a definite output polarisation state from an unpolarised input state
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • G02F1/133502Antiglare, refractive index matching layers

Abstract

The present invention relates to an anti-glare film, and a polarizing plate and a display device including the anti-glare film formed by applying, to a transparent base material, an anti-glare coating composition that comprises polymerizable compounds, curing resin including a photo initiator and a solvent, and transparent particles. According to the present invention, the anti-glare film is arranged on the front side of various displays, and adjusts the diffusion of the light reflected from the displays, thereby realizing an excellent anti-glare effect and high blackness. Therefore, since the invention maintains intrinsic clear images of the displays, the invention may usefully be applied to a polarizing plate and a display device.

Description

Anti-dazzle film, the Polarizer with this anti-dazzle film and display device
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of anti-dazzle film, there is the Polarizer of this anti-dazzle film and display device.
Background technology
Anti-dazzle film has the function utilizing the diffuse reflection based on surface projection to reduce the reflection of exterior light, it is configured at various display pannel, the such as surface of liquid crystal display (LCD), plasma display (PDP), Brown tube (CRT) and electroluminescent display (EL) etc., to prevent the minimizing of the contrast caused because of the reflection of exterior light, or prevent the visibility reduction etc. of the display caused because of image reflection from utilizing as object.
Generally on the surface of transparent base, coating is formed containing, for example the anti-glare coating composition of the packing material such as silicon dioxide or resin particle above-mentioned anti-dazzle film.Above-mentioned anti-dazzle film is according to be coated with anti-glare coating composition, there is the surface condensing upon antiglare layer by silicon dioxide etc. to be formed with the anti-dazzle film of concave-convex surface part, and regulate by the thickness of packing material the anti-dazzle film etc. being formed with jog on surface.
But existing anti-dazzle film, when concave-convex surface is serious, because the diffuse reflection of exterior light is serious, although anti-glare is given prominence to, blackness (blackness) reduces, the shortcoming that the contrast with the image of display reduces.On the contrary, when the concave-convex surface of existing anti-dazzle film is more weak, because the abundant diffuse reflection of exterior light can not be made, the anti-glare as the intrinsic object of anti-dazzle film is caused to reduce, the shortcoming that the visibility thus with the picture of display reduces significantly.
Summary of the invention
(1) technical matters that will solve
The present invention, for solving above-mentioned existing issue, its object is to provide a kind of anti-glare excellent and the anti-dazzle film that can maintain high blackness.
Further, another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of Polarizer and the display device that comprise above-mentioned anti-dazzle film.
(2) technical scheme
To achieve these goals, the invention provides a kind of anti-dazzle film, it comprises transparent base and antiglare layer, above-mentioned antiglare layer above-mentioned transparent base one side or two-sided on be coated with anti-glare coating composition and formed, it is characterized in that, the diffuse reflectance (Rd) that above-mentioned anti-dazzle film is represented by following mathematical expression 1 is less than 0.5%.
(mathematical expression 1)
Diffuse reflectance (Rd)=total reflectivity (Rt)-specular reflectance (Rp)
(in above-mentioned mathematical expression 1, total reflectivity is the overall ratio of the reflected light reflected towards all directions, and specular reflectance is with the ratio of the reflected light of the angle mirror-reflection identical with incident angle.)
Above-mentioned anti-glare coating composition is made up of curable resin and light transmission particle, and above-mentioned antiglare layer is preferably and is made up of the lower area that there is light transmission particle and the upper area that there is not light transmission particle.Now, preferably, the thickness that there is not the above-mentioned zone of above-mentioned light transmission particle is 0.3um ~ 15um.
Preferably, the mean grain size of above-mentioned light transmission particle is 1 μm to 10 μm.Above-mentioned light transmission particle, relative to the above-mentioned anti-glare coating composition of overall 100 weight portions, can comprise 0.5 weight portion to 20 weight portion.
Preferably, the reflection vividness of above-mentioned anti-dazzle film is less than 150.
Above-mentioned anti-glare coating composition also can comprise electrically conductive microparticle.
Further, above-mentioned anti-dazzle film also can comprise the forming low-refractive-index layer of the refractive index with 1.25 to 1.45.
In order to realize another object of the present invention, the invention provides a kind of Polarizer, it is characterized in that, there is above-mentioned anti-dazzle film.
In order to realize another object of the present invention, the present invention also provides a kind of display device, it is characterized in that, has above-mentioned anti-dazzle film.
(3) beneficial effect
Anti-dazzle film of the present invention shows low reflection vividness, thus has excellent anti-glare and show excellent blackness.
Therefore, anti-dazzle film of the present invention can be effectively applied to Polarizer and display device.
Embodiment
Below, the present invention is described in detail.
Anti-dazzle film of the present invention comprises transparent base and antiglare layer, above-mentioned antiglare layer above-mentioned transparent base one side or two-sided on be coated with anti-glare coating composition and formed.Now, preferably, the diffuse reflectance (Rd) that above-mentioned anti-dazzle film is represented by following mathematical expression 1 is less than 0.5%.
(mathematical expression 1)
Diffuse reflectance (Rd)=total reflectivity (Rt)-specular reflectance (Rp)
(in above-mentioned mathematical expression 1, total reflectivity is the overall ratio of the reflected light reflected towards all directions, and specular reflectance is with the ratio of the reflected light of the angle mirror-reflection identical with incident angle.)
In foregoing, the total reflectivity (Rt) that diffuse reflectance is defined as the overall ratio of the reflected light reflected towards all directions deducts with the value of the specular reflectance (Rt) of the ratio of the reflected light of the angle mirror-reflection identical with incident angle.According to above-mentioned definition, if diffuse reflectance is little, then show towards the ratio of the light of mirror-reflection direction reflection large, therefore diffuse reflection is not serious.Even if this means reflecting external light, the blackness of anti-dazzle film also can not reduce.On the contrary, if diffuse reflectance is large, then show towards the ratio of the light of mirror-reflection direction reflection little, therefore diffuse reflection is serious, and blackness can reduce thus.
Therefore, in order to provide the display device with high blackness and contrast excellence, the diffuse reflectance of anti-dazzle film is more low more favourable, and preferably, the diffuse reflectance of anti-dazzle film is less than 0.5%, is more preferably less than 0.2%.
The diffuse reflectance recorded in the present invention more can correctly show blackness and anti-glare than the mist degree (%) of the light characteristic of ordinary representation anti-dazzle film.This shows difference in its measuring principle and method.That is, for the mist degree (%) usually measured in anti-dazzle film, generally measure in the transmission mode, ask the formula of mist degree to represent with the ratio of scattering transmissivity with overall transmissivity.In this formula, scattering transmissivity is by specify at JIS(Japanese industry) etc. the light of the above scattering of angle of regulation reflect towards integrating sphere and try to achieve.
Be summarized as follows with the difference of diffuse reflectance that specifies in the present invention in this section.Mist degree is tried to achieve by transmissivity, and the mist degree being therefore difficult to distinguishing assay is the impact of the externals stray of concave-convex surface based on anti-dazzle film, or based on the impact of coating layer scattering-in.Thus, even have the anti-dazzle film of identical mist degree, scattering-in and the externals stray based on concave-convex surface different separately, therefore frequently appear at the situation being visually regarded as distinct film.On the contrary, with regard to the diffuse reflectance related in the present invention, the main reflection measuring anti-dazzle film surface, therefore high with the consistent degree of actual visual experience.Further, with regard to the scattering transmitted light of mist degree, the region of transmission of always advancing more than special angle exceedingly to miss, thus causes the difference with visual experience.On the contrary, with regard to the diffuse reflectance related in the present invention, irreflexive data comprise all numerical value except specular angle, therefore, it is possible to more critically measure blackness and anti-glare.
But when comprising the anti-glare coating fluid of particle with the coating of general method, according to its thickness, although make the size of concave-convex surface part adjusted to a certain extent, diffuse reflectance is difficult to be shown as less than 0.5%.
In the present invention in order to realize this purpose, when forming antiglare layer, use special method that the lower area that there is light transmission particle is separated with the upper area that there is not light transmission particle.Multiple method can be used for realizing this purpose.Such as, after carrying out first time coating with the anti-glare coating fluid comprising light transmission particle, carry out second time coating on top with the transparent coating solution not comprising particle, thus can said structure be obtained.As another one example, after coating comprises the anti-glare coating fluid of light transmission particle, postpone solvent evaporation process, thus also can reach said structure with the method for sedimentation light transmission particle in coating layer.The method of above-mentioned delay solvent evaporation process has the method using high boiling solvent and the method reducing dry air quantity and temperature.
As other physical methods, the method for bottom light transmission particle being induced to coating layer can be used.After making to comprise in light transmission particle the material reacted with magnetic field or electric field, after coating anti-glare coating fluid, apply the bottom that particle is induced to coating layer by magnetic field or electric field, thus can said structure be obtained.
That is, in order to improve anti-glare and blackness simultaneously, need to adjust the coating shape of anti-glare coating composition for the formation of antiglare layer and antiglare layer simultaneously.
Transparent base
As long as above-mentioned transparent base has the plastic sheeting of the transparency, any film can be used.Above-mentioned transparent base can use particularly and be selected from cycloolefin analog derivative and (have monomeric unit, comprise as cycloolefins such as norborene or many rings norborene), cellulose (diacetyl cellulose, tri acetyl cellulose, acetylcellulose butyric ester, isobutyl ester cellulose, propionyl cellulose, butyryl cellulose and acetyl propionyl cellulose) ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polycyclic alkene, polyester, polystyrene, polyamide, polyetherimide, polyacrylic acid, polyimide, polyethersulfone, polysulfones, tygon, polypropylene, polymethylpentene, Polyvinylchloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl acetal, polyetherketone, polyetheretherketone, polyethersulfone, polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, PEN, polycarbonate, material in polyurethane and epoxy resin, and can use do not extend one axle extend or two axle extension films.In above-mentioned illustrative transparent base, preferably use an axle of the transparency and excellent heat resistance or two axle extension polyester films, the transparency and excellent heat resistance and cycloolefin analog derivative film that film maximizes, polymethyl methacrylate film and from transparent and optically do not have anisotropic angle to be more preferably tri acetyl cellulose and isobutyl ester cellophane can be corresponded to.
The thickness of above-mentioned transparent base is not particularly limited, but is preferably 8 μm to 1000 μm, is more preferably 40 μm to 100 μm.If the thickness of above-mentioned transparent base film is less than 8 μm, then thin film strength reduces, and causes processibility to decline, if above-mentioned thickness is more than 1000 μm, then the weight that there will be transparency reduction or Polarizer becomes large problem.
antiglare layer
Above-mentioned antiglare layer utilizes anti-glare coating composition to be formed.Above-mentioned anti-glare coating composition is made up of curable resin and light transmission particle, and above-mentioned antiglare layer is made up of the lower area that there is light transmission particle and the upper area that there is not light transmission particle.
Above-mentioned light transmission particle is not particularly limited, as long as the particle generally can giving anti-glare all can use.
Can use such as above-mentioned light transmission particle: silicon dioxide granule, silicon resin particles, melamine resin particle, acrylic resin particle, acrylicstyrene resin particle, polycarbonate resin particle, polythylene resin particle and vinyl chloride resin particle etc.Above-mentioned illustrative light transmission particle can separately separately or mix two or more and use.
The mean grain size of above-mentioned light transmission particle is preferably 1 μm to 10 μm.If the mean grain size of above-mentioned light transmission particle is less than 1 μm, is then difficult to form jog on the surface of antiglare layer, causes anti-glare to reduce, if be greater than 10 μm, then occur because the surface of antiglare layer becomes the coarse shortcoming causing visibility to reduce.
Further, above-mentioned light transmission particle, relative to the above-mentioned anti-glare coating composition of overall 100 weight portions, preferably comprises 0.5 weight portion to 20 weight portion.If above-mentioned light transmission particle is less than 0.5 weight portion with above-mentioned standard, then anti-glare reduces, if be greater than 20 weight portions, then the albefaction of antiglare layer will be serious.
Above-mentioned curable resin can use the general material used in this field, and preferably, above-mentioned curable resin can use the material comprising polymerizable compound, light trigger and solvent.
Preferably, above-mentioned polymerizable compound comprises the compound with the free-radical polymerised functional group can solidified by light trigger, is particularly preferably and comprises multifunctional (methyl) acrylate.
As the object lesson of above-mentioned multifunctional (methyl) acrylate, dipentaerythritol six (methyl) acrylate can be enumerated, dipentaerythritol five (methyl) acrylate, pentaerythrite four (methyl) acrylate, two trimethylolpropane four (methyl) acrylate, (methyl) acrylate, trimethylolpropane tris (methyl) acrylate, glycerine three (methyl) acrylate, three (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanuric acid ester three (methyl) acrylate, ethylene glycol bisthioglycolate (methyl) acrylate, propylene glycol (methyl) acrylate, 1,3-BDO two (methyl) acrylate, BDO two (methyl) acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol two (methyl) acrylate, neopentyl glycol two (methyl) acrylate, diethylene glycol two (methyl) acrylate, triethylene glycol two (methyl) acrylate, dipropylene glycol two (methyl) acrylate, two (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanuric acid ester two (methyl) acrylate, hydroxyethyl (methyl) acrylate, hydroxypropyl (methyl) acrylate, hydroxyl butyl (methyl) acrylate, iso-octyl (methyl) acrylate, iso-decyl (methyl) acrylate, (methyl) stearyl acrylate acid esters, tetrahydrofurfuryl (methyl) acrylate and Phenoxyethyl (methyl) acrylate.Above-mentioned polymerizable compound at least comprises more than one above-mentioned illustrative multifunctional (methyl) acrylate.
Above-mentioned polymerizable compound is not particularly limited, but relative to the above-mentioned anti-glare coating composition of overall 100 weight portions, is preferably containing 10 weight portion ~ 90 weight portions.Preferably, when the content of above-mentioned polymerizable compound is included within the scope of 10 weight portion ~ 90 weight portions with above-mentioned standard, show excellent anti-glare.
As above-mentioned light trigger, as long as the light trigger that the art uses, use not restriction.Can use particularly as above-mentioned light trigger is selected from by 2-methyl isophthalic acid-[4-(methyl mercapto) phenyl] 2-morpholine acetone-1, diphenylketone benzyl dimethyl ketal, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-ketone, 4-hydroxyl ring phenyl ketone, dimethoxy-2-phenyl acetophenone, anthraquinone, fluorenes, triphenylamine, carbazole, 3-methyl acetophenone, 4-chloroacetophenone, 4, at least one in the group of 4-dimethoxy-acetophenone, 4,4-diaminobenzene ketones and 1-hydroxycyclohexylphenylketone composition.
Above-mentioned light trigger, relative to the anti-glare coating composition of overall 100 weight portions of the present invention, preferably comprises 0.1 weight portion to 10 weight portion.If above-mentioned light trigger is less than 0.1 weight portion, then curing rate is slow, if more than 10 weight portions, then causes due to overcuring macromolecular chain to shorten, antiglare layer can crack.
As required, photosensitizer can be used together with above-mentioned light trigger.As above-mentioned photosensitizer, such as triethylamine, diethylamine, methyldiethanolamine, monoethanolamine, 4-dimethylamino-benzoic acid and IADB etc. can be used.The use amount of above-mentioned photosensitizer need not be restricted, but relative to total use amount 100 weight portion of above-mentioned light trigger, can add 0.5 weight portion to 50 weight portion.
As long as above-mentioned solvent is known solvent in the art, not restriction is used to it.As above-mentioned solvent, preferably use alcohols (methyl alcohol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, butanols, methyl cellosolve and methoxypropanol etc.) or ketone (MEK, methyl butyl ketone, methylisobutylketone, diethyl ketone and dipropyl ketone etc.) etc. particularly.
Above-mentioned solvent is relative to the anti-glare coating composition of 100 weight portions, and it is good for comprising 0.1 weight portion to 80 weight portion.If the content of above-mentioned solvent is less than 0.1 weight portion, then because of the too high reduction operability of viscosity, if be greater than 80 weight portions, then have and consume a lot of time in drying and solidification process, reduce the shortcoming of economy.
The general hybrid inorganic-organic silicon dioxide used in this field also can be used further in above-mentioned curable resin.Material prepared by the hydroxyl multifunctional silane compound comprising multifunctional (methyl) acrylate being chemically attached to silica surface can be exemplified as above-mentioned hybrid inorganic-organic silicon dioxide.
Although above-mentioned hybrid inorganic-organic silicon dioxide is unrestricted, relative to the anti-dazzle coating composition of 100 weight portions, preferably use 5 weight portion to 50 weight portions.When adding hybrid inorganic-organic silicon dioxide in above-mentioned scope, reduce the contraction based on solidification, there is the advantage of crispaturaing that can reduce coated thin film.
Further, in order to give anti-static function at anti-glare coating composition, above-mentioned curable resin also can comprise electrically conductive microparticle.Above-mentioned electrically conductive microparticle can use as antimony tin (ATO), tin indium oxide (ITO), SnO 2, Sb 2o 5, I 2o 3, Au and In 2o 3in conductive metallic particles or all right electroconductive polymer polymkeric substance used further as polythiophene class, polyacetylene class, polyaniline compound and multi-metal polypyrrole etc.
Further, above-mentioned electrically conductive microparticle can also for being chemically attached to surface by the multifunctional silane compound comprising multifunctional (methyl) acrylate and the particulate prepared.
Although above-mentioned electrically conductive microparticle is not particularly limited, relative to the anti-glare coating composition of above-mentioned overall 100 weight portions, preferably comprise 0.5 weight portion to 10 weight portion.When the content of above-mentioned electrically conductive microparticle is less than 0.5 weight portion with above-mentioned standard, do not play anti-static function, when its content is greater than 10 weight portion, there is the shortcoming of permeability reduction.
In addition, curable resin of the present invention also can be included in general antioxidant, UV absorbing agent, light stabilizer, thermal polymerization inhibitor, levelling agent, surfactant, lubricant and the anti fouling agent etc. used in anti-glare coating composition.
Above-mentioned antiglare layer is coated with above-mentioned anti-glare coating composition over the transparent substrate and is formed.Now, the coating of above-mentioned anti-glare coating composition can carry out coating waste water (Coating Process) by suitable methods such as optics coating machine, air knife, reverse roll, sprayer, blade, casting, gravure, micro gravure or rotary coatings.
The coating thickness of above-mentioned anti-glare coating composition not necessarily needs to be restricted, but is generally 3 μm ~ 50 μm, is preferably 5 μm ~ 40m, is more preferably 5 μm ~ 35 μm.
As mentioned above, above-mentioned antiglare layer is made up of with the upper area that there is not light transmission particle the lower area that there is light transmission particle.
The above-mentioned upper area that there is not light transmission particle, such as, can coat anti-glare coating composition after on transparent base, places 10 seconds to 10 minutes, light transmission particle is prepared by being cured after gravity settling before carrying out drying.As another example, the above-mentioned upper area that there is not light transmission particle, above-mentioned anti-glare coating composition can be coated after on transparent base and carry out drying and solidification, the composition of coating except light transmission particle thereon, namely be coated with one deck hardening resin composition, then carry out dry solidification and prepare.
Now, the above-mentioned thickness that there is not the upper area of light transmission particle is preferably 0.3 μm ~ 15 μm.When the above-mentioned thickness that there is not the upper area of light transmission particle is less than 0.3 μm, because the concave-convex surface part of particle is obvious, make diffuse reflection grow, therefore, although it is excellent to there is anti-glare, the problem that blackness significantly reduces, when being greater than 15um, the shape of the concave-convex surface part of particle disappears completely, thus there is the problem of anti-dazzle performance extreme reduction.
Coat anti-glare coating composition on above-mentioned transparent base at the temperature of 30 DEG C to 150 DEG C dry 10 seconds to 2 hours, volatile matter is evaporated, is more preferably 30 seconds to 1 hour.Irradiate UV light to be afterwards cured.The exposure of above-mentioned UV light is preferably about 0.01J/cm 2to 10J/cm 2, be more preferably 0.1J/cm 2to 2J/cm 2.
Above-mentioned anti-dazzle film also can be included in the forming low-refractive-index layer that above-mentioned antiglare layer is formed.
Above-mentioned forming low-refractive-index layer can utilize the general forming low-refractive-index layer formation composition that uses and being formed in this field, and preferably, above-mentioned forming low-refractive-index layer formation composition can use the material be made up of fluorine class, silica-based or Porous.
Preferably, above-mentioned forming low-refractive-index layer is at 25 DEG C, and the scope of refractive index is 1.25 to 1.45.The refractive index of above-mentioned forming low-refractive-index layer lower than 1.25 time, the shortcoming that intensity when there is coating is weak, refractive index higher than 1.45 time, little with the difference of the refractive index of anti-dazzle coating layer, thus can not reflection preventing effect be given full play to.
With regard to above-mentioned anti-dazzle film of the present invention, the thickness that there is not the above-mentioned zone of light transmission particle in antiglare layer is 0.3um ~ 15um, while maintaining below 150 based on the reflection vividness of light transmission particle, concave-convex surface significantly reduces, thus diffuse reflectance can be reduced to less than 0.5%.Therefore, anti-dazzle film of the present invention can obtain the blackness of excellent anti-glare, excellent reflection vividness and excellence.
Reflection vividness is the numerical value of clear picture when representing external light reflection, measures according to the method specified in JIS K 7105.The summation of the image boldness measured relative to each slit of 0.5mm, 1mm, 2mm is in the present invention set to reflection vividness.Be 100 to the maximum relative to the image definition of above-mentioned each slit, the summation of reflection vividness can not more than 300.The more low visibility that more can prevent external light reflection from causing of reflection vividness reduces, and it is good for therefore having low value as far as possible.Reflection vividness is the numerical value shown by the combined influence such as diffuse reflection and surface configuration, and above-mentioned diffuse reflection causes according to the particle used.The visibility evaluation result of multiple film is shown, when reflection vividness is less than 150, is adapted at visually using.
The invention provides the Polarizer with above-mentioned anti-dazzle film.Above-mentioned Polarizer anti-dazzle film of the present invention is carried out lamination at least one side of common Polarizer and formed.
Above-mentioned common Polarizer is not particularly limited, and can use multiple.As above-mentioned common Polarizer, such as, have and 2 look species adsorbs of iodine or 2 look dyestuffs etc. are carried out the polyalkenes orientation films etc. such as the desalination acid treatment thing of the film of an axle extension, the processed thing of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (PVA) or Polyvinylchloride giving on the hydrophilic polymer film such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film of polarisation function or the partly-hydrolysed film of ethene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer analog.The preferred Polarizer be made up of 2 look materials such as polyvinyl alcohol film and iodine in these.
Further, the invention provides the display device with above-mentioned anti-dazzle film.
As an example, the Polarizer with anti-dazzle film of the present invention is built in display device, thus the display device of blackness excellence can be manufactured.Further, also anti-dazzle film of the present invention can be attached on the glass of display device.Anti-dazzle film of the present invention can be preferably used for reflection-type, transmission-type, anti-transmission-type LCD or twisted-nematic (TN:Twisted Nematic) type, supertwist is to row (STN:Super Twisted Nematic) type, optical compensation curved (OCB:Optical Compensation Bend) type, mixing arrangement is to row (HAN:hybrid alignment nematic) type, the LCD of the various type of drive such as vertical orientation (VA:Vertical Alignment) type and plane conversion (IPS:In Plain Switching) type.Further, anti-dazzle film of the present invention also can be preferably used for the various display device of plasma display, Field Emission Display, OLED display, inorganic EL display and Electronic Paper etc.
As follows, based on embodiment, the present invention will be described in more detail, but the example of the present invention of following discloses only illustratively, and scope of the present invention is not limited only to these examples.Scope of the present invention is shown in claims, is especially included in all changes in the meaning and scope that are equal to the record of claims.
embodiment 1
Be the silicon resin particles (Tospearl30 of 3um by the mean grain size of 2.25 weight portions, organosilicon company of Toshiba manufactures) join and disperse in the MEK of 8.25 weight portions after, carry out mixing with the curable resin (DN-0081, JSR company manufactures) of 89.5 weight portions comprising polymerizable compound and solvent, initiating agent and hybrid inorganic-organic silicon dioxide and stir one hour.The anti-glare coating composition utilizing mayer rod above-mentioned stirring to be obtained is coated in transparent base film (80 μm, cellulose triacetate (TAC:Triacetate Cellulose)), carry out the drying of 1 minute at 70 DEG C after, with 700mJ/cm 2be cured, define the first coating layer.Mayer rod is utilized to comprise the curable resin (DN-0081 of polymerizable compound and solvent, initiating agent and hybrid inorganic-organic silicon dioxide in the coating of the top of this first coating layer, JSR company manufactures) composition, make in antiglare layer, do not have the thickness in the region of light transmission particle to reach 2um, thus prepare the anti-dazzle film that diffuse reflectance is 0.12%.Now, diffuse reflectance is determined according to the method recorded in following experimental example.
embodiment 2
Be the silicon resin particles (Tospearl145 of 4.5um by the mean grain size of 2.25 weight portions, organosilicon company of Toshiba manufactures) join and disperse in the MEK of 8.25 weight portions after, carry out mixing with the curable resin (DN-0081, JSR company manufactures) of 89.5 weight portions comprising polymerizable compound and solvent, initiating agent and hybrid inorganic-organic silicon dioxide and stir one hour.The anti-glare coating composition utilizing mayer rod above-mentioned stirring to be obtained is coated in transparent base film (80 μm, cellulose triacetate (TAC:Triacetate Cellulose)), at 70 DEG C after dry one minute, with 700mJ/cm 2be cured, thus define the first coating layer.Mayer rod is utilized to comprise the curable resin (DN-0081 of polymerizable compound and solvent, initiating agent and hybrid inorganic-organic silicon dioxide in the coating of the top of this first coating layer, JSR company manufactures) composition, make in antiglare layer, do not have the thickness in the region of light transmission particle to reach 3um, thus prepare the anti-dazzle film that diffuse reflectance is 0.11%.Now, diffuse reflectance is determined according to the method recorded in following experimental example.
embodiment 3
Be the silicon resin particles (Tospearl30 of 3um by the mean grain size of 1.43 weight portions, organosilicon company of Toshiba manufactures) join and disperse in the MEK of 6.40 weight portions after, carry out mixing with the curable resin (EC190-03, Ke Liya (Kriya) company manufactures) of 92.17 weight portions of the ATO particulate comprising polymerizable compound and solvent, initiating agent and there is on surface as electrically conductive microparticle multifunctional (methyl) acrylate and stir one hour.The anti-glare coating composition utilizing mayer rod above-mentioned stirring to be obtained is coated in transparent base film (80 μm, cellulose triacetate (TAC:Triacetate Cellulose)), at 70 DEG C after dry one minute, with 700mJ/cm 2be cured, thus form the first coating layer.Mayer rod is utilized to comprise polymerizable compound and solvent, initiating agent in the coating of the top of this first coating layer and have the curable resin (EC190-03 of ATO particulate of multifunctional (methyl) acrylate as electrically conductive microparticle on surface, Kriya company manufactures) composition, make in antiglare layer, do not have the thickness in the region of light transmission particle to reach 2um, thus prepare the anti-dazzle film that diffuse reflectance is 0.14%.Now, diffuse reflectance is determined according to the method recorded in following experimental example.
embodiment 4
Be the silicon resin particles (Tospearl145 of 4.5um by the mean grain size of 1.43 weight portions, organosilicon company of Toshiba manufactures) to join in the MEK of 6.40 weight portions and after disperseing, carry out mixing with the curable resin (EC190-03, Kriya company manufactures) of 92.17 weight portions of the ATO particulate comprising polymerizable compound and solvent, initiating agent and there is on surface as electrically conductive microparticle multifunctional (methyl) acrylate and stir one hour.The anti-glare coating composition utilizing mayer rod above-mentioned stirring to be obtained is coated in transparent base film (80 μm, cellulose triacetate (TAC:Triacetate Cellulose)), carry out the drying of a minute at 70 DEG C after, with 700mJ/cm 2be cured, thus define the first coating layer.Mayer rod is utilized to comprise polymerizable compound and solvent, initiating agent in the coating of the top of this first coating layer and have the curable resin (EC190-03 of ATO particulate of multifunctional (methyl) acrylate as electrically conductive microparticle on surface, Kriya company manufactures) composition, make in antiglare layer, do not have the thickness in the region of light transmission particle to reach 3um, thus prepare the anti-dazzle film that diffuse reflectance is 0.13%.Now, diffuse reflectance is determined according to the method recorded in following experimental example.
embodiment 5
Be the silicon resin particles (Tospearl45 of 4.5um by the mean grain size of 2.25 weight portions, organosilicon company of Toshiba manufactures) to join in the 1-Methoxy-2-propyl acetate (PGMEA) of 8.25 weight portions and after disperseing, carry out mixing with the curable resin (DN-0081, JSR company manufactures) of 89.5 weight portions comprising polymerizable compound and solvent, initiating agent and hybrid inorganic-organic silicon dioxide and stir one hour.The anti-glare coating composition utilizing mayer rod above-mentioned stirring to be obtained coats transparent base film (80 μm, cellulose triacetate (TAC:Triacetate Cellulose)) on, and at normal temperatures slowly after dry 10 minutes, carry out two minutes bone dries to residual solvent at 100 DEG C after, with 700mJ/cm 2be cured, make in antiglare layer, do not have the thickness in the region of light transmission particle to reach 0.5um, thus prepare the anti-dazzle film that diffuse reflectance is 0.4%.Now, diffuse reflectance is determined according to the method recorded in following experimental example.
embodiment 6
Be the silicon resin particles (Tospearl30 of 3um by the mean grain size of 2.25 weight portions, organosilicon company of Toshiba manufactures) to join in the 1-Methoxy-2-propyl acetate of 8.25 weight portions (PGMEA) and after disperseing, carry out mixing with the curable resin (DN-0081, JSR company manufactures) of 89.5 weight portions comprising polymerizable compound and solvent, initiating agent and hybrid inorganic-organic silicon dioxide and stir one hour.The anti-glare coating composition utilizing mayer rod above-mentioned stirring to be obtained coats transparency carrier film (80 μm, cellulose triacetate (TAC:Triacetate Cellulose)) on, at normal temperatures slowly after dry 10 minutes, carry out two minutes bone dries to residual solvent at 100 DEG C after, with 700mJ/cm 2be cured, make in antiglare layer, do not have the thickness in the region of light transmission particle to reach 1.5um, thus prepare the anti-dazzle film that diffuse reflectance is 0.3%.Now, diffuse reflectance is determined according to the method recorded in following experimental example.
embodiment 7
Be the silicon resin particles (Tospearl20 of 2um by the mean grain size of 2.25 weight portions, organosilicon company of Toshiba manufactures) after the 1-Methoxy-2-propyl acetate (PGMEA) that joins 8.25 weight portions disperses, carry out mixing with the curable resin (DN-0081, JSR company manufactures) of 89.5 weight portions comprising polymerizable compound and solvent, initiating agent and hybrid inorganic-organic silicon dioxide and stir one hour.The anti-glare coating composition utilizing mayer rod above-mentioned stirring to be obtained coats transparent base film (80 μm, cellulose triacetate (TAC:Triacetate Cellulose)) on, at normal temperatures slowly after dry 10 minutes, carry out two minutes bone dries to residual solvent at 100 DEG C after, with 700mJ/cm 2be cured, make in antiglare layer, do not have the thickness in the region of light transmission particle to reach 2um, thus prepare the anti-dazzle film that diffuse reflectance is 0.25%.Now, diffuse reflectance is determined according to the method recorded in following experimental example.
embodiment 8
Be the silicon resin particles (Tospearl30 of 3um by the mean grain size of 2.25 weight portions, organosilicon company of Toshiba manufactures) to join in the MEK of 8.25 weight portions and after disperseing, carry out mixing with the curable resin (DN-0081, JSR company manufactures) of 89.5 weight portions comprising polymerizable compound and solvent, initiating agent and hybrid inorganic-organic silicon dioxide and stir one hour.The anti-glare coating composition utilizing mayer rod above-mentioned stirring to be obtained is coated in transparent base film (80 μm, cellulose triacetate (TAC:Triacetate Cellulose)), at 70 DEG C after dry one minute, with 700mJ/cm 2be cured, thus define the first coating layer.Mayer rod (Mayer bar) is utilized to comprise the curable resin (DN-0081 of polymerizable compound and solvent, initiating agent and hybrid inorganic-organic silicon dioxide in the coating of the top of this first coating layer, JSR company manufactures) composition, make in antiglare layer, do not have the thickness in the region of light transmission particle to reach 0.4um, thus manufactured the anti-dazzle film that diffuse reflectance is 0.28%.Now, diffuse reflectance is determined according to the method recorded in following experimental example.
embodiment 9
By the silicon resin particles (Tospearl30 of the mean grain size 3um of 2.25 weight portions, organosilicon company of Toshiba manufactures) to join in 8.25 weight portion MEKs and after disperseing, carry out mixing with the curable resin (DN-0081, JSR company manufactures) of 89.5 weight portions comprising polymerizable compound and solvent, initiating agent and hybrid inorganic-organic silicon dioxide and stir one hour.The anti-glare coating composition utilizing mayer rod above-mentioned stirring to be obtained is coated on transparent base film (80 μm, cellulose triacetate (TAC:Triacetate Cellulose)), at 70 DEG C after dry one minute, with 700mJ/cm 2be cured, thus define the first coating layer.Mayer rod is utilized to comprise the curable resin (DN-0081 of polymerizable compound and solvent, initiating agent and hybrid inorganic-organic silicon dioxide in the coating of the top of this first coating layer, JSR company manufactures) composition, make in antiglare layer, do not have the thickness in the region of light transmission particle to reach 10um, thus prepare the anti-dazzle film that diffuse reflectance is 0.07%.Now, diffuse reflectance is determined according to the method recorded in following experimental example.
embodiment 10
Be that the polymethylmethacrylate particle (Japanese ponding company manufacture) of 3um to join in the MEK of 8.25 weight portions and after disperseing by the mean grain size of 2.25 weight portions, carry out mixing with the curable resin (DN-0081, JSR company manufactures) of 89.5 weight portions comprising polymerizable compound and solvent, initiating agent and hybrid inorganic-organic silicon dioxide and stir one hour.The anti-glare coating composition utilizing mayer rod above-mentioned stirring to be obtained is coated in transparent base film (80 μm, cellulose triacetate (TAC:Triacetate Cellulose)), at 70 DEG C after dry one minute, with 700mJ/cm 2be cured, thus define the first coating layer.Mayer rod is utilized to comprise the curable resin (DN-0081 of polymerizable compound and solvent, initiating agent and hybrid inorganic-organic silicon dioxide in the coating of the top of this first coating layer, JSR company manufactures) composition, make in antiglare layer, do not have the thickness in the region of light transmission particle to reach 2um, thus prepare the anti-dazzle film that diffuse reflectance is 0.09%.Now, diffuse reflectance is determined according to the method recorded in following experimental example.
embodiment 11
Be that the polymethylmethacrylate-polystyrene copolymerization particle (Japanese ponding company manufacture) of 3um to join in the MEK of 8.25 weight portions and after disperseing by the mean grain size of 2.25 weight portions, carry out mixing with the curable resin (DN-0081, JSR company manufactures) of 89.5 weight portions comprising polymerizable compound and solvent, initiating agent and hybrid inorganic-organic silicon dioxide and stir one hour.The anti-glare coating composition utilizing mayer rod above-mentioned stirring to be obtained is coated in transparent base film (80 μm, cellulose triacetate (TAC:Triacetate Cellulose)), at 70 DEG C after dry one minute, with 700mJ/cm 2be cured, thus define the first coating layer.Mayer rod is utilized to comprise the curable resin (DN-0081 of polymerizable compound and solvent, initiating agent and hybrid inorganic-organic silicon dioxide in the coating of the top of this first coating layer, JSR company manufactures) composition, make in antiglare layer, do not have the thickness in the region of light transmission particle to reach 2um, thus prepare the anti-dazzle film that diffuse reflectance is 0.15%.Now, diffuse reflectance is determined according to the method recorded in following experimental example.
comparative example 1
Be the silicon resin particles (Tospearl30 of 3um by the mean grain size of 2.25 weight portions, organosilicon company of Toshiba manufactures) to join in the MEK of 8.25 weight portions and after disperseing, carry out mixing and stirring one hour with the curable resin (DN-0081, JSR company manufactures) of 89.5 weight portions comprising polymerizable compound and solvent, initiating agent and hybrid inorganic-organic silicon dioxide.Utilize the anti-glare coating composition that above-mentioned stirring obtain of mayer rod to coat on transparency carrier film (80 μm, cellulose triacetate (TAC:Triacetate Cellulose)), drying after a minute at 70 DEG C immediately, with 700mJ/cm 2be cured, thus prepare the anti-dazzle film that diffuse reflectance is 1.52%.Now, diffuse reflectance is determined according to the method recorded in following experimental example.
comparative example 2
Be the silicon resin particles (Tospearl30 of 3um by the mean grain size of 2.25 weight portions, organosilicon company of Toshiba manufactures) to join in the MEK of 8.25 weight portions and after disperseing, carry out mixing with the curable resin (DN-0081, JSR company manufactures) of 89.5 weight portions comprising polymerizable compound and solvent, initiating agent and hybrid inorganic-organic silicon dioxide and stir one hour.The anti-glare coating composition utilizing mayer rod above-mentioned stirring to be obtained is coated in transparent base film (80 μm, cellulose triacetate (TAC:Triacetate Cellulose)), at 70 DEG C after dry one minute, with 700mJ/cm 2be cured, thus define the first coating layer.Utilize mayer rod this first time coating layer top coating comprise the curable resin (DN-0081 of polymerizable compound and solvent, initiating agent and hybrid inorganic-organic silicon dioxide, JSR company manufactures) composition, make do not have the thickness of the resin area of particle to reach 0.2um, thus prepare the anti-dazzle film that diffuse reflectance is 1.09%.Now, diffuse reflectance is determined according to the method recorded in following experimental example.
comparative example 3
Be the silicon resin particles (Tospearl30 of 3um by the mean grain size of 1.43 weight portions, organosilicon company of Toshiba manufactures) to join in the MEK of 6.40 weight portions and after stirring, carry out mixing with the curable resin (EC190-03, Kriya company manufactures) of 92.17 weight portions of the ATO particulate comprising polymerizable compound and solvent, initiating agent and there is on surface as electrically conductive microparticle multifunctional (methyl) acrylate and stir one hour.Utilize the anti-glare coating composition that above-mentioned stirring obtain of mayer rod to coat in transparent base film (80 μm, cellulose triacetate (TAC:Triacetate Cellulose)), drying after a minute at 70 DEG C immediately, with 700mJ/cm 2be cured, thus prepare the anti-dazzle film that diffuse reflectance is 2.13%.Now, diffuse reflectance is determined according to the method recorded in following experimental example.
comparative example 4
Be the silicon resin particles (Tospearl30 of 3um by the mean grain size of 1.43 weight portions, organosilicon company of Toshiba manufactures) to join in the MEK of 6.40 weight portions and after disperseing, carry out mixing with the curable resin (EC190-03, Kriya company manufactures) of 92.17 weight portions of the ATO particulate comprising polymerizable compound and solvent, initiating agent and there is on surface as electrically conductive microparticle multifunctional (methyl) acrylate and stir one hour.The anti-glare coating composition utilizing mayer rod above-mentioned stirring to be obtained is coated in transparent base film (80 μm, cellulose triacetate (TAC:Triacetate Cellulose)), at 70 DEG C after dry one minute, with 700mJ/cm 2be cured, thus define the first coating layer.Mayer rod is utilized to comprise polymerizable compound and solvent, initiating agent in the coating of the top of this first coating layer and have the curable resin (EC190-03 of ATO particulate of multifunctional (methyl) acrylate as electrically conductive microparticle on surface, Kriya company manufactures) composition, make do not have the thickness of the resin area of particle to reach 0.2um, thus prepare the final anti-dazzle film that diffuse reflectance is 1.13%.Now, diffuse reflectance is determined according to the method recorded in following experimental example.
Experimental example
By following method, have rated the total reflectivity of anti-dazzle film obtained in above-described embodiment 1 to embodiment 11 and comparative example 1 to comparative example 4, specular reflectance, diffuse reflectance, reflection vividness, anti-glare and blackness, the results are shown in following table 1 to table 3.
1. total reflectivity (Rt)
Integrating sphere type spectrophotometer (CM-3700d, Konica Minolta company manufactures) is utilized to determine total reflectivity.
2. specular reflectance (Rp)
Albedometer (UV-2450, Shimadzu Corporation manufactures) is utilized to determine specular reflectance.
3. diffuse reflectance (Rd)
Utilize in the above-mentioned total reflectivity (Rt) that measures respectively and specular reflectance (Rp), try to achieve diffuse reflectance (Rd) by following mathematical expression 1.
Mathematical expression 1
Diffuse reflectance (Rd)=total reflectivity (Rt)-specular reflectance (Rp)
4. reflect vividness
Sharpness analyzer (ICM-1T, Japan thinks good (Suga) company and manufactures) is utilized to determine the reflection vividness of anti-dazzle film.
Reflection vividness: for the summation of the image definition of 0.5mm, 1.0mm, 2.0mm slit
5. anti-glare
Utilize cementing agent to be bonded on black acrylic board by obtained anti-dazzle film, make three wavelength desk lamp light reflections, see the degree evaluation of the shape of desk lamp light anti-glare with clear.
Anti-glare ◎: the interface of light can not be drawn with straight line because shape sinks
Anti-glare zero: the interface that can draw light with straight line
Anti-glare X: the shape clearly can seeing desk lamp light
6. blackness (blackness)
After utilizing cementing agent that the anti-dazzle film of manufacture is bonded in black acrylic board, make the light reflection of three wavelength desk lamps, with the naked eye have rated the black degree of film.
Blackness ◎: be visible as black
Blackness zero: be visible as lead
Blackness △: be visible as Intermediate grey
Blackness X: be visible as bright grey
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Comparative example 1 Comparative example 2 Comparative example 3 Comparative example 4
Total reflectivity (%) 4.46 4.43 4.47 4.44
Specular reflectance (%) 2.94 3.24 2.34 3.31
Diffuse reflectance (%) 1.52 1.09 2.13 1.13
Blackness X X
Reflection vividness 22.0 55.3 26.2 60.6
Anti-glare
As shown in above-mentioned table 1 to table 3, while antiglare layer formation does not comprise the region of light transmission particle, diffuse reflectance is made to reach the embodiment of 0.5% below for according to the present invention, can confirm that the comparative example that its anti-glare is not only greater than 0.5% than diffuse reflectance is more outstanding, also present high blackness (blackness).

Claims (8)

1. an anti-dazzle film, it comprises transparent base and antiglare layer, described antiglare layer described transparent base one side or two-sided on be coated with anti-glare coating composition and formed, it is characterized in that,
Described anti-glare coating composition comprises curable resin and light transmission particle, and described antiglare layer is made up of the lower area that there is light transmission particle and the upper area that there is not light transmission particle;
The curable resin of described lower area is identical with the curable resin of described upper area;
The diffuse reflectance Rd represented by following mathematical expression 1 in described anti-dazzle film is less than 0.2%;
Mathematical expression 1
Diffuse reflectance Rd=total reflectivity Rt-specular reflectance Rp
In above-mentioned mathematical expression 1, total reflectivity is the overall ratio of the reflected light reflected towards all directions, and specular reflectance is with the ratio of the reflected light of the angle mirror-reflection identical with incident angle.
2. anti-dazzle film according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the thickness that there is not the upper area of described light transmission particle is 0.3 μm ~ 15 μm.
3. anti-dazzle film according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the reflection vividness of described anti-dazzle film is less than 150.
4. anti-dazzle film according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the mean grain size of described light transmission particle is 1 μm to 10 μm.
5. anti-dazzle film according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described light transmission particle comprises 0.5 to 20 weight portion relative to the described anti-glare coating composition of overall 100 weight portions.
6. anti-dazzle film according to claim 3, is characterized in that, described anti-glare coating composition also comprises electrically conductive microparticle.
7. a Polarizer, is characterized in that, has the anti-dazzle film in claim 1 to 6 described in any one.
8. a display device, is characterized in that, has the anti-dazzle film in claim 1 to 6 described in any one.
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