CN102721386B - Method for calculating hole diameter of assembling holes of steel members - Google Patents
Method for calculating hole diameter of assembling holes of steel members Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN102721386B CN102721386B CN201210192239.4A CN201210192239A CN102721386B CN 102721386 B CN102721386 B CN 102721386B CN 201210192239 A CN201210192239 A CN 201210192239A CN 102721386 B CN102721386 B CN 102721386B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- tolerance
- hole
- circle
- diameter
- aperture
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Landscapes
- Insertion Pins And Rivets (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for calculating the hole diameter of assembling holes of steel members. The method is used for calculating the hole diameters of the assembling holes (2) needing to be paired for two or more than two steel members (1). According to the diameter and the used tolerance of the traditional connector, the hole diameters are respectively calculated; when the round tolerance phi alpha is used, D hole=D pole + alpha; and when the square tolerance alpha<2> is used, D'=D'+sqrt(2) alpha. The method disclosed by the invention has the advantages that for the hole diameters of drilling holes calculated by the method, the phenomenon that the selection of certain hole diameters is not reasonable is avoided; under the condition of guaranteeing the tolerance, the members have extremely-high punching rate in assembly, and the defects that due to the reason, the punching rate is lower, a great amount of reworking is caused, and great loss also can be caused can be improved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of steel member pilot hole aperture computing method.
Background technology
The installation assembling of most steel construction connects, is mainly bolt-connection and welding, and wherein occupies most ratio with bolt-connection.In the batch structure steel fabrication of batch production, no matter any drill process, because many factors makes the pore-forming center processing, always produces certain error with design Kong Wei center, must be taking the X of member, Y-axis rectangular coordinate as benchmark, place-centric line and tolerance thereof that design is portalled.Whether the position that is drilled to hole is qualified, generally taking member X, Y-axis coordinate as reference, the error amount of pore-forming centre distance is measured and compared to understand and judge with the tolerance value of position, hole, and described position, hole tolerance comprises position, two kinds of holes tolerance, be i.e. round tolerance and square tolerance.
As shown in Figure 1, in centerline hole x, y axle bed mark, to design given circular tolerance be φ 1.0, in figure, gets part ready.As figure have arbitrary diameter be D1 central point of hole O1, drop in the circular tolerance of φ 1.0, thereby this hole should be qualified hole, and other Kong centers are dropped on the edge of circular tolerance φ 1.0 as O2, O3, O4, its error amount is equal to the limit deviation of hole tolerance---and unidirectional plus or minus deviate, also should be qualified hole.This position, hole tolerance form, is generally applied to machine industry, and the tolerance marking is called position degree.Here, Jiang Kong center the border circular areas that a little allows variation, with reference to the image name of tolerance " band ", is defined as temporarily " tolerance circle ".And tolerance side is similar with tolerance circle method, only its tolerance range is a tolerance side, and as shown in Figure 2, hole heart O5, O6, O7, O8 drop on the hole in square tolerance range, are qualified hole.
General ideal fit, is that the single hole that two members match mutually overlaps completely, then it is also fastening to penetrate the securing member equating with hole nominal diameter.Because there is mismachining tolerance or limit tolerance, round tolerance described above or square tolerance, so in the time that the line x of reference center, the y axle of member overlap completely, pairing hole on member generally can not overlap completely, there is respectively the skew at Dui Kong center, the steel member (1) on upper strata as shown in Figure 3 and the steel member (1) of lower floor, there is the deviation with center line in their pilot hole (2), so be difficult to continue to pass through two pilot holes (2) with the isodiametric securing member of pilot hole (2) (3) (used herein is bolt).The above-mentioned situation of existing consideration, increases screw, the practice that screw rod is facilitated penetration of, but fail to carry out the calculating of system science, when member is installed, percentage of perforation is lower, or installation dislocation is too large, has caused a large amount of doing over again, and sometimes also can bring immeasurable loss.
Summary of the invention
Object of the present invention is to overcome present technical deficiency, and a kind of steel member pilot hole computing method are provided, and solves and calculates not science because of aperture, causes the problem that percentage of perforation is lower.
The present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:
Steel member pilot hole aperture computing method, need to organize the calculating in right pilot hole aperture for two or more steel members, comprise the following steps:
A, determine that the diameter of securing member is
, and the tolerance T of when boring application;
The center, predetermined hole of b, all steel members is consistent, can obtain a tolerance range according to the tolerance T of step a, and the center of this tolerance range overlaps with center, predetermined hole;
C, according to boring requirement, the hole heart of pore-forming must, in the scope of tolerance range, could be calculated qualified hole, so the Kong Xinjun of the pilot hole of all steel members drops in tolerance range;
D, the unlimited steel member of general carry out superimposed, and the conclusion obtaining according to step c, because rocking of pilot hole obtains the actual effect hole that a region diminishes;
E, make securing member can pass actual effect hole, obtain the diameter of the maximum inscribed circle in actual effect hole
equal the diameter of securing member
;
F, basis
calculate the aperture of pilot hole
.
Further, above-mentioned tolerance is circle tolerance φ α or square tolerance α
2:
(1) when tolerance T is circle tolerance φ α, obtaining tolerance range is the tolerance circle of diameter α, so the hole heart of pilot hole rocks in tolerance circle, the maximum distance of the hole heart deviation of any two pilot holes equals tolerance diameter of a circle α, obtains the diameter of the maximum inscribed circle in actual effect hole
=
-α, can calculate the relation of the aperture of pilot hole and the diameter of securing member
=
+ α.
(2) as the tolerance T side of being tolerance α
2, obtain the tolerance side that tolerance range is length of side α, so the hole heart of pilot hole rocks in tolerance side, the maximum distance of the hole heart deviation of any two pilot holes equals the diagonal line of tolerance side
α, obtains the diameter of the maximum inscribed circle in actual effect hole
=
-
α, can calculate the relation of the aperture of pilot hole and the diameter of securing member
=
+
α.
Above-mentioned securing member is bolt, pin or rivet.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows: by system science increase the aperture of pilot hole, avoided some aperture to choose unreasonable phenomenon, in the situation that ensureing tolerance, reach the effect in member assembling with high percentage of perforation; And disclose the difference in tolerance garden and tolerance drill with ferrule hole, and two kinds of method borings can form different Resistance, and therefore two boring methods can not be used with.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the tolerance circle in machine-building;
Fig. 2 is the tolerance side in machine-building;
Fig. 3 is pilot hole deviation schematic diagram in the assembling of steel member;
Fig. 4 is the hole bitmap while assembling in steel member assembling;
Fig. 5 is " hole is shaken little " the phenomenon schematic diagram forming in assembling process by the pilot hole of tolerance circle processing;
Fig. 6 is " bar shakes large " the phenomenon schematic diagram forming in assembling process by the pilot hole of tolerance circle processing;
Fig. 7 is " hole is shaken little " the phenomenon schematic diagram forming in assembling process by the pilot hole of tolerance side's processing;
Fig. 8 is " bar shakes large " the phenomenon schematic diagram forming in assembling process by the pilot hole of tolerance side's processing;
Fig. 9 is the Resistance forming by the drilling of tolerance circle;
Figure 10 is the Resistance forming by the drilling of tolerance side;
In figure, 1-steel member, 2-pilot hole, 3-securing member, 4-tolerance side, 5-actual effect hole, 6-tolerance circle, 7-actual effect bar.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, the present invention is described in further detail:
First we discuss the aperture of pilot hole 2
diameter with screw rod
when equally large, use nominal screw rod and nominal pore size, the reason that percentage of perforation is very low, we are respectively according to the round tolerance φ α location in Fig. 5, Fig. 6, and square tolerance α in Fig. 7, Fig. 8
2orientate example as:
(1) according to the round tolerance φ α location in Fig. 5, Fig. 6, in figure, dotted line is that tolerance circle 6, Fig. 6 is the hole on the steel member of upper end, and first this hole penetrates body of bolt, represents screw diameter, and is made as screw hole.Fig. 5 is the pairing hole in lower-end member, is made as and is perforated.And the size of this two steel component hole is identical, tolerance is consistent.In Fig. 5, have as seen one in tolerance circle 6 limit, with O
2centered by point circle, its edge line represents with double dotted line, represents above-mentioned hole.Circle O
2the deviation of reference center's line is equaled to the radius of tolerance circle 6, circle O
2circumferential edges be ob to its reference center's minor increment, ultimate range is oa.As seen from the figure, in the member of batch machining, also just like arbitrary hole center O
1, and some other limit deviations on central point of hole O
3, O
4may be out processed, all out-of-size circles 6 not of these central points, and " rock " around reference point O, dynamically because batch part individuality, time and position, hole change total envelope circle in a limit, hole that forms, in Fig. 5, solid line is interior envelope circle, virtually the design aperture of mutually assembling cooperation has been dwindled.The minimum actual effect aperture of this batch combination assembling is actual effect hole 5, is interior envelope circular diameter.This phenomenon, can be described as " hole is shaken little ".The aperture in actual effect hole 5
for:
=
-α is wherein:
for nominal bore dia, α is bore position tolerance circle 6 diameters.
In addition, in Fig. 6, there is the pilot hole of a size with Fig. 5, its central point O
5, on tolerance circle 6 extreme positions identical with Fig. 5, this is upper component plate hole, and aforementioned this hole represents bolt, and size and the bolt in hole are isometrical.Equally, in figure, also has arbitrary hole center O
6, O
7, O
8may be out processed, all out-of-size circles 6 not of these central points, are qualified hole.All " rock " around reference point O, the bore edges of its extreme position is to minor increment and the ultimate range of reference center, as the ob in figure and oa.Visible, rocking of these outside ultimate ranges in limit, some holes, dynamically form an external envelope circle, in Fig. 6, solid line is external envelope circle, and limit, hole is also the face of cylinder of screw rod, virtually screw diameter chap is become to large, the maximum actual effect bar footpath of this assembling is actual effect bar 7, is its external envelope diameter of a circle.This phenomenon, can be described as " bar shakes large ".The actual effect bar 7 of its assembling is:
D
actual effect bar=
+ α
As seen from the above analysis: with regard to combination assembling be perforated with screw hole with regard to, when its boring aperture, position, hole tolerance identical, and while being nominal screw rod and nominal pore size, qualified even if inspection hole is.After their center line x, y axle are overlapped completely, because mismachining tolerance exists, hole rolling is little, bar shakes large this phenomenon, and the maximum screw rod in Fig. 6, is difficult to through the minimum aperture in Fig. 5.Thereby in the assembling of batch drilling, with extremum method reasoning, its percentage of perforation is very little.
In order to adapt to mismachining tolerance or the caused hole of tolerance, position, hole is rocked, and ensure definitely passing of body of bolt and hole, must design certain interporal lacuna.Above-mentioned minimum actual effect aperture and maximum actual effect bar footpath, also can be referred to as minimum dynamic aperture and maximum dynamically bar.Make maximum rod pass minimum aperture, minimum actual effect aperture must be increased to unanimously with maximum actual effect bar footpath, can eliminate barrier zones, as shown in Figure 9, external envelope circle justify with interior envelope between shade position be barrier zones:
Δ
yuan Zu district=D
actual effect bar-D
actual effect hole=(
+ α)-(
-α)
Δ
yuan Zu district=2 α
1-1
As worn with nominal
or screw rod
with its actual effect aperture ratio, should increase its gap simultaneously and be
δ
circle gap=Δ
yuan Zu district/ 2=α
1-2
Therefore,, in theory as long as ensure to have between screw rod and hole the minimum clearance of α, when bore position error is less than or equal to α, to the member plate hole assembling in batches, the bolt of its assembling just can all pass, and reaches 100% percentage of perforation.
Therefore δ
circle gap>=α, should be tolerance and justifies the Main Basis of the fit-up gap of location.
(2) the square tolerance α and in Fig. 7, Fig. 8
2orientate example as, in figure, dotted line is tolerance side 4, is being perforated of processing by tolerance side in Fig. 7, and Fig. 8 is that the size in two figure holes is all consistent with machining tolerance by the screw hole of tolerance side's processing.By tolerance side α
2detect that Fig. 7 some are perforated and some screw holes of Fig. 8 are qualified hole.The phenomenon that has equally above-mentioned " hole shake little, bar shake large ", difference is to rock by the qualified hole of square limit system inspection, the comparison with circle tolerance, not only causes the size variation in hole, also causes the change of shape in hole.
Solid line part in Fig. 7, that is permitted by hole tolerance rocks the interior envelope figure forming, and is an arc limit quadrilateral, and the aperture in the actual effect hole, minimum actual effect aperture 5 when its assembling is:
=
-
α is wherein:
for nominal bore dia, α is hole site tolerance side α
2length of side α.
And solid line part in Fig. 7, that is permitted by hole tolerance rocks the square enveloping outer enclosure figure forming, and is a fillet quadrilateral, and the diameter of the maximum actual effect bar footpath actual effect bar 7 when its assembling is:
D '
actual effect bar=
+
α
In order to adapt to mismachining tolerance or the caused hole of tolerance, position, hole is rocked, ensure that maximum rod passes minimum aperture, minimum actual effect aperture must be increased to consistent with maximum actual effect bar footpath, can eliminate barrier zones, as shown in Figure 9, shade between enveloping outer enclosure and interior envelope is Resistance, and its breadth extreme is
Δ '
sheet resistance district=D '
actual effect bar-D '
actual effect hole=
+
α-
-
α
Δ '
sheet resistance district=2
α
2-3
As being perforated with nominal or screw hole and its comparison of its actual effect aperture, should increasing its gap be simultaneously
δ '
gap, side=Δ '
sheet resistance district/ 2=
α
2-4
Therefore, have between screw rod and hole as long as ensure in theory
the minimum clearance of α, bore position error≤α
tolerance, to the member plate hole assembling in batches, the bolt of its assembling just can all pass, and reaches 100% percentage of perforation.
Thereby δ '
gap, side>=
α, should be the major control foundation of the fit-up gap of tolerance side location.
By discussion above, we can obtain steel member pilot hole aperture computing method, and two or more steel members 1 need to be organized the calculating in right pilot hole 2 apertures, as shown in Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 7, comprise the following steps:
A, determine that the diameter of securing member 3 is
, and the tolerance T of when boring application, securing member 3 can be bolt, pin or rivet;
The center, predetermined hole of b, all steel members 1 is consistent, can obtain a tolerance range according to the tolerance T of step a, and the center of this tolerance range overlaps with center, predetermined hole;
C, according to boring requirement, the hole heart of pore-forming must, in the scope of tolerance range, could be calculated qualified hole, so the Kong Xinjun of the pilot hole 2 of all steel members 1 drops in tolerance range;
D, the unlimited steel member 1 of general carry out superimposed, and the conclusion obtaining according to step c, because rocking of pilot hole obtains the actual effect hole 5 that a region diminishes;
E, make securing member 3 can pass actual effect hole 5, obtain the diameter of the maximum inscribed circle in actual effect hole 5
equal the diameter of securing member
;
F, basis
calculate the aperture of pilot hole
.
Further, above-mentioned tolerance T is circle tolerance φ α or square tolerance α
2:
(1) when tolerance T is circle tolerance φ α, obtaining tolerance range is the tolerance circle 6 of diameter α, so the hole heart of pilot hole 2 rocks in tolerance circle 6, the maximum distance of the hole heart deviation of any two pilot holes 2 equals the diameter α of tolerance circle 6, obtains the diameter of the maximum inscribed circle in actual effect hole 5
=
-α, can calculate the relation of the aperture of pilot hole 2 and the diameter of securing member
>=
+ α.
(2) as the tolerance T side of being tolerance α
2, obtaining tolerance range is the tolerance side 4 of length of side α, so the hole heart of pilot hole 2 rocks in tolerance side 4, the maximum distance of the hole heart deviation of any two pilot holes 2 equals the diagonal line of tolerance side 4
α, obtains the diameter of the maximum inscribed circle in actual effect hole 5
=
-
α, can calculate the relation of the aperture of pilot hole 2 and the diameter of securing member
>=
+
α.
Claims (2)
1. steel member pilot hole aperture computing method, need to organize the calculating in right pilot hole (2) aperture for two or more steel members (1), it is characterized in that, comprise the following steps:
A, determine that the diameter of securing member (3) is
, and the tolerance T of when boring application, described tolerance T comprises round tolerance φ α and square tolerance α
2;
The center, predetermined hole of b, all steel members (1) is consistent, can obtain a tolerance range according to the tolerance T of step a, the center of this tolerance range overlaps with center, predetermined hole, in the time that tolerance T is circle tolerance φ α, the tolerance circle (6) that tolerance range is diameter α, as the tolerance T side of being tolerance α
2, tolerance range is the tolerance side (4) of length of side α;
C, according to boring requirement, the hole heart of pore-forming must, in the scope of tolerance range, could be calculated qualified hole, so the Kong Xinjun of the pilot hole (2) of all steel members (1) drops in tolerance range;
D, the unlimited steel member (1) of general carry out superimposed, the conclusion obtaining according to step c, because rocking of pilot hole (2), obtain the actual effect hole (5) that a region diminishes, in the time that tolerance T is circle tolerance φ α, the hole heart of described pilot hole (2) rocks in tolerance circle (6), and the maximum distance of the hole heart deviation of any two pilot holes (2) equals the diameter α of tolerance circle (6), obtains the diameter of the maximum inscribed circle in actual effect hole (5)
=
-α, as the tolerance T side of being tolerance α
2, the hole heart of described pilot hole (2) rocks in tolerance side (4), and the maximum distance of the hole heart deviation of any two pilot holes (2) equals the diagonal line of tolerance side (4)
α, obtains the diameter of the maximum inscribed circle in actual effect hole (5)
=
-
α;
E, make securing member (3) can pass actual effect hole (5), obtain the diameter of the maximum inscribed circle in actual effect hole (5)
equal the diameter of securing member
;
F, basis
calculate the aperture of pilot hole
, in the time that tolerance T is circle tolerance φ α, the aperture of pilot hole (2)
=
+ α, as the tolerance T side of being tolerance α
2, the aperture of pilot hole (2)
=
+
α.
2. steel member pilot hole according to claim 1 aperture computing method, is characterized in that, described securing member (3) is bolt, pin or rivet.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201210192239.4A CN102721386B (en) | 2012-06-12 | 2012-06-12 | Method for calculating hole diameter of assembling holes of steel members |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201210192239.4A CN102721386B (en) | 2012-06-12 | 2012-06-12 | Method for calculating hole diameter of assembling holes of steel members |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN102721386A CN102721386A (en) | 2012-10-10 |
| CN102721386B true CN102721386B (en) | 2014-08-20 |
Family
ID=46947211
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201210192239.4A Active CN102721386B (en) | 2012-06-12 | 2012-06-12 | Method for calculating hole diameter of assembling holes of steel members |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN102721386B (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109697269B (en) * | 2018-12-24 | 2023-05-23 | 中国航空工业集团公司西安飞机设计研究所 | Method for calculating required minimum bolt hole diameter in flange connection |
| CN112556626B (en) * | 2020-12-04 | 2021-10-15 | 北京理工大学 | Assembly method based on multi-nail-hole matched positioning |
| CN113361026B (en) * | 2021-05-17 | 2023-12-01 | 东南大学 | Assembly tolerance design method based on parameter space envelope |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1549069A (en) * | 1995-06-28 | 2004-11-24 | 波音公司 | Statistical tolerancing |
| CN2832413Y (en) * | 2005-10-01 | 2006-11-01 | 扬动股份有限公司 | Compressing device for quickly assembling and disassembling |
| CN201461703U (en) * | 2009-07-23 | 2010-05-12 | 吉林大学 | Fastening device for preventing fastening contact corrosion of screw thread |
| CN102454293A (en) * | 2010-10-18 | 2012-05-16 | 上海洪铺钢结构工程有限公司 | Steel structural concrete-based pre-cast bolt positioning device |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE19625556A1 (en) * | 1996-06-26 | 1998-01-02 | Hans Dipl Ing Kuehl | Hinge with swivel brake |
| JP4340754B2 (en) * | 2003-12-26 | 2009-10-07 | 独立行政法人物質・材料研究機構 | Steel having high strength and excellent cold forgeability, and excellent molded parts such as screws and bolts or shafts having excellent strength, and methods for producing the same. |
| JP4797915B2 (en) * | 2006-09-28 | 2011-10-19 | 住友金属工業株式会社 | Manufacturing method of steel wire for cold forging |
-
2012
- 2012-06-12 CN CN201210192239.4A patent/CN102721386B/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1549069A (en) * | 1995-06-28 | 2004-11-24 | 波音公司 | Statistical tolerancing |
| CN2832413Y (en) * | 2005-10-01 | 2006-11-01 | 扬动股份有限公司 | Compressing device for quickly assembling and disassembling |
| CN201461703U (en) * | 2009-07-23 | 2010-05-12 | 吉林大学 | Fastening device for preventing fastening contact corrosion of screw thread |
| CN102454293A (en) * | 2010-10-18 | 2012-05-16 | 上海洪铺钢结构工程有限公司 | Steel structural concrete-based pre-cast bolt positioning device |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| JP特开2005-194550A 2005.07.21 |
| JP特开2008-80379A 2008.04.10 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN102721386A (en) | 2012-10-10 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN102721386B (en) | Method for calculating hole diameter of assembling holes of steel members | |
| CN104526758B (en) | A kind of method controlling pcb board boring positioning precision | |
| CN104100027B (en) | Four-claw positioning clamp and method for mounting perforated aluminum plate curtain wall | |
| CN104110140A (en) | Net rack node location adjusting device and location adjusting method | |
| JP3194581U (en) | Drill guide | |
| CN102862032B (en) | Once-clamping machining method of large-negative-angle bolt-sphere bolt hole | |
| CN102717114B (en) | Tolerance mixing drilling method for assembling holes of steel members | |
| CN108188676A (en) | A kind of big thickness double tubesheet manufacturing process of heat exchanger | |
| CN202910346U (en) | Indexing jig of grouped radial holes of excircle of large tube workpiece | |
| CN206754097U (en) | A kind of burnished bolt Special purpose locating pin | |
| CN205875198U (en) | Quick equipment foundations reconstruction installation structure | |
| CN203738419U (en) | Pin hole locating structure | |
| CN105952004B (en) | A kind of device and its assembly method for being easily attached plate installation | |
| CN203961081U (en) | A kind of four paws positioning fixture that Pierced Aluminum Plank curtain wall is installed | |
| CN205380186U (en) | Die case structure | |
| CN204435926U (en) | A kind of chemistry plants the locating template of large diameter bolt group | |
| CN206625457U (en) | The interior filling concrete profiled pile of steel box column and I-shaped steel column spelling | |
| CN203961321U (en) | A kind of grid node location adjusting device | |
| CN204035576U (en) | A kind of rotary pneumatic jaw arrangement | |
| CN102873554A (en) | Punching clamp for flange plate | |
| CN207386890U (en) | The improved structure of reinforcing bar cage seam welding rotating disk | |
| CN204418378U (en) | The syndeton of a kind of roof truss and steel I-beam | |
| CN107138755A (en) | The method of quick Fabrication High-strength bolt hole | |
| CN202684157U (en) | Device for controlling drilling angle of inclined deflector plate | |
| CN106948366A (en) | A kind of barrel base and accessory part and construction method for being easy to control perpendicularity |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |