CN102718185A - Separation device and separation method of hydrogen gas in hydrogen production through fermentation - Google Patents

Separation device and separation method of hydrogen gas in hydrogen production through fermentation Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102718185A
CN102718185A CN2012102525626A CN201210252562A CN102718185A CN 102718185 A CN102718185 A CN 102718185A CN 2012102525626 A CN2012102525626 A CN 2012102525626A CN 201210252562 A CN201210252562 A CN 201210252562A CN 102718185 A CN102718185 A CN 102718185A
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tail gas
gas
hydrogen
inlet side
air chamber
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CN102718185B (en
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刘振
王键吉
常庆辉
陈竞一
张辉
孙鲜明
马建华
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Henan University of Science and Technology
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Henan University of Science and Technology
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Abstract

The invention relates to a separation device of hydrogen gas in hydrogen production through fermentation. A tail gas separation tank is divided into a gas inlet side gas chamber and a transmission side gas chamber by an ionic liquid supported liquid membrane inside the tail gas separation tank, wherein the transmission side gas chamber is provided with a transmission side gas outlet, the gas inlet side gas chamber is provided with a gas inlet side gas outlet and a gas inlet side gas inlet connected with a tail gas buffer tank, a heating band is wrapped outside the tail gas buffer tank, a gas chromatograph is connected with the transmission side gas chamber and the tail gas buffer tank respectively, and the tail gas buffer tank and the gas inlet side gas chamber are respectively provided with a pressure gauge and a PID (proportional-integral-derivative) temperature controller. According to the invention, the separation of hydrogen gas from carbon dioxide is realized by utilizing infiltration capacity difference of hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide in ionic liquid, and the separation method is applied in the separation of hydrogen gas in tail gas of hydrogen gas production through fermentation. The equipment and process are simple, the conditions are mild, the defects of high energy consumption and equipment investment in the traditional process are overcome, and liquid waste or other pollution is not generated; and the separation device and separation method have the characteristics of being green and environment-friendly.

Description

The tripping device of hydrogen and separation method in a kind of ferment for hydrogen production
Technical field
The present invention relates to the microbial fermentation hydrogen preparation field, the tripping device and the separation method of hydrogen in a kind of specifically ferment for hydrogen production.
Background technology
Along with fossil energy is exhausted, increasing environmental pollution, Hydrogen Energy is high with its calorific value, and the burning back is pollution-free to be regarded as optimal substitute energy.In numerous hydrogen production process, anaerobically fermenting hydrogen production reaction mild condition, equipment are simple, and available raw material sources are extensive, thereby receive publicity.How to solve that the separation of hydrogen is one of key of ferment for hydrogen production technical application in the fermentation tail gas.
Except title product hydrogen, also have the by product carbonic acid gas in a large number in the fermentation tail gas, present treatment process is to absorb through alkali lye to remove carbonic acid gas, passes through molecular sieve drying again, and complex process has been wasted alkali, has produced waste liquor contamination again, and cost is also high.Traditional gas separating method such as low temperature separation process, transformation absorption etc. exist shortcomings such as flow process complicacy, energy consumption is high, facility investment is big.
Summary of the invention
Complex process, facility investment is big, processing cost is high problem when solving the tail gas that prior art produces in handling ferment for hydrogen production the invention provides the tripping device and the separation method of hydrogen in a kind of ferment for hydrogen production.
The present invention solves the problems of the technologies described above the technical scheme of employing to be: the tripping device of hydrogen in a kind of ferment for hydrogen production; Mainly form by tail gas buffer, gas chromatograph, ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet and tail gas separating tank; Described ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet is horizontally set on the inside of tail gas separating tank; And ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet the tail gas separating tank is separated into the bottom air inlet side air chamber and top see through two separate chambers of side air chamber, wherein, the top that sees through the side air chamber is provided with through the side pneumatic outlet; The two ends of air inlet side air chamber bottom are respectively equipped with air inlet side pneumatic outlet and air inlet side gas inlet; Air inlet side gas inlet is connected with the fermentation tail gas outlet of tail gas buffer bottom through pipeline, and the external packets of tail gas buffer is covered with the heating zone, and the top of tail gas buffer is provided with the fermentation tail gas inlet; The sampling system of said gas chromatograph is communicated with respectively with in seeing through side air chamber and tail gas buffer, is equipped with tensimeter and PID temperature controller on tail gas buffer and the air inlet side air chamber.
Utilize the method for hydrogen in the tail gas that described tripping device separate fermentation hydrogen manufacturing produces, may further comprise the steps:
1) preparation ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet
Be that the polymeric membrane of 0.1-1 micron is placed in the press mold device earlier, again ionic liquid injected the press mold device and makes its liquid level exceed face 4-5cm, above liquid level, apply 1.5-2Kgf/cm through rare gas element with the aperture 2Pressure, keeping the vacuum tightness of face below simultaneously is 0.04-0.06Mpa, makes ionic liquid get into fenestra under pressure, and flows out the press mold device;
Repeat above-mentioned adding ionic liquid, the operation that exerts pressure in top, the bottom vacuumizes 2-8 time, take out polymeric membrane then and be that 0.02-0.08MPa, temperature are under 60-90 ℃ the condition vacuum-drying 6-24 hour, promptly make ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet in vacuum tightness;
Described polymeric membrane is polyethylene film, PS membrane, polyacrylonitrile film or polyimide film;
Described ionic liquid, its positively charged ion are alkyl imidazole group or alkyl pyridine group, and negatively charged ion is formate, acetate moiety, fluoroboric acid root or hexafluorophosphoric acid root;
2) ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet that step 1 is made is put into the described tripping device of claim 1; Open the outside heating zone that coats of tail gas buffer then; Change through PID temperature controller monitoring tail gas buffer temperature inside, and temperature is 20-60 ℃ in the maintenance tail gas buffer;
3) in tail gas buffer, continue to feed fermentation tail gas through the fermentation tail gas inlet; When pressure is 50-200KPa in tensimeter shows tail gas buffer; Open the fermentation tail gas outlet on the tail gas buffer, make the fermentation tail gas in the tail gas buffer enter into the air inlet side air chamber in the tail gas separating tank through fermentation tail gas outlet and pipeline successively;
When 4) pressure in tensimeter monitors air inlet side air chamber is 40-100KPa; Open the air inlet side pneumatic outlet on the air inlet side air chamber and see through and see through the side pneumatic outlet on the side air chamber; And pass through gas chromatograph and detect through the outlet of the gaseous constituent in the side air chamber with the judgement separated hydrogen, collect the hydrogen of effusion then at air inlet side gas outlet or through the side gas outlet.
Described polymeric membrane is preferably PS membrane or polyacrylonitrile film; Described ionic liquid is preferably 1-butyl-3-Methylimidazole Tetrafluoroboric acid ionic liquid or 1-butyl-3-Methylimidazole formate ion liquid.
The present invention utilizes the difference of hydrogen and carbonic acid gas penetrating power in ionic liquid to realize separating of hydrogen and carbonic acid gas; Simultaneously, hydrogen and carbonic acid gas receive many-sided influences such as temperature, pressure, ion liquid structure in ion liquid penetrating power:
In order to improve the separating effect of ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet; Not only need guarantee the gaseous tension in the air inlet side air chamber; Also reduce simultaneously the pressure difference of ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet front and back as much as possible, therefore, be used to monitor the tensimeter that internal pressure changes through also being provided with on the side air chamber;
Pressure is most important control parameters; It is not only closely related with ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet stability, and hypertonia can be destroyed liquid film, also influences the separating power of ionic liquid liquid film simultaneously; The separation selectivity of hypertonia or excessively low liquid film all can descend; Therefore, need on through side air chamber and air inlet side air chamber, tensimeter be set, so that the monitoring internal pressure changes and in time adjusts;
Because the generation speed of fermenting process gas is different, directly gets into membrane separation unit, it is constant that intake pressure can not keep, and therefore tail gas buffer need be set, and makes intake pressure remain on certain limit;
Temperature also is the parameter that the present invention needs emphasis control; It influences the thermal motion and the ion liquid viscosity of gas molecule, thereby influences the separation selectivity of ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet, and the effect of heating zone is exactly a temperature control; Gas is remained in certain TR, be convenient to the carrying out of sepn process; All be coated with the heating zone at tail gas buffer and air inlet side air chamber outside; Gas in the tail gas buffer is heated; The molecular thermalmotion aggravation, the temperature after entering into the air inlet side air chamber of tail gas separating tank of the gas after the heating can reduce, and therefore controls the heating of air inlet side air chamber external heated band; The temperature that guarantees air inlet side gas intracavity gas is at 30-40 ℃, to improve separation efficiency.
Among the present invention, the effect of gas chromatograph is the gas composition of on-line monitoring charging and discharging, the monitoring sepn process; Ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet is flat sheet membrane or hollow-fibre membrane.
Beneficial effect: the present invention utilizes the difference of hydrogen and carbonic acid gas penetrating power in ionic liquid to realize separating of hydrogen and carbonic acid gas; And in the separation with hydrogen in the ferment for hydrogen production tail gas of its application; Equipment and technology are simple, and mild condition has overcome the shortcoming that the traditional technology energy consumption is high, facility investment is big; And can not produce pollutions such as waste liquid, have the characteristics of environmental protection.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is a structural representation of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of press mold device;
Reference numeral: 1, fermentation tail gas inlet, 2, the heating zone, 3, tail gas buffer; 4, tensimeter, 5, gas chromatograph, 6, ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet; 7, PID temperature controller, 8, air inlet side pneumatic outlet, 9, see through the side pneumatic outlet; 10, tail gas separating tank, 10-1, air inlet side air chamber, see through the side air chamber at 10-2.
Embodiment
As shown in Figure 1; The tripping device of hydrogen in a kind of ferment for hydrogen production; Mainly be made up of tail gas buffer 3, gas chromatograph 5, ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet 6 and tail gas separating tank 10, described ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet 6 is horizontally set on the inside of tail gas separating tank 10, and ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet 6 tail gas separating tank 10 is separated into the bottom air inlet side air chamber 10-1 and top see through two separate chambers of side air chamber 10-2; Wherein, The top that sees through side air chamber 10-2 is provided with through side pneumatic outlet 9, and the two ends of air inlet side air chamber 10-1 bottom are respectively equipped with air inlet side pneumatic outlet 8 and air inlet side gas inlet, and air inlet side gas inlet is connected with the fermentation tail gas outlet of tail gas buffer 3 bottoms through pipeline; The external packets of tail gas buffer 3 is covered with heating zone 2, and the top of tail gas buffer 3 is provided with fermentation tail gas inlet 1; The sampling system of said gas chromatograph 5 is communicated with respectively with in seeing through side air chamber 10-2 and tail gas buffer 3; Be equipped with tensimeter 4 and PID temperature controller 7 on tail gas buffer 3 and the air inlet side air chamber 10-1; Air inlet side air chamber 10-1 outside also is coated with the heating zone, sees through on the side air chamber 10-2 and also is provided with tensimeter; Described ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet 6 is flat sheet membrane or hollow cellulose film.
Mixed gas with separating hydrogen gas and carbonic acid gas is that example is done further elaboration to the tail gas that uses this device separate fermentation hydrogen manufacturing to produce below, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited only to this.
Embodiment 1
1) preparation ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet
Be that 0.4 micron PS membrane is placed in the press mold device as shown in Figure 2 earlier, again 1-butyl-3-Methylimidazole Tetrafluoroboric acid ionic liquid injected the press mold device and made its liquid level exceed face 4-5cm, above liquid level, apply 1.5Kgf/cm through rare gas element with the aperture 2Pressure, keeping the vacuum tightness of face below simultaneously is 0.04Mpa, makes ionic liquid get into fenestra under pressure, and flows out the press mold device;
Repeat above-mentioned adding ionic liquid, the operation that exerts pressure in top, the bottom vacuumizes 8 times, take out polymeric membrane then and be that 0.02MPa, temperature are vacuum-drying 24 hours under 90 ℃ the condition, promptly make ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet in vacuum tightness;
2) ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet that step 1 is made is put into tripping device shown in Figure 1; Open outside heating zone and the air inlet side air chamber external heated band that coats of tail gas buffer then; And through both temperature inside variations of PID temperature controller monitoring; And temperature is 60 ℃ in the maintenance tail gas buffer, 40 ℃ of the temperature in the air inlet side air chamber;
3) (wherein hydrogen 40% in tail gas buffer, to continue to feed mixed gas through the fermentation tail gas inlet; Carbonic acid gas 60%); When pressure is 100KPa in tensimeter shows tail gas buffer; Open the fermentation tail gas outlet on the tail gas buffer, make the mixed gas in the tail gas buffer enter into the air inlet side air chamber in the tail gas separating tank through fermentation tail gas outlet and pipeline successively;
When 4) pressure in tensimeter monitors air inlet side air chamber is 50KPa; Open the air inlet side pneumatic outlet on the air inlet side air chamber and see through and see through the side pneumatic outlet on the side air chamber; Air inlet side gas outlet on air inlet side air chamber is collected escaping gas then; Through detecting, density of hydrogen can reach 88% in this gas, and separation factor is 12.
Embodiment 2
1) preparation ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet
Be that 0.2 micron polyacrylonitrile film is placed in the press mold device as shown in Figure 2 earlier, again 1-butyl-3-N-Methylimidazoleacetic ionic liquid injected the press mold device and made its liquid level exceed face 4-5cm, above liquid level, apply 2Kgf/cm through rare gas element with the aperture 2Pressure, keeping the vacuum tightness of face below simultaneously is 0.06Mpa, makes ionic liquid get into fenestra under pressure, and flows out the press mold device;
Repeat above-mentioned adding ionic liquid, the operation that exerts pressure in top, the bottom vacuumizes 2 times, take out polymeric membrane then and be that 0.08MPa, temperature are vacuum-drying 6 hours under 60 ℃ the condition, promptly make ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet in vacuum tightness;
2) ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet that step 1 is made is put into tripping device shown in Figure 1; Open outside heating zone and the air inlet side air chamber external heated band that coats of tail gas buffer then; And through both temperature inside variations of PID temperature controller monitoring; And temperature is 20 ℃ in the maintenance tail gas buffer, 35 ℃ of the temperature in the air inlet side air chamber;
3) (wherein hydrogen 50% in tail gas buffer, to continue to feed mixed gas through the fermentation tail gas inlet; Carbonic acid gas 50%); When pressure is 150KPa in tensimeter shows tail gas buffer; Open the fermentation tail gas outlet on the tail gas buffer, make the mixed gas in the tail gas buffer enter into the air inlet side air chamber in the tail gas separating tank through fermentation tail gas outlet and pipeline successively;
When 4) pressure in tensimeter monitors air inlet side air chamber is 70KPa; Open the air inlet side pneumatic outlet on the air inlet side air chamber and see through and see through the side pneumatic outlet on the side air chamber; Collect escaping gas at the side gas outlet that sees through that sees through on the side air chamber then; Through detecting, density of hydrogen can reach 84% in this gas, and separation factor is 5.
Embodiment 3
1) preparation ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet
Be that 0.1 micron polyethylene film is placed in the press mold device as shown in Figure 2 earlier, again 1-ethyl-3-Methylimidazole formate ion liquid injected the press mold device and makes its liquid level exceed face 4-5cm, above liquid level, apply 1.7Kgf/cm through rare gas element with the aperture 2Pressure, keeping the vacuum tightness of face below simultaneously is 0.05Mpa, makes ionic liquid get into fenestra under pressure, and flows out the press mold device;
Repeat above-mentioned adding ionic liquid, the operation that exerts pressure in top, the bottom vacuumizes 5 times, take out polymeric membrane then and be that 0.05MPa, temperature are vacuum-drying 15 hours under 75 ℃ the condition, promptly make ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet in vacuum tightness;
2) ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet that step 1 is made is put into tripping device shown in Figure 1; Open outside heating zone and the air inlet side air chamber external heated band that coats of tail gas buffer then; And through both temperature inside variations of PID temperature controller monitoring; And temperature is 40 ℃ in the maintenance tail gas buffer, 30 ℃ of the temperature in the air inlet side air chamber;
3) (wherein hydrogen 60% in tail gas buffer, to continue to feed mixed gas through the fermentation tail gas inlet; Carbonic acid gas 40%); When pressure is 200KPa in tensimeter shows tail gas buffer; Open the fermentation tail gas outlet on the tail gas buffer, make the mixed gas in the tail gas buffer enter into the air inlet side air chamber in the tail gas separating tank through fermentation tail gas outlet and pipeline successively;
When 4) pressure in tensimeter monitors air inlet side air chamber is 100KPa; Open the air inlet side pneumatic outlet on the air inlet side air chamber and see through and see through the side pneumatic outlet on the side air chamber; Collect escaping gas at the side gas outlet that sees through that sees through on the side air chamber then; Through detecting, density of hydrogen can reach 86% in this gas, and separation factor is 6.
Embodiment 4
1) preparation ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet
Be that 1 micron polyimide is placed in the press mold device as shown in Figure 2 earlier, again 1-ethylpyridine phosphofluoric acid ionic liquid injected the press mold device and made its liquid level exceed face 4-5cm, above liquid level, apply 2Kgf/cm through rare gas element with the aperture 2Pressure, keeping the vacuum tightness of face below simultaneously is 0.06Mpa, makes ionic liquid get into fenestra under pressure, and flows out the press mold device;
Repeat above-mentioned adding ionic liquid, the operation that exerts pressure in top, the bottom vacuumizes 6 times, take out polymeric membrane then and be that 0.02MPa, temperature are vacuum-drying 18 hours under 80 ℃ the condition, promptly make ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet in vacuum tightness;
2) ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet that step 1 is made is put into tripping device shown in Figure 1; Open outside heating zone and the air inlet side air chamber external heated band that coats of tail gas buffer then; And through both temperature inside variations of PID temperature controller monitoring; And temperature is 30 ℃ in the maintenance tail gas buffer, 40 ℃ of the temperature in the air inlet side air chamber;
3) (wherein hydrogen 40% in tail gas buffer, to continue to feed mixed gas through the fermentation tail gas inlet; Carbonic acid gas 60%); When pressure is 50KPa in tensimeter shows tail gas buffer; Open the fermentation tail gas outlet on the tail gas buffer, make the mixed gas in the tail gas buffer enter into the air inlet side air chamber in the tail gas separating tank through fermentation tail gas outlet and pipeline successively;
When 4) pressure in tensimeter monitors air inlet side air chamber is 40KPa; Open the air inlet side pneumatic outlet on the air inlet side air chamber and see through and see through the side pneumatic outlet on the side air chamber; Collect escaping gas at the side gas outlet that sees through that sees through on the side air chamber then; Through detecting, density of hydrogen can reach 90% in this gas, and separation factor is 15.

Claims (5)

1. the tripping device of hydrogen in the ferment for hydrogen production; It is characterized in that: mainly form by tail gas buffer (3), gas chromatograph (5), ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet (6) and tail gas separating tank (10); Described ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet (6) is horizontally set on the inside of tail gas separating tank (10); And ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet (6) tail gas separating tank (10) is separated into the bottom air inlet side air chamber (10-1) and top see through two separate chambers of side air chamber (10-2); Wherein, The top that sees through side air chamber (10-2) is provided with through side pneumatic outlet (9), and the two ends of air inlet side air chamber (10-1) bottom are respectively equipped with air inlet side pneumatic outlet (8) and air inlet side gas inlet, and air inlet side gas inlet is connected with the fermentation tail gas outlet of tail gas buffer (3) bottom through pipeline; The external packets of tail gas buffer (3) is covered with heating zone (2), and the top of tail gas buffer (3) is provided with fermentation tail gas inlet (1); The sampling system of said gas chromatograph (5) is communicated with respectively with in seeing through side air chamber (10-2) and tail gas buffer (3), is equipped with tensimeter (4) and PID temperature controller (7) on tail gas buffer (3) and the air inlet side air chamber (10-1).
2. the tripping device of hydrogen in a kind of ferment for hydrogen production according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described seeing through on the side air chamber (10-2) also is provided with tensimeter.
3. the tripping device of hydrogen in a kind of ferment for hydrogen production according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described air inlet side air chamber (10-1) outside also is coated with the heating zone.
4. the tripping device of hydrogen in a kind of ferment for hydrogen production according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet (6) is flat sheet membrane or hollow-fibre membrane.
5. utilize the method for hydrogen in the tail gas that the hydrogen manufacturing of the described tripping device separate fermentation of claim 1 produces, it is characterized in that, may further comprise the steps:
1) preparation ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet
Be that the polymeric membrane of 0.1-1 micron is placed in the press mold device earlier, again ionic liquid injected the press mold device and makes its liquid level exceed face 4-5cm, above liquid level, apply 1.5-2Kgf/cm through rare gas element with the aperture 2Pressure, keeping the vacuum tightness of face below simultaneously is 0.04-0.06Mpa, makes ionic liquid get into fenestra under pressure, and flows out the press mold device;
Repeat above-mentioned adding ionic liquid, the operation that exerts pressure in top, the bottom vacuumizes 2-8 time, take out polymeric membrane then and be that 0.02-0.08MPa, temperature are under 60-90 ℃ the condition vacuum-drying 6-24 hour, promptly make ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet in vacuum tightness;
Described polymeric membrane is polyethylene film, PS membrane, polyacrylonitrile film or polyimide film;
Described ionic liquid, its positively charged ion are alkyl imidazole group or alkyl pyridine group, and negatively charged ion is formate, acetate moiety, fluoroboric acid root or hexafluorophosphoric acid root;
2) ionic liquid supporting liquid sheet that step 1 is made is put into the described tripping device of claim 1; Open the outside heating zone that coats of tail gas buffer then; Change through PID temperature controller monitoring tail gas buffer temperature inside, and temperature is 20-60 ℃ in the maintenance tail gas buffer;
3) in tail gas buffer, continue to feed fermentation tail gas through the fermentation tail gas inlet; When pressure is 50-200KPa in tensimeter shows tail gas buffer; Open the fermentation tail gas outlet on the tail gas buffer, make the fermentation tail gas in the tail gas buffer enter into the air inlet side air chamber in the tail gas separating tank through fermentation tail gas outlet and pipeline successively;
When 4) pressure in tensimeter monitors air inlet side air chamber is 40-100KPa; Open the air inlet side pneumatic outlet on the air inlet side air chamber and see through and see through the side pneumatic outlet on the side air chamber; And pass through gas chromatograph and detect through the outlet of the gaseous constituent in the side air chamber with the judgement separated hydrogen, collect the hydrogen of effusion then at air inlet side gas outlet or through the side gas outlet.
CN201210252562.6A 2012-07-20 2012-07-20 Separation device and separation method of hydrogen gas in hydrogen production through fermentation Expired - Fee Related CN102718185B (en)

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CN105887119A (en) * 2015-02-17 2016-08-24 罗伯特·博世有限公司 Product Gas Purifying Device And Method For Purifying Product Gas
CN106241738A (en) * 2016-08-05 2016-12-21 江苏河海新能源股份有限公司 Carbon dioxide and hydrogen separation device
CN109516518A (en) * 2018-12-11 2019-03-26 华北水利水电大学 A kind of gas-liquid separation device for biological hydrogen production process gassiness high viscosity liquid

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105887119A (en) * 2015-02-17 2016-08-24 罗伯特·博世有限公司 Product Gas Purifying Device And Method For Purifying Product Gas
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CN109516518A (en) * 2018-12-11 2019-03-26 华北水利水电大学 A kind of gas-liquid separation device for biological hydrogen production process gassiness high viscosity liquid
CN109516518B (en) * 2018-12-11 2023-09-29 华北水利水电大学 Gas-liquid separation device for gas-containing high-viscosity liquid in biological hydrogen production process

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