CN102713217B

CN102713217B - Methods and systems for reducing the formation of oxides of nitrogen during combustion in engines

Info

Publication number: CN102713217B
Application number: CN201080048880.XA
Authority: CN
Inventors: 罗伊·E·麦卡利斯特
Original assignee: McAlister Technologies LLC
Current assignee: McAlister Technologies LLC
Priority date: 2009-08-27
Filing date: 2010-07-21
Publication date: 2015-07-22
Anticipated expiration: 2030-07-21
Also published as: EP2470768A4; WO2011102822A1; CN102713217A; EP2470768A1

Abstract

The present disclosure is directed to various embodiments of systems and methods for reducing the production of harmful emissions in combustion engines. One method includes correlating combustion chamber temperature to acceleration of a power train component, such as a crankshaft. Once the relationship between acceleration/deceleration of the component and combustion temperature are known, an engine control module can be configured to adjust combustion parameters to reduce combustion temperature when acceleration data indicates peak combustion temperature is approaching a harmful level, such as a level conducive to the formation of undesirable oxides of nitrogen. Various embodiments of the methods and systems disclosed herein can employ injectors with integrated igniters providing efficient injection, ignition, and complete combustion of various types of fuels.

Description

For reducing the method and system that nitrogen oxide is formed in engine combustion process

the cross reference of related application

This application claims and submit on August 27th, 2009 and the U.S. Provisional Application No.61/237 being entitled as " OXYGENATED FUELPRODUCTION ", 425, submit on August 27th, 2009 and be entitled as the U.S. Provisional Application No.61/237 of " MULTIFUEL MULTIBURST ", 466, submit on August 27th, 2009 and be entitled as the U.S. Provisional Application No.61/237 of " FULL SPECTRUM ENERGY ", 479, on October 19th, 2009 submits to and is entitled as " MULTIFUELSTORAGE, METERING AND IGNITION SYSTEM " U.S. Patent application No.12/581, 825, submit on December 7th, 2009 and be entitled as the U.S. Patent application No.12/653 of " INTEGRATED FUELINJECTORS AND IGNITERS AND ASSOCIATED METHODS OF USEAND MANUFACTURE ", 085, submit on December 7th, 2009 and be entitled as the PCT application No.PCT/US09/67044 of " INTEGRATED FUEL INJECTORS AND IGNITERS ANDASSOCIATED METHODS OF USE AND MANUFACTURE ", submit on February 13rd, 2010 and be entitled as the U.S. Provisional Application No.61/304 of " FULL SPECTRUMENERGY AND RESOURCE INDEPENDENCE ", on March 9th, 403 and 2010 submits to and is entitled as " SYSTEM AND METHODFOR PROVIDING HIGH VOLTAGE RF SHIELDING, FOR EXAMPLE, FORUSE WITH A FUEL INJECTOR " U.S. Provisional Application No.61/312, the preference of 100 and rights and interests.Each of these applications is all attached to herein by the mode quoted in full.

Technical field

Followingly openly relate in general to integrated fuel injector and igniter and the parts be associated for storing, spraying and light various fuel.

Background technique

Producing in the various forms of required alternative energy sources of such as electric power, hydrogen, fuel alcohol and methane, renewable resources is interrupted.Solar energy is the event occurring in daytime, and the ratio on daytime changes along with season and weather condition.In most of area, wind energy is interruption and size very easily changes.The water resources fallen is with changing season and being subject to the impact of the arid constantly expanded.In most of landmasses of the earth, living beings are seasonal variable and are subject to the impact of arid.All over the world, before being required, the large energy can carried by hydroelectric power station, wind power plant, living beings conversion and solar thermal collector is all wasted in default of the hands-on approach of store kinetic energy, fuel and/or electric power.

World population and the degree of the yielding capacity of oil is greater than to the requirement having risen to oil that needs of energy.Following productivity will decline, and the requirement of ever-increasing population and the ever-increasing dependence of energy-intensive products & services be will speed up.Continuation is promoted fossil loss speed by this.City suffers the impact of the smog caused by using fossil fuel.In order to on-fuel object, increase exponentially in the equipment that the utilization comprising the rock gas of the natural gas liquid of such as ethane, propane and butane has been made in the application of such as packaging, textile, carpet, coating and primarily of thermoplasticity and thermosetting polymer.

Coal has relatively low hydrogen-carbon ratio.Oil has higher hydrogen-carbon ratio, and rock gas has the highest hydrogen-carbon ratio of fossil hydrocarbon.Use oil as typical intermediary, the rate of burning of the fossil hydrocarbon in the whole world has exceeded the equal parts of 200,000,000 barrels of oil every day now.

The steady-state growth of Global Oil output is with the requirement of satisfied increase, but the speed that oil finds but cannot catch up with output.The maximum output of oil has occurred and Oil Generation productive rate all steady decreases of nearly all known deposit.After maximum production, global economy experience often kind of energy-intensive and the inflation (inflation) based on petroleum chemicals.Existing fossil fuel resource and utilize oil to provide fuel for the machine destroyed and contradiction between lubricating has caused the World War I, World War II and each war since then.Substitute almost each practical approuch that the fossil fuel being equal to 200,000,000 barrels of oil every day needs Renewable Energy Development to produce, distribute, store and utilize.

The atmospheric pollution of producing due to fossil fuel and burn and cause and water pollutions make each metropolitan area and fishing ground, farm and forest worsen now.Mercury and other the heavy metal poisoning of fishing ground and farm soil come from coal burning more and more.Comprising more powerful hurricane and tornado, the global climatologic change of heavy storm and the air increasing the greenhouse gases discharged with the burning by fossil fuel of fire loss event that causes due to the thunderbolt in forest and metropolitan area gathers closely related.The increase of the solar energy assembled along with atmospheric greenhouse gas, the larger effect that global atmosphere motor produces, comprise more evaporation of seawater, glacier and polar ice sheet thawing and cause the Extreme Weather Events subsequently of massive losses of improving SNR and natural resources.

Above-mentioned utilize pluralities of fuel select (comprise hydrogen, producer gas, fuel (such as methane, fuel alcohol) that hydrogen-carbon ratio is higher and together with or replace other the alternate fuel various of gasoline and diesel fuel) trial encountered a various difficult problem and cannot solve, and these attempt be expensive, produce insecure result and cause continually motor degenerate or damage, comprising:

(1) use larger unladen mass increase engine compression ratio and accordingly to more expensive, more firmly and the needs of heavier piston, connecting rod, bent axle, bearing, flywheel, engine body and supporting structure to produce for acceptable power and therefore for heavier bearing spring, vibration damper, starter, battery etc.

(2) needing more expensive valve, hardened valve seats and machine shop to install prevents valve wearing and tearing and seat from sinking.

(3) need supercharging to make up the fuel energy because unit volume reduces and the power loss that causes and drive performance and overcome compromise volumetric efficiency and the thermal efficiency.

(4) the multistage gaseous fuel pressure with superfine filtration and very little fuel mass change tolerance regulates, and comprises vapour tension and octane value and cetane number.

(5) the engine coolant heat exchanger for preventing gaseous fuel pressure regulator from freezing.

(6) expensive and the solenoid-operated fuel tank stop valve (TSOV) of heaviness and pressure relief valve (PRD) system.

(7) significantly larger flow measuring system.

(8) after the drippage conveying of the fuel at wasteness number of times and when producing torsion revolution.

(9) after the drippage conveying of the fuel of harmful number of times of such as exhaust stroke, thus reduce fuel economy and cause motor or vent systems to damage.

(10) because the motor that quick-fried and combustion knock causes in advance is degenerated or fault.

(11) owing to strictly controlling the fault of fuel viscosity, vapour tension, octane value or cetane number and velocity of combustion, the motor that causes suspends or damage.

(12) motor caused due to the burnouting of lubricating film on fuel clean, vaporization and cylinder wall and lip ring or rotor seal part is degenerated or fault.

(13) cannot prevent from forming nitrogen oxide in combustion process.

(14) particulate formed due to partial combustion cannot be prevented.

(15) pollution caused due to the aerosol formation of the oiling agent in upper cylinder region cannot be prevented.

(16) cannot prevent the friction overheated, subsequently of piston, cylinder wall and valve from increasing and degenerating.

(17) the destructive tempering in intake manifold and air cleaner parts cannot be overcome.

(18) the destructiveness burning in vent systems and/or blast cannot be overcome.

(19) the overheated of exhaust system component cannot be overcome.

(20) motor that cannot overcome fuel vapour lock and generation suspends or fault.

In addition, the fuel storage tank that low energy densities fuel requirement is special.For the storage tank of gasoline, propane, rock gas and hydrogen design is independently in the chemistry and physical property of the extensive change of satisfied often kind of fuel.Often kind of fuel type that vehicle may utilize all needs independent fuel tank.This Special oil tank approach selected for often kind of fuel takies sizable space, gain in weight, need extra spring and vibration damper ability, change center of gravity and thrust center and be very expensive.

In traditional approach, the alternate fuel measuring gasoline, methyl alcohol, ethanol, propane, ethane, butane, hydrogen or the methane such as entering motor is selected to be realized by one or more gaseous state Carburetor, throttle valve body, fuel injector or timing port fuel-injectors.The power loss of often kind of classical pathway maintenance changes because the vaporized fuel molecule expanded occupies the significant proportion of admission space.Therefore, along with air inlet enters minimizing, the fuel that can burn reduces and the power produced reduces.

Under standard temperature and pressure (STP), Gaseous Hydrogen occupies the volume of 2,800 times that are equivalent to liquid gasoline for supplying equal burning energy.Gaseous methane needs to supply equal burning energy relative to the volume of about 900 times of liquid gasoline.

Arrange the Gaseous Hydrogen of so large volume or methane stream through intake manifold vacuum, flow through suction valve and flow into the vacuum of the cylinder in air inlet circulation, and do like this enough air, to support perfect combustion, thus release and gasoline performance match, required heat---this is not yet by the great challenge fully met simultaneously.Power to a certain degree recovers to obtain compared with the motor of huge discharge by adopting.Another kind of approach needs expensive, heavier, more complicated and more insecure parts for much higher compression ratio and/or by carrying out supercharging to gas handling system.But these approach cause engine life to reduce and much higher original cost and/or maintenance cost, and the engine design except non-basic provides the sufficient structure construction sections for Rigidity and strength.

As everyone knows, for the motor of gasoline operational design is inefficiency.This be to a great extent due to gasoline and air be mixed to form the flow reduction conditions circulated in air inlet under enter the homogeneous mixture of firing chamber.The supply of this homogeneous is then compressed near top dead center (TDC) condition and carries out spark ignition.Homogeneous supply burning causes heat immediately from 4, and the combustion gas of 500 °F to 5,500 °F (2,482 DEG C to 3,037 DEG C) are delivered to the corresponding part of cylinder head, cylinder wall and piston or rotary engine.Protection lubricating film is burned or evaporate, thus pollutes effulent, and the wearing and tearing that cylinder and piston ring stand to lubricate due to shortage and cause.Homogeneous supply burning is also transported to colder combustor surface along with heat and forces energy loss, thus under making combustor surface maintain the relatively low temperature of 160 °F to 240 °F (71 DEG C to 115 DEG C) by liquid and/or air cooling system.

Hydrogen or methane is utilized to replace gasoline to cause expensive challenge to provide enough fuel storage thus to adapt to the typical a large amount of energy dissipation of petrol engine as homogeneous supply fuel.Replace this more clean burning and more replace the vaporized fuel of diesel fuel more difficult potentially.Diesel fuel is compared gasoline and is had larger unit volume energy value.The appearance of other difficulty is because the vaporized fuel of such as hydrogen, producer gas, methane, propane, butane and fuel alcohol (such as ethanol or methyl alcohol) lacks suitable cetane number and lights a fire in the air of Fast Compression unlike needed for efficient diesel engine operation.The protection lubricating film that diesel fuel injectors is designed by be provided by diesel oil operates.In addition, diesel fuel injectors is only cyclically by the fuel that volume is relatively very little, and this volume ratio carries the volume of the hydrogen needed for equal calorific value little by about 3,000 times (at standard temperature and pressure).

The most modern engine design is become to be used for minimum unladen mass and makes great efforts to be operated with greatly excessive oxygen equivalents ratio by the homogeneous supply mixture of air and fuel, thus reduces the formation of nitrogen oxide by peak limiting combustion temperature.In order to realize minimum weight in working order, utilize less cylinder and higher velocity of piston.Higher engine speed is reduced to required axle speed, advances for by the transmission of higher speed ratio and/or differential gearing.

Enter with the air that excessive oxygen equivalents is larger than action need, and head of combustion chamber has two or three suction valves and two or three outlet valves usually.This leaves very little space for direct cylinder fuel injectors or for spark plug in head zone.The higher valve of speed is complicated further and reduce the space for direct cylinder fuel injectors and spark plug that can obtain by the operation of overhead camshaft.Designer used the space that can obtain above nearly all piston for valve and valve operator and almost not the spark plug of light a fire for gasoline or for the diesel injector of compression ignition engine in stay and extrude space.

Therefore, the any pipeline larger compared with the cross section of gasoline motor spark plug or diesel motor fuel sparger carries the equal energy produced by the alternate fuel of such as hydrogen, methane, propane, butane, ethanol or methyl alcohol to be all extremely difficult, and these all alternate fuel all have compares gasoline or the lower unit volume calorific value of diesel fuel.The problem obtaining region for the most I of spark plug or diesel fuel injectors is by owing to worsening from heat to be delivered to larger heat load head and associated components three heads caused to larger the heat of six valves from firing chamber.The further deterioration of space and heat load problem is the larger heat because cam friction, valve spring and valve tappet under high speed operation produce in narrow head zone.

In several ways, piston engine has become change agent and in the whole industrial revolution, has provided basic transformation of energy.Today, use the compression-ignition, internal combustion piston engine of cetane specified diesel fuel to be used for that agricultural, mining industry, railway and ocean are heavy hauls and the instrument of fixing electric power system provides power for major part, and there is the new effort of less context engine of higher velocity of piston to improve the fuel efficiency of passenger and light truck vehicles.There is manufacturing and very major part in 900,000,000 population passengers that the fuel that utilizes octane specified is sustainable growth and light truck vehicles provides cost in power less compared with low compression internal combustion piston engine of spark ignition.

The level that octane in traditional internal-combustion engine and the application of cetane number hydrocarbon fuel produce pollutant effulent (such as unburned hydrocarbon, particulate, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide) can not be accepted.

But traditional spark ignition comprises the low-yield ionization of the mixture of high voltage air and fuel.Carry out for the naturally aspirated engine of the spark plug operated for being equipped with the compression ratio of 12: 1 or less, size is traditional spark energy of about 0.05 to 0.15 joule is typical.The sufficient voltage for generation of this ionization must be increased by the higher external pressure in spark gap.The factor of high voltage is needed to comprise as the increase of light a fire rarer air fuel ratio that may need and wider spark gap, effective compression ratio, supercharging and air enter the minimizing of the amount of resistance in firing chamber.Traditional spark ignition system cannot provide sufficient voltage to produce reliably to provide the spark ignition in motor (such as having the diesel engine of the compression ratio of 16: 1 to 22: 1) and sufficient voltage usually cannot be provided to carry out the un-throttled motor of supercharging for the object produced in order to increasing power and improve fuel economy.

The dielectric strength of the voltage of abundance the most normally due to ignition system parts (such as spark plug porcelain insulator and spark plug cable) cannot be provided not enough at spark gap place.

The high voltage put on generally within traditional spark plug at chamber wall place causes the heat loss of all surface and the neighbouring burning homogeneous air-fuel mixture being in the firing chamber comprising piston, cylinder wall, cylinder head and valve.The efficiency and can making that such heat loss reduces motor is easily subject to oxidation, burn into thermal fatigue, (because thermal expansion, distortion, warpage cause) friction increase and the combustion chamber components of the impact of (because the vigor loss of the lubricating film of overheated or oxidation causes) wearing and tearing is degenerated.

Even if the spark being positioned at the surface of firing chamber causes the sustained combustion of homogeneous air-fuel mixture, rate of flame travel still sets the restriction of having burnt.Scatter and disappear more in the heat of combustor surface, the possibility that cannot complete combustion process is larger.This less desirable situation is relevant to the problem that the concentration of the unburned fuel (such as hydrocarbon vapour, hydrocarbon particulate and carbon monoxide) in waste gas increases.

Controlling air-fuel ratio and providing rarer combustion condition for the effort in higher fuel efficiency and reducing peak combustion temperatures and effort in the generation hopefully reducing nitrogen oxide causes multiple other problem.Such as, rarer air-fuel ratio compares stoichiometry or fuel rich mixture burns is slower.In addition, slower burning needs the more time to complete two strokes or the four-stroke operation of motor, thus reduces the specified power gesture (powerpotential) of engine design.Along with the replacement adopting rock gas as gasoline or diesel fuel, such actual conditions must be recognized: and if rock gas is much slower than gasoline combustion that substitute gas diesel fuel will be unfavorable for ignition by compression.

In addition; Modern Engine provides too little space for entering the firing chamber with previous electric insulating part, and previous electric insulating part has enough dielectric strengths and durability must bear ringing (high voltage, coronal discharge and the superposition caused to high/low temperature due to shock and vibration and rapid thermal cycles are degenerated) parts for protection.In addition, previous approach for homogeneous and layering supply burning cannot overcome and relies on relevant restriction to octane or cetane and cannot provide the control of the fuel drip of harmful number of times or provide sufficient velocity of combustion thus realize the higher thermal efficiency, and cannot prevent the nitrogen oxide coming from burning.

In order to meet needs that multi fuel utilizes and lower weight in working order and larger air enter, final importantly allow un-throttled air to enter firing chamber and directly spray gaseous state, burning is more clean and spends less fuel, and providing layering to supply alternative as gasoline and diesel oil (gasoline) fuel of burning.But this needs providing the reliable metering of the fuel density to this extensive change, vapour tension and viscosity thus then ensureing to face extremely difficult problem in the completing of the accurate timing of igniting subsequently and combustion incident.In order to realize positive ignition, needing to provide in the relatively little gap between spark point can the air-fuel mixture of spark ignition.

If make great efforts by independent fuel injector, fuel area density to be supplied to each firing chamber to produce layering, then must arrange such as fuel to be rotated or ricochet or the detailed setting that springs back to spark gap from combustor surface momentum, but owing to sacrificing layering supply theory, the heat loss of these approach always balance combustion chamber surface.If controlled fuel by the metering valve separated by a distance with firing chamber, then will occur the fuel of waste number of times or damageability number of times (comprising the number of times producing the torque contrary with expection Driving Torque) " dripping afterwards ".Arbitrary approach all inevitably causes most of fuel " cleaning " or clashes into colder cylinder wall, so as some fuel in a small amount expect the precise time of igniting with in spark gap can the air-fuel mixture conveying of spark ignition.The thermal distortion that this causes the losses of heat loss, cylinder wall lubrication, the friction of cylinder and piston causes and the loss of the thermal efficiency caused due to the heat loss of the unexpansive formula parts that produced motor by gas expansion from workpiece.

Make great efforts to produce the rotation and being placed in rotary air by more low-density fuel entering the air of firing chamber and there are two harmful features.The induction of eddy current causes the impedance of air flowing in combustion chamber and because this reducing the air quantity entering firing chamber, thus volumetric efficiency is reduced.After igniting, products of combustion is transported to combustor surface fast by spinning momentum and oppositely heat loss accelerates.

The internal combustion engine of proving over provides the trial of multi fuel ability (such as, the ability of change between the fuel of such as gasoline, rock gas, propane, fuel alcohol, producer gas and hydrogen is selected) to be extremely complicated and highly compromises.The approach in past causes all fuel of detuning and cancels optimisation technique compromise for special fuel feature.Verified trial is like this easy to malfunctioning and needs very expensive parts and controller.These difficulties are aggravated further due to the distinct particular energy value of these fuel, vapour tension and the broad range of viscosity and other the physical property difference between vaporized fuel and liquid fuel.In addition, due to methane be burn in quoted fuel the slowest, and hydrogen burning must compare other fuel expected select in any one about 7 to 10 times all soon, therefore need the instantaneous reconstruction of ignition timing.

Other problem is faced between the cryogenic liquide of identical fuel material or snow-broth and compressed fuel gas store.Illustratively, liquid hydrogen is under atmospheric pressure stored in-420 °F (-252 DEG C) and causes and do not protect conveying circuit, pressure regulator and sparger condensation and freezing atmospheric water vapour and become impaired ice owing to being exposed to atmospheric moisture.Low temperature methane faces ice and is formed and impaired Similar Problems.Similarly, these perishing fluids also cause common metering aperture (especially microstome) malfunctioning and block.

Still exist and the very difficult problem that must solve how can be vehicle rapid recharge fuel by the thick liquids fuel be under low temperature (hydrogen or methane) or ambient temperature (propane or butane), and under no-load power or low-power, use the steam of this fuel, and under high power levels, use the liquid state of this fuel to carry, to meet energy producing needs?

Under atmospheric pressure, injection low temperature liquid hydrogen or methane need the thick liquids of the very little volume of accurate measurement (comparing the very large Gaseous Hydrogen of volume or the conveying of methane).In addition, select regardless of the concrete multi fuel being delivered to firing chamber, accurately produce, igniting and the layering of combustion fuel and air supply mixture is all necessary.

Select to realize elementary object (comprising most high thermal efficiency, the highest mechanical efficiency, the highest volumetric efficiency and the longest engine life) by often kind of fuel to need accurately to control fuel area density timing, firing chamber infiltration and distribution pattern by the fuel entered, and accurately ignition timing utilizes for optimization air, and the inflating medium keeping excess air that combustion process and workpiece are produced is isolated.

In order to meet the energy requirement of global economy sustainably, need to improve the production of methane and hydrogen, transport and storage by almost each known method.1 gallon of cryogenic liquid methane being in-256 DEG C provides the energy density of 89,000BTU/gal, less than 1 gallons of petrol by about 28%.The liquid hydrogen being in-252 DEG C only provides about 29,700BTU/gal, or is less than gasoline 76%.

The mixture of methane, hydrogen or methane and hydrogen is used to be needed for a long time to replace the gasoline in spark ignition engine as cryogenic liquide or pressurized gas interchangeably.But this target realizes not yet satisfactorily, and therefore, although the cost of the renewable hydrogen of methane and various ways is far smaller than gasoline, the automobile of the overwhelming majority is still devoted to gasoline.Similarly, the mixture of methane, hydrogen or methane and hydrogen is used to be taken as target for a long time as cryogenic liquide and/or compressed gaseous to replace the diesel fuel in compression ignition engine interchangeably, but this target verified is more difficult to realize, and that cause pollution and more expensive diesel fuel is still devoted to by most diesel oil motor.

Accompanying drawing explanation

Fig. 1 is the cross-sectional schematic side view of the integrated sparger/igniter constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure.

Fig. 2 is the side view of the system constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure.

Fig. 3 A to Fig. 3 D shows the some representative stratiform burst mode (burst pattern) can being carried out the fuel sprayed by the sparger constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure.

Fig. 4 is the longitudinal part section of carrying out the element of the embodiment operated according to embodiment of the present disclosure.

Fig. 5 is the end elevation of the element of the Fig. 4 constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure.

Fig. 6 is the longitudinal part section of carrying out the element of the embodiment operated according to embodiment of the present disclosure.

Fig. 7 is the end elevation of the element of the Fig. 6 constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure.

Fig. 8 A and Fig. 8 B is the unit valve assembly constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure.

Fig. 9 is the exemplary fuel control circuit layout of an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figure 10 is the longitudinal part section of carrying out the element of the embodiment operated according to embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figure 11 is the end elevation of the element of the Figure 10 constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figure 12 is the legend of carrying out the sparger embodiment of the present disclosure operated according to principle of the present disclosure.

Figure 13 is the amplification end view of the flat pipeline shown in Figure 10.

Figure 14 is schematic illustration, the sectional view of some parts of the system operated comprising the carrying out constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figure 15 A to Figure 15 D show as according to principle of the present disclosure the operation of the present disclosure that provides.

Figure 16 is the cross section side partial views of the sparger constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figure 17 A is according to the insulator of embodiment structure of the present disclosure or the side view of dielectric plastid, and Figure 17 B is substantially along the cross-sectional side view that the line 17B-17B of Figure 17 A intercepts.

Figure 18 A and Figure 18 B is substantially along the cross-sectional side view that the line 18-18 of Figure 16 intercepts, and illustrated therein is the insulator according to another embodiment structure of the present disclosure or dielectric plastid.

Figure 19 A and Figure 19 B is for forming the schematic illustration with the insulator of compressive stress or the system of dielectric plastid in desired region according to another embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figure 20 and Figure 21 is the cross-sectional side view of the sparger according to another embodiment structure of the present disclosure.

Figure 22 A be the truss pipe for the actuator that aligns that constructs according to embodiment of the present disclosure to the side view of homogeneous component, and Figure 22 B is substantially along the cross-section front view that the line 22B-22B of Figure 22 A intercepts.

Figure 22 C is the side view of the alignment component truss for the actuator that aligns according to another embodiment structure of the present disclosure, and Figure 22 D is substantially along the cross-section front view that the line 22D-22D of Figure 22 C intercepts.

Figure 22 E is the cross section side partial views of the sparger according to another embodiment structure of the present disclosure.

Figure 23 is the cross-sectional side view of the driver constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figure 24 A to Figure 24 F shows the some representative injector-ignition and flow regulator or lid that construct according to embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figure 25 A is isometric view, and Figure 25 B is rear view, and the cross-sectional side view that the line 25C-25C that Figure 25 C is Figure 25 B of the basic safety check along constructing according to embodiment of the present disclosure intercepts.

Figure 26 A is the cross-sectional side view of the sparger according to another embodiment structure of the present disclosure, and Figure 26 B is the plan view of the sparger of Figure 26 A, illustrated therein is igniting and flow regulator.

Figure 27 A is the cross-sectional side view of the sparger according to another embodiment structure of the present disclosure, and Figure 27 B is the indicative icon of some combustion performancies of the sparger of Figure 27 A.

Figure 28 to Figure 30 A is the cross-sectional side view of the sparger according to other embodiment structure of the present disclosure.

Figure 30 B and Figure 30 C is the plan view of igniting and the flow regulator constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figure 31 and Figure 32 is the cross-sectional side view of the sparger according to further embodiment's structure of the present disclosure.

Figure 33 A is the cross-sectional side view of the safety check constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure, and Figure 33 B is the rear view of the safety check constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figure 34 A is the cross-sectional side view of the valve seat constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure, and Figure 34 B is the rear view of the valve seat constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure, and Figure 34 C is the plan view of the valve seat constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figure 35 A is the cross-sectional side view of the sparger according to another embodiment structure of the present disclosure.

Figure 35 B is the plan view of the sparger of Figure 35 A, illustrated therein is the igniting and flow regulator that construct according to embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figure 36 A is the cross section partial side view of the sparger according to another embodiment structure of the present disclosure.

Figure 36 B is the plan view of the sparger of Figure 36 A, illustrated therein is the igniting and flow regulator that construct according to embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figure 37 is the cross-sectional schematic side view of the system according to another embodiment structure of the present disclosure.

Figure 38 shows and makes the schematic diagram of the system that combustion temperature is relevant to such as crankshaft accelerations according to embodiment of the present disclosure for the combustion temperature measured in motor.

Figure 39 A is the representative graph of crankshaft accelerations relative to crankshaft rotating of engine system for constructing according to embodiment of the present disclosure, and Figure 39 B shows peak combustion temperatures for the engine system according to another embodiment structure of the present disclosure relative to the representative graph of crankshaft accelerations.

Figure 40 is the flow chart for making routine that the temperature of burning is relevant to crankshaft accelerations according to embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figure 41 be according to embodiment of the present disclosure for based on the flow chart of crankshaft accelerations to the routine that combustion temperature limits.

Embodiment

The application is combined in this article by the mode quoted in full and submits on January 7th, 2008 and the U.S. Patent application No.12/006 being entitled as " MULTIFUEL STORAGE; METERING AND IGNITION SYSTEM ", 774 (is U.S. Patent No. 7 now, 628,137) theme.The while that the application combining following by the mode quoted in full in the U.S. Patent application submitted to July 21 in 2010 theme of each patent, these patents are entitled as: " INTEGRATED FUELINJECTORS AND IGNITERS AND ASSOCIATED METHODS OF USEAND MANUFACTURE " (attorney 69545-8031US); " FUEL INJECTORACTUATOR ASSEMBLIES AND ASSOCIATED METHODS OF USE ANDMANUFACTURE " (attorney 69545-8032US); " INTEGRATED FUELINJECTORS AND IGNITERS WITH CONDUCTIVE CABLEASSEMBLIES " (attorney 69545-8033US); " SHAPING A FUELCHARGE IN A COMBUSTION CHAMBER WITH MULTIPLE DRIVERSAND/OR IONIZATION CONTROL " (attorney 69545-8034US); " CERAMIC INSULATOR AND METHODS OF USE ANDMANUFACTURE THEREOF " (attorney 69545-8036US); And " METHOD AND SYSTEM OF THERMOCHEMICAL REGENERATIONTO PROVIDE OXYGENATED FUEL; FOR EXAMPLE, WITHFUEL-COOLED FUEL INJECTORS " (attorney 69545-8037US).

A. general introduction

Present disclosure describes and be configured to use together with pluralities of fuel for providing and comprise device, the system and method for the fuel injector of integrated igniter.The integrated fuel that the disclosure further describes for using together with internal-combustion engine sprays and ignition mechanism, and the system of relative association, assembly, parts and method.Such as, the some embodiments in embodiment hereinafter described relate in general to and can optimize the injection of various fuel and the fuel injector/igniter be suitable for of burning based on chamber conditions.Some details has been set forth, to provide the deep understanding to various embodiment of the present disclosure in following description and Fig. 1 to Figure 41.But, hereafter do not set forth other details that the usual well-known structure that is associated with the other side of internal-combustion engine, sparger, igniter and/or combustion system and system are described, to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description to various embodiment of the present disclosure.Therefore, should be appreciated that the some details providing and hereafter set forth, with by being enough to enable those skilled in the relevant art manufacture and use the mode of the disclosed embodiments to be described the following example.But putting into practice some embodiment of the present disclosure may not need some details described below and advantage.

Many details shown in the drawings, size, angle, shape and further feature are only for illustration of specific embodiment of the present disclosure.Therefore, other embodiment can have other details, size, angle and feature under the prerequisite not departing from spirit or scope of the present disclosure.In addition, it will be appreciated by the skilled addressee that and can put into practice other embodiment of the present disclosure when not having some details hereinafter described.

Run through " embodiment " or " embodiment " that this specification quotes to mean to be contained at least one embodiment of the present disclosure with the specific feature of embodiment's associated description, structure or characteristic.Therefore, phrase " in one embodiment " that this specification occurs in multiple position is run through or " in an embodiment " need not all refer to identical embodiment.In addition, specific feature, structure or characteristic can be attached in one or more embodiment by any suitable mode.Title provided herein is only used to conveniently, and does not explain scope of disclosure required for protection or meaning.

integrated sparger/igniter

Fig. 1 is the cross-sectional schematic side view of the integrated sparger/igniter 110 (" sparger 110 ") constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure.Sparger 110 shown in Fig. 1 is configured to different fuel to be ejected in firing chamber 104, and to spray fuel based on the combustion performance in firing chamber 104 and condition or the pattern of outburst and/or frequency carry out Automatic adjusument.As hereinafter explained in detail, sparger 110 can optimize sprayed fuel for rapid-ignition and perfect combustion.Except burner oil, sparger 110 also comprises the one or more integrated ignition Characteristics being configured to light a fire to sprayed fuel.Therefore, sparger 110 can be utilized to be changed into by traditional internal-combustion engine can operate multiple different fuel.Although in order to purpose of illustration schematically shows some features of shown sparger 110, the various features below with reference to embodiment of the present disclosure have been described in detail some features that these schematically show.Therefore, the position, size, orientation etc. of the parts of the sparger schematically shown in Fig. 1 are not intended to limit the disclosure.

In the embodiment shown, sparger 110 comprises body 112, and body 112 has the intermediate portion 116 extended between base portion 114 and spray nozzle part 118.Spray nozzle part 118 extends through the port in engine cylinder cover 107 at least in part, thus the end 119 of spray nozzle part 118 is positioned at the interface of firing chamber 104.Sparger 110 comprises the path or the passage 123 that are extended to spray nozzle part 118 by body 112 from base portion 114 further.Passage 123 is configured to allow fuel to flow through body 112.Passage 123 is configured to allow other parts of such as actuator 122 and the meter unit of sparger 110 and/or energy source parts by body 112 equally.In certain embodiments, actuator 122 can be cable or bar, and this cable or bar have the first end being operatively attached to flow control device or the valve 120 carried by the end 119 of spray nozzle part 118.Therefore, Flow valve 120 is positioned proximate to the interface of firing chamber 104.Although not shown in Figure 1, in some embodiment of sparger 110, more than one Flow valve can be comprised, and be positioned proximate to firing chamber 104 and be positioned at one or more safety check of other position on body 112.

According to another feature of illustrated embodiment, actuator 122 also comprises the second end being operatively attached to driver 124.The second end can be attached to controller or processor 126 further.Explain in detail referring below to various embodiment of the present disclosure, controller 126 and/or driver 124 are configured to fast and accurately activate actuator 122, to be injected fuel in firing chamber 104 by Flow valve 120.Such as, in certain embodiments, Flow valve 120 can outwards (such as, towards firing chamber 104) mobile, and in other embodiments, Flow valve 120 can inwardly (such as, away from firing chamber 104) mobile, thus the injection of metering and control fuel.In addition, in certain embodiments, driver 124 can make actuator 122 tensioning Flow valve 120 to be remained on closed or fixed position, and driver 124 can discharge actuator 122 with permissible flow valve 120 burner oil, and vice versa.Driver 124 can realize expected frequency and the pattern of the fuel outburst of spraying in response to controller and other power inductive means (such as, part part, electromagnetic component and/or piezoelectric part).

In certain embodiments, actuator 122 can comprise one or more integrated sensing and/or transmission part to detect chamber performance and condition.Such as, actuator 122 can be formed by fiber optic cables, the insulation transducer be integrated in bar or cable, or the sensor that can comprise other is to detect and communication firing chamber data.Although not shown in Figure 1, in other embodiments, and As described in detail below, sparger 110 can comprise other sensor or the measuring instrument of the multiple positions be on sparger 110.Such as, body 112 can comprise the optical fiber in the material being integrated into body 112, or the material of body 112 itself can be used in and one or more controller communication burning data.In addition, Flow valve 120 can be configured to sensing or carry sensor burning data to be transferred to the one or more controllers be associated with sparger 110.These data can be transmitted by wireless, wired, optics or other transmission medium.Such feedback makes it possible to carry out extremely quick and adaptive adjustment, for optimization fuel injection factors and characteristic, comprise such as fuel delivery pressure, fuel sprays and start timing, for generation of the duration of charge of multilayer or layering supply, the timing etc. of one or more or continuous print plasma igniting or capacitive discharge.

This feedback of being undertaken by controller 126, driver 124 and/or actuator 126 and Automatic adjusument allow to optimize that such as power produces equally, the effect of fuel economy and make the pollutant effulent comprising nitrogen oxide minimize or eliminate.U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2006/0238068 (being attached to herein by the mode quoted in full) is described the suitable driver for activating the supersonic transducer in sparger 110 as herein described and other sparger.

Sparger 110 optionally can also comprise the igniting and flow regulator or 121 (showing in FIG for dotted line) of lid that are carried by the end 119 of adjacent engine cylinder cap 107.Lid 121 is closed at least in part or is held Flow valve 120.Lid 121 can also be configured to some parts protecting sparger 110, such as sensor or other monitoring component.Lid 121 can also be used as catalyzer, catalyst carrier and/or the first electrode and light a fire for sprayed fuel.In addition, cover 121 can be configured to affect the shape of fuel, pattern and/or the phase place of spraying.Flow valve 120 also can be configured to these performances affecting the fuel sprayed.Such as, in certain embodiments, lid 121 and/or Flow valve 120 can be configured to the unexpected gasification producing the fuel flowing through these parts.More specifically, cover 121 and/or Flow valve 120 can comprise such surface: the mixture that these surfaces have liquid fuel by entering fast or liquid fuel and a solid fuel produces the sharp edges of gas or steam, catalyzer or further feature.The acceleration that Flow valve 120 activates and/or frequency also can make sprayed fuel gasify suddenly.In operation, this suddenly gasification makes the steam that discharges from spray nozzle part 118 or gas more fast and burns more completely.In addition, this suddenly gasification may be used in the overheated liquid fuel that breaks out with the fuel launched and plasma or sound-powered various combination.In a further embodiment, the frequency that Flow valve 120 activates can cause plasma emission, thus affects shape and/or the pattern of the fuel sprayed valuably.U.S. Patent Application Publication No.672 is herein attached to by the mode quoted in full, 636 (U. S. Patents 4,122,816) the suitable driver for being activated plasma emission by sparger 110 as herein described and other sparger is described.

According to another aspect of illustrated embodiment, and it is As described in detail below, being made up of one or more dielectric materials 117 at least partially of body 112, dielectric material 117 is adapted to carry out high-energy ignition, thus the fuel burning different (comprising the fuel of unrefined fuel or low energy densities).These dielectric materials 117 can provide enough high-tension electric insulations, for generation, isolation and/or conveying spark or plasma (for igniting).In certain embodiments, body 112 can be made up of single dielectric material 117.But in other embodiments, body 112 can comprise two or more dielectric materials.Such as, at least one section of intermediate portion 116 can be made up of first dielectric material with the first dielectric strength, and at least one section of spray nozzle part 118 can be made up of the dielectric material with the second dielectric strength (being greater than the first dielectric strength).By the second relatively strong dielectric strength, the second dielectric material can protect sparger 110 not to be heated and the impact of impact, fouling, voltage-tracing etc. of machinery.Hereafter to suitable dielectric material and these materials, the example of the position on body 112 has been described in detail.

Except dielectric material, sparger 110 can also be attached to power supply or high voltage source, to produce ignition event thus the fuel sprayed that burns.First electrode can be attached to power supply (such as, voltage produces source (as capacitor discharge, induction or piezoelectric system)) by extend through one or more conductors of sparger 110.The region of spray nozzle part 118, Flow valve 120 and/or lid 121 can operate to the second corresponding electrode of engine cylinder cover 107 as the first electrode, to produce ignition event (such as, the electric discharge of spark, plasma, compression ignition operation, high-energy capacitor, the spark being derived from prolongation induction and/or direct current or high-frequency plasma, in conjunction with ultrasonic application to cause rapidly, to advance and to complete burning).As explained in detail below, the first electrode can be configured with durability and comparatively long life.In another embodiment of the present disclosure, sparger 110 can be configured to provide from the transformation of energy in source, firing chamber and/or be regenerated by thermochemistry and recover used heat or wasted energy, with one or more parts of the energy drives sparger 110 by being derived from combustion incident.

injection/ignition system

Fig. 2 shows the side view of the environment of a part for combustion system 200, and combustion system 200 has the fuel injector 210 constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure.In the embodiment shown, the sparger 210 schematically shown merely illustrates the type being configured to spray in the firing chamber 202 of internal-combustion engine 204 and light different fuel of sparger.As shown in Figure 2, firing chamber 202 is formed in head (comprising sparger 210 and valve), movably between piston 201 and the internal surface of cylinder 203.But in other embodiments, sparger 210 can use in other environment together with the firing chamber of other type and/or energy delivery means, comprises various blade, axis and radial piston decompressor and polytype rotary combustion engine.As hereafter described in further detail, sparger 210 comprises some such features: these features not only allow spray in firing chamber 202 and light different fuel, also makes sparger 210 or can require spray adaptively and light these different fuel according to different combustion conditions.Such as, sparger 210 comprises one or more insulating material, and these insulation construction become to make it possible to carry out high-energy ignition, with the different fuel type that burns, comprise the fuel of unrefined fuel or low energy densities.These insulating material are also configured to bear the different mal-condition needed for fuel type of burning, comprising such as high voltage, fatigue, impact, oxidation and corrosion degradation.

According to another aspect of illustrated embodiment, sparger 210 can comprise the instrument for sensing the various combustion performancies (such as, performance, the performance of firing chamber 202, the performance etc. of motor 204 of combustion process) in firing chamber 202 further.In response to the condition that these sense, sparger 210 can be optimized fuel adaptively and spray and firing characteristic, to realize the increase that fuel efficiency improves and power produces, and reduce noise, engine knock, heat loss and/or vibration, thus extend motor and/or vehicle ages.In addition, sparger 210 also comprises actuating member to inject fuel in firing chamber 202, to realize the specific flowing of sprayed fuel or spray pattern 205 and phase place.Such as, sparger 210 can comprise one or more valves at the interface being positioned proximate to firing chamber 202.The actuating member of sparger 210 provides the operation of accurate, the high frequency of valve, to control at least following characteristics: fuel sprays the timing starting and complete, the timing of frequency that fuel repeatedly sprays and endurance and/or ignition event and selection.

Fig. 3 A to Fig. 3 D shows and can carry out some fuel burst mode 305 (being represented by first to fourth mode 3 05a to 305d respectively) of spraying by the sparger constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure.As one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, shown mode 3 05 only represents embodiments more of the present disclosure.Therefore, the disclosure is not limited to the mode 3 05 shown in Fig. 3 A to Fig. 3 D, and in other embodiments, sparger can perform the burst mode different from shown mode 3 05.Although the mode 3 05 shown in Fig. 3 A to Fig. 3 D has different shapes and structure, these mode 3s 05 share the feature with orderly fuel bed 307.The independent layer 307 of corresponding mode 3 05 provides the relatively large benefit of the S/V of sprayed fuel.These larger S/Vs provide the higher rate of burning of fuel supply, and contribute to insulation and the acceleration of clean-burning fuel supply.Slowly combustion fuel supply of comparing with burning completely fast like this provides some advantages.Such as, more slowly combustion fuel supply needs to light a fire earlier, causes a large amount of heat loss to combustor surface, and generation is more done over again (backwork) or Driving Torque loses to overcome the early stage pressure caused owing to lighting a fire earlier.These burn operations are formerly subject to pollutant effulent (such as, being rich in the hydrocarbon particulate of carbon, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, quenching and unburned hydrocarbon etc.) and piston, ring, cylinder wall, harmful heating of other parts of valve and firing chamber and the puzzlement of wearing and tearing equally.

Therefore, alternative traditional sparger, glow plug or spark plug (such as, diesel fuel injectors, spark plug etc. for gasoline) and developed the ability of complete rated power by miscellaneous recyclable fuel (such as hydrogen, methane and the fuel alcohol of various cheapnesss manufactured by the sewage that can extensively obtain, rubbish and crops and animal wastes) is provided according to system of the present disclosure and sparger.Although the fossil fuel that the energy density of these recyclable fuels is compared through refining may be little by about 3,000 times, system of the present disclosure and sparger can spray and light these recyclable fuels and produce for effective energy.

the system of spraying for providing multi fuel

Fig. 4 is the longitudinal section of the element carrying out the embodiment operated according to embodiment of the present disclosure.Fig. 5 is the end elevation of the element of the Fig. 4 constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure.The All aspects of of the illustrative embodiment according to Fig. 4, the fuel type of characteristic that what sparger 3028 made it possible to utilize interchangeably original fuel material or described process to produce with hydrogen is.This comprises the liquid state of gasoline liquid, propane, ethane, butane, fuel alcohol, low temperature snow-broth, the equal fuel produced by thermochemistry regenerative response of the present disclosure or new fuel type, steam or gaseous form.

As shown in Figure 4, the optimum fuel that sparger 3028 makes it possible to select to pass through provided loop (being selected comprising the flow by various valve, being shown for the valve 3014 for utilizing such fuel type and condition in Fig. 4, 3011, 3007, 3012 and 3027: these fuel types and condition comprise the primary fuel from fuel tank 3004, from heat exchanger 3023, the primary fuel of heating of 3026 and/or 3036, from heat exchanger 3023, the vaporization primary fuel of 3026 and/or 3036, carry out the fuel type of the new generation of autoreactor 3036, the heating fuel carrying out autoreactor 3036 combined with the fuel from heat exchanger 3025 and/or 3026) and selection pressure carry out optimized variable (comprise fuel delivery rate and to the infiltration in firing chamber for by controlling adjustable pressure regulator 3021, be in local and the overall air-fuel mixture of the selected time for lighting a fire, fuel burn rate and these variablees other combination and permutation many) be delivered to sparger 3028.The structure of fuel injector 3028 improves the ability controlled for the injection of self adaption fuel, the utilization of fuel infiltration pattern, air, ignition and combustion, thus achieves multiple alternative optimization aim of the present disclosure.

Fig. 4 shows a kind of exemplary embodiment 3028 in the solenoid-actuated kind of the fuel injection shown in System Figure and positive ignition system.According to the All aspects of of embodiment, the accurate volumetric that sparger 3028 provides the fuel of notable change in temperature, viscosity and density sprays and igniting, comprising be in the solid-state of-254 DEG C (-425 °F) and liquid hydrogen snow-broth hydrogen mixture, from the hot hydrogen of the reformation formaldehyde to the diesel oil and gasoline liquid that are in ambient temperature that are in 150 DEG C (302 °F) or higher temperature and carbon monoxide.The conveying providing the broad spectrum of the volume partially or completely needed for rated power to need Precise number, accurate volumetric from such fuel by the efficient operation of motor 3030 and the self adaption timing of correct timed ignition, each cycle of engine has quick repetition, does not all have sparger drippage before or after the best injection timing expected.Due to the carelessness in exhaust, air inlet or early stage compression stage the exhaust cycle caused with problematic fuel area density and/or do over again and/or heat loss process in, avoid such drippage to be extremely difficult and important for avoiding for fuel loss.

In certain embodiments, fuel drip reduces is by providing the spacing between flow control valve 3074 and valve actuator (such as comprising the solenoid valve operator of insulation winding 3046, soft magnetic core 3045, armature 3048 and spring 3036 as shown in figure) to realize.Realize this spatial constraints in order to the extremely strict spatial constraints that meets in " hot well " condition set in the camshaft of engine valve group and Modern Engine, the infrastructure of sparger 3028 becomes the part 3076 below voltage insulation well 3066 and has the screw thread identical with common spark plug, scope (reach) and body diameter in 3086.Similarly, little emitter segment section is arranged for diesel oil substitute fuel injector, is combined in the accurate spark ignition of fuel that aspect of performance changes (from low-vapor pressure diesel fuel to hydrogen and/or take hydrogen as the fuel of characteristic) and the basic competence of layering supply performance simultaneously.

In the embodiment shown in fig. 4, ejector arrangements makes it possible to the high voltage being used for spark ignition to put on conductor 3068 in well 3066 and thus strides across conduction nozzle 3070 and produce ionization voltage with the accumulation feature 3085 of screw section 3086 of the interface being positioned at firing chamber as shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5.In certain embodiments, flow control valve 3074 is promoted by high-strength insulating body cable or lightweight conductive optical cable 3060, and high-strength insulating body cable or lightweight conductive optical cable 3060 are moved by the driver of solenoid-operated device assembly or the power of armature 3048 as shown in figure.According to the All aspects of of an embodiment, the diameter of cable 3060 is 0.04mm (0.015 inch) and by a branch of high strength light pipe processbearing astrocyte, comprising the fiber of radiation selecting effectively to transmit IR, visible and/or UV wavelength.

According to a feature of illustrated embodiment; this tube bank is encapsulated in protectiveness collapsible tube or is assembled in the actuator for flow control valve 3074 and data acquisition components forming very high strength, flexibility and extremely insulate in thermoplasticity or thermosetting adhesive, and data acquisition components reports into IR, as seen and/or the chamber pressure of UV light data, temperature and combustion mode condition continuously.According to further embodiment; interface, firing chamber 83 is arranged at, to provide firing pressure data by optical fibre Fabry-perot interferometer, miniature Fabry-Perot based on the sensor in chamber or Side polishing fiber optical fiber for the protectiveness lens of cable 3060 or coating.In operation, from be positioned at interface, firing chamber or substantially close to the pressure data of the end of the cable 3060 at interface, firing chamber by shown guide-lighting beam transport, the impact of the not frayed and thermal degradation of the leaded light tube bank that can such as protect this shown.According to All aspects of of the present disclosure, except heat-resisting refractory alloy and/or kanthal (Kanthols), suitable lens protective material also includes but not limited to diamond, sapphire, quartz, magnesium oxide, silicon carbide and/or other pottery.

Fig. 6 is the longitudinal section of the element carrying out the embodiment operated according to embodiment of the present disclosure.Fig. 7 is the end elevation of the element of the Fig. 6 constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure.Therefore, shown in the alternative of sparger as shown in Figure 6, sparger 3029 comprises transparent dielectric insulator 3072.Insulator 3072 provides from firing chamber to the light pipes transmit of the radiation frequency of photoelectric sensor 3062P and the light pipes transmit of different strain signals to strain gauge 3062D corresponding to chamber pressure condition.

According to further embodiment, embedded controller 3062 preferably receives the signal carrying out sensor 3062D and 3062P, and for producing the fuel area density of analog or digital and the spark ignition event efficiency as engine components, power generation, smooth operation degree, failure safe provide and the further improvement in working life.In certain embodiments, controller 3062 record sensor indices with determine each cylinder torque produce between time, thus derive positive engine acceleration and negative engine acceleration are sprayed as self adaption fuel and the function of spark ignition timing and data on flows, to determine the adjustment needed for engine operation parameters optimizing expectation.Therefore, controller 3062 is used as the system (hereafter discussing) of host computer control Figure 14, selects various operation comprising by sparger (sparger 3028,3029 or 3029 ' such as shown in Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 9, Figure 11 and Figure 13).

In certain embodiments, be provided by the safety check 3084 of substantially transparent as shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7 to the optical fiber tube bank below flow control valve 3074 or the protection of cable 3060.According to an embodiment, exemplary quick-make safety check comprises the ferromagnetic element be encapsulated in transparent body.The combination of this function can be provided by the various geometrical shapies comprising the ferromagnetic dish in transparent plate as shown in the figure or the ferromagnetic ball in hyaloplasmic sphere.In operation, such geometrical shape makes safety check 3084 can arrive logical normally closed position under the effect of magnetic force, thus as shown in figure very near the end of flow control valve 3074 and cable 3060.When flow control valve 3074 is promoted to provide fuel to flow, open position in the stressed arrival wellhole of safety check 3084 thus safety check 3084 is remained in crossed grooves 3088, crossed grooves 3088 allows fuel through safety check 3084 and flows through magnetic valve seat 3090 by groove 3088, thus shows that the very high surface of the fuel of the air entered in firing chamber and volume permeate (hereafter discussing) as shown in figures 12 and 14.Therefore, cable 3060 continues through the radiation frequency that receives and be conveyed through safety check 3084 to monitor firing chamber event.According to All aspects of of the present disclosure, the suitable material for the hyalomere of safety check 3084 comprises sapphire, quartz, heat-resistant polymer and is transparent pottery for the interested frequency of monitoring.

In general, expect to produce maximum torque by minimum fuel consumption.In the objectionable region of the nitrogen oxides emissions of such as crowded avenue, self adaption fuel sprays and ignition timing provides peak torque and do not allow peak combustion temperatures to reach 2,200 DEG C (4,000 °F).Determine that an exemplary approach of peak combustion temperatures is the flame temperature detector by utilizing small diameter fiber cable 3060 or larger transparent insulator 3072.Insulator 3072 can by heat-resisting and anti abrasive coating manufacture, such as, sapphire on the face, firing chamber of high temperature polymer or diamond coatings, or pass through quartz, sapphire or glass manufacture for the function combined in sparger 3028, comprising the sensor 3062D of the radiation produced by burning by light pipes transmit controller 3062 extremely as shown in the figure.In addition, with reference to Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, controller 3062,3043 and/or 3032 monitors the signal from the sensor 3062D in each firing chamber, with fuel metering injection adaptively and/or spark ignition timing, thus prevents nitric oxide production formation.

Therefore, the almost any distance the position above the valve that the tight spacing from the interface of firing chamber to Modern Engine is opened and valve operator can both be provided by the overall spark ignition of the fuel control force and optimum spark plug or diesel fuel injectors position that are transferred to logical normally closed flow control valve 3074 by insulated cable 3060.The structure with the fuel injector of entirety igniting of the present disclosure allows sparger to substitute spark plug or diesel fuel injectors, thus provide the high efficiency layering supply burning that accurate fuel injection timing and self adaption spark ignition are selected for kind fuel widely, comprising the fuel (regardless of octane, cetane, viscosity, temperature or fuel energy density grade) that cost is less.Previously be limited to motor that the fuel with specific octane or cetane number is operated lower and to environment facies when the useful disclosure is converted into the operation that more the effective use life-span is longer by cost in fuel.In addition, can operate sparger 3028,3029 or 3029 ' as pilot fuel conveying and ignition system or as only spark ignition system to make motor recovery to the primitive operation of the gasoline carried by carburetting or intake manifold fuel injection system.Similarly, sparger 3028,3029 or 3029 ' can be configured for according to these various fuel meterings and fire group is incompatible is operated by diesel fuel or alternative spark ignition fuel.

According to other side of the present disclosure, can prevent from being formed to control adaptively while nitrogen oxide fuel injection timing and spark ignition timing for such as making maximize fuel economy, specific power produces, the lubricating film guaranteed on Combustor is safeguarded and/or makes the object of minimum.In certain embodiments, near face, the firing chamber place preferably making cable 3060 extend to fuel dispensing nozzle permanently by flow control valve 3074 or face, firing chamber, thus by observation firing chamber, the center event of groove 3088 as shown in Fig. 5, Fig. 7 and Figure 11.In an alternative embodiment, cable 3060 can be formed and one or morely move freely degree of crook (such as armature stops the loop above ball 3035), thus be preferably so that armature 3048 can start mobile before flow control valve 3074 and produce momentum starting to promote cable 3060 thus therefore promote suddenly, and as shown in figure radiation wavelength is delivered to sensor 3040 from firing chamber permanently by soft magnetic core 3045.According to embodiment of the present disclosure, sensor 3040 can be separated or be formed integral to (as shown in the figure) in controller 3043 with controller 3043.In one embodiment, Electro-Optic Sensor System provides the comprehensive monitoring to chamber conditions, sprays and ignition event comprising the burning of the function of the pressure in the firing chamber as motor 3030 as shown in the figure and/or radiation detection, expansion, exhaust, air inlet, fuel.Therefore, with reference to Fig. 4 and Fig. 6, come the temperature of sensor 3040 and/or sensor 3062D and/or sensor 3062P and corresponding pressure signal can make controller 3032 immediately by temperature and at fuel combustion temperature the residing time be associated with chamber pressure, piston position, and to be associated with the chemical property of the product burnt.

Such coherence is easy to U. S. Patent 6,015,065,6,446,597,6,503,584,5,343,699 and 5,394,852 and co-pending application 60/551, technology disclosed in 219 and the firing chamber radiation data that provided to sensor 3040 as shown in the figure by optical fiber tube bank/light pipe assembly/cable 3060 are realized by piston position, operating motor in conjunction with data capture of chamber pressure.The correlation function produced makes to be delivered to by cable 3060 pattern that the radiation signal of sensor 3040 and piston position data can indicate chamber pressure, temperature and the combustion condition optimized adaptively needed for the various duty of engine (such as, make fuel economy, power produce to maximize, avoid nitrogen oxide, avoid heat loss etc.).Afterwards, the data being supplied to controller 3043 by cable 3060 and sensor 3040 can make to realize the quick of the duty of engine and adaptive control by the unusual effective sparger of cost.

Therefore, according to an embodiment, one or more pressure transducers that more fully self adaption ejecting system can be disclosed in simultaneously combined sensor 3040 and cable 3060 and the patent quoted above covered as known in the art and/or by way of reference herein and co-pending application.Under these circumstances, the self adaption that the rotational acceleration of preferably monitoring motor produces management for fuel economy and power is improved.Therefore can monitor engine acceleration by multiple technologies, detect comprising bent axle or camshaft timing, distributor timing, gear teeth timing or velocity of piston.Engine acceleration as the function of controlled variable (drawing comprising fuel type selection, fuel type temperature, fuel injection timing, jet pressure, injection recurrence rate, ignition timing and chamber temperature) makes it possible to by traditional or spend that less fuel significantly improves engine performance, fuel economy, effulent control and engine life.

According to All aspects of of the present disclosure, produce the spark plasma igniting with self adaption timing with the burning optimizing the fuel viscosity of extensively change, calorific value and vapour tension by be positioned at or the substantially contiguous remote valve operator 3048 at interface, firing chamber and this new combination of flow control valve 3074 provide.Owing to existing very little between flow control valve 3074 and firing chamber or there is clearance volume hardly, therefore this structure almost eliminate harmful front drippage or after drip.By flow control valve 3074 is positioned at interface, firing chamber, avoid the flow in fuel motional impedance usually caused by the passage of transfer the fuel circuitously.In certain embodiments, flow control valve 3074 can by suitable mechanical spring or by being pushed into logical normally closed condition as the compressive force on the cable of the function of the power applied by spring 3036 or bar 3060, or be pushed into valve seat 3090 by magnet spring gravitation, comprising the combination of this closed action.

According to All aspects of of the present disclosure, withstand voltage properties is that the free acceleration of armature driver 3048 by providing the impact be followed by ball 3035 realizes, and armature driver 3048 is fixed on the position on cable 3060 and is designed to make suddenly ball 3035 promote or be shifted.In certain embodiments, driver 3048 is towards electromagnetic pole part and by fixing (stationery) cable 3060 as shown in the figure relative to freely moving.After obtaining sizable momentum, driver 3048 clashes into the ball 3035 in the spring of good display.In the embodiment shown, ball 3035 be attached to as shown in the figure spring 3036 in cable 3060.Therefore, in operation, compare the much larger power that can be produced by direct acting solenoid valve by this impact application suddenly and cause relatively little inertia, logical normally closed flow control valve 3074 promotes suddenly from the top valve seat of the path seat 3090.

This embodiment can utilize any suitable seat for flow control valve 3074; But, for the application of the firing chamber of puffer, preferably permanent magnet is attached to wherein or as seat 3090 flow control valve 3074 to be pushed to logical normally closed condition as shown in the figure.This unexpected impact actuating of the flow control valve 3074 undertaken by armature 3048 makes, regardless of the applying pressure needed for the appearance of fuel temperature, viscosity, snow-broth crystal (slush crystals) or the fuel delivery rate possibility of guarantee expectation, can both ensure the precision flow of fuel.The permanent magnet of such as SmCo and NdFeB is easy to provide the magnetic force of expectation under the operating temperature reaching 205 DEG C (401 °F) and guaranteed flow control valve 3074 is pushed into the logical normally closed position on magnetic valve seat 3090, thus therefore almost eliminates clearance volume and rear drippage.

In illustrative contrast, if flow control valve 3074 conducts electricity nozzle 3070 by engaging with armature 3048 for being delivered in the hole of insulator 3064, then be temporarily in the fuel in shown clearance volume rear drippage can with cycle of engine in be in the volume of the fuel area density of the expection of expected time as many.This flowing of rear drippage can be in the process of the final stage of expansion or be in the process of exhaust stroke; and will be therefore (if the incomplete words) of wasting most, cause the flame collision loss of protectiveness cylinder wall lubrication, the heating of useless piston and the friction of increase caused due to differential expansion and the overheated of exhaust system component simultaneously.This specific fuel energy of no matter octane value, vapour tension or every volume can be made how can both to utilize traditional or lower-cost fuel interchangeable utilize in be extremely important open.

In addition, to such as by the unexpected impact of driver 3048 on cable 3060 and therefore on flow control valve 3074 provide be greater than 700 barometric pressure, traditional valve-operating system will be limited to about 7 atmospheric pressure drops.Can compare apple jam or cottage formula cheese and have the incomparable quality of difficulty and the low temperature snow-broth fuel of viscosity is transported to logical normally closed flow control valve 3074 easily through relatively large path, flow control valve 3074 is arranged on the major diameter aperture of seat 3090.The quick acceleration of large inertia solenoid armature 3048 and unexpected impact subsequently shift very large lifting force by dielectric cable 3060, leave large aperture in seat 3090 suddenly and surely to promote flow control valve 3074, thus open logical normally closed safety check 3084 (if present) and fuel snow-broth mixture is ejected in firing chamber.For being in the fuel of any phase place or the mixture as being in comprising of can providing off and on hydrogen at 400 °F (204 DEG C) or higher temperature and other unusual phase place of low-viscosity fuel provides the same guaranteed conveying without rear drippage.

According to All aspects of of the present disclosure, no matter whether fuel density is be in cold engine start and then become hundred times or the thousand times liquid gasolines or low temperature hydrogen being less than engine warm-up density to be provided for the heat that liquid fuel is converted into vaporized fuel, can both provide the accurate measurement of the fuel entering firing chamber and igniting and not have disadvantageous rear drippage.This allow vehicle operators to select to expect most and obtainable fuel for make-up tank 3004 (being shown in Figure 14).Afterwards, engine exhaust heat is reclaimed by the heat exchanger shown in Figure 14 and sparger 3028 provides the optimization expected most by utilizing the fuel selected by engine waste heat, thus provides with hydrogen the advantage of the layering supply burning being characteristic.In perishing weather and in order to make carbon dioxide emissions minimize, to transmit via solenoid valve 3027 transmission preferably by the time that can obtain a large amount of heat of engine at reactor 3036 and the hydrogen that stores in accumulator 3019 or take hydrogen as the gas of feature.In operation, in the time that cold engine starts, valve 3027 is opened and hydrogen or be that the fuel of feature flows to pressure regulator 3021 and sparger 3028 by valve 3027 with hydrogen, with provide motor 3030 extremely fast, very efficient and clean startup.

Fig. 8 A and Fig. 8 B is the unit valve assembly constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure.In ocean, agricultural, mining industry, construction and provided by heavily dragging in application of carrying out of railway and truck and utilize the chance of recyclable fuel and improve the efficiency of big-block engine and working life is basic, but it is extremely difficult that conveying is originally designed to for the enough vaporized fuel energy in the big-block engine of diesel fuel.Fig. 8 A show the relatively low fuel of the energy density that is provided for large volume forced feed can controlled delivery to the part section of the unit valve 3100 of each cylinder of motor such as 3130.According to All aspects of of the present disclosure, compare traditional fuel due to basic layering supply products of combustion (combustant) and there is the higher thermal efficiency, therefore unit valve 3100 be provided for big-block engine in conjunction with sparger in can to utilize in the low-down fuel of energy density be useful especially.Unit valve 3100 also makes it possible to part and utilizes such fuel, thus greatly improves the volumetric efficiency of transformed motor by being increased in the amount importing the air of firing chamber in each air inlet cyclic process.

In operation, when valve (such as ball 3106) is pushed to the operating position on seat 3108 as shown in the figure by spring 3104, pressurized fuel is supplied to shown valve chamber by inlet fitting 3102.In high speed engine application, or when spring 3104 causes opposition because of being easy to formation solid in snow-broth fuel, preferably provide seat 3108 as permanent-magnet pole to contribute to the quick-make of ball 3106.When expecting fuel area density to firing chamber, push rod 3112 forces ball 3106 to promote and leaves seat 3108 and allow fuel around ball 3106 and by shown flow channels to accessory 3110, for being delivered to firing chamber.In certain embodiments, push rod 3112 is by showing closed fitted seal in the hole being 3122 or being sealed by the elastomer seal of such as Sealing 3114.Can by the combination actuate push 3112 of any suitable method or method.

According to an embodiment, can by providing suitable control to fuel flow rate due to electric current by the solenoid action that the Circular Winding 3126 in steel cap 3128 causes, solenoid plunger 3116 moves axially relatively with push rod 3112 as shown in the figure in steel cap 3128.In certain embodiments, plunger 3116 is preferably the ferromagnetic material of soft magnetism.Plunger 3116 carries out Linear-moving under the guiding of sliding bearing 3124, sliding bearing 3124 is preferably selflubricating or anti-friction alloy, such as, by suitable tackiness agent, swaged forging or stewing (braised) locks in place thus the Nitronic alloy be forever positioned on the magnetic pole iron part 3122 of unit valve 3100 as shown in the figure or have the powder metallurgy oil-retaining bearing of permanent lubrication of screw thread, interference fit.

In other embodiments, valve ball 3106 can also be opened by pulse action, in this pulse action, being allowed to prior to causing suddenly after push rod 3112 impact bead 3106 moves freely, plunger 3116 is allowed to obtain sizable momentum before providing quite high opening force.In this embodiment, preferably when plunger 3116 accelerate towards ball 3106 be initially located in neutral position time provide " static state " gap enough between the end of ball 3106 and push rod 3112, to allow to produce sizable momentum before ball 3106 is subject to impacting suddenly.

For batch operation push rod 3112 and therefore the alternative approach of batch operation ball 3106 is that rotary solenoid by operating with the same frequency controlled suction valve and/or the power stroke of motor or the displacement of mechanically operated cam realize.So mechanically actuated exclusive source as being shifted for ball 3106 can be utilized or in conjunction with push-and-pull or rotary solenoid.In operation, clevis 3118 fixes ball bearing assembly 3120, and wherein the roller of anti-friction bearing assembly or outer ring rotate above suitable cam, thus make plunger 3116 and push rod 3112 towards ball 3106 Linear-moving.At the fuel flow rate in order to produce expectation after impact bead 3106, ball 3106 and plunger 3116 get back to neutral position by magnetic base as shown in the figure and/or spring 3104 and 3105.

The proper operation can conceiving unit valve 3100 similarly can be realized by the cam displacement with the ball bearing assembly 3120 of " the often opening " function of being undertaken by the brake component (not shown) of piezoelectric operated or by acting on plunger 3116 thus realizing in the actuating of the camshaft 3120 such as shown in Fig. 8 A and Fig. 9 by the electromagnet 3126 continuing fuel flowing stage afterwards.This provide fluid flow valve function, wherein the movable valve element of such as 3106 is shifted by being subject to the plunger 3112 of the effect of the power of suitable mechanism (comprising the combination of solenoid, cam-operated device and solenoid and cam-operated person), and the combination that wherein valve element 3106 is held in place aperiodically for allowing by such solenoid, piezoelectricity brake component and/or solenoid and piezoelectric device realizes fluid flowing.

Fuel flowing from unit valve 3100 can be delivered to motor suction valve port, be delivered to suitable direct cylinder fuel injectors and/or be delivered to the sparger of the selected combination with the embodiment being illustrated in greater detail in Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Figure 10 and Figure 11.In some application of such as large-scale displacement type motor, expect fuel area density to whole three inlet points.When pressurized fuel is transported to the inlet valve port of firing chamber by timing injection in the time period that air inlet port or valve are opened, by applying fuel momentum thus the air carrying out producing larger air density in a combustion chamber pumps into, achieve the increase of air inlet and volumetric efficiency.

Under these circumstances, fuel is carried with the speed significantly more than air velocity, thus therefore causes air to accelerate to enter in firing chamber.This advantage can be controlled as being less than the amount that to be started or maintains the fuel burnt by spark ignition by the amount of the fuel by entering firing chamber and form.But, this poor fuel-air mixture can be sprayed easily through fuel and carries out lighting a fire and lighted a fire by the sparger embodiment of Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Figure 10 and Figure 11, and these spargers embodiment provides guaranteed igniting and rapid osmotic by the poor fuel-air mixture becoming to be produced by timing port fuel injection by fuel combustion.

Extra power can be provided by direct cylinder injection by independent direct fuel sparger fuel being added into the burning that sparger starts.Ensure that from one or more direct cylinder injector separately to the direct injection the combustion mode started by sparger/igniter and control in excess air fast and perfect combustion and avoid usually with needs from combustor surface fuel vortex, ricochet and/or resilience and then around the surface of spark ignition sources or the heat loss that is associated of the near surface independent direct injection of burning and spark ignition parts.

In relatively large engine application, for high speed engine operation, and under expecting that the electric current in Circular Winding 3126 needs and heat produces minimized situation, expect the movement of mechanical cam actuating and plunger 3116 and the solenoid-operated of ball 3112 to combine especially.This makes the elementary movement of plunger 3116 can be provided by the axis cam of the camshaft 3212 of such as Fig. 9.After setting up the initial valve action of ball 3106 for being enough to the fuel area density making the race of engine by cam action, being continued relative to retainer 3122 non-movable piston 3116, " normal ETAD expected time of arrival and departure " to be increased by the relatively little current flowing owing to producing in Circular Winding 3126 provides the increase of fuel area density and power generation.Therefore, the normal ETAD expected time of arrival and departure extending plunger 3116 by the solenoid action of opening fast of the ball 3106 realized by the cam action of following as shown in Fig. 8 A, Fig. 8 B, Fig. 9 and Figure 12 provides guaranteed valve operate and the accurate control of power to increase.

According to All aspects of of the present disclosure, the motor with multiple firing chamber is provided with the accurate timing conveying of fuel by the arrangement unit valve of the embodiment 3200 shown in the exemplary fuel control circuit layout of such as Fig. 9.Under this illustrative case, six unit valve (3100) are located with equal angular separation in housing 3202.Housing 3202 provides pressurized fuel by manifold 3204 to each unit valve entrance 3206.The cam be shown on camshaft 3212 activates each push-rod assembly 3210 off and on, to provide the precision flow of fuel from entrance to outlet 3208 (corresponding to 3110 of Fig. 8 B), thus directly or be delivered to suction valve port and/or the firing chamber of expectation by the sparger/igniter such as shown in Fig. 6, Fig. 7 and Figure 10.In certain embodiments, housing 3202 preferably carries out Automatic adjusument relative to the Angle Position with camshaft 3212, to provide spark and injection advance in response to the adaptive optimization algorithm provided by controller 3220 as shown in the figure.

In certain embodiments, controller 3220 and the parts that are associated preferably can provide the generation of the efficiency of adaptive optimization as engine components of the fuel area density of each firing chamber and spark ignition event, power, smooth operation degree, failure safe provide and the further improvement in working life.Controller 3220 and/or 3232 record sensor instruction with determine each cylinder torque produce between time, thus derive positive engine acceleration and negative engine acceleration are sprayed as self adaption fuel and the function of spark ignition data, to determine the adjustment needed for power operation result optimizing expectation.

In general, expect to produce maximum torque by minimum fuel consumption.But in the objectionable region of the nitrogen oxides emissions of such as crowded avenue, self adaption fuel sprays and ignition timing provides peak torque and do not allow peak combustion temperatures to reach 2,200 DEG C (4,000 °F).This is realized by shown embodiment of the present disclosure.

The determination of peak combustion temperatures is preferably by utilizing the flame temperature detector of small diameter fiber cable or larger transparent insulator 3072 as shown in Figure 10 to provide.In certain embodiments, insulator 3072 is by heat-resisting and anti abrasive coating manufacture, such as, sapphire on the face, firing chamber of high temperature polymer or diamond coatings, or by quartz, sapphire or glass manufacture for the function combined in sparger, comprising the sensor 3062D (3062 be O type annular seal) of the radiation produced by burning by light pipes transmit controller 3032,3043 and/or 3432 extremely as shown in the figure.Such as, controller 3043 monitors the wireless signal from the sensor 3062D in each firing chamber, with fuel metering injection adaptively and/or spark ignition timing, thus prevents the formation of nitrous oxide or other nitrogen oxide.

In certain embodiments; preferably provide foundry goods or injection mould polymer insulation via for high voltage wire 3068 by the hole 3064 that photoconductive tube 3072 is arranged, high voltage wire 3068 is protected and is sealed the wire 3068 of contiguous instrument 3062D and 3062P, nozzle 3070 and controller 3062 and the insulated wells 3066 formed as shown in the figure.In other embodiments; this identical insulator is preferably used to form another insulator well 3066 similar to well 3050, for the electrical connection of protection and control device 3062 in the position of contiguous well 3050 (but be positioned at below well 3050 and rotate from well 3050).

In single rotor or the application of single cylinder, the controller 3062 of solid state is as shown in Figure 10 utilized to provide the optical monitoring of firing chamber event may be preferred in some high speed engine embodiment.Controller 3062 be similar to or proximity sense 3062D position face in be preferred in conjunction with one or more pressure transducer 3062P for producing the signal proportional with chamber pressure same.In certain embodiments, pressure transducer 3062P monitors and contrasts air inlet in firing chamber, compression, power and exhaust events and provide contrast basis to spray for fuel as shown in the figure and the self adaptive control of ignition timing.

According to an embodiment, for providing an option of fuel metering and igniting management to be provide " elapsed time " endurance for the idle running of motor by the camshaft 3212 shown in Fig. 9.In certain embodiments, cam position can by utilizing the push rod of such as 3112 and/or being come away from valve member 3106 by rocking arm, for the particular geometry of the further self adaption met needed for restoration and reuse and new engine design.The increase that engine speed and power produce provides " the often opening " time by increasing plunger 3116, push rod 3112 and ball 3106 by the low power current flowing through Circular Winding 3126 for the increase initially through fuel delivery time section afterwards at the camshaft 3212 rotated.This provide the machinery of combination and Mechatronic Systems to produce engine speed and the power of FR expectation.

According to the disclosure, igniting can by comprise Hall effect, piezoelectric crystal distortion, photo-optics, magnetic resistance multiple startup event trigger, or triggered by other the proximity detector detecting camshaft 3212 or other synchronous event (such as calculating the gear teeth), or by utilize optics, magnetic, electric capacity, inductance, permanent magnet generator or when plunger 3116 is more mobile sleeve pipe 3124 and Circular Winding 3126 in other the electric signal change of generation trigger.After this plunger movable signal produces, preferably utilize electronic computer 3072 or such as 3220 or 3062 independent computer in the engine to provide self adaption fuel spray and spark ignition, thus optimization produces from increasing power, increases fuel economy, reduces the result that nitrous oxide forms one or more expectations of middle selection, and be conducive to being started by minimum startup energy, or make the sense of rotation of motor oppositely thus eliminate in transmission device the needs reversing gear.

The present disclosure overcomes occur in control the valve of fuel metering and firing chamber separated by a distance time the problem of waste of fuel.This problem allows fuel to continue to flow after control valve closes and the optimal time interval place causing fuel the most useful in power stroke transfer the fuel when can not burn.If such fuel continues to drip lavishly in exhaust stroke process, be then special waste and cause motor and vent systems to degenerate.In order to overcome this carry the vaporized fuel of enough volumes and do not drip and can optimum utilization fuel time the problem of difficulty of rear flowing, preferably utilize sparger 3028,3029 or 3029 ' as final point of delivery by fuel fast and the system be accurately transported to as Figure 14 provide in the firing chamber of the internal-combustion engine of power and/or the onsite engine receiving the fuel carried by the disclosure or transport applications.

Fuel to be combusted is transported to the sparger 3029 ' shown in Figure 10 via entrance 3042 by suitable pressure fittings.When expecting the firing chamber of diesel oil or the spark ignition engine extremely changed by fuel area density, use volute operator assembly 3043,3044,3046,3048 and 3054.Ferromagnetic driver 3048 moves in response to the electromagnetic force making the electric current in the Circular Winding of insulated conductor 3046 and driver 3048 produce when solenoid core pole element 3045 as shown in the figure moves when the voltage on the wire 3052 be applied in insulator well 3050.

Driver 3048 through the dielectric cable 3060 of fixing (stationery) instantaneously towards electromagnetic pole part as shown in the figure relative to freely moving.After obtaining sizable momentum, driver 3048 clashes into the ball 3035 in the spring that well illustrates.Ball 3035 is attached to the dielectric cable 3060 in spring 3036 as shown in the figure.Comparing much larger this power applied suddenly by momentum transfer that can be produced by direct acting solenoid valve makes the valve member 3074 usually closed by relatively little inertia promote suddenly from the top valve seat of the path seat 3090 as shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10 is the longitudinal profile of the element carrying out the embodiment operated according to embodiment of the present disclosure.Figure 11 is the end elevation of 3094 in the element of the Figure 10 constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure.Figure 12 is the diagram of carrying out the sparger embodiment of the present disclosure operated according to principle of the present disclosure.Figure 13 is the amplification end view of the flat pipeline shown in Figure 10.According to another embodiment of multi fuel sparger 3029 ', selected fuel is delivered to flat springs pipe 3094 with the number of times expected in order to fuel sprays, this flat springs pipe 3094 normally flat and expand under the effect entering fuel wherein, thus provide the low-down impedance of circular pipe for flowing in firing chamber as shown in Figure 10 and Figure 11.After completing this flowing in combustion chamber of fuel forward, flat springs pipeline 3094 subsides to basic " without clearance volume " operating position, thus is effectively used as the safety check relative to the superheated steam from firing chamber.Optical fiber tube bank 3060 extends through flow control valve 3074 ' below magnetic base 3090, using by making flat tube 3094 through the centre convergence of groove 3088 as shown in the figure or alternatively making flat tube 3094 extend through as 3096 to distribute fuel with what produces the well of the layering supply burning expected and observe firing chamber event by being used as with the center hole of the hole race of expected angle setting.(this alternative view does not specifically illustrate.)

Figure 10 shows the flattened cross-sectional of flat springs pipe 3094, and flat springs pipe 3094 is flat between fuel injection event, with the safety check of the combustion chamber gases flowing between effectively presenting relative to fuel injection event.Figure 13 show alternatively for logical normally closed safety check and for by fuel area density to free-flow passage flat of firing chamber and the amplification end view of the circular pipe cross section of fuel volumetric growth.The suitable elastomer being used as the Material selec-tion of flat springs pipe 3094 well comprises PTFE, ETFE, PFA, PEEK and FEP of the operating temperature of the broad spectrum for from-251 to 215 degrees Celsius (-420 to+420 Fahrenheits).Expect so flat/circular pipe along with fuel transmission elastic expansion more or less to the limit of path 3092, and shrink and meet the obtainable space for the flat material between fuel area density interval.Therefore, the flat pattern shown in Figure 13 can adopt structure that is crescent, distortion, bending and/or ripple to be consistent with the size and geometrical shape of path 3092.Synergistic benefits is comprised pipe 3094 and is cooled through 3026 and/or 3023 (as shown in figure 14) from heat exchanger by fuel, thus ensures the longer working life of bourdon tube 3094.

In operation, follow fuel area density outburst along with flat springs pipe 3094 and subside, combustion gas inwardly pass through groove 3088 and 3089, to fill the space between hole 3092 and the flat tube as shown in the end elevation of Figure 13 staying nozzle 3072.In adiabatic engine application and very high performance motor, this makes transfer of heat to flat tube and is therefore transferred to cyclically by the fuel of flat tube.For such object, it is particularly advantageous for heating to the conveying of the cold fuel of high density or perishing fuel.This arranges the cooling additionally providing the upper area of injector assembly especially, and transfer of heat is to fuel subsequently, for just increasing vapour tension and/or excitation phase change before injection in a combustion chamber and igniting.Therefore, bourdon tube 3094 can be used as the circulation heat exchanger of selecting to carry out with condition as shown in the figure useful operation to the fuel of extensively change further.

When needs supply cold start-up and operation to the low-vapor pressure liquid carrying of such as methyl alcohol, ethanol, diesel fuel or petrol injector 3028 or 3029 provide the open and close of the repetition quickly of flow control valve 3074 to circulate, thus provide the conveying of the New-type fuel with especially high S/V characteristic.By applying the opening action of armature 3048 and realize opened the operation cycle operations flows control valve closed with 0.0001 second with such as 0.0002 second on the cable of unusual low inertia or bar 3060 and ball 3074, fuel from such as shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5 3088 and 3089 Poona's sample of a series of sparse and intensive pattern of groove picture as shown in Fig. 2, Fig. 3 A, Fig. 3 B, Fig. 3 C and Fig. 3 D spray.This provide the superior rate of burning of guaranteed spark ignition with thin, high S/V fuel film, thus cause the idle running of in the zero load of in overall injection phase about 0.001 second to the accelerating process of motor 3030 about 0.012 second.The flat membrane ripple of such pattern of the fuel sprayed from groove 3088 makes it possible to carry out compare the injection obviously postponed and guaranteed igniting that can realize by traditional approach, thus by producing homogeneous air supply-fuel mixture or compromise layering air supply-fuel mixture from combustor surface resilience or ricochet as needed for independent fuel injector and spark plug combination.

The self adaption timing of the spark ignition that each ripple passing through sprayed fuel carries out provides the much bigger control of peak combustion temperatures.In operation, this makes the burning of initial fuel rich can fire fuel film, transfer to the excess air holding layering supply burning by expansion flame from front subsequently, to produce the abundant burning of remote air, thus ensure perfect combustion and can not more than 2, the peak combustion temperatures of 204 DEG C (4,000 °F), therefore avoids the generation of nitrogen oxide.

The combination of the disclosed embodiments provides method for transformation of energy and guaranteed process, comprising the step one or more fuel materials stored in a reservoir, by the hot derivative of such fuel and/or such fuel, thermochemistry derivative or electrochemical derivatization thing are transferred to the device substantially separated in the interface of the firing chamber of motor with flow control valve 3074 by the valve operator of such as 3048, to be controlled the derivative of such fuel or such fuel by the cable of electric insulation, thus substantially eliminate the fuel drip of the firing chamber entering motor with unexpected number of times.This combination makes it possible to utilize efficiently almost any gaseous state, vaporous, liquid state or snow-broth fuel, no matter and fuel energy density, viscosity, octane value or cetane number.On the valve 3074 being positioned at firing chamber or provided plasma or the spark ignition of the fuel entered with self adaption Precise number by enough voltage potential that the valve 3074 that is positioned at firing chamber produces, thus optimize power operation.

According to All aspects of of the present disclosure, the multi fuel for transformation of energy sprays and ignition system can be applied to mobile and fixing power operation.Hybrid vehicle and distributed energy application are the valuable especially examples of this application.When expecting the maximum power from motor 3430, preferably use hydrogen (if can obtain from fuel tank 3404) or be that (this fuel is produced by embodiment 236 for the fuel of characteristic with hydrogen, then cooled by embodiment 3426 and/or by mixing generation mutually with the colder raw material from fuel tank 3404), and provide layering to supply in the compression stroke process preferably in motor 30 to spray with the supply cooling non-throttling, thus reduce owing to following the doing over again of causing by the compression work of self adaption spark ignition timing, and then rapid combustion hydrogen or be that the fuel of characteristic maximizes to make brake mean-effective pressure (BMEP) with hydrogen.

In the minimized situation of expectation nitrogen oxide, preferably use hydrogen or be the fuel of characteristic with hydrogen and regulate injection timing and ignition timing adaptively, to produce the highest BMEP and can not more than 2, the peak combustion room temperature of 204 DEG C (4,000 °F).When expecting that generation the most quietly operates, the one or more sonic transducer places monitoring gimps of such as 3417 preferably near gas exhaust manifold and near outlet pipe, and the minimal noise preferably in the acoustics wavelength that can hear for the mankind of fuel metering injection timing and ignition timing adaptively.When expecting to produce the maximum engine life-span, preferably fuel metering injection timing and ignition timing adaptively, to produce maximum BMEP by the minimum heat being transferred to combustor surface.

Figure 12 show suitable fuel valve operation device that the partial view of characteristic engine body and head member and picture be arranged in upper portion insulating portion 3340 with reference to content disclosed in embodiment 3028,3029 or 3029 ' having of carrying out operating and with the sparger 3328 of the flow in fuel brake control valve electrical separation be positioned to very near firing chamber, wherein layering supply fuel injection mode 3326 is asymmetric as shown in figure, to adapt to shown combustion-chamber geometry.This asymmetric fuel infiltration pattern is preferably by manufacturing suitably larger fuel area density path (such as Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6, gap wider in the part of the groove 3088 and 3089 shown in Fig. 7 and Figure 10) and produce, the air of optimization is provided to utilize as products of combustion with as the excess air insulator holding burning using the infiltration that the fuel making to enter firing chamber on the suitable fuel infiltration line of mode 3 326 is as shown in the figure larger, thus make to be lost to piston 3324, head piece (comprising suction valve or outlet valve 3322), or the heat minimization in engine body 3334 (comprising the freezing mixture in path 3330 and 3332 as shown in the figure).

When expect to make the generation of nitrogen oxide maximize for medical treatment, industry, chemosynthesis and agricultural application, preferably make layering supply combustion temperature and maximize and preferably carry out operating with high velocity of piston thus produce fast and the nitrogen oxide formed in a combustion chamber that quenches.This makes it possible to the chemical species that combination generation is expected, produces power efficiently for power generation, propelling and/or other axle motive use simultaneously.The system combined with reference to the operation disclosed in Fig. 4, Fig. 6, Fig. 8, Fig. 9, Figure 10 and Figure 12 is effective especially in the generation providing these novelties and interests.

Fig. 4 is indicative icon, comprising the sectional view of some parts of the system 3402 constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure.More specifically, Figure 14 shows system 3402, has very different temperature, energy density, vapour tension, velocity of combustion and air and utilizes the fuel needed to select stored safely by system 3402 and spray interchangeably in a combustion chamber and light a fire.System 3402 can comprise fuel storage tank 3404, fuel storage tank 3404 has the outside antiseepage by the abundant packaging of fibre-reinforced part 3408 and chemically flexible fuel protective cover 3406, with bear store dense gas and/or liquid as much cold steam, liquid or solid steam needed for 7,000 or larger atmospheric test pressure and 3,000 or larger atmospheric cycling pressure.

As further illustrated in fig. 14, regulator 3412 can pass through control valve 3439 by fuel area density to fuel cell 3437.According to an embodiment, fuel cell 3437 can be reversible, with produce hydrogen by the raw material of such as water and can be comprise low temperature and high temperature kind any suitable type and with electrolyte type for feature.According to this embodiment, the fuel be stored in fuel tank 3404 can change into such fuel type: compare and the system of so preferred fuel type can be provided to provide by being operated by traditional transformation, this fuel type is more suitable for the application of the greater efficiency in fuel cell 3437.Therefore, this parts of the present disclosure and operation be combined in the higher operating efficiency of realization and function aspects provides hybrid technology and facility extremely efficiently.

According to an embodiment, fuel tank 3404 can by flowing through the fuel Fast Filling of various valve (such as, fill port 3410, first four way valve 3411 as shown in figure 14 and the second four way valve 3414).Reflective dielectric layer 3416 and sealing layer 3418 provide thermal insulation to pressure assembly 3406 and 3408 and supporting, and reflective dielectric layer 3416 and sealing layer 3418 are designed to provide and the supporting of stocking system 3406 and 3408 and protection are made to the transfer of heat of the storage in as shown in the figure 3406 simultaneously or minimize from the transfer of heat of the storage 3406 as shown in the figure.According to the All aspects of of this embodiment, dielectric layer 3416 and sealing layer 3418 can be coated with reflective metals.Such as, the transparent thin-membrane of these glass or polymer can by unusual unfertile land be coated in there is reflecting material (such as aluminium or silver) side on, to provide the reflection of radiation energy and to reduce heat conductivity.In an alternative embodiment, due to the difference of the refractive index between the material selected for alternating layer, dielectric material itself can provide reflection.

According to other side, the duration for utilizing in a large number needed for the coldest stored in assembly 3406 and 3408 fuel can be described.Such as, the heat that the effective length of thermally conductive pathways and the quantity of selected reflective isolating layer 3416 can provide the humidity, condensation and the ice that are enough to minimize or prevent sealing surfaces 3418 place to be formed blocks.Therefore, along with low-temperature solid, liquid and steam become have be in ambient temperature there is the pressure fluid of very large energy density capacity time, fuel tank 3404 can provide the generation of acceptable pressure reservoir.The similar fluids such as cooling ethane and propane can be filled in assembly 3404, and is produced by the pressure of heating to occurring during environmental conditions at fuel tank without the need to worrying.

According to other side, fuel tank 3404 can also provide the safe storage of solid, such as, as the supercool hydrogen solid of the snow-broth in temperature liquid hydrogen and the methane solids as the snow-broth in low temperature liquid hydrogen or methane.The thawing of this solid and the formation of liquid and heat to form steam to this liquid subsequently and just belonging in the safety protection ability of assembly 3406 and 3408, prevent the ice on surface 3418 from preventing the damage with effects on surface parts by insulation system 3416 and sealing layer 3418 simultaneously.

According to other side, for shift and the suitable fluid fuel be stored in fuel tank 3404 comprises low temperature hydrogen and/or methane.In operation, being filled by ethane, propane, butane, methyl alcohol or ethanol and stored fuel tank 3404 may be easily.In addition, after fuel tank 3404 suitably solidifies with at least two casees ethanol or methyl alcohol before by temperature fuel make up, gasoline or clean diesel fuel also can be stored in fuel tank 3404.Therefore, the facility providing the fuel expected most stores, and avoids pollution, scope and fuel cost target to meet.According to All aspects of of the present disclosure, contemplate and utilize hydrogen to provide air cleaning ability in urban area, being used interchangeably of the renewable product gas mixture of simultaneous adaptation hydrogen and carbon monoxide, methyl alcohol, ethanol, ethane or propane.This is manufactured by peasant and entrepreneur and distributes pluralities of fuel and meet the expectation and stores longer range capability and/or the automobile passenger of lower cost fuel and the needs of common generator and provide chance and promote competition.

As shown in figure 14, by opened/closed valve 3414, the fuel area density from fuel tank 3404 can pass through filter 3422 from the bottom of fuel tank by filter 3420 or from the top of fuel tank according to expectation flow path as shown in the figure.When fuel tank protective assembly 3406 and 3408 is subject to serious abuse, maintain the protection that the fuel in cover 3406 and overall reinforced device 3408 is selected.According to All aspects of of the present disclosure, the super thimble assembly of dielectric layer 3416 and sealing layer 3418 make radiation, conduction, convection current transfer of heat minimize, fire resistance rating is added by reflected radiation, obtain insulation relative to the heat of form of ownership, and heat dissipation is for comparing traditional fuel tank much longer time.

According to other embodiment, when long term exposure in fire, the temperature of assembly 3406 and 3408 or pressure store can finally be created as need release point.The point place of the suitable percentage of maximum allowed storage is created as in temperature and/or pressure, embedded pressure transducer 3431 and temperature transducer 3433 by wireless, optical fiber or wired connection to black box controller 3432 report information, with send to four way valve 3414 signal come first preferential by extra transport of fuel to motor 3430 as shown in the figure.If motor 3430 does not operate at this moment, then the state of motor 3430 is inquired to determine that whether it is safe and expectation is carried or bringing onto load does not run by controller 3432.In operation, motor 3430 can start and/or be transformed into and operates with the specific fuel consumption of abundance, thus prevents the excessive pressure in fuel tank assembly 3404 or excessive temperature conditions.

As shown in figure 14, system 3402 comprises injection apparatus 3428 so that motor 3430 starts fast automatically very much, and contrary with preferred common efficient operating mode, low fuel efficiency can be provided to produce homogeneous supply burning and significantly do over again by injection and ignition timing.According to All aspects of of the present disclosure, compare by the layering of more efficient supply operation, can be sprayed by the fuel of Automatic adjusument and ignition timing quick many ground consume fuel to optimize the thermal efficiency.According to the disclosure, injection apparatus 3428 also helps the power operation in exception application (" throttling air enters ") process of motor 3430 air restriction, to produce air inlet vacuum, and this can make fuel delivery system greatly reduce pressure thus allow boiling, or evaporated fuel is forced to cool when providing suction to obtain with the very large heat caused needing the fire removed due to fuel tank 3404 extending to impact on fuel tank 3404.By the pattern of this useful application of the fuel from fuel tank 3404 instead of fuel is poured onto in air be exposed to fire process in release pressure be highly preferred, because engine power can be transported to application of drawing water, thus cooling oil box and put out fire, or provide propelling force to avoid fire.This pattern overcoming harm by safety control resource can be applied to fixing power plant and emergency response vehicles, particularly forest and building ' s fire equipment.

Be not enough to prevent the excessive pressurization in fuel tank 3404 or excessive temperature conditions if such failure safe is arranged, then arranged extra fuel to be poured onto by the earth pressure release in valve 3414 and piled in the air of 3434 by safety as shown in the figure.Safety heap 3434 preferably towards be designed for hot gas repel safety zone 3465 (outlet pipe of such as chimney or vehicle) and preferably prevent the infringement to anyone or property.

As illustrated further with reference to Figure 14, in order to remove the object of the heat produced by rotating equipment and in order to reduce windage and frictional loss, preferably utilize if the hydrogen from accumulator 3419 that provided by regulator 3421 or similar regulator is to supply treated fuel as the blanketing gas for rotating equipment (such as generator and motor 3431).Have been found that the purity of this hydrogen is not conclusive and can occurs a large amount of methane, carbon monoxide etc. and can not damage rotating equipment, and in efficiency and transformation of energy ability, provide essence by such use and improve.Therefore, almost anyly comprise hydrogen or can both be changed by embodiment of the present disclosure with the compound (such as water) the comprising hydrogen primary fuel producing hydrogen that reacts, for hydrogen-cooled but with the higher-security of the efficiency of the reduction of the windage loss of generator and the improvement of internal-combustion engine.The embodiment of Figure 14 and 3028,3029,3100,3200 and 3209 ' makes it possible to utilize low energy densities hydrogen as outstanding coolant and as the preferred fuel for fuel cell 3437 and motor 3430.

The application of a particular importance utilizes such hydrogen for reducing the operating temperature in the winding of rotary generator, thus make it possible to operate more efficiently and have larger transformation of energy ability.By after being heated by such rotating equipment, Hydrogen Energy is enough then transferred into piston-engined crankcase and is then transferred into sparger and/or the valve assembly 3200 of this motor, to be used as the fuel in motor.Which improve the efficiency and the ability that improve the system of generation that jointly produce application.Fill piston-engined crankcase 3455 by hydrogen atmosphere and support the air of igniting and the combustible mixture of hydrogen and improve operating security accidentally by ensureing can not exist in crank box.This lower viscosity atmosphere decreases windage from the relative moving part of motor and frictional loss synergistically.Also by eliminating disadvantageous oxidation reaction between the drop that produces in oxygen and oil film and crank box and substantially improving life-span of lubricant oil.By the dry hydrogen atmosphere in crank box is remained on the vapourizing temperature being greater than water, achieve and remove water due to the existence of brine electrolysis and the further benefit avoiding the corrosion of bearing and annular seal etc.

It is very favorable (especially in mixing application) that the moisturizing combining source of this hydrogen is removed for the PEM (PEM) in the fuel cell of such as 3437 in the water of crank box.This makes it possible to extremely flexible and operates the system of the embodiment based on Figure 14 efficiently, its scope required is from the megawatts capacity outputted to by combining the generator set indicated by this fuel battery operation by several kilowatts of fuel cell 3437, thus the requirement of change that the needs met because every diurnal variation, seasonal weather cause or need of production cause.

In normal running, under the condition that the cold engine selected by the cold fuel in fuel tank 3404 is started, fuel fume from storing the top of fuel tank 3404 by filter 3422, multi-way valve 3414 and be taken to injection apparatus 3428 by isolated pipe 3425, for spray and igniting thus form layering supply burning and be in power stroke motor 3430 institute's combuster in the unexpected heating of excess air.Supply by the steam in the top by fuel tank 3404 the more power that provides of fuel ratio maintained if need to compare, then liquid fuel is removed and be delivered to sparger 3428 by filter 3420 from the bottom of fuel tank 3404.According to All aspects of of the present disclosure, after motor preheating, the waste heat energy liquid fuel be enough in heat exchanger 3436 carries out pressurizeing and gasifying.According to some aspects again, heat exchanger 3436 can produce new fuel type in conjunction with one or more suitable catalyzer for by liquid, steam or gaseous fuel composition.

According to the disclosure and according to the chemical property of the fuel be stored in fuel tank 3404, it is that the fuel of characteristic is for the operation improving motor 3430 with hydrogen that heat exchanger 3436 can produce multiple.Such as, wet methyl alcohol can gasify by increasing heat and dissociate, thus produces hydrogen shown in Equation 1 and carbon monoxide:

2CH3OH+H2O+ heat → 5H2+CO+CO2 equation 1

As shown in equation 2, the heat absorption of the wet ethanol that cost is few can be provided to reform by heat and/or by the oxygen donor increasing such as water:

C2H5OH+H2O+ heat → 4H2+2CO equation 2

Therefore, the disclosure makes it possible to by allowing large water gaging along with alcohol is by the destructive distillation of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, synthesis and to produce and/or by fermenting and distillation and produce and still keep mixing with alcohol the living beings alcohol utilized from the much lower production method of cost mutually.In operation, owing to comparing dry wine essence, producing wet alcohol needs less energy and capital equipment, and therefore this makes it possible to realize more favourable energy economy.Not bound by theory, process disclosed herein and system be conducive to further utilizing from the used heat of motor endothermically produce hydrogen with carbon monoxide fuel derivative and the raw material release comparing dry wine essence reach more than 25% burning energy.Other benefit derive from by hydrogen provide sooner and more clean combustion characteristic.Therefore, measure by utilizing injection apparatus 3428 and the layering supply of lighting a fire in the non-throttling air of picture this take hydrogen as the derived fuel of feature, the overall fuel efficiency that the homogeneous supply burning achieving contrast dry wine essence is greater than 40% is improved.

According to further embodiment, the water for heat absorption reaction shown in equation 1 and equation 2 can be supplied by auxiliary water storage box 3409, and/or be increased to auxiliary tank 3409 and supply by the water collected from waste gas streams, or supplied by premix Heshui, and if if required, by there is the solubility stabilizer supply of the fuel be stored in fuel tank 3404 and/or passing through to collect the water from the atmosphere condensation in the air flow passage 3423 surface of heat exchanger 3426.As shown in figure 14, pump 3415 makes water to be delivered to heat transfer reactor 3436 with the ratio proportional by the fuel ratio of valve 3411 and safety check 3407 by safety check 3407, to meet stoichiometry reforming reaction.

The fuel alcohol of such as ethanol, methyl alcohol, isopropanol etc. can stoichiometrically than water-soluble and as totally illustrated by equation 1 and equation 2 and producing obviously more hydrogen with summing up in heat absorption reformation.This fuel making cost much lower can be advantageously used in such as farm and other small enterprise.Cost savings include but not limited to decrease for removing the refinement energy of water and the transport from remote oil refinery.

Burn any hydrocarbon, hydrogen or be that the fuel of characteristic all produces water in the waste gas of motor with hydrogen in motor 3430.According to All aspects of of the present disclosure, the major part of such waste gas flowing water can be regained, such as, regain at liquid stripper place after the waste gas lower than dew point being cooled.According to an embodiment, contra-flow heat exchanger/reactor 3436 is provided in equation 1 and the most of heat of equation 2 needed for the heat absorption reaction of characteristic (if not net quantity of heat), and does like this and cool waste gas significantly.According to provided adverse current flow velocity and region, waste gas can be cooled to close to fuel storage temperature.This is easy to provide the condensation of water and in multiple new embodiment in addition, the disclosure using this to apply by be used for storage of fuels and/or utilize the process of waste heat to combine, thus for bottom circulation and/or and hybrid engine, electrolyser, the combination of reversible fuel cell provides power, and/or as U.S. Patent No. 6, 756, 140, No.6, 155, 212, No.6, 015, 065, No.6, 446, 597, No.6, 503, 584, No.5, 343, 699 and No.5, 394, 852 and require co-pending temporary patent application 60/551, any non-provisional of the preference of 219 (these patents quote in full mode be attached to herein) collects water disclosedly.

When can not obtain adequate heat or also the unrealized preferred temperature for the heat absorption reforming reaction in reactor 3436, pump 3403 can provide oxygen-rich exhaust to reactor 3436 as shown in figure 14.Use according to the pump of the present embodiment be conducive to oxygen and have for generation of carbon monoxide and/or the exothermic reaction between carbon dioxide and the fuel type of the hydrogen combination with the heat absorption reforming reaction supported by extra thermal release.In the tradition use of the product of the reaction in reactor 3436, this causes the by-product (such as nitrogen) of opposition by providing, but huge gaseous volume or can spray and be transported to fast in firing chamber at top dead center place or close top dead center by sparger 3428 in the process of the do not trade off volumetric efficiency of motor 3430 or the power stroke number of times of the thermal efficiency and condition.

Therefore, hydrogen-containing fuel is stored in under comprising the condition selected the group of low temperature snow-broth, cryogenic liquide, the cold steam of pressurization, absorbing material, ambient temperature supercritical fluid and ambient temperature fluid by fuel tank 3404, and change into the temperature elevating substance of group selection of mixture from comprising heat steam, new chemical species and new chemical species and heat steam by the heat increase of the waste gas from motor, and to be injected in the burning of motor and to light a fire.Sufficient heat can be removed from the waste gas of motor 3430, to make water condensation significantly, in order to enter the object in the heat absorption reaction of the higher temperature region of reactor 3436, collecting the heat of this abundance preferably by hydrogen-containing fuel, thus producing hydrogen as shown in figure.Equation 3 shows the heat and water that are produced by the hydrocarbon fuel of the such as methane that burns:

CH4+3O2 → CO2+2H2O equation 3

Equation 4 show for by water by the hydrocarbon reforming of such as methane, ethane, propane, butane, octane, gasoline, diesel fuel and other heavier fuel molecule to form the general procedure of the mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide:

CxHy+XH2O+ heat → (0.5Y+X) H2+XCO equation 4

It is by the twice or three times of water with hydrogen for the fuel of characteristic needed for of methane reforming for more expecting that equation 3,5 and 6 shows by the burn amount of the water produced of the hydrocarbon of such as methane:

CH4+H2O+ heat → 3H2+CO equation 5

The fuel type of hydrocarbon and the generation of burning equation 5 that equation 6 shows such as methane of reforming to produce more expanding gas and to produce the benefit of more water for the reforming reaction in reactor 3436 in the power stroke of firing chamber.

3H2+CO+2O2 → 3H2O+CO2 equation 6

Therefore, manufactured by water reforming methane and the producer gas that burns (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) provide more burning energy and be reform for the heat absorption of the methane in reactor 3436 needed for about three times of product water.Therefore, together with the water of condensation in heat exchanger 3426, should be able to be used for collecting sufficient water by vehicle of the present disclosure or fixing (stationery).Due to most of weight of water of using in reactor 3436 by burning from the hydrogen in the oxygen of air and motor 3430 or be that the fuel of characteristic obtains with hydrogen, therefore the collection of water reduces total quality.Therefore, every gram of hydrogen provides nine grams from the water collected of the waste gas of motor 3430 in conjunction with the oxygen in eight grams of air.

According to further embodiment, sufficient purified water can be supplied for operating one or more electrolytic process under the high temperature that can be obtained by the exchange heat from motor 3430 or the cold fuel from fuel tank 3404 or low temperature, to support the reaction (comprising catalysis supporting reactions) in regenerative operation in hybrid vehicle and/or load balancing operation and heat exchanger 3436.This embodiment creates the total energy utilization ratio of improvement, this is provided by synergistic combination as herein described, and because the abundance supply of this pure water do not need heaviness and needs safeguard reverse osmosis, distillation system or other expensive and catabiotic equipment, be therefore worth attention further.

Passing through produced is that the fuel of characteristic provides other advantage multiple with hydrogen, comprising:

Fast with similar hydrocarbon 7 to 10 times of the combustion ratio methane of hydrogen, and this make ignition timing can than by raw hydrocarbon kind late many avoid simultaneously in comparatively Zao compression stage with igniting doing over again in a large number and heat loss.

The heat more than raw hydrocarbon 25% that the hydrogen produced by heat absorption reforming reaction and carbon monoxide discharge in combustion.This is the thermomechanics input of the endothermic heat in the process owing to being formed by raw hydrocarbon at hydrogen and carbon monoxide.This uses from the water jacket of motor or the used heat of air cooling system and the mode useful especially from the higher heat of the quality of vent systems as shown in the figure.

The burning of hydrogen is cleaned and be ensure that burning diffusion extremely fast and ensure that by the perfect combustion in the excess air of any hydrocarbon of reforming reaction, to become with hydrogen other composition of the fuel mixture being characteristic very much.

Hydrogen and/or the rapid combustion of other fuel type when having the water vapour carried by sparger 3428 are carried out rapid heating to such steam and are produced for the layering supply insulation expansion in firing chamber and merit, thus provide and compare the much bigger operating efficiency of homogeneous supplying method that water vapour expands.

The rapid heating of water vapour and the water vapour that produced by burning are by the peak temperature of reduction products of combustion and greatly reduce nitrogen oxide by the concerted reaction of this water reactive steam and nitrogen oxide, thus greatly reduce clean generation and the appearance of nitrogen oxides of exhaust gas.

As the rapid-ignition undertaken by the rapid combustion of the oxidized taking hydrogen as characteristic set up uniquely by sparger 3428 and heating provide the more time in a combustion chamber for useful concerted reaction, the propellant composition that this concerted reaction complete oxidation is all and the nitrogen oxide decreased in waste gas streams.

Figure 15 A to Figure 15 D sequentially illustrates the layering supply burn results realized by valve actuating operations device (such as overall disclosed about the piezoelectricity in the top of sparger 3428 or solenoid armature 3448), valve actuating operations device and flow control valve 3584 electrical separation but with flow control valve 3484 mechanical coupling, valve actuating operations device is positioned at the interface with firing chamber as shown in the figure.In that case, flow control component 3484 is used as to be shifted towards firing chamber thus to allow the mobile flow control valve that the fuel sprayed enters, and is moved upward to logical normally closed position thus is used as safety check relative to combustion-gas pressure.Along with the voltage potential of the insulation flow-control valve assembly by putting on screw thread ground and engine cylinder cover or engine body and parts as shown in the figure 3484 produces plasma discharge, the igniting of the fuel sprayed occurs.

the dielectric characterization of integrated sparger/igniter

Figure 16 is the cross section side partial views of the sparger 410 constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure.Sparger 410 shown in Figure 16 shows some features of the dielectric material that can use according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.Shown sparger 410 comprises the some features with the 26S Proteasome Structure and Function of the individual features of the sparger be described above with reference to Fig. 1 to Fig. 3 D at least broadly similar.Such as, sparger 410 comprises body 412, and body 412 has the spray nozzle part 418 extended from intermediate portion 416.Spray nozzle part 418 enters in opening in engine cylinder cover 407 or entry port 409.Many motors of such as diesel engine all have the entry port 409 of diameter very little (such as, diameter is about 7.09mm or 0.279mm inch).Space little is like this being provided for the spark ignition of fuel type (such as, energy density is less than diesel fuel by about 3, the fuel of 000 times) that the disclosure conceives or the abundant insulation aspect of plasma igniting constitutes difficulty.But, As described in detail below, sparger of the present disclosure has such body 412: body 412 has can provide dielectric or the insulating material of sufficient electric insulation for ignition wire, to produce the high voltage of needs (such as, 60,000 volt) for producing in very little space, isolating and/or conveying ignition event (such as, igniting or plasma).These dielectrics or insulating material are configured for equally relative to being exposed to the high temperature and high pressure gas and the oxidation that causes that are produced by burning due to circulation or other degeneration provides stability and protection.In addition, as explained in detail below, these dielectric materials can be configured to the optics of in the future spontaneous combustion room or electrical communications path is bonded to sensor, such as transducer, instrument, filter, amplifier, controller and/or computer.In addition, insulating material can by metal base 414 brazing of body 412 or diffusion bonding in sealing station.

screw winding dielectric characterization

An embodiment of the body 412 of the sparger 410 according to Figure 16, the dielectric material of the intermediate portion 416 and/or spray nozzle part 418 that comprise sparger 410 is shown in Figure 17 A and Figure 17 B.More specifically, Figure 17 A is the side view of insulator or dielectric plastid 512, and Figure 17 B is substantially along the cross-sectional side view that the line 17B-17B of Figure 17 A intercepts.Although the body 512 shown in Figure 17 A has overall cylindrical shape, in other embodiments, body 512 can comprise other shape, comprising such as from the spray nozzle part that body 512 extends towards interface, firing chamber 531.Simultaneously with reference to Figure 17 A and Figure 17 B, in the embodiment shown, dielectric plastid 512 is made up of spiral or winding bottom 528.In certain embodiments, bottom 528 can be artificial or natural mica (such as, free of pinholes mica paper).But in other embodiments, bottom 528 can by being suitable for providing other material of the sufficient dielectric strength be associated with relatively thin material to form.In the embodiment shown, the one or both sides of bottom 528 are covered by relatively thin dielectric coating layer 530.Coating layer 530 can be made up of high temperature, high-purity polymer, such as Teflon NXT, Dyneon TFM, Parylene HT, polyether sulfone and/or polyether-ether-ketone.But in other embodiments, coating layer 530 can be made up of other material being applicable to seal fully bottom 528.

Bottom 528 and coating layer 530 can closely be wound into spiral-shaped, thus form pipe, because herein is provided the continuous lamella of the bottom 528 and coating layer 530 combined.In certain embodiments, these layers can be bonded to wound configuration by suitable tackiness agent (such as, ceramic cement).In other embodiments, these layers can be flooded by polymer, glass, pyrogenic silica or other suitable material, thus body 512 can be held into be closely wound tubular.In addition, the sheet of body 512 or layer can be separated by the different film of continuous application.Such as, the separating film between the layer of body 512 can comprise Parylene N, Parylene C, Parylene, HT thin layer and/or by application other Material selec-tion (such as thin boron nitride, polyether sulfone or polyolefin (such as polyethylene) or other suitable parting material) and the layer that is separated.This thin film separation can also be realized by temperature or pressure instrument fiber, comprises such as monocrystalline sapphire fiber.This fiber can be produced by laser heating pedestal growing technology, and perfluoroethylene-propylene (FEP) can be coated with subsequently or there is other material of similar refractive index value, to prevent energy from fibre leakage to around the potential absorbing membrane of this fiber.

When coating layer 530 is applied to relatively thin film (such as, 0.1mm to 0.3mm) in time, coating layer 530 can from-30 DEG C (such as,-22 °F) reach the dielectric strength of about 2.0 Kilovolt/0.001 " to 4.0 Kilovolt/0.001 " of about 230 DEG C (such as, 450 °F).Inventor has been found that to have can not provide enough insulation to provide the required voltage for ignition event compared with the coating layer 530 of heavy thickness.More specifically, as table 1 below reflect, coating layer that thickness is larger has the dielectric strength significantly reduced.These dielectric strengths reduced may be not enough to when being desirably in the arc through and current leakage that prevent insulation body 512 when firing chamber produces ignition event (such as, spark or plasma).Such as, have in the motor of high compaction pressure many, such as typical diesel engine or supercharged engine, the voltage needed for starting ignition event (such as, spark or plasma) is about 60,000 volt or more.The traditional dielectric plastid (being made up of conventional insulator) comprising the tubular insulator only with 0.040 inch or larger effective thickness only can provide 500 volts/.001 " and such required voltage cannot be held fully.

The dielectric strength contrast of the selected formula of table 1

The embodiment of the insulation body 512 shown in Figure 17 A and Figure 17 B can provide about 3,000 volt/0.001 at-30 DEG C (such as ,-22 °F) temperature to about 450 DEG C (such as, 840 °F) " dielectric strength.In addition, coating layer 530 can also be used as the sealing compound of bottom 528, enters body 512 to prevent combustion gas and/or other pollutant.Coating layer 530 can also provide fully different refractive indexes, thus improves the efficiency that light propagated by body 512, for the optical communication device extended by body 512.

According to another feature of illustrated embodiment, body 512 is included in the multiple communicators 532 by body 512 longitudinal extension between the sheet of bottom 528 or layer.In certain embodiments, communicator 532 can be conductor, such as high-voltage spark ignition wire or cable.These ignition wires can be made up of wire, and therefore wire insulation or the aluminium be coated with through oxidation provide aluminium oxide on line.Due to communicator 532 between corresponding bottom 528 by body 512 longitudinal extension, therefore communicator 532 does not participate in any supply of being extended radially outwardly by body 512.Therefore, communicator 532 does not affect the fire retardant of body 512 or by alternate manner, the fire retardant of body 512 is degenerated.Except the voltage of conveying for lighting a fire, in certain embodiments, communicator 532 can also operatively be attached to one or more actuator and/or controller, thus drives Flow valve to spray for fuel.

In other embodiments, communicator 532 can be configured to burning data to transfer to one or more transducer, amplifier, controller, filter, instrument computer etc. from firing chamber.Such as, communicator 532 can be optical fiber or by such as quartz, aluminum fluoride, ZBLAN fluoride, glass and or polymer and/or be applicable to transmit the optical layer of other material of data or other communicator fibroplastic by sparger.In other embodiments, communicator 532 can be made up of the suitable transmitting material of the fluoride (ZBLAN) of such as zirconium, barium, lanthanum, aluminium and sodium and pottery or glass tube.

the grain orientation of dielectric characterization

Referring again to Figure 16, another embodiment of sparger 410 according to Figure 16, body 412 (such as, intermediate portion 416 and/or spray nozzle part 418) dielectric material can be configured with specific grain orientation, high-tension expectation fire retardant can be born with what realize being associated with the disclosure.Such as, grainiess can comprise circumference alignment and the crystal grain around tubular body 412 layering, thus forms compressive force at the outer surface place being undertaken balancing by time top layer tension force.More specifically, Figure 18 A and Figure 18 B is according to the dielectric plastid 612 of another embodiment structure of the present disclosure and the basic cross-sectional side view intercepted along the line 18-18 of Figure 16.First with reference to Figure 18 A, body 612 can be made up of the stupalith with high dielectric strength, such as quartz, sapphire, glass matrix and/or other suitable pottery.

As in the illustrated example, body 612 comprises the crystal grain 634 along substantially identical direction orientation.Such as, crystal grain 634 makes its longitudinal axis carry out orientation around alignment on the body 612 substantially circumferential direction extended by each single crystal grain 634.By with the crystal grain 634 of this orientation layering, body 612 is that the body 612 of almost any thickness provides superior dielectric strength.This is because the length of layering, flat crystal grain do not provide from the radially outer good conductive path of body 612.

Figure 18 B shows the compressive force in the location of body 612.More specifically, embodiment according to Figure 18 B, body 612 is processed, thus at least in part crystal grain 634 is arranged in the outer outer surface 637 of contiguous body 612 and one or more constricted zones 635 (that is, comprising the region of the compressive force of the orientation according to crystal grain 634) on surface, inside and outside 638.Body 612 also comprises the uncompressed region 636 of the crystal grain 634 between constricted zone 635.Uncompressed region 636 provides balance tension at the middle part of body 612.In certain embodiments, each in constricted zone 635 can comprise the more crystal grain 634 of every volume to realize compressive force.In other embodiments, each in constricted zone 635 can comprise such crystal grain 634: these crystal grain 634 have been affected thus have kept local amorphous structure, or is less than the amorphous structure of crystal grain 634 in uncompressed region 636 by the pack effectiveness produced or lattice is revised.In a further embodiment, can be diffused in surface by ion implantation, sputtering surface layer and/or one or more materials and make this surface have the charging efficiency lower than the uncompressed region 636 of body 612 and make outer surface 637 and internal surface 638 be in compressive state.In the embodiment shown in Figure 18 B, the constricted zone 635 of the outer surface 637 and internal surface 638 place that are in body 612 provides higher anisotropy dielectric strength.

A benefit of the embodiment shown in Figure 18 B is that constricted zone 635 is from this different result of the charging efficiency in uncompressed region 636: the surface making to be in compressive state is carried out compressing and become obviously more durable and more can resist and ruptures or degenerate.Such as, the generation of this compressive force prevent at least in part can form conductive path in body 612 thus reduce body 612 dielectric strength material (such as, electrolyte, as having the water of the material of dissolving, being rich in the material etc. of carbon) enter.The generation of this compressive force also prevent at least in part body 612 due to be exposed to fast-changing temperature, pressure, chemical degradation agent and often kind of combustion incident impulsive force suffered by thermal shock and/or mechanical shock and degenerating.Such as, the embodiment shown in Figure 18 B be configured for body 612 especially continuous voltage protection, the intensity that increases relative to the fracture caused due to great loading capacity (comprising a load and low cycle fatigue power or high cycles fatigue power).

Crystallographic orientation crystal grain 634 provides maximum dielectric strength for holding the voltage striding across body 612 and set up in conjunction with this structure that another benefit of constricted zone 635 is crystal grain 634.Such as, this is configured in the section place of portion being greater than 1mm or 0.040 inch thickness and provides the outstanding dielectric strength improvement reaching 2.4KV/.001 inch.What contrast did not have an identical ceramic component of this new grain properties is only the dielectric strength of about 1.0KV/.001 inch to 1.3KV/.001 inch, and these are significantly higher values.

Hereafter describe the some processes for the production of the above-mentioned insulator with compressive surfaces feature in detail.Such as, in one embodiment, the insulator constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure can by U.S. Patent No. 3, and 689, the material disclosed in 293 is made, and this patent is attached to herein by the mode quoted in full.Such as, insulator can be made up of the material comprising following composition according to weight: 25-60%SiO ₂, 15-35%R ₂o ₃(wherein R ₂o ₃3-15%B ₂o ₃and 5-25%Al ₂o ₃), 4-25%MgO+0-7%Li ₂o (MgO+Li ₂the total amount of O is between about 6-25%), 2-20%R ₂o (wherein R ₂o is 0-15%Na ₂o, 0-15%K ₂o, 0-15%Rb ₂o), 0-15%Rb ₂o, 0-20%Cs ₂o, and there is 4-20%F.More specifically, in one embodiment, illustrative formula is by 43.9%SiO ₂, 13.8%MgO, 15.7%Al ₂o ₃, 10.7%K ₂o, 8.1%B ₂o ₃form with 7.9%F.But in other embodiments, the insulator constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure can be made up of larger or less these component materials of percentage and different materials.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the composition forming insulator carries out the formula that ball milling and melting are the constituent forming insulator being made into anti-blending in non-reacted suitable closed crucible.Composition keeps certain hour to guarantee the abundant mixing that melting is filled a prescription under about 1400 DEG C (such as, 2550 °F).Molten mass and the additive that can carry out from the group comprising Bond, oiling agent and burning adminicle selecting then are cooled and again carry out ball milling.Composition is then extruded with various intended shape (comprising such as tubular) and is heated to be greater than about 800 DEG C (1470 °F) a period of times of conversion temperature.The heating being greater than conversion temperature facilitates fluormica crystal nucleation.The composition extruded can then be further heated and pressure forming or extruding at about 850 DEG C to 1100 DEG C (1560 °F to 2010 °F).This double heating makes formed crystal become cardinal principle shape as described above, maximizes in the preferred orientations of the product generated for making dielectric strength.

Thisly comprise K ₂mg ₅si ₈o ₂₀f ₄composition material (comprising such as micarex) crystallization along with crystal grain volume filling efficiencies increase and corresponding density increase and produce heat release discharge.The temperature of activity of conversion as the characteristic sum crystallization of nucleation, heat release discharge of rate, crystallization is Oil repellent and/or the B of insulator ₂o ₃the function of content.Therefore, insulator is processed to the chemical resistance making it possible to improve output, tensile strength, fatigue strength and/or dielectric strength and increase insulator by controlling these variablees.

Due to Design and implementation can be carried out to produce for typical elongated and/or directional crystal crystal grain (formed and be layered as more or less around such desired character: the inside diameter such as produced by the axle met for realizing this thermosetting or extruding) for the representative colony shown in 104B by oriented formation (comprise by precursor tube extruding become the tubing that diameter is less or wall is thinner), this provide the important new anisotropy result of maximum dielectric strength.

According to another embodiment, the method according to illustrated embodiment directed and/or compression crystal grain 634 at least in part can by by B ₂o ₃and/or fluorine adds to expect to become and compresses stressed surface relative to formed and the balanced stretch stress carried out in the substrate of the product heated.B ₂o ₃, fluorine or similar actuating agent this interpolation can with to add and the mode being diffused into dopant in the desired locations of semiconductor similar realizes.Can also be applied these and activate agent as the enrichment formula of the component formulation of movement by sputtering, gaseous phase deposition, spraying and/or cleaning.In addition, these are activated agent and can be represented and condensation reaction and producing by reactant.

Be positioned at the B expecting to become the surface of swage load or the material of near surface ₂o ₃the increase of content and/or Oil repellent makes the nucleation of fluormica crystal quicker.Compare the uncompressed substrate region of formula, this nucleation make larger quantity compared with lenslet with contend with by spreading the material added.Therefore, compare closer to passing through B ₂o ₃, fluorine and/or other of extra nucleation that produce fluormica crystal activate the constricted zone that agent have received the surface of enrichment, this process provides higher charging efficiency in uncompressed substrate region.Therefore, the surface compression preload expected is strengthened parts relative to ignition event and chemical agent.

Produce or improve another method of carrying out the compressive force balanced by the tension force in respective substrate and comprise and heating by the target area be placed in compression.Fully can heat target area, be dissolved into amorphous structure again to make crystal.Substrate can then quench, thus keeps most of amorphous structure fully.According to the type of involved parts, such heating can be carried out in stove.This heating also by the radiation from resistance heating source or induction heating source, and can pass through electron beam or laser.Another modification of this process is by heating and/or add crystallization nucleation and growth promoter (such as, B ₂o ₃and/or fluorine) provide comparatively lenslet or the crystal grain of larger quantity, to make local dissolution region Quick for recrystallization thus to produce the compressive stress expected.

Figure 19 A schematically shows the system 700a for implementation process according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, and this process comprises by the compressive stress melting in desired region and extrudes for formation insulator.More specifically, in the embodiment shown, system 700a comprises the crucible 740a that can be made up of refractory metal, pottery or pyrolyzing graphite material.Crucible 740a can comprise suitable conversion coating, or antiseepage and non-reacted lining, and such as thin platinum is selected or platinum group heat insulating coat.Crucible 740a is loaded with has supply (charge) 741a filled a prescription roughly as above (such as, containing about 25-60%SiO ₂, 15-35%R ₂o ₃(wherein R ₂o ₃for 3-15%B ₂o ₃and 5-25%Al ₂o ₃), 4-25%MgO+0-7%Li ₂o (wherein MgO+Li ₂the total amount of O is between about 6-25%), 2-20%R ₂o (wherein R ₂o is 0-15%Na ₂o, 0-15%K ₂o, 0-15%Rb ₂o), 0-15%Rb ₂o and 0-20%Cs ₂the supply of O and 4-20%F), or for the production of the Suitable formulations of micarex, such as, there is K ₂mg ₅si ₈o ₂₀f ₄the material roughly formed.

Crucible can heat and melting is in the supply 741a of shielding gas atmosphere.Such as, crucible 740a can add heat supply 741a by any suitable heating process, comprising such as resistance, electron beam, laser, induction heating and/or the radiation carrying out the source of heating by carrying out free this Conversion of Energy technology.In suitable mixing and melting with after producing basic homogeneous supply 741a, lid or cap 742a apply pressure to the supply 741a in crucible 740a.Inert gas and/or process gas can also put on and be undertaken in the crucible 740a sealed by cap 742a by source of the gas 743a.Pressure regulator 744a can regulate the pressure in crucible 740a, supplies 741a flow in die assembly 745a to make melting.Die assembly 745a is configured to define tubular dielectric plastid.Die assembly 745a comprises mother sleeve 746a, and mother sleeve 746a receives public spirit axle 747a.Die assembly 745a also comprises one or more sclerosis support fin 748a.The tubing formed flows into first area 749a by die assembly 745a, and the tubing formed is cooled thus be solidified into amorphous material and start the nucleation of fluormica crystal in the 749a of first area.Die assembly 745a then makes tubing proceed to second area 750a, and the crystallization being conducive to fluormica crystal with the wall thickness by reducing tubing further accepts further refinement.

Figure 19 B schematically shows the system 700b for implementation process according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, and this process comprises by the compressive stress melting in desired region equally and extrudes for formation insulator.More specifically, in the embodiment shown, system 700b comprises the crucible 740b that can be made up of refractory metal, pottery or pyrolyzing graphite material.Crucible 740b can comprise suitable conversion coating, or antiseepage and non-reacted lining, and such as thin platinum is selected or platinum group heat insulating coat.Crucible 740b is loaded with has the supply 741b filled a prescription roughly as above (such as, containing about 25-60%SiO ₂, 15-35%R ₂o ₃(wherein R ₂o ₃for 3-15%B ₂o ₃and 5-25%Al ₂o ₃), 4-25%MgO+0-7%Li ₂o (wherein MgO+Li ₂the total amount of O is between about 6-25%), 2-20%R ₂o (wherein R ₂o is 0-15%Na ₂o, 0-15%K ₂o, 0-15%Rb ₂o), 0-15%Rb ₂o and 0-20%Cs ₂the supply of O and 4-20%F), or for the production of the Suitable formulations of micarex, such as, there is K ₂mg ₅si ₈o ₂₀f ₄the material roughly formed.

System 700b also comprises lid or cap 742b, comprising reflection subassembly 743b and heater 744b.System 700b can heat the supply 741b be in melting in shielding gas atmosphere, such as, be in vacuum or between crucible 740b and lid 742b and have inert gas.Such as, system 700b can add heat supply 741b by crucible heater 745b, lid heater 744b and/or by any suitable heating process (comprising such as resistance, electron beam, laser, induction heating and/or the radiation carrying out the source of heating by carrying out free this Conversion of Energy technology).In suitable mixing and melting with after producing basic homogeneous supply 741b, lid 742b applies pressure to the supply 741b in crucible 740b.Inert gas and/or process gas can also put on and be carried out at seal interface 747b in the crucible 740b sealed by lid 742b by source of the gas 746b.Pressure regulator can regulate the pressure in crucible 740b, supplies 741b flow in die assembly 749b to make melting.Die assembly 749b is configured to define tubular dielectric plastid.Die assembly 749b comprises mother sleeve 750b, and mother sleeve 750b receives public spirit axle 751b.Die assembly 749b can also comprise one or more sclerosis support fin 752b.It is cooled thus be solidified into amorphous material and start the nucleation of fluormica crystal in the 753b of first area that the tubing 701b formed flows into first area 753b, the tubing 701b formed by die assembly 749b.

(the tubing 701b with nucleation fluormica glass comprising formed) at least partially of die assembly 749b is then rotated or is moved to the position 702b aligned with the second die assembly by alternate manner.Formed tubing 701b is pushed to second area 757b from first area 756b by cylinder 755b.In second area 757b, the second die assembly can reheat formed tubing 701b, to continue producing above-mentioned preferably directed crystal grain accelerate crystal growth along with further refinement crystal.The tubing 701b formed then advances to the 3rd region 758b, to accept further grain refinement and orientation.Irregular dedusting or packaging (dressed) can be carried out, comprising such as AlF by the selected contact area of nucleation accelerator to the 3rd region 758b ₃, MgF ₂and/or B ₂o ₃.In the 3rd region 758b, the tubing 701b that further refinement formed is reduced by the wall thickness of tubing 701b reducing to be formed, thus be conducive to even further fluormica crystal crystallization and therefore according to the compressive force producing expectation in the region of grainiess mentioned above, and the balance tension in balance those region.Subsequently, the tubing 701b (comprising the especially high physics by compressing stressed and the formation of antiseepage surface and dielectric strength) formed can deposit on conveyor 759b for the mobile tubing 701b formed.

The alternative system of insulated pipes used is produced and method can utilize as U.S. Patent No. 5 for the dielectric property improved by these, pressure gradient disclosed in 863,326 (being attached to herein by the mode quoted in full) produces the shape of expectation, powder compaction and sintering process.Further system and method can comprise U.S. Patent No. 5,549, monocrystalline conversion process disclosed in 746 (this patent is attached to herein by the mode quoted in full) and U. S. Patent 3, polycrystalline material is converted into the basic monocrystal material with much higher dielectric strength by the formation process disclosed in 608,050 (this patent is attached to herein by the mode quoted in full).According to embodiment of the present disclosure, the polycrystalline material (such as, aluminium oxide) with the dielectric strength of only approximately 0.3KV/.001 " to 0.4KV/.001 " changes into the dielectric strength that monocrystal material can realize at least approximately 1.2KV/.001 " to 1.4KV/.001 ".This dielectric strength improved allows to be used in various application according to sparger of the present disclosure, comprising such as having the very little high compression diesel engines entering the port of firing chamber and high supercharging and the turbosupercharged engine of boosting.

According to the disclosure for the formation of another embodiment of insulator with high dielectric strength, insulator can be formed by any composition as shown in Table 2.More specifically, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, table 2 provides the illustrative formulation selection of the composition of the approximate percentages by weight based on oxide.

The illustrative dielectric composition of table 2

By provide the selected precursors of final oxide percentage composition (material such as shown in table 2) at the temperature of about 1300 DEG C-1400 DEG C cover in crucible carry out about 4 hours ball milling and melting to provide homogeneous melt.Then can cast smelt to form pipe, pipe is then annealed to about 500 DEG C-600 DEG C.Can then at the temperature of about 750 DEG C to pipe carry out further about 4 hours heating and then by nucleation accelerating agent (such as B ₂o ₃) dedusting.Then at the temperature of about 1100 DEG C to 1250 DEG C, shape can be changed to pipe, to promote nucleation and to produce the crystal orientation expected.The heating of about 4 hours can also be carried out further, to provide the dielectric strength of at least approximately 2.0KV/.001 " to 2.7KV/.001 " to these pipes.

In a further embodiment, homogeneous melt can be carried out ball milling and is provided with suitable Bond and lubricant additive for ambient temperature basis, thus produces good tube surfaces.The tubing generated then coatedly can comprise such as B ₂o ₃nucleation accelerating agent film and accept heat treatment to provide at least approximately dielectric strength of 1.9KV/.001 " to 2.5KV/.001 " and the physical strength of improvement.According to the ability (comprising " circularity " of the tubing such as extruded or the section of tubing) of the suitable dimension of maintenance tubing, the higher heat treatment temperature that action time is shorter can be provided, to provide similar high dielectric and physical strength characteristics.

Embodiment for the production of the system and method for above-mentioned dielectric material is conducive to the dielectric strength of the combination improving various material, therefore solves the problem that the very difficult high voltage needed for burning low energy densities fuel is taken precautions against.Such as, the sparger with high dielectric strength material can be extremely firm and can be operated by the fuel of the fuel that changes from the low-temperature mixed thing of solid, liquid and steam to overheated diesel fuel and other type.

fuel injector and associated components

Any sparger as herein described can both be configured to comprise any dielectric material mentioned above.Such as, Figure 20 is the cross-sectional side view of the sparger 810 according to another embodiment structure of the present disclosure, and sparger 810 combines the dielectric insulator with above-mentioned characteristic.Shown insulator 810 comprises the some features with the 26S Proteasome Structure and Function broadly similar of the individual features of the sparger 110 be described above with reference to Fig. 1.Such as, as shown in figure 20, sparger 810 comprises body 812, and body 812 has the intermediate portion 816 extended between base portion 814 and spray nozzle part 818.Spray nozzle part 818 is extended by engine cylinder cover 807 at least in part thus the end of spray nozzle part 818 is positioned the interface with firing chamber 804.Body 812 comprises passage 863 further, and passage 863 extends through a part for body 812, flows through sparger 810 to allow fuel.Other parts also can pass through passage 863.Such as, sparger 810 comprises actuator 822 further, and actuator 822 is operatively attached to controller or processor 826.Actuator 822 is also attached to valve or clamper component 860.Actuator 822 to extend to the Flow valve 820 in spray nozzle part 818 from the driver 824 base portion 814 by passage 863.In certain embodiments, actuator 822 can be cable or bar assembly, comprising such as optical fiber, electrical signal fiber and/or acoustic communication fiber and wireless transducer node.As described in detail below, actuator 822 is configured to activate Flow valve 820, enters suddenly firing chamber 804 to guide pluralities of fuel fast.Actuator 822 can also detect combustion performance and/or combustion performance is transferred to controller 826.

According to a feature of illustrated embodiment, Flow valve 820 is remained on the operating position of locating relative to corresponding valve seat 872 by actuator 822.More specifically, base portion 814 comprises one or more forcer 861 (schematically showing).Forcer 861 can be the forcer of electromagnetic force generator, piezoelectric forces generator or other suitable type.Forcer 861 is configured to produce the power making driver 824 movement.Driver 824 contacts with clamper component 860, moves together with actuator 822 to make clamper component 860.Such as, forcer 861 can produce such power: this masterpiece is used on driver 824 to pull clamper component 860 and tensioning actuator 822.The actuator 822 of tensioning makes Flow valve 820 remain on operating position in valve seat 872.When forcer 861 does not produce the power acted on driver 824, actuator 822 discharges, thus fuel imports in firing chamber 804 by permissible flow valve 820.

According to another feature of illustrated embodiment, spray nozzle part 818 can include some attraction parts of actuating and the location being beneficial to Flow valve 820.Such as, in one embodiment, Flow valve 820 can be made up of the first ferromagnetic material or by alternate manner in conjunction with the first ferromagnetic material (such as, by electroplating the part of Flow valve 820).Spray nozzle part 818 can carry corresponding second ferromagnetic material being attracted to the first ferromagnetic material.Such as, valve seat 872 can in conjunction with the second ferromagnetic material.In this way, these centers attracting parts can contribute to Flow valve 820 are in valve seat 872, and are conducive to the fast actuating of Flow valve 820.In other embodiments, actuator 822 can pass through one or more center line bearing (not shown), thus makes Flow valve 820 placed in the middle in valve seat 872 at least in part.

There is provided energy to come to attract parts (such as, the magnetic part be associated with Flow valve 820) to carry out actuating to these of sparger 810 can cross and accelerates to close Flow valve 820, and provide the closing force of the increase acted on Flow valve 820.Therefore, this structure can realize the cycle-index of open and close extremely fast of Flow valve 820.A part to Flow valve 820 provides another benefit of electric conductivity to be apply the fuel that can ionize the near surface by valve seat 872 of the voltage formed for initial ignition or plasma.This can also ionize fuel and the air of contiguous firing chamber 804, thus accelerates complete ignition and combustion further.

In the embodiment shown, base portion 814 also comprises heat compensator conducting property 865, such as thermofin (such as, helical fin).Base portion 814 also comprises the first accessory 862a for guiding the freezing mixture that can flow around heat compensator conducting property 865, and the second accessory 862b leaves base portion 814 to allow freezing mixture.This cooling of sparger can prevent condensation at least in part and/or form ice when using cold fuel, such as, along with the fuel of cooling fast of expanding.But, when using hot fuel at that time, this heat exchange can be utilized to come local and to reduce or keep being contained in the vapour tension of the fuel led in the path of firing chamber and prevent from dripping with less desirable number of times.

According to another feature of illustrated embodiment, Flow valve 820 can be configured to carrying instrument 876 for monitoring firing chamber 804 event.Such as, Flow valve 820 can be the ball valve be made up of the material of normally transparent (such as quartz or sapphire).In certain embodiments, ball valve 820 can carry the instrument 876 (such as, sensor, transducer etc.) inside ball valve 820.Such as, in one embodiment, chamber can be formed by cutting ball valve 820 in the plane almost parallel with the face of engine cylinder cover 807 in ball valve 820.In this way, ball valve 820 can be divided into base portion 877 and lens section 878.Chamber (such as conical cavity) can be formed accommodate instrument 876 in base portion 877.Lens section 878 can then more attached (such as, adhere) to base portion 877 to keep the cardinal principle of ball valve 820 spherical.In this way, instrument 876 is positioned to contiguous interface, firing chamber 804 by ball valve 820.Therefore, instrument 876 can be measured and communication burning data, comprising such as pressure, temperature, Mobile data.In other embodiments, Flow valve 820 can comprise the treated face protected instrument 876.Such as, can be protected the face of Flow valve 820 by the material depositing relative inertness, such as diamond class coating, sapphire, optical clear hexagonal boron nitride, BN-AlN composite material, aluminum oxynitride (comprise Al ₂₃o ₂₇n ₅the AlON of spinel), magnesium aluminate spinels and/or other suitable protectiveness material.

As shown in figure 20, body 812 comprises the conductive coating 874 extending to spray nozzle part 818 from intermediate portion 816.Conductive coating 874 is attached to electric conductor or cable 864.Cable 864 can also be attached to generator (such as suitable piezoelectricity, induction, electric capacity or high voltage circuit) for by Energy transfer to sparger 810.Conductive coating 874 is configured to Energy transfer to spray nozzle part 818.Such as, the conductive coating 874 being positioned at valve seat 872 place can be used as the first electrode being produced ignition event (such as, spark or plasma) by the corresponding conductive part of engine cylinder cover 807.

According to another feature of illustrated embodiment, spray nozzle part 818 can comprise the outer sleeve 868 be made up of the material having resistivity to spark erosion.Sleeve 868 can also be resisted and to be transferred to or from the spark deposition material (such as, the electrode of spray nozzle part 818) of conductive coating 874.In addition, spray nozzle part 818 can comprise further and is configured to protect at least in part sparger 810 not to be heated and the enhancing heat dam (heat dam) of other degeneration firing chamber factor impact or protection portion 866.Protection portion 866 also can comprise one or more transducer or sensor for measurement or monitoring combustion parameter, such as, temperature in firing chamber 804, thermal shock and mechanical shock and/or pressure events.

Equally as shown in figure 20, intermediate portion 816 and spray nozzle part 818 comprise and can carry out according to embodiment mentioned above the dielectric insulator that constructs.More specifically, in the embodiment shown, intermediate portion 816 comprises the first insulator 817a, and the first insulator 817a is at least in part around the second insulator 817b.Second insulator 817b extends to spray nozzle part 818 from intermediate portion 816.Therefore, at least one section of the second insulator 817b is positioned to contiguous firing chamber 804.In one embodiment, the second insulator 817b can have and compares the larger dielectric strength of the first insulator 817a.In this way, the second insulator 817b can be configured to bear the severe combustion condition close to firing chamber 804.But in other embodiments, sparger 810 can comprise the insulator be made up of homogenous material.

According to another feature of illustrated embodiment, the second insulator 817b's in spray nozzle part 818 at least partially can be spaced apart with firing chamber 804.This results in gap or the volume of the air space 870 between engine cylinder cover 807 (such as, the second electrode) and the conductive coating 874 (such as, the first electrode) of spray nozzle part 818.Sparger 810 can form the plasma of the ionized air in space 870 before fuel injection event.The plasma emission (plasmaprojection) of this ionized air can accelerate the burning of the fuel entering plasma.In addition, this plasma emission can affect the shape of the fuel of rapid combustion according to predetermined combustion room characteristic.Similarly, sparger 810 can also make the parts of fuel ionize to produce high energy plasma, thus can also affect or change the shape of the distribution pattern of combustion fuel.

Sparger 810 can customize the burning of sprayed fuel and the performance of distribution further by producing supercavity or the unexpected gasification of fuel of spraying.More specifically, and describe in detail referring below to the further embodiment of the disclosure, the mode so the unexpected gasification that Flow valve 820 and/or valve seat 872 can flow through the fuel of these parts by picture generation is formed.Such as, Flow valve 820 can have the stepped part of one or more sharp edges in the part contacted with valve seat 872 of Flow valve.In addition, the frequency of open and close Flow valve 820 also can cause the unexpected gasification of sprayed fuel.This suddenly gasification creates gas or steam by the liquid fuel that enters fast or mixture that is liquid and solid fuel composition.Such as, this suddenly gasification can be transferred into firing chamber along with liquid fuel around the surface of Flow valve 820 and produce steam.The fuel that the unexpected gasification of fuel makes sprayed fuel compare not gasify can faster and completely how burn.In addition, the unexpected gasification of the fuel sprayed can produce different fuel injection mode or shape, comprising such as projection spheroid visibly different with the general conical pattern of conventional spray fuel mode.In further embodiment, can by various other fuel ignition and burning enhancing technology utilize the unexpected gasification of sprayed fuel.Such as, suddenly gasification can in conjunction with the sound power of overheated, the plasma of liquid fuel and/or the fuel outburst of launching.When contrasting the catalytic ignition of liquid fuel constituents, these igniting strengthening fuel outburst need catalyzer and the catalysis region of much less.

Figure 21 is the cross-sectional side view of the sparger 910 according to another embodiment structure of the present disclosure.Sparger 910 comprises the some features with the 26S Proteasome Structure and Function broadly similar of sparger mentioned above.Such as, sparger 910 comprises one or more high voltage dielectric insulators 917 (being represented by the first insulator 917a and the second insulator 917b respectively) with above-mentioned characteristic.Second insulator 917b is at least in part around the spray nozzle part 918 of contiguous firing chamber 904.Therefore, the second insulator 917b can have and compares the larger dielectric strength of the first insulator 917b.Second insulator 917b can also have larger mechanical strength (such as, having the stressed outer surface of compression) to bear the severe operational condition at spray nozzle part 918 place.

Sparger 910 also comprises body 912, and body 912 has the intermediate portion 916 extended between base portion 914 and spray nozzle part 918.Spray nozzle part 918 is extended by engine cylinder cover 907 at least in part thus the end of spray nozzle part 918 is positioned the interface of firing chamber 904.Body 912 comprises passage 963 further, and passage 963 extends through a part for body 912, flows through sparger 910 to allow fuel.Other parts also can pass through passage 963.Such as, sparger 910 comprises actuator 922 further, and actuator 922 is operatively attached to controller or processor 926.Actuator 922 is also operatively attached to the driver 924 in base portion 914.Below with reference to Figure 23, the further details about suitable driver is described.In the embodiment shown in Figure 21, actuator 922 to extend to the Flow valve 920 spray nozzle part 918 from driver 924 by passage 963.In certain embodiments, actuator 922 can be cable or bar assembly, comprising such as optical fiber, electrical signal fiber and/or acoustic communication fiber and wireless transducer node.Actuator 922 is configured to activate Flow valve 920, enters suddenly firing chamber 904 to guide pluralities of fuel fast.Actuator 922 can also detect combustion performance and/or combustion performance is transferred to controller 926.When Flow valve 920 is in the close position, Flow valve 920 is settled relative to valve seat 972.

Base portion 914 comprises fuel inlet port 902, imports sparger 910 for by fuel.In certain embodiments, ingress port 302 can comprise leak detection feature, and whether leak detection feature is configured to leak in the process entering sparger 910 fuel monitor.Such as, the other parts of ingress port 302 or sparger 910 can comprise as co-pending U.S. Patent application No.10/236,820 and No.09/716, " informer (the tattletale) " fuel monitoring disclosed in 664 (each in two patents is attached to herein by the mode quoted in full) is arranged.

Base portion 914 also comprises the pole piece 903 of the magnetic winding 961 around concentric line coil 932.Coil carrier 932 comprises inside diameter surface 933, and inside diameter surface 933 can be used as linear bearing, and the non-directional for driver 924 moves.Can seal relative to coil carrier 932 pairs of rod units 903, to prevent fuel leakage therebetween.Such as, rod unit 903 can comprise one or more groove and corresponding O type ring 930.In addition, can seal relative to insulator 917 pairs of coil carriers 932, to prevent fuel leakage therebetween equally.Such as, insulator 917 can comprise one or more groove and corresponding O type ring 938.

Sparger 910 comprises for by alloy machine case 924 and insulator 917 conveying capacity (such as further, produce the high voltage of spark, plasma, ac plasma, resistance heating etc. for timing) power port 964, for being connected to conductive coating or sleeve 974.Conducting sleeve 974 by energy conduction to spray nozzle part 918, to produce ignition event in firing chamber 904.More specifically, conducting sleeve 974 by energy conduction to the first electrode of being carried by spray nozzle part 918 or cap 921.Cap 921 can be the igniting and the fuel flow rate controlling device that cover Flow valve 920 at least in part.A part for engine cylinder cover 907 can be used as second electrode for ignition event corresponding with lid 921.

In other embodiments, power can be provided to be provided for the energy of ignition event by the piezoelectricity on the downstream portion for being positioned at driver 924 or magnetic telescopic driver 934.In addition, extremely have in restrictive application in the region entering firing chamber 904, by the conductor (such as, screw winding laminated insulator as above) in insulator 917, boosted voltage can be delivered to the cap 921 of conductive coating 974 and/or spray nozzle part 918.In this embodiment, conductor can by extending the base portion 914 being attached to voltage generation source from insulator 917.More specifically, conductor can leave base portion 914 by the first port 906 in rod unit 903 and the second port 908.For providing electric power and/or regulating electric power (such as, spark or plasma generation) thus the suitable system operating solenoid component of the present disclosure is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,122,816 and No.7,349, in 193, each in two patents is attached to herein by the mode quoted in full.

According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, the spray nozzle part 918 of sparger 910 comprise be configured to limit from firing chamber 904 conduct heat heat dam or protection portion 966.In addition, base portion 914 can comprise heat compensator conducting property 965 (such as, thermofin).Sparger 910 can hold the thermal fluid flowed around heat compensator conducting property 965.Under thermal fluid can be maintained at the temperature of relative constancy, the such as suitable thermostat temperature of about 70 DEG C to 120 DEG C (160 °F to 250 °F).Therefore, the thermal fluid around heat compensator conducting property 965 flowing can keep the operating temperature of sparger 910, to prevent at cold fuel

Moisture when (such as, low temp fuel) flows through sparger 910 in air forms frost or ice.

Sparger 910 is configured to inject fuel in firing chamber 904 in response to pneumatic, hydraulic pressure, piezoelectricity and/or dynamo-electric input.Such as, consider electromechanics or eletromagnetic-operating, the electric current putting on magnetic winding 961 produces magnetic pole in the soft magnetic material towards driver 924.This magnetic force causes advancing of driver 924, therefore makes actuator 922 tensioning, thus relative to valve seat 972, Flow valve 920 is remained on operating position.When electric current oppositely or when no longer applying, driver 924 does not make actuator 922 tensioning, therefore allow flow in fuel inflow-rate of water turbine valve 920.

In certain embodiments, sparger 910 is configured to eliminate undesirably moving and/or remaining movement of actuator 922 when the quick outburst of burner oil.Sparger 910 can also be configured to the center line alignment ensureing actuator 922, wherein can comprise the instrument of such as optical fiber instrument.Such as, sparger can comprise one or more parts of the passage 963 being arranged in body 912 or assembly for alignment actuator 922.More specifically, Figure 22 A is the side view of the open truss pipe assembly 1080 for the actuator that aligns constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure.Figure 22 B is the cross-section front view of the component truss 1080 substantially intercepted along the line 22B-22B of Figure 22 A.Simultaneously with reference to Figure 22 A and Figure 22 B, in the embodiment shown, component truss 1080 comprises the multiple braided fibers 1082 around actuator 922.Fiber 1082 can comprise optical fiber, electrically fiber, instrument transducer and/or reinforced fiber.These fibers 1082 can weave around actuator 922 or coil, and truss 1080 is alignd actuator 922 in sparger.The material being applicable to the outside fiber of 1082 can comprise graphite, coated with CVD (chemical vapor deposition) diamond graphite, glass fibre, silk or fiber ceramics, polyether-ether-ketone and various suitable fluoropolymer.These materials can be configured to the modulus of section and the low friction performance that provide expectation, move axially in component truss 1080 to allow actuator 922.Such as, in certain embodiments, the internal diameter of tubular truss assembly 1080 can carry out superfinish and/or coating friction coat (comprising such as, molybdenum sulfide, diamond-like-carbon, boron nitride or various suitable polymer).These surface treatments can be utilized in various combination to realize friction minimizing, corrosion protection, heat transfer and other wear-resisting object.Except alignment actuator 922, component truss 1080 also prevents actuator to resonate in operation ring, shake or axially spring.

Figure 22 C is the side view for align actuator 922 and the component truss 1081 preventing less desirable resonance ring, shake or axis from bouncing according to another embodiment structure of the present disclosure.Figure 22 D is substantially along the cross-section front view that the line 22D-22D of Figure 22 C intercepts.Simultaneously with reference to Figure 22 C and Figure 22 D, component truss 1081 comprises to be arranged and multiple helical spring of structure or biasing member 1083 continuously around actuator 922.Therefore, in operation, the frequency of single spring 1083 cancels each other out, thus actuator 922 is stablized.

Figure 22 E is the cross section side partial views of the sparger 1010 according to another embodiment structure of the present disclosure, and sparger 1010 comprises guide member 1090 for alignment actuator 1022.More specifically, shown sparger 1010 can have the feature with the 26S Proteasome Structure and Function broadly similar of other sparger disclosed herein.Such as, the sparger 1010 shown in Figure 22 E comprises actuator 1022, and actuator 1022 is extended between driver 1024 and Flow valve 1020 by body 1012.But in the embodiment shown, guide member 1090 is being in the position in downstream at least in part around actuator 1022 relative to driver 1024.Guide member 1090 supporting actuator 1022 and prevent the less desirable resonance ring of actuator 1022, shake and/or axially spring.In the embodiment shown, guide member 1090 comprises first 1091 of contiguous driver 1024, and second 1092 of contiguous Flow valve 1020.There is for first 1091 the first internal diameter around actuator 1022, and second portion 1092 has the second internal diameter around actuator 1022.As shown in figure 22e, the second internal diameter is less than the first internal diameter, the position closely supporting actuator 1029 of the Flow valve 1020 therefore in the spray nozzle part of contiguous sparger.In addition, in certain embodiments, guide member 1090 can in conjunction with may be used for producing the piezoelectricity of power of fuel outburst, sound and/or calutron.Guide member 1090 can also in conjunction with instrument, transducer and/or sensor for detection and communication chamber conditions.

Figure 23 is the cross-sectional side view of the driver 1124 according to another embodiment structure of the present disclosure.Driver 1124 comprises the feature with the 26S Proteasome Structure and Function broadly similar of driver mentioned above.In the embodiment shown, driver constructions becomes to be attached to actuator and allows fuel to flow through wherein.More specifically, driver 1124 comprises body 1138, and body 1138 has the first end 1140 relative with the second end 1142.Body 1138 also comprises the passage 1144 by wherein extending.Passage 1144 is branched off into multiple less passage or path at the second end 1142 place of body 1138.Such as, the second end 1142 comprises fuel flow path 1146 (being represented by the first fuel flow path 1146a and the second fuel flow path 1146b respectively), flows through and leave driver 1124 to allow fuel.The second end 1142 also comprises the actuator path 1148 being configured to accommodate actuator.

In certain embodiments, driver 1124 can be configured to provide power to carry out burner oil from sparger.Such as, driver 1124 can provide acoustics power to revise or strengthen fuel and spray outburst.In one embodiment, driver 1124 can be made up of compound ferromagnetic material.In other embodiments, driver 1124 can comprise laminated Magnetostrictive Transducer Materials or piezoelectric material with generation sound power.For providing the appropriate method of this function to comprise such as U.S. Patent No. 5 in driver 1124, the lamination of the expectation material described in 980,251 (this patent is attached to herein by the mode quoted in full).In addition, the sound-powered suitable piezoelectric approach for generation of this expectation is given in the following teaching material provided by Valpey Fisher Corporation: proposed at the Crystal Engineering in November, 2000 by Jim Socki quartz Crystal Oscillator Training Seminar.

Referring again to Figure 21, sparger 910 comprises the igniting and flow regulator or lid 921 that are carried by spray nozzle part 918, and spray nozzle part 918 covers Flow valve 920 at least in part.Lid 921 comprises one or more conductive member, makes lid 921 can be the first electrode being produced ignition event by corresponding second electrode of engine cylinder cover.Lid 921 can be configured to the parts protecting sparger 910, and these piece construction become monitoring and/or detect combustion performance.Lid 921 can also be configured to affect the shape of fuel, pattern and/or the phase place of spraying.Such as, as mentioned above, cover 921 and can be configured to the unexpected gasification causing sprayed fuel.

Be described with reference to the further details of Figure 24 A to lid 921.More specifically, Figure 24 A be according to embodiment of the present disclosure construct first lid 1221a plan view.In the embodiment shown, the first lid 1221a comprises multiple groove and hole and enters the flow velocity of firing chamber to the fuel infiltration and fuel that produce expectation by the first lid 1221a.First lid 1221a is also used as the igniter of the spark of firing chamber, plasma, catalyzer or hot surface ignitor.The local that hole in first lid 1221a and groove provide to firing chamber exposes, for monitoring combustion performance.More specifically, the first lid 1221a comprises the first groove 1223 and the second groove 1227 that multiple radial direction extends.As shown in fig. 24 a, the first groove 1223 is compared the second groove 1227 and is had shorter length and larger thickness.First lid 1221a also comprises around lid isolated multiple first hole 1225 circularly between the slots, and is positioned at second hole 1229 of central part of lid.The groove of the first lid 1221a and other lid as herein described and/or hole can be set to that reference face, firing chamber is orthogonal or non-normal angle, to realize fuel flow rate and the rate of burning of expectation.

Although the first lid 1221a of Figure 24 A represents an illustrative pattern or groove and hole, other embodiment can comprise the different mode being configured for injection and the ignition performance expected.Such as, Figure 24 B is side view and Figure 24 C is according to second igniting comprising multiple sharp edges of another embodiment of the present disclosure structure and flow regulator or the side view covering 1221b.Simultaneously with reference to Figure 24 B and Figure 24 C, the second lid 1221b comprises the multiple grooves 1223 extended radially outwardly from the central part of the second lid 1221b.Groove 1223 be formed in from bottom surface 1224 extend electrode section 1231 between.Electrode section 1231 is configured by the corresponding electrode section of engine cylinder cover and produces ignition event.Second lid 1221b also comprises hole 1229 at the central part place of the second lid 1221b.Therefore, it is possible to passing hole 1229 and monitor combustion performance by the gap 1233 between electrode section 1231 and bottom surface 1224.

In some cases, can expect to combine for the spark of ignition event, plasma, hot surface and/or catalytic ignition.Such as, for catalytic ignition, electrode section 1231 and/or ignition point 1232 can comprise the catalyzer of such as platinum metal or platinum black.For hot surface ignitor, electrode section 1231 and/or ignition point 1232 can comprise deposition (comprising due to spark or plasma attack and transmission and the acicular structure deposited).This sediments can by making polarity of voltage oppositely and/or move between electrode section 1231 by utilizing Ac, for the development of the plasma produced at contiguous ignition point 1232 place aperiodically.

A benefit of illustrated embodiment is that the second lid 1221b can provide protection for the sensor or transducer for monitoring combustion performance.Another benefit is that the groove 1223 extended between electrode section 1231 creates multiple igniting origination point 1232 or carrys out starting ignition as hot surface.Because the second lid 1221b has multiple ignition point 1232, therefore the second lid 1221b is particularly suited for widely using.Such as, even if one in ignition point 1232 is blocked or degenerated by alternate manner or become not exercisable, the second lid 1221b still has other ignition point 1232 multiple to produce igniting.

Figure 24 D is the isometric view of the 3rd lid 1221c according to another embodiment structure of the present disclosure, Figure 24 E is the plan view of the 3rd lid 1221c according to another embodiment structure of the present disclosure, and Figure 24 F is the cross-sectional side view intercepted according to the basic line 24F-24F along Figure 24 E of the 3rd lid 1221c of another embodiment structure of the present disclosure.In the embodiment shown, the 3rd lid 1221c comprises the isolated first surface 1226 with bottom 1224.Hole 1229 extends through the central part of first surface 1226, and multiple groove 1223 extends through the 3rd between first surface 1226 and bottom 1224 covers 1221c.Be similar to embodiment mentioned above, the instrument that hole 1229 and groove 1223 allow injected device to carry is to monitor combustion performance.In the embodiment shown, groove 1223 extends through the 3rd lid 1221c relative to first surface 1226 with the angle of about 45 degree.But in other embodiments, groove 1223 can be formed in larger or less angle in the 3rd lid 1221c.3rd lid 1221c comprises the path 1237 extended by bottom 1224 further, and fuel flows through the 3rd lid 1221c by path 1237.

Referring again to Figure 21, in some applications, spray nozzle part 918 place can be desirably in there is mechanical check valve, enter sparger 910 to prevent the firing pressure produced in firing chamber 904.Therefore, in certain embodiments, spray nozzle part 918 can comprise the mechanical check valve of aliging with the bearing guiding element 943 carried by spray nozzle part 918.Figure 25 A to Figure 25 C shows this safety check 1345 according to embodiment structure of the present disclosure.More specifically, Figure 25 A is the isometric view of safety check 1345, and Figure 25 B is the rear view of safety check 1345, and the cross-sectional side view that the basic line 25C-25C along Figure 25 B that Figure 25 C is safety check 1345 intercepts.Simultaneously with reference to Figure 25 A to Figure 25 C, in the embodiment shown, safety check 1345 comprises the protuberance 1351 extended from bottom 1347.Protuberance 1351 is configured to be housed at least in part in the spray nozzle part of corresponding sparger.Safety check 1345 comprises the flow surface 1353 extending to protuberance 1351 from bottom 1347.At protuberance 1351 place, flow surface 1353 comprises impeller fin or groove 1349.Safety check 1345 comprises the combustion surface 1357 be configured to towards firing chamber further.Opening or groove 1355 extend to safety check 1345 from combustion surface 1357.Opening 1355 can accommodate the bearing guiding element 943 of Figure 21 at least in part.

In operation, by chamber pressure, mechanical spring and/or such as safety check 1345 can be promoted by electromagnet or the magnetic force that provided by the permanent magnet be attached in valve seat towards operating position.Open safety check 1345 by the positive pressure of the flowing of the given fuel of corresponding valve seat, to be flowed by safety check 1345 to allow fuel and be injected in firing chamber.This flowing can produce Coanda effect, thus along with in fuel flowing in combustion chamber, safety check 1345 is remained on open position.In certain embodiments, can monitor flow velocity that the Coanda effect corresponding to safety check 1345 locates and pressure dependence (comprising such as by correspondingly carry fuel and chamber pressure between ratio).For the fuel such as such as gasoline, diesel oil, ammonia, propane, fuel alcohol and can as liquid, super-heated liquid or steam conveying other fuel various for, this information can be useful, there is comprising it or do not have the multiple displacement of extra displacement (comprising the product of thermochemistry regeneration further, such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide).

According to a feature of illustrated embodiment, safety check 1345 is configured to the intensive flowing producing fuel in graded area, to strengthen the burning of fuel.Such as, helical runner fin or groove 1349 can be used for applying angular velocity to safety check 1345, in graded area, also produce more intensive flowing fuel stream simultaneously.Due to the raising of composite rate, utilize this DESIGNED FEATURE can be conducive to the burning faster of fuel.This DESIGNED FEATURE can also be utilized according to counter-current flow path to collide the flow in fuel of spraying, and enter firing chamber by moment of momentum along with fuel is pushed into or has been induced thus has been had in the air of vortex or another kind of oxygenant by combustion-chamber geometry to produce shear-mixed according to crossing current path.Therefore, safety check 1345 can be configured to provide moment of momentum to sprayed fuel, for clockwise or movement counterclockwise, thus produces the acceleration of the thermal release process expected and is transferred to the heat minimization of combustor surface.

Then with reference to Figure 26 A, Figure 26 A be according to another embodiment structure of the present disclosure the cross-sectional side view of sparger 1410.Sparger 1410 comprises the some features with the 26S Proteasome Structure and Function broadly similar of the individual features of sparger mentioned above.Such as, sparger 1410 is particularly suited for being coupled in relatively little diesel engine in the very little port of engine cylinder cover 1407.Such as, sparger 1410 is included in the intermediate portion 1416 extended between bottom 1414 and spray nozzle part 1418.In the embodiment shown, sparger 1410 utilizes ferrimag cabinet 1402 as the part of electromagnetic circuit with driver armature 1424.Driver 1424 is usually settled relative to first magnetic in driver 1424 downstream or Mechanical biasing members or spring 1435 in intermediate portion 1416.Driver can also be settled by the second biasing member 1413 relative to driver 1424 upstream in the anti-hole 1433 of intermediate portion 1416 usually.The electric current putting on solenoid winding makes driver 1424 along the longitudinal axis Linear-moving of sparger 1410.Cabinet 1402 holds equally and protects the ceramics insulator 1417 of high dielectric strength, and insulator 1417 can comprise any solenoid of above-detailed.Insulator 1417 makes conduction tubing or coating 1408 insulate, for the object of carrying ignition energy to spray nozzle part 1418.Such as, ignition energy can be supplied to coating 1408 by cable 1438, and ignition energy is conducted to igniting component or lid 1421 in the interface of firing chamber 1404 by coating 1408.

Figure 26 B is the plan view of sparger 1410, illustrated therein is igniting component 1421.Simultaneously with reference to Figure 26 A and Figure 26 B, igniting component 1421 comprises multiple radial ignition point 1412 for the ignition event producing such as spark, plasma, hot surface and/or catalysis and stimulate.As mentioned above, except ignition point 1412, igniting component 1421 also comprises the multiple holes entering firing chamber 1404 for fuel.Can be provided by the fuel area density path 1442 extending to spray nozzle part 1418 from bottom 1414 for the space-minimized additional features needed for use sparger 1410.For multiple cylinder engine, fuel area density path 1442 can be attached to the one or more flexible delivery pipes leading to suitable fuel distributor manifold.

In operation, the electric current putting on electromagnetism winding attracts driver 1424 towards winding 1411 and pole element 1441, with by pressurized fuel suction sparger 1410.Driver 1424 compresses stop fixture 1460, and stop fixture 1460 can be protection and the connectivity ground high physics of clamp actuators 1422 and a part for dielectric strength polymer sheath (such as polyether-ether-ketone).Actuator 1422 is attached to the Flow valve 1420 in spray nozzle part 1418.Flow valve 1420 is housed in valve seat 1425.In certain embodiments, actuator 1422 can comprise the bar or cable that combine pipeline or one group of multiply optical fiber.In addition, Flow valve 1420 and valve seat can be ferromagnetic.Spray nozzle part 1418 comprises safety check 1458 further, and safety check 1458 also can be ferromagnetic.Safety check 1458 extends through hollow shaft and is in the charge of 1426 and is provided for pressure measurement and the entrance to the complete observation that temperature and the movement at firing chamber 1404 place describe.This provide the monitoring (moving comprising piston) to chamber conditions and event, for determining velocity of piston and acceleration, the chamber pressure of air inlet, compression, injection, igniting, flame propagation, power and exhaust phase, the temperature of combustion temperature and combustion chamber components (comprising piston, cylinder wall, valve and cylinder lid surface).Optical fiber and other instrument communication component extend through (comprising the repeatedly laminated insulation of such as conduction instrument fiber) the fuel area density path 1432 of pole part 1441.

As shown in Figure 26 A and Figure 26 B, to minimize at the diameter of the port of engine cylinder cover 1407 to make sparger 1410 thus the entrance entering firing chamber 1404 is provided, the overall diameter of sparger 1410 (comprising shell 1402 and Power supply cable 1438) is minimized.In addition, actuator 1422 can be transported through sparger 1410 by inside.Telecommunications fibers from actuator 1422 can by leaving bottom 1414 and being attached to peripheral control unit, processor or storage through the outlet of Sealing.Similarly, insulated cable 1440 can be transmitted through bottom 1414, to carry electric power thus to drive one or more piezoelectricity or magnetostriction apparatus, comprising such as driver 1424.

In some applications, safety check 1458 can be configured with and the impeller fin of safety check 1345 broadly similar be described above with reference to Figure 25 A to Figure 25 C or groove.These impeller fins or groove can apply angular velocity to fuel, to produce the fuel flowing of comparatively dense in graded area, thus therefore can strengthen outburst type or the pattern of the fuel discharged from spray nozzle part 1418.Due to the raising of composite rate, utilize this DESIGNED FEATURE can be conducive to the burning faster of fuel, this DESIGNED FEATURE can also be utilized to come according to counter-current flow path collision, and/or enter firing chamber by moment of momentum along with fuel is pushed into or has been induced thus has been had in the air of vortex or another kind of oxygenant by combustion-chamber geometry to produce shear-mixed according to crossing current path.Therefore, safety check 1458 can be configured to the moment of momentum being provided for the clockwise of fuel or movement counterclockwise, to produce the acceleration of the thermal release process of expectation and to be transferred to the heat minimization of combustor surface.

Following reference Figure 27 A, Figure 27 A are the cross-sectional side views of the sparger 1500 according to another embodiment structure of the present disclosure.Shown sparger 1500 is particularly useful for using, to provide faster and fuel combustion more completely in the motor with the operation of high or low compression ratio.These fuel can comprise almost any combination of fuel characteristic, comprising such as temperature, one or more mixed-phase, viscosity, energy density and octane and cetane number (octane and cetane number comprising the standard well below traditional operation).In the embodiment shown, sparger 1500 comprises the some features with the 26S Proteasome Structure and Function broadly similar of the individual features of sparger mentioned above.Such as, sparger 1500 is included in the intermediate portion 1582 extended between bottom 1580 and spray nozzle part 1584.Sparger also comprises the actuator 1518 extending to fuel flow valve 1524 from driver 1515.

In the embodiment shown, not can both be delivered to sparger 1500 by ingress port 1502 by any fuel (diesel fuel such as, be made up of energy crop, animal tallow and/or other debirs) of spark ignition combustion.Fuel can flow along the fuel flow path of the some parts along sparger 1500.Such as, fuel can flow in bottom 1580 through instrument signal cable 1504, spring retainer cap 1580, Compress Spring 1508, optional magnet 1514, driver 1515 and the optional Compress Spring 1516 suitably strengthened.Fuel path continues through the path 1531 of high dielectric strength insulator body 1530 in intermediate portion, and enters in the hole of conductive coating or pipe 1522, to be transported to spray nozzle part 1584.In the embodiment shown, spray nozzle part 1584 comprises seat in the interface with firing chamber 1550, and this seat is sealed by logical normally closed Flow valve 1524.In some applications, coating or pipe 1522 can close to coatings in the region 1517 of firing chamber or be electroplate with high dielectric strength material 1520, for the object ensured with Flow valve 1524 or the electric conductivity from Flow valve 1524.In other applications, as what may need as the circuit block in spark and plasma igniting process, pipe coating 1520 can highly conductive or highly opposing igniting erosion.

Therefore, according to application, coating or pipe part 1522 can be conductive coatings on the hole of dielectric insulator 1530, conducting metal, pottery, polymer or provide the composite material of special valve seal in the interface with Flow valve 1524.This coating or pipe part 1522 and actuator 1518 and driver 1515 make sparger 1500 can have very little external diameter.This structure also allows sparger as desirably relatively long by the region with one or more overhead camshaft and valve operator in arrived.

Biasing member or thrust produce component such as, with reference to comprising the spring (comprising such as mechanical spring form, the cup spring of helix windings, circular cone winding, flat and curved vane or lamination blade, oval plate, distortion dish and various dish, formation) of the pulling force needed for can being configured to produce or thrust, magnet and/or piezoelectric part.In numerous applications, the combination of such selection effectively provides the service speed of expectation, resonates tuning and/or reduce less desirable characteristic.

In the embodiment shown, promote logical normally closed Flow valve 1524 by the tension force on the actuator 1518 that such as provided by Compress Spring 1508 and spring compressor 1506 to close relative to the valve seat 1521 of coating or pipe 1522.These springs can be attached to actuator 1518, thus in order to the object applying closed tension force on Flow valve 1524 mechanically the non-directional of limiting actuator 1518 advance.In addition, Flow valve 1524 can be provided with sharp annular feature, or can have relative to each other circumferentially isolated sharp ignition point.Conduction cabinet 1510 can be used as a part for the magnetic circuits of solenoid winding 1519 and driver 1515.Cabinet 1510 can also as the misoperation parts at interface extending to firing chamber.In the interface with firing chamber, cabinet 1510 can also comprise Novel interior ignition feature 1528, the sharp point such as radially-inwardly led, or annular concentric feature.In addition, at bottom 1580 place, sparger can comprise one or more groove and O type ring 1537, or adhesion compounds (such as polyurethane or epoxy resin) by fuel encapsulation in bottom 1580.

In operation, sparger 1500 can accommodate pressurized fuel by ingress port 1502.Fuel flows to logical normally closed Flow valve 1524 and is allowed to enter firing chamber by activating Flow valve 1524 by suitable forcer (such as piezoelectricity or the spiral piping arrangement of removable drive 1515) subsequently.Driver 1515 produces the power contrary with the tension force applied by spring 1508, and therefore allows fuel to enter firing chamber suddenly from spray nozzle part 1584.Can gap between ignition Characteristics 1528 and coating or pipe 1522, and/or be provided for any amount of setting of carrying high current intensity impulsive current in gap between Flow valve 1524 and ignition Characteristics 1528.Such as, such electric current can be delivered to movable conductors cable 1533 by insulated cable 1532, and movable conductors cable 1533 is attached to conductive coating above actuator 1518 or fiber, thus conducts electrical currents to Flow valve 1524.

Such operation can repeat under high frequency (comprising resonance tuned frequency), enters outburst to produce a series of fuel.These outbursts repeated can be applied to along with the sound power from piezoelectricity or magnetostrictive force in the outburst of each fuel.These power can comprise the power produced by the multi-functional embodiment of driver 1515.Such as, can be ionized by the one or many in one or more annular spaces of air between Flow valve 1524 and the ring part 1511 of immediate shell 1522 to produce and light a fire.Can continue to carry this ionized air from annular region 1517, with along with the guaranteed igniting being provided the fuel entering suddenly firing chamber 1550 by outwards the opening burner oil of Flow valve 1524.

Spark in relatively little gap between the ignition Characteristics 1528 being present in Flow valve 1524 and ring part 1511 at first produces and can trigger as U.S. Patent No. 4,122, capacitor discharge disclosed in 816 (being attached to herein by the mode quoted in full), with produce can subsequently surge to the plasma current being greater than 500 amperes, thus the plasma of the appearance moved outward of following valve 1524 is launched with supersonic speed and accelerates in firing chamber and impact and apply power to the outburst of layering supply fuel, for completing combustion process extremely rapidly.This launches igniting and accelerated combustion process can be sprayed outburst repetition adaptively by each fuel or produce adaptively, sprays the transmitting rapid-ignition of outburst for the continuous fuel be greater than once.

In some applications, plasma generation can by triggering timing and being formed by the ionization fuel molecule in the gap entered between sharp or sharpened surface or ignition Characteristics 1524 and 1528.Along with Flow valve 1524 continues outwards to open, ionization fuel molecule plasma be pushed into firing chamber with supersonic speed, with ensure and complete rapidly each fuel outburst burning.This is launched igniting process and can be regulated adaptively by each fuel injection outburst and repeated or develop the transmitting rapid-ignition being greater than continuous outburst once for sprayed fuel adaptively.Inventor has been found that under almost each velocity of piston, and the much bigger torque that the self adaption application of this rapid-ignition and combustion process all forms every caloric fuel value produces.

The supporting advantage of this plasma-thrust is: due to faster fuel spray, igniting and the appearance of perfect combustion process, fuel sprays and can start after top dead center place or top dead center, to reduce heat loss in compression process.Therefore, the operation that smooth engine ground is many, and the friction caused due to the heat loss causing the size of relative moving part to change and the friction that causes due to the degeneration of the composite lubricating film on especially cylinder wall and ring reduce.Therefore, extend cylinder and ring life-span, decrease heat loss, improve fuel efficiency, and reduce maintenance cost.

Figure 27 B is the sparger of Figure 27 A and the diagram of some combustion performancies of other sparger that constructs according to embodiment of the present disclosure.As shown in figure 27b, ignition by compression (the needing specific cetane number) needs of diesel fuel comparatively early start fuel under high pressure injection in compression stroke.Diesel liquid is cut into droplet and promotes far enough and permeate drop to enter compression and add hot air and need high pressure, carry out evaporated liquid fuel to obtain sufficient heat and continue to penetrate in other hot air, thus making the large molecules down of evaporated fuel become can start the Small molecular of combustion process.If air not yet fully heats, if and/or drop is little not, if and/or velocity of piston is too low or too high, then diesel fuel will penetrate into hardened area and heat will at combustor surface (such as, piston, cylinder wall and head components) scatter and disappear, and will unburned particulate and hydrocarbon be discharged---a part is wherein visible black smoke and another part is the comparatively small particle be especially harmful to lung and the cardiovascular system of human and animal.

Diesel oil curve 1956 show TDC before the part of Pressure Development.This part (before TDC) of pressure increase be " doing over again " and for spray compared with preignition and combustion incident starting point for larger.The starting point of higher velocity of piston, jet ignition comparatively early and burning must in order, to complete evaporation, cracking and combustion incident.In each stage that the diesel fuel of each burn cycle sprays, part flash evaporation, the cracking of being insulated most by hot surplus air of fuel and burn suddenly, to reach more than the temperature of 2200 DEG C (4000 °F), this temperature is the threshold value forming nitrogen oxide.

Comparatively speaking, according to the operation (as shown in curve 1958) of the integrated sparger/igniter constructed according to the disclosure, start and complete and burn all faster under all velocity of piston and operational condition and under pressure diagram, carry much more working zone (if not being all in power stroke, great majority are torque x rpm), to improve the fuel efficiency and horsepower of comparing diesel oil operation.Fuel can pass through comparatively MP major path and spray fast (comparing by much late after ignition by compression or TDC), thus completing burning quickly: this is because according to unfavorable result, (such as nitrogen oxide is formed, the overvoltage of critical engine parts or the heat loss caused due to the infiltration of insulating oxide agent encapsulating) create the entering air temperature that many outburst-multi fuel operate, any situation condition of air pressure or fuel type (especially comprising combustion characteristic) can both provide sufficient energy of plasma and/or gas to form (supercavitation) adaptively, to eliminate by the diesel-type high-pressure injection in little shearing aperture and to the needs of fuel by hot air infiltration prolongation distance, thus evaporation, cracked fuel is so that combustion fuel.In addition, sparger disclosed herein can reach 2200 DEG C (4000 °F) or combustion zone in peak combustion temperatures and exceedes surplus air insulation envelope and any multiple injections stopping fuel instantaneously arriving hardened area.Afterwards, can restart one or more other fuel spray, with realize the expectation of each operation cycle merit produce.In addition, sparger disclosed herein can reach any multiple injections of cutting out fuel instantaneously of preset maximum value at peak combustion pressure, damage and/or avoid the free radicals that caused by pressure or the unfavorable of compound to be formed (such as various nitrogen oxide) to avoid causing piston, connecting rod, bearing or bent axle.

Launch the smooth operation that rapid-ignition and combustion process are conducive to running through much bigger adjustment ratio, operate comprising to the such as instantaneous cylinder meeting as many multiple cylinder engine needed for load request.Such as, launch rapid-ignition to comprise the engine speed of the faster and much effective response of operator requirement (or cruise-control demand) for torque or increase.This expands the advantage that life-span of cylinder and ring longer and heat loss reduces further, thus is maintained as at fuel efficiency and decreasing pollution effulent and minimizing and present aspect provides huge improvement.

Pollutant effulent problem derives from " suddenly stop whipping " and " cold start-up " motor and catalytic reactor condition, under this condition, cannot obtain the catalysis trimming process of thermo-motor steady state operation.But another advantage of launching rapid-ignition and combustion process is the much clean waste gas under whole engine temperature (comprising such as cold engine or the motor being in " suddenly stopping whipping ").Therefore, under these problematic conditions, the operation cycle can be started when reducing the cost of the startup energy needed for the requirement of starting motor or conventional engines or eliminate.When not having and needing the tradition of the relatively large power consumpiton for ato unit, startup is provided to each cylinder enforcement transmitting rapid-ignition and combustion process that are in power stroke.Traditional action need crank ato unit, to make piston be moved back and forth by aspirating stroke, thus produces vacuum in gas handling system.Fuel is added in the vacuum of gas handling system, its object is to produce uniform homogeneous blend.Spark ignition must be carried out to any part of uniform homogeneous blend, and crank further rotates to make cam axle, thus the supply of homogeneous more or less produced in gas handling system along with hope is transferred to firing chamber and provides INO and exhaust valve close closed operation.Extra crank rotates for compressing uniform homogeneous blend more or less, and if rotated for supporting process of rework by top dead center condition relative to the more crank of the pressure produced when the igniting of uniform homogeneous blend realizes.No matter what kind of the energy may stayed in combustion gas is, this energy may be used in power stroke, provide positive work to produce, to maintain the startup of motor.

Similarly, diesel compression ignition motor according to disclosure conversion comprises transmitting rapid-ignition and combustion process at each cylinder, and the cylinder being in power stroke provides startup when not having the conventional need to the relatively large power consumpiton for ato unit.Traditional diesel engine compression ignition operation needs to use crank ato unit, to make piston be moved back and forth by aspirating stroke, thus by air transfer in gas handling system; Crank further rotates to make cam axle, thus is transferred to firing chamber along with the air from gas handling system and provides INO and outlet valve closed procedure; And extra crank rotates and is used for air compressing to adequate temperature, to make the diesel fuel evaporation of spraying under the high pressure caused because more crank rotates and cracking, thus the fuel of wishing to experience evaporation and cracking process mixes with more hot airs along with it and produces and light a fire; And more crank rotates and is used for supporting process of rework by top dead center condition and providing which kind of energy can stay in combustion gas, produces to realize enough positive works in power stroke the startup maintaining motor.

Referring again to Figure 27 A, instrument and signal cable 1504 can have extra reinforcing in the intermediate section 1518 between the attached or mechanical strokes retainer in spring compressor 1506 and fuel valve 1524.This reinforcing can comprise and in mechanical strokes stop collar 1512, applies steering force by driver 1515, to provide sufficient tension force, fatigue and dielectric strength to ensure that stable operation is for very long working life.The instrument cable 1526 being positioned at interface, firing chamber can have following characteristic, such as, at movement, the temperature and pressure of the interface, firing chamber of valve 1524.This instrument can also provide the wireless telecommunications with the microprocessor 1539 and/or the outside be positioned to away from cabinet 1510 or another microprocessor be positioned on the outside of cabinet 1510 or computer 1540 that are positioned at sparger 1500.

Can process from the dsc data (comprising infrared frequency, visible frequencies and ultraviolet frequencies) of the gaseous state of firing chamber, plasma and solid state surface and pressure and acceleration information, and by transmission in radio node and actuator 1518 and/or the integrated of fiber of conduction transmit.Such as, actuator 1518 can comprise suitable instrument (such as transducer) for microprocessor 1539 communication, and/or extend to long-range microprocessor or computer 1540 by cable 1504 through suitable Sealing.

Can utilize suitable energy conversion device or such as photovoltaic, thermoelectricity, electromagnetism, electrically and the combination of the device of piezoelectric generator provide power for the sensor node that can carry out operating to the frequency of gigahertz with kilohertz.Such as the system of TinyOS (the free and open operation system based on source block for wireless sensor network and platform in U.C.Berkeley exploitation) can be conducive to these operations.This operating in can be utilized to start after particular event occurs and to help relay, system to export and/or the favourable operation of alarm.This comprises the event that can be detected by the instrument in spray nozzle part 1584, or the event that can be detected by the transducer and signal analyzer 1535 that may comprise pressure and the optical data transmitted by functional coupling or transparent insulator 1530 (or passing fiber or the path of insulator 1530).

These combinations are conducive to machinery and the dielectric strength of the abundance of assembling part, produce energetic plasma with the parts made it possible to by having very little size.There is provided multifunction valve to be especially helpful, multifunction valve carries out moving thus causes plasma emission and forbid relatively not refining from operable and spend ash and the relict sediment fouling of few fuel.This benefit can also be provided by the coordinated groups of Flow valve as herein described and safety check is incompatible, the synergistic combination of Flow valve and safety check provides the obstruction of the pressure coming from burning, and under interface, firing chamber provides fuel to control thus eliminates the fuel droplet in undesirably time or drippage.

Can by adding the reagent that provide mobility detect and combustion process to describe to fuel and preferred heat signature (thermal signature) provide the further advantage being beneficial to instrument process, for the object of control combustion process and/or combustion peak temperature.In operation, this additive is transferred with the miscible agent of some given frequency transmitting photon or colloidal suspension using relatively small amount as along with being heated, ionizing or deionize.That grind or can be stored by the transition metal that alternate manner is activated and combine with by the carbon monoxide provided according to the heat absorption reaction of fuel storage embodiment of the present disclosure, or formation hydroxy compounds, hydroxy compounds can be utilized as another race's additive, for the radiation indicator as ignition and combustion process event.In alternate ways, can preparing and store one or more selected transition metal hydroxy compounds (such as manganese or iron), selecting for being added into utilized fuel continuously or aperiodically.Illustratively, this kind of or multiple additive of manganese, iron, nickel, boron, sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium or silicon that provides of this organic or inorganic material normally has the agent of different discharge signature (object for this mobility and temperature or process rate describe).This additive can be provided continuously or aperiodically from storage fuel tank, to calibrate, the transducer detected be moved to the igniting process of temperature and various reactant and combustion process product.Determination and analysis system utilizes this performance to determine temperature (temperature comprising avoiding the formation of nitrogen oxide), combustion process step and combustion process speed.These results can be utilized to produce comprehensive record of the stored count (such as the minimizing of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide and Particulate Emission) of fuel efficiency improvement and benefit.

Figure 28 shows the sparger 1600 according to another embodiment structure of the present disclosure.More specifically, Figure 28 is the cross-sectional side view of sparger 1600, and sparger 1600 comprises some features of the 26S Proteasome Structure and Function broadly similar of the individual features of sparger 1500 and other sparger as herein described be described with reference Figure 27 A.Therefore, can not be described these similar features of sparger 1600 with reference to Figure 28.But, in the embodiment shown in Figure 28, ejector arrangements becomes to provide some or most of conversion process of energy least for following object: 1) monitor the condition in firing chamber and event, mobile comprising such as temperature, combustion process, pressure, fluid (such as other, steam and liquid), and piston or rotor-position, speed and acceleration; 2) electronic transducer, processor, computer and controller are (such as, processor 1535 and 1539 above with reference to Figure 27 A is described) operate in response to monitored condition, delay for optimizing startup that fuel sprays adaptively, between the startup completing, regulate any continuous print fuel to spray that fuel sprays, and the selection of the igniting process of corresponding optimization and timing; 3) valve operator power be applied on corresponding Flow valve and/or safety check and driver are activated and provide power; And 4) adaptive optimization ignition system function is activated and provides power.

Can to utilize by the temperature contrast between combustion process and lower temperature (such as may be in or lower than ambient air temperature enter fuel) and a part for the energy shifted is provided for these objects and produces to electronic controller or from the thermoelectricity of the intracellular signaling of electronic controller or the power of wireless telecommunications.Such as, one or more device (comprising selecting such as semiconductor thermoelectric generator 1620) can be carried by sparger 1600, to catch radiation from combustion process and high temperature needed for producing.Corresponding lower temperature can be set up by the fuel flowing through contact tube 1622.Can from such as Perpetua Power Source Technologies, Inc., 4314SW Research Way, the source of Corvallis, Oregon 97333 (see such as http://www.perpetuapower.com/products.htm) obtains suitable thermal electric film and circuit.In addition, the wireless sensor node for these objects can be obtained from the source of such as Microchip, Atmel and Texas Instruments.

Can comprise photocurrent generator 1625 according to the power generator of another embodiment or generator, photocurrent generator 1625 can be positioned to proximity thermal electric generator 1620 or form entirety with thermoelectric generator 1620.Therefore, the converts radiation launched from firing chamber can be become electric power by photocurrent generator 1625.Photocurrent generator 1625 can be further used for instrument transducer, for the temperature measured in firing chamber or other combustion performance and event.Can by transfer of heat be cooled to the fuel flowed near fuel passage by the spray nozzle part of sparger 1600 photocurrent generator 1625.In order to ensure that transfer of heat is to the fuel flowing through spray nozzle part, the cold side of photocurrent generator 1625 and thermoelectric generator 1620 can be arranged in high conductivity material or with high conductivity material and combine, such as, heat is passed to the silver of contact tube 1622, copper, aluminium, beryllium oxide or diamond.

The electret (electret) that other the power generation subtense angle involving vibrations that can combine with sparger 1600 drives and electromagnetic generator.The bigger energy of magnitude can be produced by the one or more piezoelectric devices 1631 as a part for the insulator 1630 of sparger 1600.Piezoelectric device 1631 can be utilized for generation of spark or plasma, to light the fuel be ejected in firing chamber.As U.S. Patent No. 4, disclosed in 122,816 (being attached to herein by the mode quoted in full) cardinal principle, the spark produced by this press process can be utilized to trigger the electric discharge of high current plasma body.As the integrated component of sparger 1600, by being retained in in the relatively low Material selec-tion of the Young's modulus of insulator 1630, piezoelectric device 1631 can be mounted to receive the power applied by the event in firing chamber, thus makes piezoelectric device 1631 mechanically stressed.

Therefore, piezoelectric device 1631 can be used as pressure transducer and be used as generator.Such as, along with the compression in burned room and/or firing pressure compression, it can transform produced strain, thus initial be used as to be connected to the spark gap between Flow valve 1624 and ignition Characteristics 1628 establish place system by cable.There is breakdown voltage along with in gap, in spark gap, occur flashover.In certain operations pattern, puncturing of this generation flashover can be excited by the additive of fuel, and the additive of fuel reduces breakdown voltage, makes the timing of this igniting with suitable by the fuel in gap.Additive for the fuel of this object can comprise the selection additive for producing the radiation-emitting of expectation along with being sufficiently heated, ionizing and/or deionize from above.

In some applications, from the power applied due to burning of piezoelectric device 1631, the additional energy that produces can be applied to the independent sparger of another cylinder of service by high voltage cable 1632.This additional energy can also be supplied in order to other object, such as, drive piezoelectricity or solenoid valve operator, actuator and/or driver.In this applications, can comprise as below with reference to shown transformer, capacitor, diode and switch for the suitable circuit adapting to, store and switch energy: about for measuring force and pressure and dynamogenic piezoelectric sensor arrangement application guide " PiezoelectricCeramics; Properties and Applications " (J.W.Waanders work, is issued in April, 1991 by N.V.Phillips) and www.morganelectroceramics.com/pzbook.htmlthe information issued, each in two references is attached to herein by the mode quoted in full.

Therefore, the sparger 1600 shown in Figure 28 can for each cylinder of motor provides the adaptive optimization timing of the fuel area density in one or more continuous print fuel injection event in each operation cycle process.Sparger 1600 can also provide the optimization timing of the ignition system selected from piezoelectricity, induction, capacitor discharge and plasma emission and self adaption to utilize, and the control to peak combustion temperatures.Shown sparger 1600 equally with ignition system so can to do as only needing the independently adaptive optimization fuel of connection suitable for fuel source to spray.In other embodiments, sparger 1600 can relate to other similar sparger and operate, and carrys out improving SNR comprising the interactive artificial-intelligent of application.Power distribution can also be given other sparger one or more by shown sparger 1600, for such as fuel control valve or instrument provide the object of power, thus detected temperatures and pressure transducer, provide power for ignition event and/or operate microprocessor or computer.

In operation, the multiple combination of embodiment disclosed herein makes it possible to utilize efficiently almost any fuel to select.Illustratively, the present embodiment can use the fuel comprising the large molecular weight component (such as low cetane vegetables or animal tallow, cut, paraffin or vaseline) that usually can not be used for starting cold engine to select, thus first ensure that the generation of cleaning exhaust gas starts cold engine easily through application by disclosed transmitting rapid-ignition and combustion process (being convenient to capacitor discharge process about by sparger disclosed herein), specifically comprise such as with reference to the sparger 1500 described in Figure 27 A.Motor produce enough warm freezing mixture and/or waste gas fluid with drives thermochemistry regenerative process thus as following equalities 7 produce hydrogen with summing up after, the energy of guarantee needed for clean burning greatly reduces and the igniting that the piezoelectric generator 1631 that the sparger 1600 of Figure 28 can be utilized to comprise or thermoelectric generator 6120 carry out greatly reduces energy ezpenditure for lighting a fire.

HxCy+yH ₂o+ heat → yCO+{y+0.5 (x) } H ₂equation 7

Similarly, can as equation 8 sum up utilize the partial oxidation of this hydrocarbon, to produce sufficient hydrogen in the reaction product, thus the spark plasma making it possible to energy by being produced by piezoelectric generator 1631 or thermoelectric generator 6120 relatively low ensures igniting.

HxCy+0.5yO ₂→ heat+yCO+0.5 (x) H ₂equation 8

The heat that can the process by being summed up by equation 8 be utilized to produce in the such as endothermic process shown in equation 7.

Figure 29 is the cross-sectional side view of the sparger 1700 according to another embodiment structure of the present disclosure.Shown embodiment comprises the some features with the 26S Proteasome Structure and Function broadly similar of the individual features of sparger mentioned above.Such as, sparger 1700 is included in the intermediate portion 1703 extended between base portion 1701 and spray nozzle part 1705.Sparger 1700 also comprises pipe fitting 1704, and pipe fitting 1704 is also used as solenoidal ferrod and the insulation winding comprised in the annular region 1710 of base portion 1701.Sparger 1700 also comprises magnetic circuit path 1708, and magnetic circuit path 1708 promotes driver 1714 relative to stop collar 1716.Stop collar 1716 is attached to actuator 1718, and actuator 1718 is also attached to the Flow valve 1738 carried by spray nozzle part 1705.Along with driver 1714 makes actuator 1718 tensioning, Flow valve 1738 is remained on operating position by actuator 1718.Be similar to other embodiment of sparger disclosed herein, shown sparger 1700 be configured to one or more application of suitable pneumatic, hydraulic pressure, piezoelectricity and/or the electrochemical process of actuating member owing to putting on sparger 1700 and control for fuel, metering and ejection function.Therefore, sparger 1710 is applicable to the fuel type utilizing broad spectrum interchangeably.In addition, sparger 1700 be also configured for have regulate widely than and need to use together with the motor of the torque curve of relatively flat.

In operation, manage and by the electric current of winding 1710, Flow valve 1738 is closed.More specifically, the electric current in management winding 1710 promotes driver 1714 towards pole element 1704, thus makes actuator 1718 tensioning.Flow valve 1738 can be opened adaptively by the tension force in release actuator 1718.When driver 1714 does not make actuator 1718 tensioning, driver 1714 can be pushed away pole element 1704 by biasing member 1722.The example of suitable biasing member 1722 comprises the suitable selection of mechanical spring and annular permanent magnet or electromagnetic spring.Biasing member 1722 can be positioned at intermediate portion 1703 place of the sparger 1700 in driver 1714 downstream.When driver 1714 is biased towards pole element 1704, needs to compare the much lower solenoid force when driver 1714 is in highest distance position relative to pole element 1704 and carry out removable drive 1714.

When driver 1714 is biased towards pole element 1704, voltage can be applied in coil winding 1710B, to produce impulsive current according to selected " holding " frequency.When electric current in every secondary coil 1710 produces pulse, just produce counterelectromotive force (CEMF).Charging circuit 1705 (schematically showing) can apply CEMF for capacitor 1712 (can be positioned at shown position) charging.Various circuit for this object may be all suitable.On the surface that circuit 1705 can be positioned at sparger 1700, sparger 1700 or other suitable position, and can comprise and U.S. Patent No. 4 is provided, 122,816 and No.7, one or more intergrated circuit of the suitable application of the principle disclosed in 349,193 (each in two patents is attached to herein by the mode quoted in full).Output can be connected to conductive fiber on actuator 1718 or conductive coating (not shown for purposes of clarity) and/or be realized by cable 1707.

In the fuel injection event of oxygenant 17940 becoming firing chamber by microcontroller 1706 by the appropriate time of adaptive optimization, put on the voltage interruption of coil 1710 and CEMF can put on capacitor 1712, capacitor 1712 converts the electric current that conveying is applicable to optimize fuel ignition requirement adaptively to.As above notice, these fuel injection requirements can by determining firing chamber data analysis (comprising by the transducer being positioned at interface, firing chamber 1736, and/or transmitting by by can be incorporated into radio node in actuator 1718 or optical delivery or conductive fiber the optics and pressure information that the sensor 1709 of these data and/or controller 1706 obtain).

Cruise at cold fuel, cold engine, acceleration, warm motor or stop and passing through in application, adaptive optimization electric current (the sufficiently high electric current of electric current [strength and voltage comprising self adaption determination magnitude) can by one or more suitable conductor conveying as above, thus the ionization between the conductive region causing the sharp edges place of the conductive region at the sharp edges place of Flow valve 1738 and/or the pipe 1738 in region 1725.Acoustic signal can be applied as disclosed, provide power for for one or more fuel sprays outburst.Therefore, the fuel entering the region between this sharp conductive region is ionized and along with the unionized propellant composition blast formation oxygenant 1740 ionizing propellant composition and be pushed, is rapidly accelerated to the speed usually exceeding the velocity of sound quickly to complete combustion process.

This new technology makes the fuel of the very cold or low-grade combustion of the rate of burning that usually can have than slow 7 to 12 times of hydrogen select close to or exceedes the speed of traditional hydrogen burning.At this New technical use in the mixture of hydrogen or hydrogen and hydrocarbon, burning even can complete quickly.These advantages can be applied to very little motor, these very little motors can produce unexpected specific nominal power, to improve brake mean-effective pressure (P) and to increase cycle frequency restriction (N) by being improved by the operating efficiency reducing heat loss and loss of doing over again provides.Therefore, as shown in following equalities 9, increased for heated engine operation by brake mean-effective pressure (P) and cycle frequency (N), power produces (HP) to be increased.

HP=PLAN equation 9

Wherein: HP is the power of transmission

L is length of stroke

A is BMEP application region

N is the frequency (such as RPM) circulated

New high strength dielectric material embodiment disclosed herein also makes to have and the new process of various hydrocarbon of long term storage by the various combination of Engine-Generator-heat exchanger and can should be used to provide heat and power, for emergency rescue service and disaster relief object, comprising refrigeration and ice making and pure and/or safe water and sterilizing equipment decontaminating apparatus, thus support medical effort.Can heat low-vapor pressure and/or viscous fuel material, with the viscosity of the vapour tension and minimizing that produce abundance, thus flow fast and produce the fuel injection outburst with high S/V completing layering or stratiform supply combustion process fast.Illustratively, bulk paraffin, compressed cellulose, stable animal or plant fat, tar, various polymer (comprising polyethylene, bottoms, underproof diesel oil and other long hydrocarbon alkane, aromatic hydrocarbons and cycloalkane) can be stored in and be suitable in the region of catastrophic reaction.These provide the illustrative fuel of long term storage advantage to select to be used for traditional fuel carburetting or ejecting system.But, the present embodiment heats this fuel, comprising the hot coolant utilized from the heat engine (Figure 14) in heat exchanger 3436,3426 or waste gas streams, to produce sufficient temperature (being such as between about 150 DEG C-425 DEG C (300F-800F)), to provide direct injection by sparger disclosed herein, thus complete burning very fast along with injection and plasma emission are lighted a fire.

In operation, this pre-warmed heating liquid fuel can by carrying out exchange heat with ambient air or slightly being cooled by the freezing mixture flowing through heat exchanger apparatus, reduce vapour tension for local and the embodiment therefore reducing sparger disclosed herein holds power needed for this fuel, thus prevent from dripping in the less desirable time.According to by providing more than one valve (such as safety check disclosed herein) to utilize special fuel, the further guarantee of protecting can be realized as required.

But, due to can obtain to enter the space of firing chamber for integrated sparger/igniter very little, the high-speed diesel fuel engine design therefore to very little motor and appearance proposes a difficult problem.Especially for the motor had the conditional very little entry port of the diameter tool in the injector nozzle portion 1705 extending to interface, firing chamber, process operation can be optimized.Heat dam or protection portion 1728 can provide the machinery of the height needed for extension, tired and dielectric strength and without the need to being reinforced by metal sleeve at spray nozzle part 1705 place.Can be continued by conductive region 1734 close to the conduction realized around the metal alloy of the spray nozzle part 1705 of insulator 1730 by motor, conductive region 1734 can be sharp or forge metallic forms (being therefore attached to tubular insulator 1730 as shown in the figure) in place and form by the suitable coat of metal, the soldering metal alloy on the end of spray nozzle part 1730.Each in these methods can have the application of the spatial requirement for meeting various motor (comprising being in developing new engine design).

As shown in figure 29 and with reference to the disclosure other embodiment utilize the sparger embodiment of space saving characteristics and high speed operation ability can by various suitable device (comprising axis fixture or forked leaf spring (not shown), axis fixture or forked leaf spring unit firmly is locked in protection portion 1727 sentence make assembly be pressurized to firing chamber relative to the antelabium of motor port) be held in place.Therefore, what protection feature 1727 can be used as that unit firmly is held in place by heat dam and being provided for further facilitates feature.The various suitable Sealing for firing chamber can be utilized, comprising such as compressible or resilient annular seal or conical taper compressive seal 1729.

More than one being used for the fuel injection in the firing chamber of very large motor according to sparger of the present disclosure and/or lighting a fire will utilized, and when expecting the strategic location this sparger being placed on the relatively little entry port of needs, can construct the fuel flow valve of sparger as shown in fig. 30 a.More specifically, Figure 30 A is the cross section partial side view of sparger, illustrated therein is the flow control valve 1850 according to another embodiment structure of the present disclosure.In one embodiment, shown Flow valve 1850 can use together with the sparger 1700 be described above with reference to Figure 29, and/or with as herein described other sparger embodiment together with use.As shown in fig. 30 a, the part that the diameter of fuel control valve 1850 is larger can be remained closed relative to valve seat 1752 by cable assembly or actuator 1818.Actuator 1818 can attached (such as, bond, curling etc.) to valve 1850.Suitable driver (such as, piezoelectricity or electromagnetic driver, such as, driver 1714 shown in Figure 29) can move to make valve 1850 with release actuator 1818 in tensioning.In addition, valve 1850 can be directed to or be constrained to and advance in the internal diameter of cage non-directional.Such as, electrode material can lead to valve 1850.In other embodiments, valve 1850 can also move along guide finger 1856, thus provides alignment for valve 1850.

Fuel control valve 1850 can be made up of any suitable material, comprising such as optical window material (such as fluoride glass composition, quartz, sapphire or component of polymer (the various composite materials comprising these materials)), infrared, the visible and Ultraviolet radiation for monitoring, and pressure in firing chamber and moving event.Fuel control valve 1850 can also be electroplated or be processed by various material, limits with the radiation producing the expectation that can be received by lens and guide finger 1850.Such as; valve 1850 can be coated with material; comprising the sapphire such as suitably protected, lithium fluoride, calcirm-fluoride or ZBLAN fluoride glass (composite materials comprising these materials), to carry and/or to filter some interested radiation frequency.

In operation, tension force on cable or actuator 1818 is reduced or is released into expected value, flows through valve 1850 and produce completely stable flowing, the one or many outburst of fuel of spraying or the fuel that receives power by suitable acoustic signal sprays to make fuel.Spray by fuel pressure and/or by the one or many fuel that other power that can apply makes movement of valve 1850 outwards provide each circulation of firing chamber.Illustrated embodiment also comprises valve seat 1852, and valve seat 1852 can comprise permanent magnet and/or electromagnet.Valve 1850 comprises the contacting part 1854 in the face of seat 1852.The contacting part 1854 of valve 1850 can be ferromagnetic or be made up of permanent magnet that (this permanent magnet can by the selection of the magnetic pole of the permanent magnet in valve seat 1852, or the magnetic pole produced by the operation of the electromagnet in valve seat 1852 is ostracised), thus spray in outburst frequency and fuel the modification producing expectation in the characteristic of outburst.

In certain embodiments, can by being detected and communication chamber performance and condition by Flow valve 1850 and the sensor/carried or guide finger 1855.Corresponding communicator in actuator 1818 or fiber can be transferred to by the sub-cable 1855 of flexure or by transmission medium (such as required the gaseous state of packing space, liquid state, gel or elastic material) from the optics of guide finger 1856, electricity and/or magnetic signal, for suitable transducer and/or radio node communication.This makes compound eye or the suitable lens 1853 of other another kind of type that carried by guide finger 1856 provides the expectation monitoring of the event in firing chamber and characterizes.Therefore, it is possible to by optics pin assemblies 156 transmission information, transmit comprising by window material or communication cable 1855.This information can also be received by the communicator 1855 in valve 1850 by the first igniting of being carried by spray nozzle part and flow regulator or the groove 1858 covered in 1880 or opening 1858.Figure 30 B shows the plan view of the first lid 1880 and corresponding groove 1858 and opening 1857, and corresponding groove 1858 and opening 1857 are configured to allow fuel outwardly and provide the approach being exposed to chamber conditions and performance.This information and the controller be positioned on sparger can be carried out communication by transducer suitable in actuator 1818, wireless communication node and/or suitable photoconduction or electrode cable, spray and ignition timing operation for self adaption fuel.

Figure 30 C is the second igniting and the plan view of fuel flow rate controlling device constructed according to embodiment of the present disclosure.Second lid 1880b comprises opening 1857, to provide the path entering guide finger 1856.Second lid 1880b comprises groove 1859 further.Simultaneously with reference to lid 1880a, 1880b of Figure 30 B and Figure 30 C, these lids can also be used for ignition event.Such as, can from promoting to select to light a fire from groove 1858,1858 and from the ionized air of annular region 1862 (being positioned between the antelabium 1860 of the entry port of engine cylinder cover and the sharp edges 1857 (Figure 30 B) of corresponding lid or sharp edges 1864 (Figure 30 C)) or the device for hot surface, catalysis excitation, spark, plasma or high peak energies capacitive discharge plasma that ionizes fuel-air mixture or ionize fuel.

Figure 31 is the cross-sectional side view of the sparger 1960 according to another embodiment structure of the present disclosure.Sparger 1960 comprises some space saving characteristics.Such as, sparger 1960 comprises cable or actuator 1868, and actuator is attached to the Flow valve 1950 carried by the spray nozzle part of sparger 1960.Sparger 1960 also comprises actuating assembly 1968, and actuating assembly 1968 is configured to make cable 1968 move to activate Flow valve 1950.More specifically, actuating assembly 1959 also comprises the actuator 1962 (being represented by the first to the 3rd actuator 1962a to 1962c respectively) being configured to cable 1968 is shifted.Although Figure 31 shows three actuators 1962, in other embodiments, sparger 1960 can comprise single actuator 1962, two actuators 1962 or the actuator 1962 more than three.Actuator 196 can be piezoelectricity, electromechanics, pneumatic, hydraulic pressure or other suitable power generation part.

Actuating assembly 1959 also comprises joint 1958 (being represented by the first joint 1958a and the second joint 1958b respectively), joint 1958 is operatively attached to corresponding actuator 1962 and is attached to cable 1968, to provide the promotion of cable 1968, to pull and/or push-and-pull displacement.Cable 1968 axially can be free to slide between joint 1958 along sparger 1960.According to another feature of actuating assembly 1959, the first end of cable 1968 can by being positioned at first guide bearing 1976 at base portion 1901 place of sparger 1960.The first end of cable 1968 is also operatively attached to controller 1978, so that a burning data point journey is passed to controller 1978, thus controller can be controlled adaptively and optimize fuel to spray and igniting process.The second end of cable 168 extends through the guide bearing 1970 at spray nozzle part 1902 place being positioned at sparger 1960, aligns with Flow valve 1950 to make cable 1968.

In operation, actuator 1962 makes cable 1968 be shifted, thus the mobile degree making cable 268B tensioning or discharge for the expectation carrying out Flow valve 1950.More specifically, actuator 1962 makes joint make cable 1968 be approximately perpendicular to the direction superior displacement of longitudinal axis of sparger 1960.

When expecting to carry relatively large plasma current to break out by ionization fuel, air or fuel-air mixture in interface, firing chamber, sparger 1960 can also comprise the capacitor 1974 being positioned at spray nozzle part 1902 place.Capacitor 1974 can be columniform, to comprise many conductive layers, such as, can select by suitable metal the conductive layer that provides or can be the graphene layer separated by suitable insulator (insulator such as selected from table 1 and such as from any formula that table 2 is selected).Capacitor 1974 can by the first insulated cable 1980 by relatively little current charges, and the first insulated cable 1980 can be attached to suitable power supply.Capacitor 1974 can also by extending to the second larger cable 1982 of contact tube or coating 1984 by the fully electric discharge of the faster ground of relatively high electric current from capacitor 1974.Coating 1984 can comprise the sharp edges of expectation, for ignition performance mentioned above and propagation.

Figure 32 be according to another embodiment of the present disclosure structure for fast and accurately control the cross-sectional side view of the sparger 2060 of the actuating of Flow valve 2050.Shown sparger 2060 comprises the some features with the 26S Proteasome Structure and Function broadly similar of the individual features of other sparger disclosed herein.As shown in figure 32, sparger 2060 comprises the actuator or cable 2068 that are attached to Flow valve 2050.Sparger 2060 also comprises different actuating assemblies 2070 (being represented by the first actuating assembly 2070a and the second actuating assembly 2070b respectively), for making cable 2068 mobile along sparger 2060 axial (such as, on the direction of the first arrow 2067).

First actuating assembly 2070a (schematically showing) comprises the power generation component 2071 contacted with cable 2068.Power generation component 2071 can be piezoelectricity, electromechanics, the qigong, hydraulic pressure or other suitable power generation part.When power generation component 2071 be energized activated by alternate manner time, power generation component 2071 the longitudinal shaft being approximately perpendicular to sparger 2060 to direction on (such as, on the direction of the second arrow 2065) mobile.Therefore, power generation component 2071 makes the displacement at least partially of cable 2068, thus makes cable 2068 tensioning.When power generation component 2071 is no longer energized or activated, cable 2068 is no longer in tensioning state.Therefore, the first actuating assembly 2070a can provide from the very quick of Flow valve 2050 and accurate fuel injection outburst 2003.

Second actuating assembly 2070b (schematically showing) comprises rack-and-pinion formula structure, moves axially in sparger 2060 for making cable 2068.More specifically, the second actuating assembly 2070a comprises the tooth bar or sleeve 2072 that are attached to cable 2068.Corresponding small gear or gear 2074 engage with sleeve 2072.In operation, the second actuating assembly 2072b by the Linear-moving changing into sleeve 2072 in rotary moving of gear 2074, and is subsequently converted to the Linear-moving of cable.Therefore, the second actuating assembly 2070 can also provide from Flow valve 2050 send very fast and accurate fuel sprays outburst 2003.

Figure 33 A is cross-sectional side view according to the Flow valve 2150 outwards opened of another embodiment of the present disclosure structure and Figure 33 B is its left view.Figure 34 A is the cross-sectional side view of the valve seat 2270 according to embodiment structure of the present disclosure, and Figure 34 B is its left view, and Figure 34 C is its right elevation.Simultaneously with reference to Figure 33 A to Figure 34 C, Flow valve 2150 is configured for the flow of the fuel of the interface of control combustion room, and valve seat 2270 is configured to valve 2150 is alignd in sparger.In the embodiment shown, valve 2150 comprises the elongated first end 2153 relative with flange the second end 2152.First end 2153 comprises chamber 2156, and chamber 2156 can be attached to cable as described in detail above or actuator.The second end 2152 comprises the first contact surface 2154.

Valve seat 2270 comprises the first end 2273 relative with the second end 2271.First end 273 comprises multiple passage or path 2276, and multiple passage or path 2276 are configured to allow fuel and/or instrument by valve seat 2270.Passage combines with the single path in the second end 2271 of valve seat 2270 or hole 2272.The second end 2271 also comprises the second contact surface 2274.Valve seat 2270 is configured to accommodate first end 2153 at least in part.More specifically, central passage or path 2276 can accommodate the first end 2153 of valve 2150.When valve 2250 is positioned at the operating position in valve seat 2270, the first contact surface 2154 of valve 2270 contacts with the second contact surface 2274 of valve seat 2270 or engages, and flows betwixt to prevent fuel.In certain embodiments, the surface of valve 2250 and/or valve seat 2270 can be configured to affect the fuel flowing through these surfaces.Such as, these parts can comprise sharp edges, and sharp edges causes the unexpected gasification of fuel as described above.In addition, these parts can have groove or pattern (such as helical groove) with affecting fuel flowing, thus such as cause the vortex's motion of sprayed fuel.Although the embodiment shown in Fig. 3 A to Figure 34 C shows the one structure of Flow valve and corresponding valve seat 2270, those skilled in the art will appreciate that other valve and valve seat can comprise other structure and feature.

Figure 35 A is the cross-sectional side view of the sparger 2300 according to another embodiment structure of the present disclosure.Sparger 2300 comprises the some features with the 26S Proteasome Structure and Function broadly similar of the individual features of sparger mentioned above.Such as, sparger 2300 is included in the intermediate portion 2304 extended between base portion 2302 and spray nozzle part 2306.Spray nozzle part 2306 extends to firing chamber 2301 by engine cylinder cover 2303.Sparger 2300 also comprises dielectric insulator 2340.

According to a feature of illustrated embodiment, dielectric insulator 2340 comprises the part that two or more have different dielectric intensity.Such as, insulator 2340 can comprise first dielectric section 2342 at intermediate portion 2304 place being substantially positioned at sparger 2300, and is substantially positioned at second dielectric section 2344 at spray nozzle part 2306 place of sparger 2300.In certain embodiments, second dielectric section 2344 can be configured with compares the higher dielectric strength of the first dielectric section 2342, for the spray nozzle part 2306 born close to firing chamber 2301 severe combustion condition (such as, pressure, heat and mechanical shock, fouling etc.) and prevent the degeneration of insulator 2340.In certain embodiments, these dielectric section can be made up of different materials.But in other embodiments, the second dielectric section 2344 can be made up of the material identical with the first dielectric section 2342.But it is possible to sealing or by otherwise processed second dielectric section 2344, to increase the dielectric strength (such as, by the compressive load in outer surface as explained above) of the second dielectric section 2344.First dielectric section 2342 and the second dielectric section 2344 can any dielectric material by mentioned earlier and/or process be made, comprising material listed in such as table 1.

According to another aspect of illustrated embodiment, the second dielectric section 2344 is not that whole process extends to and firing chamber 2301 interfaces along spray nozzle part 2306.Therefore, spray nozzle part 2306 comprises the air clearance 2337 between engine body 2303 and the conductive part 2388 of sparger 2300, gap 2370 by voltage transmission to spray nozzle part 2306 for igniting.Gap 2307 in this spray nozzle part 2306 provides the space for capacitor discharge, for the plasma generation from spray nozzle part 2306.This electric discharge can remove or prevent at least in part protection (such as, oil) from depositing in the second dielectric section 2344, thus avoids the tracking of insulator 2340 or the degeneration of other type.

According to another feature of illustrated embodiment, sparger 2300 can comprise the second safety check 2330 and the Boilor check valve seat 2332 of the base portion 2302 being positioned at sparger 2300 further.In certain embodiments, safety check 2330 and Boilor check valve seat 2332 can comprise the magnetic portion (such as, permanent magnet) attracted each other.In operation, the power (such as, overcoming electromagnetic force or other suitable power of the attraction force of Boilor check valve seat 2332) putting on safety check 2330 makes safety check 2330 move away from Boilor check valve seat 2332, thus allows fuel to flow through sparger 2300.Owing to putting on safety check 2330 except non-force, safety check 2330 all can remain on operating position, if therefore power loss, then safety check 2330 can prevent fuel from flowing into or leaking in sparger 2330.

Figure 35 B is plan view, illustrated therein is the embodiment of the Flow valve 2350 at spray nozzle part 2306 place being positioned at sparger 2300 shown in Figure 35 A.As shown in Figure 35 B, valve 2350 can comprise multiple groove 2358 and/or opening 2357, to allow and/or to affect thus the flow of fuel.These grooves 2358 and opening 2357 can also allow sparger 2300 to sense chamber performance and condition by valve 2350.In addition, valve 2350 can be made up of material transparent at least partly, such as quartz or sapphire, to make it possible to monitoring chamber performance and condition.

Figure 36 A is the cross section partial side view of the spray nozzle part 2402 of sparger 2400 according to another embodiment of the present disclosure structure.In the embodiment shown, sparger 2400 comprises joint 2442, and cable or actuator 2440 are attached to first flow valve 2450 by joint 2442.First valve 2450 is the Flow valves inwardly opened, and the first valve 2450 is settled relative to valve seat 2452 when the first valve is in the close position.Spray nozzle part 2402 also comprises the second safety check 2460, second safety check 2460 to be settled relative to valve seat 2452 when the second valve 2460 is in the close position.Therefore, spray nozzle part comprises the intermediate volume 2456 between the first closed valve 2450 and the second valve 2460.Spray nozzle part 2402 also comprises igniting and flow regulator or covers 2470.In certain embodiments, spray nozzle part 2402 can also comprise one or more bias component, and one or more bias component is configured to transfer in the injection of row control for fuel to valve.These bias components can comprise such as spring (such as mechanical spring) and/or magnet (comprising permanent magnet).More specifically, first valve can comprise the first magnetic portion 2451 and each that can comprise in the second magnetic portion 2463, first magnetic portion 2451 and the second magnetic portion 2463 of the second valve 2460 can both be attracted towards corresponding 3rd magnetic portion 2454 of valve seat 2452 or be biased.In addition, cover 2470 and can also comprise the 4th magnetic portion 2474.But the 4th magnetic portion 2472 is relative with valve seat 2460 or be biased away from valve seat 2460 by alternate manner.Such as, valve seat 2460 can comprise the 4th magnetic portion 2472 that the 5th magnetic portion the 2462, five magnetic portion 2462 is biased away from lid 2470.Therefore, these offset part can contribute to valve to remain on its operating position.By providing restoring force to make these valves get back to its operating position more quickly at least in part, these offset part can improve valve further and activate.Shown in the parts (such as, actuator 2440, first valve 2450, valve seat 2452, second valve 2460 and/or lid 2470) of spray nozzle part can comprise various sensor and/or instrument for monitoring and communication chamber conditions and/or performance.

In operation, make actuator 2440 move up in the side represented by arrow 2439 make the first valve 2450 move away valve seat 2452 thus open the first valve 2450.Opening the first valve 2450 allows fuel to flow along the first fuel path 2444a, thus enters intermediate volume 2456.Along with fuel enters intermediate volume 2456, the pressure of fuel opens the second safety check 2460, makes fuel can leave intermediate volume 2456 along the second fuel path 2444b.Subsequently, fuel can flow beyond lid 2470, thus is injected in firing chamber.When its initial position got back to by actuator 2440, the first valve 2450 closes relative to valve seat 2452, thus fuel flowing is stopped.Along with the pressure drop in intermediate and 2456, the second valve 2460 closes relative to valve seat 2452, thus prevents the drippage of any fuel from spray nozzle part 2402.Therefore, the fast actuating of actuator 2440 can realize the accurate fuel outburst from spray nozzle part 2402.

Figure 36 B is the plan view of the sparger of Figure 36 A, illustrated therein is the igniting and flow regulator or lid 2470 that construct according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.Shown lid 2470 comprises groove 2474, for fuel flowing as described in detail above and firing chamber monitoring.In addition, cover 2474 and can comprise the isolated ignition part 2476 of multiple circumference, so that lighted a fire by engine cylinder cover.

Figure 37 is the cross-sectional schematic side view of the system 2500 according to another embodiment structure of the present disclosure.In the embodiment shown, system 2500 comprises integrated fuel injector/igniter 2502 (such as, according to the sparger of any embodiment of the present disclosure), firing chamber 2506, one or more non-throttling air flow valve 2510 (being represented by the first valve 2510a and the second valve 2510b respectively) and energy conversion device or piston 2504.As described in detail above, sparger 2502 is configured to the stratiform of fuel 2520 or layering supply to be ejected in firing chamber 2506.According to an aspect of illustrated embodiment, system 2500 is configured to spray and fire fuel 2520 in abundant or excessive oxygenant 2530 (such as air).More specifically, system 2500 is configured so that valve 2510 made to keep in firing chamber 2506 external pressure or even positive pressure before combustion incident.Such as, system 2500 can be operated in not throttling or when not hindered in air flowing in combustion chamber by alternate manner, makes, before fire fuel 2520, can not produce vacuum in firing chamber 2506.Due to the external pressure in firing chamber 2506 or positive pressure, excess oxide defines the insulation barrier 2530 (such as, cylinder wall, piston, engine cylinder cover etc.) on the surface of contiguous firing chamber.

In operation, stratiform or layered fuel 2520 are ejected in firing chamber 2506 when having excessive oxidant by sparger 2502.In certain embodiments, can be at piston 2504 or to spray by during top dead center position.But, in other embodiments, sparger 2502 can before piston 2504 arrives top dead center burner oil 2520.Stratiform supply 2520 is sprayed (such as because sparger 2502 is configured to self adaption as described above ground, broken out by the Quick multi-layer between the unexpected gasification of fuel, plasma emission fuel, the ignition event realized such as excessively cold by spraying), therefore fuel 2520 is configured to the rapid-ignition when having insulation barrier 2530 of oxygenant and perfect combustion.Therefore, the impact of the heat that insulation barrier 2530 protects the wall of firing chamber 2506 not discharged when fuel 2520 is lighted a fire by fuel 2520, thus avoid the wall of heat loss to firing chamber 2506.Therefore, the heat discharged by the rapid combustion of fuel 2520 is converted into merit thus driven plunger 2504, instead of is converted thus scatters and disappears in combustor surface.In addition, in the embodiment of sparger 2502 injection and/or fire fuel after piston 2504 passes through top dead center, all energy discharged by the rapid combustion of fuel 2520 are all converted into merit and carry out driven plunger 2504, and without any the loss caused owing to doing over again, because piston has been in or has exceeded top dead center.But, in other embodiments, sparger 2520 can before piston 2504 is in top dead center burner oil.

for the method and system of control combustion temperature

Figure 38 is the schematic diagram for the combustion temperature and the system making combustion temperature relevant to crankshaft accelerations of measuring motor 3800 according to embodiment of the present disclosure.In the embodiment shown, motor 3800 is the internal-combustion engines (such as, four stroke engine) with at least one reciprocating piston 3804 and corresponding firing chamber 3806.Integrated fuel injector/igniter 3802 (such as, 26S Proteasome Structure and Function is similar to the sparger of any sparger embodiment of the present disclosure at least substantially) is configured to stratiform or layered fuel supply 3820 are ejected in firing chamber 3806 in the operating process of motor 3800.As mentioned above, sparger 3802 can be configured to spray and fire fuel 3820 in excessive oxidant 3830 (such as air).

In in of the present embodiment, sparger 3802 can comprise high-strength cable 3860, and high-strength cable 3860 is controlled by the flow of flow control valve 3874 to the fuel through injector nozzle 3870 that such as reference example is described as Fig. 4 above.In addition, cable 3860 can comprise one or more fiber optic component, and this one or more fiber optic component and interface, firing chamber 3883 communication be positioned in the distal portion of cable 3860, cable 3860 is exposed to firing chamber 3806.As what be described according to various embodiments herein, interface, firing chamber 3883 can comprise for using the IR, as seen and/or the various device measured chamber temperature and pressure of the high frequency gate of UV light and equipment transmit by the optical fiber portion of cable 3860.Such as, in one embodiment, the device for measuring chamber temperature and/or pressure can comprise Fabry-Perot interferometer.In other embodiments, the suitable temperature of other type known in the art and/or pressure transducer can be used to measure the temperature in the firing chamber 3806 of the function as time or other parameter and/or pressure distribution.This temperature transducer can comprise such as various types of thermocouple, resistance and IR device, and this pressure transducer can comprise such as various types of transducer and piezoelectric device.

In the embodiment shown, by thermal module 3814, the temperature data from firing chamber 3806 is processed, and by corresponding modular pressure 3816, the pressure data from firing chamber 3806 is processed.This process can comprise such as filtered data, and changed and/or formats before sending data to computer 3840.As hereafter described in further detail, computer 3840 can comprise one or more processor 3842, for analyze from firing chamber 3806 data and make these data relevant to the acceleration information from bent axle 3851.The result of correlation analysis can be stored in local memory 3844 or the database 3846 that is associated.

In the embodiment shown, in a conventional manner (that is, by corresponding connecting rod) carry out Mechanical Driven by piston 3804 pairs of bent axles 3851.Crankshaft position sensor 3854 (such as, hall effect sensor) be operationally mounted to close to crankshaft-flywheel 3850 outer rim, and be configured to the +/-acceleration (that is, acceleration and retardation) detecting bent axle 3850 in the operating process of motor 3800.Such as, in one embodiment, sensor 3854 can be configured to detect the one or more magnet 3852a-d be equally spaced around the external diameter of flywheel 3850.In other embodiments, although magnet 3852 is in the embodiment shown with 90 degree of spacing location, but more or less magnet can be equally spaced around the outer rim of flywheel 3850, thus measure flywheel +/-acceleration exactly.In other embodiments, other suitable system known in the art and the instantaneous +/-acceleration of technology to flywheel 3850 can be used to measure, comprising to flywheel teeth 3856 or the optical sensor that is positioned adjacent to or detects around the movement of other physical features of the outer perimeter of flywheel 3850.+/-acceleration information from flywheel 3850 transfers to computer 3840 from sensor 3854.

As hereafter described in further detail, in one embodiment, computer 3840 can receive the temperature information from firing chamber 3806 and the flywheel +/-acceleration information from bent axle 3850 in the operating process of motor 3800 simultaneously.Computer 3840 makes this information be correlated with, and makes it possible to only set up the chamber temperature on other similar motor based on flywheel +/-acceleration, and does not need firing chamber instrument.In another embodiment, computer 3840 receives the pressure information from firing chamber 3806 and the flywheel +/-acceleration information from bent axle 3850 in the operating process of motor 3800 simultaneously.Computer 3840 makes this information be correlated with, and makes it possible to only set up the chamber pressure on other similar motor based on flywheel +/-acceleration, and does not need firing chamber instrument.

Although embodiment mentioned above measures bent axle +/-acceleration, but it should be understood by one skilled in the art that piston 3804, corresponding camshaft, Timing Belt or timing chain and/or other parts any almost accelerated pro rata relative to the burning of the fuel 3820 in firing chamber 3830 in motor 3800 can both be equipped with instrument (instrumented) to make acceleration relevant to chamber temperature.In addition, the proportional output from the alternator or generator that are attached to motor 3800 also can be used in making +/-acceleration relevant to chamber temperature.In other embodiments, the condition that the detection of the stress/strain on one or more hook bolt, bolt of main bearing cap, connecting rod etc. can be used in making to cause nitrogen oxide to be formed is correlated with.Therefore, the disclosure is not limited to any specific embodiment for making system that parts acceleration is relevant to chamber temperature or method.

Figure 39 A shows the representative graph 3900a of the bent axle +/-acceleration of the function as crankshaft rotating according to embodiment of the present disclosure, and Figure 39 B shows the representative graph 3900b changed according to the chamber temperature of the function as bent axle +/-acceleration of another embodiment of the present disclosure.First with reference to Figure 39 A, Figure 39 00a is to the bent axle +/-acceleration along vertical shaft 3902 and measure along the crankshaft rotating of horizontal axis 3904.For quartastroke engine, the once circulation of motor occurs in the crankshaft rotating of 720 degree.As shown in curve 3990a, depend on the number of cylinders that such as specific engines may have, bent axle repeatedly replaces in an engine cycles between positive acceleration and negative acceleration (that is, retardation).Such as, four can have the bent axle +/-acceleration diagram similar to curve 3990a, and four peak accelerations are corresponding to four combustion incidents in four cylinders in single 720 degree of engine cycles.

It should be understood by one skilled in the art that Figure 39 00a merely illustrates a kind of specific engine construction, and other motor can have other bent axle +/-acceleration performance according to the factor of extensively change.Such as, if the load on motor reduces, then will expect that the peak acceleration of each in power stroke will increase, as shown in curve 3990b.On the contrary, the load increased on motor may make peak acceleration reduce.In addition, the fuel type of change, ignition timing, ambient temperature and multiple other factors also can affect the +/-acceleration model of given motor.

Following with reference to Figure 39 B, Figure 39 00b provides some bent axle +/-acceleration can how as the illustrated examples that the function of the chamber temperature of specific engines structure changes.In this illustration, first curve 3910a shows the change of bent axle +/-acceleration as the function of the peak combustion room temperature of relatively low engine loading, second curve 3910b shows the similar drawing of the engine loading of increase, and the 3rd curve 3910c shows the similar drawing of higher engine loading.As shown in curve 3910a-3910c, the bent axle positive acceleration of given peak combustion temperatures reduces along with the increase of the load on motor.In addition, although bent axle accelerates in response to the instantaneous increase in chamber temperature usually, multiple other factors equally also affects the relation between the bent axle +/-acceleration of specific engines and peak combustion room temperature.This factor can comprise load, fuel type, engine RPM, ignition timing etc. on such as motor.How the bent axle +/-acceleration that the figure that can prepare other shows the function of the chamber pressure as specific engines structure can change.

As discussed above, in various embodiments, be desirably in the operating process of motor and be no more than 2, the peak combustion room temperature of 200 degree of C, to avoid or at least to reduce generation or the formation of nitrogen oxide in firing chamber 3806.As described in detail below, in an embodiment of the present disclosure, Engine test data is used for making peak combustion room temperature relevant to bent axle (or other suitable parts) +/-acceleration.Once bent axle +/-acceleration is relevant to the firing chamber peak temperature of given motor, then engine management system (such as, control unit of engine (ECU), engine control module (ECM) or other controller) can be configured in engine operation, sense bent axle +/-acceleration information (operating parameter except other) and if camshaft data peak value display chamber temperature is in or close to 2, the words of 200 degree of C then control combustion parameter as required.Below with reference to Figure 40 and Figure 41, this approach for peak limiting chamber temperature embodiment is described in more detail.

It should be understood by one skilled in the art that the relation between chamber temperature and chamber pressure can determining any engine construction.Therefore, it is possible to prevented the formation of nitrogen oxide in firing chamber by the pressure be limited in by peak combustion pressure corresponding to the peak temperature of 2200 DEG C.Such as, in alternative of the present disclosure, Engine test data is used for making peak combustion chamber pressure relevant to bent axle (or other suitable parts) +/-acceleration.Once bent axle +/-acceleration is relevant to the surge pressure of given motor, then engine management system (such as, ECU or other controller) can be configured in engine operation, sense bent axle +/-acceleration information (operating parameter except other) and if camshaft data peak value display chamber pressure is in or close to the level contributing to being formed nitrogen oxide, then control combustion parameter as required.

Figure 40 is the flow chart of the routine 4000 for determining the coherence between the peak combustion room temperature that specific engines constructs and bent axle +/-acceleration according to disclosure embodiment.It should be understood by one skilled in the art that can by the test engine executive routine 4000 on suitable power measurer or other testing apparatus.Once motor starts, then start routine 4000 by carrying out measurement to the room temperature that deflagrates running through power operation code, and the +/-acceleration of bent axle or other suitable power train part is measured simultaneously.In block 404, chamber temperature data investigation on bent axle +/-acceleration information, and makes peak combustion room temperature relevant to bent axle +/-acceleration by routine 4000.

Figure 41 is the flow chart for utilizing crankshaft accelerations correlation data chamber temperature to be limited in the routine 4100 of 2,200 degree of below C according to embodiment of the present disclosure.Engine management computers, ECU, specific integrated circuit (ASIC) and/or other suitable engine controlling unit executive routine 4100 able to programme can be passed through.In block 4102, routine receives Accelerator control input after the start of engine.This input can correspond to the position of the accelerator pedal of such as automobile, and the position of the accelerator pedal of automobile correspondingly corresponds to the acceleration level of driver's expectation.

In block 4104, the timing (and endurance) that routine can spray the pressure of the fuel be injected in firing chamber, fuel as required, ignition timing and/or other combustion parameter regulate, to provide the engine power of the aspiration level corresponding to accelerator input.It should be understood by one skilled in the art that aforesaid combustion parameter can change pro rata, on the contrary pro rata or independently of one another, to provide the power stage of the aspiration level from motor efficiently.In block 4106, routine is measured in response to the +/-acceleration of burning bent axle or other suitable engine components.In decision block 4108, whether routine determination +/-acceleration is corresponding to the peak combustion temperatures being understood to produce or cause nitrogen oxide to be formed by alternate manner.Such as, in one embodiment, this temperature will be more than or equal to 2,200 DEG C.If peak combustion temperatures not yet reaches this level, then routine forwards decision block 4112 to, to confirm that nitrogen oxide does not occur in the offgas.As known to persons of ordinary skill in the art, there is the exhaust-gas analyzer of various types of existence for analyzing nitrogen oxides of exhaust gas that can commercially obtain.This device can comprise such as infrared ray gas analyzer, chemiluminescence gas analyzer, UV Fluorescent gas ANALYZER, oxygen analyzer, spectrometer, optoacoustic IR gas analyzer, integrated gas analytical system etc. for gas analysis.If nitrogen oxide is not present in waste gas, then routine returns block 4102 and carries out repetition.

If nitrogen oxide detected in engine exhaust, then routine forwards block 4114 to and peak temperature data is reset in fact relevant to measuring the +/-acceleration that obtains in block 4106 any temperature from being formerly assumed to be the temperature (that is, 2200 DEG C) causing nitrogen oxide to be formed.This step make the coherence of the +/-acceleration for controlling combustion parameter can based on cause nitrogen oxide formed detected by temperature, instead of the temperature causing this oxide to be formed supposed, because detected peak combustion temperatures (as determined by such as +/-acceleration) can cover true peak temperature.

Return decision block 4108, if +/-crankshaft accelerations peak value display combustion temperature has reached the level that is understood to produce or cause nitrogen oxide to be formed by alternate manner (such as, 2200 DEG C), then routine forwards block 4110 to and regulates fueling injection pressure, fuel injection timing/endurance, ignition timing and/or other combustion parameter as required, keeps favourable power stage and fuel efficiency to reduce combustion temperature simultaneously.In one embodiment, these combustion parameters can change pro rata, to reduce the +/-acceleration of bent axle and to reduce peak combustion room temperature.In other embodiments, these parameters can change independently of one another or reciprocally.After regulating to reduce peak combustion temperatures to combustion parameter, routine returns block 4106 and carries out repetition.

Although the example of Figure 40 and Figure 41 relates to the coherence of chamber temperature and +/-acceleration, but those of ordinary skill in the art are to be understood that, in other embodiments, chamber pressure can be relevant to +/-acceleration in the similar approach preventing nitrogen oxide from being formed.

Method and system for processing coherence mentioned above can be applied to various engines, comprising internal-combustion engine, and such as rotary combustion engine, two strokes and four-stroke piston engine, free-piston engine etc.In addition, these method and systems by making to be insulated by the burning of excess oxygen agent (such as air) to provide the operation of this motor, thus can realize adiabatic combustion substantially.In one embodiment, this can realize in the following way: first fill firing chamber with oxygenant, then the same position occurred in igniting is added fuel and is supplied to provide the fuel combustion of one or more layering in excessive oxidant, thus makes the heat minimization being transferred to combustor surface.

An advantage of embodiment mentioned above is once +/-crankshaft accelerations is relevant to the peak combustion room temperature (or pressure) that specific engines constructs, then can control peak combustion room temperature and pressure by only monitoring bent axle +/-acceleration.More specifically, this means peak combustion temperatures to be limited to such as 2,200 DEG C or less, to avoid the formation of nitrogen oxide, and Actual combustion room temperature or pressure need not be measured in engine operation.Therefore, in this embodiment, motor can use the relatively simple sparger/igniter lacking temperature and/or pressure measurement capacity.The clean method from the prior art of the noxious emission of waste gas is absorbed in contrast, and the further benefit of method and system mentioned above is that it stops or at least reducing the formation of nitrogen oxide in source place (that is, in a combustion chamber).When the guarantee operated increases and undesirably produces nitrogen oxide, by combining, the data of the instrument from monitoring peak combustion temperatures and/or chamber pressure and/or acceleration and/or stress/strain data are detected and associate the redundancy approach providing engine control.In this embodiment, even if cover or lose one or more this instrument, remaining instrument still continues power operation to prevent nitrogen oxide by the information that coherence supply is sufficient.

further embodiment

A kind of fuel injection system, it comprises the fuel injector for burner oil, and wherein fuel sprays by adjusting the device of fuel for valve; And fuel ignition, wherein fuel ignition and fuel injector form entirety, wherein adjust the device of fuel aperiodically by opening for the device opened for valve, the described device for opening is selected from insulation rod device, insulated cable device and insulating optical fiber device for opening, and wherein provided by power generating means for the power needed for the device opened, and wherein adjust the device of fuel and the device for burner oil and the device for fire fuel to form entirety in the interface of the device for combustion fuel for valve.

System as described herein, the device wherein for opening additionally provides from the detection of the information detected by burning or and the communication of control gear.

System as described herein, wherein forms entirety for the device that controls and fuel injector design.

System as described herein, wherein power generating means is dynamo-electric.

System as described herein, wherein power generating means provides impact force according to from the selection in the group comprising cable, bar or fiber device.

System as described herein, wherein selects the device for fire fuel from the group comprising spark, multiple spark and plasma device.

System as described herein, the device wherein for controlling is cooled by fuel.

System as described herein, wherein fuel at least cools to power generating means or for the device that valve is adjusted.

System as described herein, wherein fuel is injected at least one in heat engine or fuel cell.

System as described herein, wherein fuel is stored by the device for storage of fuels, and wherein from the group for storing the fuel comprising following composition, selects the device for storage of fuels: cryogenic liquide, low-temperature solid and liquid, low-temperature solid, liquid, steam and gas; Non-cryogenic liquid; Non-cryogenic solid and liquid; And non-cryogenic solid, liquid, steam and gas.

System as described herein, wherein selects fuel from the group comprising cryogenic liquid fuel, low temperature solid-state fuel and cryogenic gaseous fuel.

System as described herein, wherein selects fuel from the group comprising solid fuel, liquid fuel, fuel fume and vaporized fuel.

System as described herein, wherein fuel is the mixture of low temperature and non-cryogenic fuel.

System as described herein, wherein according to the one conveying in the layering supply combustion mode in layering supply combustion mode, homogeneous supply combustion mode and homogeneous supply and combustion fuel.

System as described herein, wherein by protecting from comprising the material apparatus selected the group of sapphire, quartz, glass and high temperature polymer the device adjusted for valve.

System as described herein, wherein fuel passed through the device for heat-shift before being supplied to sparger.

System as described herein, wherein from comprising the device selecting for being lighted a fire capacitor discharge, piezoelectric voltage produces and induced voltage produces group.

Process for transformation of energy comprises the following steps: be stored in by one or more fuel materials in shielding container device; The derivative of fuel and/or fuel is transferred to substantially by device that valve operator device separates with the flow control valve assembly of interface of the combusting room device being positioned at engine device, to be controlled the derivative of fuel or fuel by insulated electrical cable or lever arrangement, thus elimination fuel drops onto in the combusting room device of engine device with problematic number of times.

Process as described herein, wherein control valve device charges aperiodically, to provide plasma discharge apparatus.

Process as described herein, wherein insulated electrical cable or lever arrangement also provide the detection of the information detected from combusting room device and/or the communication with the control gear for this process.

Process as described herein, wherein by producing fuel derivative from comprising the device selected the group of heat exchanger, reversible fuel cell and catalysis heat exchanger.

Process as described herein, wherein fuel or fuel derivative comprise hydrogen, and hydrogen is used as heat-exchanger rig and/or for the loss in the operation of the relative moving part that reduces the process for transformation of energy.

Process as described herein, wherein relative moving part device is generator.

Process as described herein, wherein relative moving part device is heat engine.

Process as described herein, wherein case makes cryogenic substance insulate.

Process as described herein, wherein case holds pressurization stock (inventories) and/or the fuel derivative of fuel.

A kind ofly to spray for integrated fuel and the system of ignition mechanism, the irregular intermittent flow wherein providing fuel to spray is controlled by control valve unit, control valve unit is electrically separated by seal and the actuator for control valve unit, and wherein power is applied to control valve unit by electrical insulation device by actuator.

System as described herein, wherein power is applied to control valve unit by electrical insulation device by actuator, and electrical insulation device comprises insulated electrical cable or lever arrangement.

System as described herein, wherein cable or lever arrangement also provide to the detection of the information detected from combusting room device and/or and control gear communication for Dynamic System.

System as described herein, wherein control valve device charges aperiodically, to provide plasma discharge apparatus, thus lights aperiodically and is controlled control valve unit and allow the burner oil that passes through.

A kind of for providing the system of fluid flow valve function, wherein movable valve component arrangement is by being subject to the plunger assembly displacement of the power effect of the device selected from the group comprised with lower device: the combination of solenoid mechanism device, cam control gear and solenoid and cam control gear, wherein valve component arrangement is held in place aperiodically, allows fluid flowing for the device by selecting the combination from solenoid mechanism device, piezoelectric device device and solenoid and piezoelectric device device.

System as described herein, what wherein fluid flowed is transported to engine device at least partially, enters acceleration and increase the volumetric efficiency of engine device to make air.

System as described herein, wherein fuel flowing at least partially by being transported to the firing chamber of engine device for the system of the injection of integrated fuel and ignition mechanism, the intermittent flow wherein providing fuel to spray is controlled by control valve unit, control valve unit is electrically separated by seal and the actuator for control valve unit, and wherein power is put on control valve unit by electrical insulation device by actuator.

System as described herein, the circulating combustion that wherein this operation makes brake mean-effective pressure select along with various fuel maximizes adaptively, regardless of fuel octane, cetane, viscosity, energy content density or temperature.

System as described herein, wherein fuel and/or the compound containing hydrogen change into the mixture of hydrogen and/or hydrogen and other fluid composition by heat exchanger, the heat absorption reaction that heat exchanger support is realized by compound heat being transferred to fuel from motor and/or comprise hydrogen.

System as described herein, wherein in order to from the object of group selection comprising the windage loss cooling and reduce rotating machinery to rotating machinery, utilize hydrogen as medium to absorb and to remove moisture and as fuel for two kinds and above mixed tensor transformation applications.

System as described herein, wherein fluid comprises hydrogen, utilizes hydrogen to be to be selected from following object: cooling rotating machinery, reduce rotating machinery windage loss, as medium with absorb and remove moisture and be used as fuel for two or more mixed tensor transformation applications.

A kind of fuel injection system, it comprises: microprocessor and the fuel injector for burner oil, and wherein fuel is sprayed by the opening of valve element; For the device of fire fuel, wherein form entirety for the device of fire fuel and sparger; Wherein valve element is opened by of being connected in the cable of actuator or bar; Wherein cable or bar electric insulation and comprise fiber optic component further so that burning data is sent to microprocessor.

System as described herein, the device wherein for fire fuel is positioned near valve element.

System as described herein, wherein actuator is electromechanical actuator.

System as described herein, wherein actuator provides impact force to cable or bar.

System as described herein, wherein selects from spark, multiple spark or plasma discharge the device being used for fire fuel.

System as described herein, wherein microprocessor is arranged in the body of fuel injector.

System as described herein, wherein microprocessor is positioned at the Near Pipelines for fuel being supplied to sparger, and cools microprocessor through the fuel of pipeline.

System as described herein, wherein fuel is used for cooling at least one in valve element or actuator.

System as described herein, wherein fuel storage is being applicable to store in the fuel cabinet of low temp fuel.

System as described herein, wherein selects fuel from the group comprising solid fuel, liquid fuel and vaporized fuel.

System as described herein, wherein valve element is made up of the one in the group of sapphire, quartz, glass and high temperature polymer.

System as described herein, wherein fuel passed through heat exchanger before being supplied to sparger.

A kind of energy conversion system, it has and realizes oxygenant for circulation and enter, fuel sprays, igniting, the device that burning and merit produce, the amount of the oxygenant wherein entered exceedes required amount, sprayed the fuel of conveying by fuel with perfect combustion, and wherein fuel spray be by can in each operation cycle repeatedly the device of transfer the fuel realize, and wherein monitor to determine from comprising temperature to ignition and combustion, pressure, the information selected in the group of rate of burning and burning position, and wherein control device utilizes information carry out starting fluid injection and once or after multiple fuel area density stopping fuel spraying, for preventing from comprising the condition selected the group of following content: the temperature that cannot realize the set-point selected, exceed the temperature of selected set-point, exceed the pressure of selected set-point, the rate of burning of the set-point selected cannot be realized, exceed the rate of burning of selected set-point, burning in the position exceeding the region limited by the set-point selected.

Energy conversion system as described herein, wherein provides fuel to spray by control valve unit, and control valve unit basic fixed position one-tenth is close to or is positioned at the interface of firing chamber for realizing transformation of energy.

Energy conversion system as described herein, wherein provides igniting, for realizing transformation of energy in the interface of firing chamber or the interface of basic contiguous firing chamber.

Energy conversion system as described herein, wherein after any event making fuel injection stop, restarting one or many fuel and sprays, until realize by energy conversion system the merit expecting magnitude.

A kind of energy conversion system as described herein, the oxygenant wherein being sprayed the amount exceeded needed for clean-burning fuel of conveying by fuel is held in envelope to make each insulation in combustion incident.

It is evident that, various change and remodeling can be carried out without departing from the scope of the disclosure.Such as, dielectric strength can change or be changing into and comprises candidate materials and processing method.Actuator and driver can the use of based on fuel or sparger and modification.Cap may be used for the shape and the integrity that ensure fuel distribution, and the size of cap, design or position can change, to provide different performances and protection.Alternatively, sparger can change, such as, electrode, optical fiber (optics), actuator, nozzle or body can be made up or can compare shown and described those and comprise constructive alternative of alternative material, and still belong in spirit of the present disclosure.

Unless explicitly called for by alternate manner in context, otherwise run through specification and claim, word " to comprise " etc. and should be understood to and exclusive or the exclusive adversative meaning that comprises; That is, the meaning " included, but are not limited to ".The word of odd number or plural number is used also to comprise plural number or odd number respectively.Use when claim is at the inventory with reference to two or more article word " or ", then this word covers following all word explanations: any combination of article in any article in inventory, all article in inventory and inventory.

Further embodiment can be provided in conjunction with various embodiments mentioned above.This specification to quote and/or in request for data table, listed all U. S. Patent, U.S. Patent Application Publication, U.S. Patent application, foreign patent, foreign patent application and the mode of non-patent openly all by quoting in full is attached to herein.If necessary, can retrofit to All aspects of of the present disclosure, to adopt the fuel injector and ignition mechanism with various structure, and various patent, application and disclosed theory, to provide the disclosure further embodiment.

Can according to detailed description above to the disclosure carry out these and other change.In general, in following claim, term used not should be understood to and the disclosure is limited to specific embodiment disclosed in specification and claims, but should be understood to comprise and carry out according to claim all system and methods of operating.Therefore, the present invention is not limited by the disclosure, and on the contrary, its scope broadly will be determined by following claim.

Claims

1., for a method for the peak combustion temperatures in limiting engine, said method comprising the steps of:

In the first circulation of described motor:

Under a first set of conditions fuel is imported in the firing chamber of described motor;

Described fuel is lighted to cause burning in described firing chamber; With

Measure the acceleration in response to the engine components of described burning; And

In the second circulation of described motor:

Based on the acceleration of described engine components obtained measured by described first circulation, under a second set of conditions fuel is imported in described firing chamber, to be in the peak combustion temperatures reduced in described firing chamber or lower than 2200 DEG C.

2. method according to claim 1, described method comprise further determine measured by the acceleration that obtains whether correspond to over the peak combustion temperatures of the combustion temperature of expectation.

3. method according to claim 1, described method comprises the acceleration and predetermined acceleration that obtain measured by contrast further, and described predetermined acceleration corresponds to over the peak combustion temperatures of the combustion temperature of expectation.

4. method according to claim 1, wherein said motor comprises the device of user-operable, the device of described user-operable is used for changing engine speed in response to user's input, and wherein said user input keeps constant in the process of described first and second circulations of described motor.

5. method according to claim 1, wherein said motor provides power for the vehicle of the device comprising user-operable, the device of described user-operable imports described firing chamber in response to user's input to fuel and controls, and wherein said user input keeps constant in described first and second cyclic processes of described motor.

6. method according to claim 1, wherein said motor is arranged in such vehicle: described vehicle comprises the engine management computers being operationally attached to fuel injection system, wherein said engine management computers to import in described firing chamber fuel based on operator's input at least partly and controls, and wherein said operator input keeps constant in described first and second cyclic processes of described motor.

7. method according to claim 1, the firing chamber wherein under a first set of conditions fuel being imported described motor comprises and injecting fuel at a first pressure in described firing chamber, and wherein under a second set of conditions fuel is imported in the described firing chamber of described motor be included in second pressure different from described first pressure under inject fuel in described firing chamber.

8. method according to claim 1, the firing chamber wherein under a first set of conditions fuel being imported described motor comprises in the described firing chamber injecting fuel into the oxygenant with the first amount, the described firing chamber wherein under a second set of conditions fuel being imported described motor comprises in the described firing chamber injecting fuel into the oxygenant with the second amount, and the oxygenant of wherein said first amount is less than the oxygenant of described second amount.

9. method according to claim 1, wherein said motor is operationally attached to accelerator pedal to control engine speed, the described firing chamber wherein under a first set of conditions fuel being imported described motor comprises and injecting fuel in described firing chamber with the first pressure in response to the first accelerator pedal position, and the described firing chamber wherein under a second set of conditions fuel being imported described motor comprises and injecting fuel in described firing chamber with the second pressure different from described first pressure in response to described first accelerator pedal position.

10. method according to claim 1, the described firing chamber wherein under a first set of conditions fuel being imported described motor comprises and being imported in described firing chamber by the supply fuel of first layer, and the described firing chamber wherein under a second set of conditions fuel being imported described motor comprises and being imported in described firing chamber by the supply fuel of the second layering.

Eliminate or at least reduce the method for generation of nitrogen oxide in 11. 1 kinds of combustion processes in vehicle motor, said method comprising the steps of:

Fuel is imported in the firing chamber of described motor;

Described fuel is lighted to cause burning in described firing chamber;

Regulate combustion parameter to reduce peak combustion temperatures to 2200 DEG C or lower based on the measured acceleration that obtains;

It is relevant to the peak combustion temperatures in described firing chamber that described method comprises the acceleration that described measurement is obtained further, and wherein regulate combustion parameter to comprise adjustment combustion parameter so that described peak combustion temperatures is reduced to less than 2200 DEG C.

Eliminate or at least reduce the method for generation of nitrogen oxide in 12. 1 kinds of combustion processes in vehicle motor, said method comprising the steps of:

Fuel is imported in the firing chamber of described motor;

Described fuel is lighted to cause burning in described firing chamber;

Combustion parameter is wherein regulated to comprise the amount increasing the air imported in described firing chamber.

Eliminate or at least reduce the method for generation of nitrogen oxide in 13. 1 kinds of combustion processes in vehicle motor, said method comprising the steps of:

Fuel is imported in the firing chamber of described motor;

Described fuel is lighted to cause burning in described firing chamber;

Combustion parameter is wherein regulated to comprise the pressure regulating the fuel be injected in described firing chamber.

Eliminate or at least reduce the method for generation of nitrogen oxide in 14. 1 kinds of combustion processes in vehicle motor, said method comprising the steps of:

Fuel is imported in the firing chamber of described motor;

Described fuel is lighted to cause burning in described firing chamber;

Combustion parameter is wherein regulated to comprise the amount of the amount regulating the fuel in the described firing chamber of importing pro rata and the oxygenant be associated.

Eliminate or at least reduce the method for generation of nitrogen oxide in 15. 1 kinds of combustion processes in vehicle motor, said method comprising the steps of:

Fuel is imported in the firing chamber of described motor;

Described fuel is lighted to cause burning in described firing chamber;

The acceleration wherein measuring engine components comprises the rotational acceleration and retardation of measuring bent axle, and described bent axle is operationally attached to the piston of the part forming described firing chamber.

Eliminate or at least reduce the method for generation of nitrogen oxide in 16. 1 kinds of combustion processes in vehicle motor, said method comprising the steps of:

Fuel is imported in the firing chamber of described motor;

Described fuel is lighted to cause burning in described firing chamber;

The acceleration wherein measuring engine components comprises the electricity measuring self generator and exports, and described generator is from described motor receiving axes power.

17. 1 kinds manufacture the method being used for the engine control module preventing nitrogen oxide from being formed in combustion, said method comprising the steps of:

Fuel is imported in the firing chamber of motor;

Described fuel is lighted to cause burning in described firing chamber;

Measure the peak temperature in the described firing chamber produced by described burning;

Measure the acceleration in response to the engine components of described burning;

The acceleration obtained measured by making is relevant to the measured peak temperature obtained; And

Programme to engine control module based on measuring the acceleration that obtains, to control peak combustion room temperature, wherein peak combustion room temperature is kept to be in or lower than 2200 DEG C;

Wherein said motor is the first motor, and wherein based on measuring the acceleration obtained, engine control module is programmed to control peak combustion room temperature to comprise the pressure programming to regulate the fuel in the firing chamber being injected into the second motor to described engine control module, thus prevent the peak combustion temperatures in described second motor from reaching 2200 DEG C.

18. 1 kinds of systems for controlling combustion engine, described system comprises:

For fuel being imported the device in the firing chamber of described motor;

For lighting described fuel to cause the device of burning in described firing chamber;

For measuring the device of the acceleration of the engine device in response to described burning; And

For regulating combustion parameter to reduce peak combustion temperatures to 2200 DEG C or lower device based on the measured acceleration that obtains;

Described system comprises acceleration for making described measurement the obtain device relevant to the peak combustion temperatures in described firing chamber further.

19. 1 kinds of systems for controlling combustion engine, described system comprises:

For fuel being imported the device in the firing chamber of described motor;

The device rotational acceleration of bent axle and retardation that are operationally attached to piston reciprocating measured in response to the burning in described firing chamber is wherein comprised for the device of the acceleration measuring engine components.