CN102672064A - Hydraulic driven flaring hand tool - Google Patents

Hydraulic driven flaring hand tool Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102672064A
CN102672064A CN2011100706815A CN201110070681A CN102672064A CN 102672064 A CN102672064 A CN 102672064A CN 2011100706815 A CN2011100706815 A CN 2011100706815A CN 201110070681 A CN201110070681 A CN 201110070681A CN 102672064 A CN102672064 A CN 102672064A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
hand
enlarging
held tool
hydraulically powered
die
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN2011100706815A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
M·M·巴尔杰斯特赫
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Mastercool Inc
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Mastercool Inc
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Publication date
Application filed by Mastercool Inc filed Critical Mastercool Inc
Priority to CN2011100706815A priority Critical patent/CN102672064A/en
Publication of CN102672064A publication Critical patent/CN102672064A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Abstract

The invention relates to a hydraulic driven flaring hand tool which comprises an expander driven by a hand-operated hydraulic pump. The expander can be used for expanding a punching die component, so that the punching die component can move outwards radially, and flaring of a cylindrical pipe with a malleable hollow can be performed. The hydraulic driven flaring hand tool is provided with the hand-operated hydraulic pump. The hydraulic pump is integrated with a handle of the tool, so that the hydraulic pump can be operated by a single hand. By the hand-operated hydraulic pump, a shaft can move linearly. The shaft is connected with the expander and moves to penetrate through an adjuster to a punching die unit provided with multiple punching die components. The punching die unit is connected to the adjuster.

Description

Hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool
Technical field
The present invention relates to manually operated, portable, hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool.
Background technology
Traditional connector, adapter or connector have been used to forgeable cylindrical duct is connected on tubing, rubber hose, connector or other conduits.One of method of attachment comprises carries out enlarging to tubing.The method of much tubing being carried out enlarging is arranged, and these methods relate to carries out plastically deformable to the end of tubing or stub area.People's such as traditional enlarging equipment such as Kowal the day for announcing is the U.S. that is entitled as flaring tool the 4th on January 17th, 1978; 068; The day for announcing of No. 515 patents and Pringle is the U.S. that is entitled as the tubing with flared end the 4th on October 25th, 1988; 779, No. 441 patent is given an example, and wherein enlarging cone is urged into the end of tubing.Usually, these relate to a kind of equipment with similar patent, are used to form difform enlarging, and form at the end of the wrought cylindrical duct of hollow.The supporting surface of the connector that will be connected by the outline line of the shape of flared end and the tubing of enlarging is accurately consistent.
In a lot of other are used, for example connect the conduit on another root conduit of same diameter, what need is that an end of tubing has radially outer expansion.When welding or brazing filler metal, such connection will the interior fluid of sealed tube.
Therefore, be necessary to provide a kind of portable hand-held tool, it can produce controlled expansion at the end of tubing.
Summary of the invention
The motion of the expander that hydraulic hand-pump drove in the hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool can be expanded die assembly, thereby so that with this die assembly radially outwards the motion the forgeable cylindrical shape tubing of hollow is carried out enlarging.Said instrument has a hydraulic hand-pump, and one hand is operated thereby the handle of this hydraulic pump and said instrument is integral permission.Said hydraulic hand-pump makes axle produce linear movement.What be connected with this is an expander, and said axle moves through adjuster in the die set with a plurality of die assemblies.Said die set is connected to said adjuster.
Description of drawings
Through describing below and combining Figure of description, can access the present invention is understood more completely.
Fig. 1 a is the sectional view of hand-held tool expansion enlarging equipment, and it has shown hydraulic pump and piston;
Fig. 1 b is the sectional view that becomes the hand-held tool equipment of 90 degree with the sectional view shown in Fig. 1 a, and it has shown the operation of pressure safety valve in the closed position;
Fig. 1 c is the incomplete sectional view of the hand-held tool equipment shown in Fig. 1 b, and it has shown the operation of pressure safety valve at open position;
Fig. 2 a is depicted as die set and expander at the sectional view of expanded position not;
Fig. 2 b is depicted as die set and the expander sectional view in expanded position.
The specific embodiment
Need at present a kind of general hand-held tool, it can be used as the repair outfit of tubing (conduit) and make tubing can be connected to big machinery or system or as its part.The present invention is a kind of portable hand-held tool, and it is used for extending out (enlarging) in the end generation of tubing.Said instrument can be used as maintenance of equipment, is used for fluid line is connected to different conduits.The present invention is a kind of manually operated hand-held tool, but it provides on the tubing of deformation and especially radially extends out enlarging.The present invention includes a variable partition with internal thread, it can move axially on threaded bolt, and said bolt is fixed on a hydraulic hand-pump part through screw thread and a setscrew.Said variable partition with respect to the rotation of the pump housing brought two component axial ground near or each other away from.Said variable partition is connected to the punch die part, moves said punch die part along variable partition.Pump partly comprises a cylinder body, an enlarging piston, a screw thread bolt and pump parts.Said cylinder body has a pressure cylinder, and this pressure cylinder is positioned at the front portion of said cylinder body.Said cylinder body has the memory lid of hydraulic pressure memory and the opposite end that is connected to pressure cylinder.Said bolt is a long hollow cylinder, has screw thread and it is connected on the said cylinder body rigidly at its outer surface.The enlarging piston is arranged in said pressure cylinder, has the main body of axial elongation, and this main body extends through said bolt.Said pump parts comprise a lever arm, a pivotable frame, a spring and a piston, and this piston forces three-dimensional from the pressure cup of oily memory stream to said pressure cylinder.Said pressure does not subtract and also has safety valve parts, and these safety valve parts allow fluid to be back to memory, thereby make piston get back to its initial position.Said enlarging piston has a front, and expander is arranged in this front, and this expander is firm with respect to the turnover campaign of piston.In first embodiment; Expander punch die with suitable dimension is placed on tubing inside; The parts of assembling are by " pump ", and the action of this pump causes expander to enter into the expansion punch die and causes that the punch die insert outwards moves, thereby forms an expansion at the end of tubing.The structure of hand-held tool of the present invention is very simple and can use in any place, be included in the position maintenance of fluid line, and need not be with tubing from separating itself and being connected of field apparatus, thereby the present invention has economic advantages.
With reference now to accompanying drawing,, the disclosed exemplary embodiment of the present invention of Fig. 1 a has shown according to hand-held tool expansion enlarging equipment 10 of the present invention.Hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool 10 of the present invention has variable partition 12 and hydraulic pump part 21 usually.Hydraulic pump part 21 is made up of bolt 23, and this bolt is a cylindrical tube that has screw thread at outer surface.Bolt 23 is fixed on the hydraulic pump main body 40 through a setscrew 25, and it is through screw thread 24 axial restraints.Enlarging piston 22 is solid cylinder rods, has annular groove 98 and at the piston portion 74 of the other end, said piston portion is the disk body of a larger diameter at its far-end.Piston portion 74 has O type ring 28 and rear portion ring 26, and said piston portion 74 is arranged in the cylinder zone 75 of pressurization.Spring 27 has applied a biasing force to enlarging piston 22, the oil pressure of said enlarging piston portion ground opposing in the cylinder zone 75 of pressurization.Hydraulic pump main body 40 also has cylindrical channel 32,33 and 34, and said cylindrical channel is connected to oily memory 54 in the cylinder zone 75 of anterior pressurization.The pressure of spring 30 remains on the opening of ball seat 41 with ball 31, thereby seals opening.Spring base 29 is provided with the pressure load of spring 30.Hydraulic pump 21 has the pump linked system, and this system is made up of piston 35, lever arm 42 and pivotable frame 43.Unidirectional (non-return) valve 44 allows hydraulic oil only to flow to passage 34 from memory 54.Oil is pumped into the cylinder zone 75 of pressurization through piston 35 and lever arm 42 from memory 54.Piston 35 is fixed in the passage 33 through cap screw 36, and it seals through O type ring 37 and rear portion ring 45.Spring 38 applies one through 39 pairs of lever arms 42 of packing ring and upwards pressure.The pressure of spring 38 keeps separately lever arm 42 and hydraulic pump main body 40, and through the piston 35 that moves up, oil is extracted in passage 33 and 34 through stoping valve 44.Lever arm 42 is hinged on the pivotable frame 43 through pin 47.Pivotable frame 43 is connected on the hydraulic pump main body 40 through screw thread on the hydraulic pump main body 40 50 and lock nut 46 rigidly, thereby the entire pump linked system is just by stable.The arresting lever 48 that is connected on the lever arm 42 limits separating of lever arms 42 and hydraulic pump main body 40.Fig. 1 a has shown that also oily memory capsule 49 is connected to the back side of hydraulic pump main body 40, and carries out capping through memory lid 51.O type ring 68 remains on memory capsule 49 on the hydraulic pump main body 40.In order to increase and to drain the oil in the memory 54, be provided with stopper 53.Memory lid 51 is connected on the hydraulic pump main body 40 through screw thread 64.Memory lid 51 is removed the path that stopper 53 then is provided.
With reference to figure 1a, at the free position of lever arm 42, spring 38 is exerted pressure to packing ring 39, and lever arm 42 is pushed away hydraulic pump main body 40.The renitency that contacts through arresting lever 48 and pivotable frame 43.This is the upper limit position of lever arm 42.Like this, piston 35 is positioned at its position of going up most at oily passage 33, thereby from oily memory 54, oily passage 33 and 34 is filled up.Along with hydraulic oil leaves oily memory 54, memory capsule 49 shrinks, and stops air to enter into system.Through towards hydraulic pump main body 40 to down-pressed pole arm 42, spring 38 is compressed, piston 35 is pushed downwards through cylindrical channel 33, thereby the oil in squeezing passage 34,33 and 32.Pressure in the passage 32 pushes away the opening of ball seat 41 with spherical ball 31, so forces oil to flow to the cylinder zone 75 of pressurization.In case arrived the cylinder zone 75 of pressurization, spring 30 applies biasing force and closed channel 32 to ball 31, therefore, just stoped oil 75 instead to flow to passage 32 from the cylinder zone of pressurization.Therefore, behind several strokes of lever arm 42, the cylinder of pressurization zone 75 is pressurized, and applies an axial pressure through enlarging piston 22 to expander 15, causes that die set 16 expands rapidly.
With reference to figure 1b, in case process of expansion is accomplished, reduce the pressure in the cylinder zone 75 of pressurizeing through safety-valve in conjunction with Fig. 1 c, enlarging tubing recovers.When valve joint 62 rotation counterclockwise, the pressure in the cylinder zone 75 of pressurization is released.Oil memory 54 also is connected to the cylinder zone 75 of pressurization through drainback passage 57,56 and 55, said drainback passage be positioned at oil inlet passage 32,33 plane vertical with plane, 34 place on.The pressure relief valve door part is made up of valve joint 62, valve rod 58, O type ring 59, ball 67, ball seat 65 and cap screw 61.Valve rod 58 section therein has screw thread 60.Cap screw 61 has internal thread 78.Valve rod is by in the screw thread 78 of precession cap screw 61.Oil passage 56 guiding valve rods 58 move axially.Cap screw 61 stops valve rod 58 to be screwed out passage 56.In order to seal relief valve, valve joint 62 is turned clockwise, thereby valve rod 58 is taken to downwards in the passage 56.Shown in complete closed valve location such as Fig. 1 b, wherein, the flush end 77 of valve rod 58 is pressed in ball 67 on the ball seat 65, blocks passage 56.In this position, oil can only flow to the cylinder zone 75 of pressurization from memory 54 through half- duplex channel 34,33 and 32.In order to open relief valve, valve joint 62 is rotated counterclockwise, upwards with the opening of valve rod 58 bands from passage 56.The position of valve open is shown in Fig. 1 c, and flush end 77 separates from ball 67, thus interface channel 57,56 and 55.In the position of opening, the oil pressure in the cylinder of pressurization zone 75 discharges through oil is led to get back in the memory 54 through passage 57,56 and 55, makes spring 27 that enlarging piston 22 is return, and removes expander 15 from die set 16, makes die set 16 radial contraction.
Shown in Fig. 1 a, adjuster 12 has internal thread part 66, this internal thread part and bolt 23 engagements.Expander punch die 16 is a critical component in the enlarging process, because its diameter changes according to the different size of tubing.Adjuster 12 has cylinder-shaped hole, and expander 15 moves in this cylinder-shaped hole.The rear end of die set 16 is screwed on the adjuster 12.
For pump operated, beam hanger arm 42 by towards pump 40 to pressing down, and repeatedly be released this beam hanger arm hydraulic-driven enlarging piston 22, and tubing is deformed to the position that extends out.For the tubing that recovers to be out of shape, oil pressure discharges through valve joint 62 being rotated counterclockwise, relief valve being opened.
With reference to figure 2a, it has shown the details of die set 16 and expander 15 in conjunction with Fig. 2 b.Die set 16 comprises the punch die frame 102 and a plurality of die assemblies 104 with screw thread.In one embodiment, a plurality of die assemblies are made up of six die assemblies 104.Though also can use the die assembly of other quantity, two can cause tubing to be tightened up, thereby cause flared end relatively more fragile, tear and produce the problem of other failure easily.Die assembly 104 is maintained at not expanded position through spring assembly 106 or deformable elastomeric material.
When die assembly was positioned at not expanded position, shown in Fig. 2 a, die assembly 104 slipped into the inside of tubing 202.One of the present invention is characterized as, and uses hand-held tool expansion enlarging equipment 10, just need not fix or clamping tubing 202.Clamping or keep tubing 202 can cause the for example damage of appearance scratch, it has jeopardized subsequently the sealing to tubing 202, and has caused the fragility of flared end.When hydraulic pump 40 (not shown)s are driven, expander 15 slips into die set 16 inside.When expander 15 with after die assembly 104 contacts, die assembly 104 radially outwards moves.At first, the mobile die assembly 104 that causes keeps tubing 202 in position.Then, expander 15 mobile cause tubing 202 be applied to through die assembly on the deformable tubing 202 radially outer power and by enlarging.Maximum enlarging amount limits through punch die frame 102, and this punch die frame can limit die assembly 104 outside moving radially.When the enlarging of deformable tubing 202 was accomplished, shown in Fig. 2 b, the release of the hydraulic pressure that hydraulic pump 40 produces made die assembly 104 get back to its not expanded position, so just can singlehanded complete operation and move.
Refer again to Fig. 2 a and 2b, it shows the detailed cross sectional view of die assembly and expander.In another embodiment of the present invention, die assembly 104 has little recess 108.This recess 108 can not will tubing 202 enlarge; And the die assembly 104 of not expansion is inserted in the deformable tubing; This tubing has the end that has prickle that produces owing to cutting; The end of these band prickles can produce metal filings and sliver, and these metal filings and sliver can pollute the interior zone of tubing 202.
In view of the description of front, the embodiment of a plurality of modifications of the present invention and replacement is tangible for a person skilled in the art.Die elements and expander can have a plurality of different geometric settings.Correspondingly, top description should be understood that to only limit to instruct those skilled in the art's best embodiment of the present invention.Under the situation that does not break away from spirit of the present invention, structure comes down to change, and the use of the exclusiveness of all modifications in the scope of accompanying Claim is retained.

Claims (24)

1. hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool that is used for wrought cylindrical shape tubing is carried out enlarging, it comprises: a hydraulic hand-pump is used to make the generation campaign of axle; A governor assembly, it is connected to said hydraulic hand-pump, and this hydraulic hand-pump allows said axle to slide and passes said governor assembly; Expander with cone shape, it is connected to said the tip of the axis; Die set with a plurality of die assemblies, said die set is connected to said governor assembly; Wherein, Said die assembly is expanded in the motion of the expander that said hydraulic hand-pump drives; So that radially outwards move die assembly; Thereby forgeable cylindrical shape tubing is carried out enlarging, thereby control the axially-movable of said expander and stop the excessive expansion of die set and excessive pressure through locating said governor assembly.
2. hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool as claimed in claim 1, the handle of wherein said hydraulic hand-pump and said instrument is integral.
3. hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool as claimed in claim 2, wherein said hydraulic hand-pump is made up of cylinder body and piston, pump machanism and hydraulic oil memory.
4. hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein said expander loosely is connected to said the tip of the axis.
5. hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool as claimed in claim 1, the shape of wherein said expander is critically consistent with the interior shape of said die assembly.
6. hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein a plurality of said die assemblies comprise at least six die assemblies.
7. hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool as claimed in claim 1; The shape of wherein said expander is consistent with such shape, and just its shape makes a plurality of said die assemblies terminal wide than at wrought cylindrical shape tubing of the enlarging of wrought cylindrical shape tubing.
8. hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein when said die assembly did not contact with said expander, it was maintained at a position of not expanded.
9. hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool as claimed in claim 8, wherein said die assembly is maintained at the position of not expanded through spring.
10. hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool as claimed in claim 8, wherein said die assembly is maintained at the position of not expanded through elastomeric material.
11. hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein said die assembly has a little recess.
12. hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein said instrument can be operated through one hand.
13. hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool as claimed in claim 1, the size of wherein said die set is along with the external diameter of the wrought cylindrical shape tubing of said hollow and the changes of function of wall thickness.
14. hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein the maximum radial of a plurality of said die assemblies moves and is defined.
15. a hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool group that is used for wrought cylindrical shape tubing is carried out enlarging, it comprises: a hydraulic hand-pump, and it is used to make axle to produce motion; A governor assembly, it is connected to said hydraulic hand-pump, and this hydraulic hand-pump allows said axle to slide and passes said governor assembly; A conical expander, it is connected to said the tip of the axis; A plurality of die set, each die set has a plurality of die assemblies, and said die set is connected to said governor assembly; Wherein, Said die assembly is expanded in the motion of the expander that said hydraulic hand-pump drives; So that radially outwards move die assembly; Thereby forgeable cylindrical shape tubing is carried out enlarging, and the size of said die set is along with the external diameter and the wall thickness change of said forgeable cylindrical shape tubing, thereby controls the axially-movable of said expander and stop the excessive expansion of die set and excessive pressure through locating said governor assembly.
16. hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool group as claimed in claim 15, the handle of wherein said hydraulic hand-pump and said instrument is integral.
17. hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool group as claimed in claim 16, wherein said hydraulic hand-pump is made up of cylinder body and piston, pump machanism and hydraulic oil memory.
18. hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool group as claimed in claim 15, the shape of wherein said expander is critically consistent with the interior shape of said die assembly.
19. hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool group as claimed in claim 15, wherein a plurality of said die assemblies comprise at least six die assemblies.
20. hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool group as claimed in claim 15, when wherein said die assembly did not contact with said expander, it was maintained at the position of not expanded.
21. hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool group as claimed in claim 20, wherein said die assembly is maintained at the position of not expanded through spring.
22. hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool group as claimed in claim 20, wherein said die assembly is maintained at the position of not expanded through elastomeric material.
23. hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool group as claimed in claim 15, wherein said die assembly has a little recess.
24. hydraulically powered enlarging hand-held tool group as claimed in claim 15, wherein said instrument can be operated through one hand.
CN2011100706815A 2011-03-16 2011-03-16 Hydraulic driven flaring hand tool Pending CN102672064A (en)

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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103264109A (en) * 2013-04-12 2013-08-28 浙江飞越机电有限公司 Hydraulic tube expander and tube expanding method thereof
CN105537856A (en) * 2015-08-31 2016-05-04 上海交通大学 Connecting method for thin-wall shells
CN105689565A (en) * 2016-02-26 2016-06-22 浙江飞越机电有限公司 Hydraulic pipe expanding and enlarging device
CN106345872A (en) * 2016-11-03 2017-01-25 襄阳顺特阳光科技有限公司 Pipe end ribbing machine
CN106475479A (en) * 2016-11-22 2017-03-08 郭成城 A kind of hydraulic pressure inclined hole reamer
CN107269618A (en) * 2016-03-30 2017-10-20 瑞福可制造有限公司 Hydraulic tool
CN107824700A (en) * 2017-11-14 2018-03-23 高亚贵 Double-headed pipe-expanding device
CN107921697A (en) * 2015-06-10 2018-04-17 米沃奇电动工具公司 PEX expansion tools
US10926451B2 (en) 2015-04-20 2021-02-23 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation PEX expanding tool
US10946576B2 (en) 2015-06-10 2021-03-16 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation PEX expanding tool

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US4068515A (en) * 1977-02-07 1978-01-17 Gould Inc. Flaring tool
US6619099B2 (en) * 2000-10-16 2003-09-16 Mastercool, Inc. Hydraulically powered flaring hand tool
CN2671753Y (en) * 2004-01-17 2005-01-19 王德胜 Hand hydraulic pipe expander
CN200970617Y (en) * 2006-11-13 2007-11-07 赵通生 Hydraulic pipe expander
CN201470786U (en) * 2009-05-27 2010-05-19 吴江市东力工具有限公司 Manual hydraulic pipe expansion device
CN201482875U (en) * 2009-05-27 2010-05-26 吴江市东力工具有限公司 Manual hydraulic pipe expander
CN201543735U (en) * 2009-10-12 2010-08-11 东莞永大制冷配件有限公司 Portable tube expander

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4068515A (en) * 1977-02-07 1978-01-17 Gould Inc. Flaring tool
US6619099B2 (en) * 2000-10-16 2003-09-16 Mastercool, Inc. Hydraulically powered flaring hand tool
CN2671753Y (en) * 2004-01-17 2005-01-19 王德胜 Hand hydraulic pipe expander
CN200970617Y (en) * 2006-11-13 2007-11-07 赵通生 Hydraulic pipe expander
CN201470786U (en) * 2009-05-27 2010-05-19 吴江市东力工具有限公司 Manual hydraulic pipe expansion device
CN201482875U (en) * 2009-05-27 2010-05-26 吴江市东力工具有限公司 Manual hydraulic pipe expander
CN201543735U (en) * 2009-10-12 2010-08-11 东莞永大制冷配件有限公司 Portable tube expander

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103264109A (en) * 2013-04-12 2013-08-28 浙江飞越机电有限公司 Hydraulic tube expander and tube expanding method thereof
US10926451B2 (en) 2015-04-20 2021-02-23 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation PEX expanding tool
US11648727B2 (en) 2015-04-20 2023-05-16 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation PEX expanding tool
CN107921697A (en) * 2015-06-10 2018-04-17 米沃奇电动工具公司 PEX expansion tools
US10946576B2 (en) 2015-06-10 2021-03-16 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation PEX expanding tool
CN105537856A (en) * 2015-08-31 2016-05-04 上海交通大学 Connecting method for thin-wall shells
CN105689565A (en) * 2016-02-26 2016-06-22 浙江飞越机电有限公司 Hydraulic pipe expanding and enlarging device
CN107269618A (en) * 2016-03-30 2017-10-20 瑞福可制造有限公司 Hydraulic tool
CN106345872A (en) * 2016-11-03 2017-01-25 襄阳顺特阳光科技有限公司 Pipe end ribbing machine
CN106475479A (en) * 2016-11-22 2017-03-08 郭成城 A kind of hydraulic pressure inclined hole reamer
CN107824700A (en) * 2017-11-14 2018-03-23 高亚贵 Double-headed pipe-expanding device

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Application publication date: 20120919