CN102665100A - Method for applying digital watermarks in streaming media - Google Patents

Method for applying digital watermarks in streaming media Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102665100A
CN102665100A CN2012101372939A CN201210137293A CN102665100A CN 102665100 A CN102665100 A CN 102665100A CN 2012101372939 A CN2012101372939 A CN 2012101372939A CN 201210137293 A CN201210137293 A CN 201210137293A CN 102665100 A CN102665100 A CN 102665100A
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China
Prior art keywords
watermark
video
embed
watermark information
information
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CN2012101372939A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
卜树坡
庄剑英
程磊
赵展
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Suzhou Vocational Institute of Industrial Technology
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Suzhou Vocational Institute of Industrial Technology
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Abstract

The invention discloses a method for applying digital watermarks in streaming media. The method is characterized in that the method includes a digital watermark embedding step and a watermark extraction step. The digital watermark embedding method provided by the invention is applicable to P2P streaming media video, and integrates the error correction coding technology and the audio digital watermark technology together to precode a watermark sequence in order to resist various normal signal processing and watermark attacks on a digital watermark, thus greatly enhancing the robustness of the scheme. In addition, when watermark information is extracted, original video is not needed, the watermark can be blindly extracted, and moreover, the method has the advantage of self correction and high practical value.

Description

A kind of method of Applied Digital watermark in Streaming Media
Technical field
The present invention relates to streaming medium content resist technology field, particularly a kind of method of Applied Digital watermark in Streaming Media.
Background technology
Streaming Media is meant on data network in chronological sequence order transmission and continuant/video data stream of playing.For the streaming media service development provides powerful market forces, abundant Streaming Media is used has very strong attraction to the user with universal in the fast development of Internet.Can expect that Streaming Media is used the mainstream applications that will inevitably become future network.Yet, network develop the transreplication property with digital product itself rapidly, make infringement, the piracy of digital product and arbitrarily distort to be on the rise, the copyright to digital resource constitutes harm greatly.A kind of as network application, Streaming Media is faced with the baptism of copyright protection too, and we need know whether download from our website at an in progress film of web film easily.
The generation of digital watermarking and the protection that is applied as digital publishing rights provide an effective technical means.The watermark information that embeds is hidden in the master file, does not influence the ornamental and the integrality of original.The initial research emphasis of digital watermarking is an image watermark, has obtained many achievements in research, but also has released some practical products, and also less relatively based on the watermark research of video product.Along with the particularly development of stream media technology of multimedia, video product is more and more, needs solution badly for the copyright protection of video product, and therefore more and more scholars is put in the middle of the research of video watermark gradually both at home and abroad.
In the P2P network, each peer-entities is the supplier of server, is again the client of service.According to source node the mode of data is provided, can the P2P stream media system be divided into two kinds: the P2P Streaming Media transmission in single source and the P2P Streaming Media of multi-source transmit.It is significantly different as follows that but P2P streaming media video and general video content have, and these differences cause existing safe practice and are not suitable in P2P streaming media video system, using separately separately.
(1), transmission data block is little.In order under the complex network situation, to guarantee the flexibility of downloading task scheduling, P2P streaming media video system generally can be divided into minimum piece to video and transmit, and typical size is 1KB.Under such condition, the MD5 (informative abstract) of safety carries out content verification if use, then can increase by 128 authorization information at the data block tail, produces extra transmission burden.Even adopt the digital signature of low volume data position, also can significantly increase transmission code stream, thereby influence the transmission burden of whole P2P system.
(2), the system load of this machine is higher.Because the P2P stream media system needs simultaneously from dozens of even up to a hundred different node downloading data block; Carry out assembly unit then and send video decoder decodes and broadcast; And these operations all greatly consume the CPU processing time of ordinary individual's computer; If carry out MD5 checking or signature verification to each data block this moment again, with increasing the weight of the system load that this can't bear the heavy load greatly.Therefore, under present level of hardware, it also is worthless adopting informative abstract and digital signature technology that the P2P streaming medium content is controlled in real time.
(3), assembly unit and secondary distribution.In order to improve the video fluency also for other nodes provide service, the P2P stream media node is generally understood foradownloaded video and is spliced buffer memory, plays and secondary distribution for video decoder decodes.If use informative abstract or digital signature technology to carry out content protecting, then necessary 2 groups of data of buffer memory, one group of set of data blocks for the band authorization information supplies secondary distribution to use; Another group is the video file after the removal authorization information, supplies player plays.Video file is gone up GB easily now, so does and understands the internal memory that consumes more users and increase the disk read-write content, and occupying volume is disk space outward, has also increased the complexity of software.
In addition, be that informative abstract or digital signature all need be added extra authorization information after conventional video information.This is easy to cause the curious of assailant and note, thereby the possibility that is cracked has been arranged.Add these extra authorization informations and be easy to be identified and remove, make informative abstract and digital signature have a greatly reduced quality in the effect aspect the protection digital product copyright.
Therefore, press for a kind of method that can effectively guarantee P2P video content safety at present.
Summary of the invention
Therefore, the present invention proposes a kind of method of Applied Digital watermark in Streaming Media, can eliminate fully because the restriction of prior art and one or more problems that defective causes.
Additional advantages of the present invention, purpose and characteristic, a part will be illustrated in the specification below, and another part will be tangible for those of ordinary skill in the art through the investigation to following explanation or from enforcement of the present invention, acquire.Structure through in the specification of literal and claims and accompanying drawing, pointing out especially can realize and obtain the object of the invention and advantage.
The invention provides a kind of method of Applied Digital watermark in Streaming Media, it is characterized in that, said method comprises embed digital watermark step and the step of extracting watermark, and the step of said embed digital watermark specifically may further comprise the steps:
Step (one): the watermark information apportion is read in, obtain one-dimension array
Figure 728433DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
;
Suppose that original watermark information is
Figure 774887DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
; The watermark size is
Figure 42051DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
, and the one-dimension array that then obtains is:
Figure 882968DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
; Wherein,
Figure 688113DEST_PATH_IMAGE005
;
Step (two): according to key
Figure 272678DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
replaced and to obtain watermark information
Figure 643617DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
, and keep said key and use so that extract end;
Step (three): the watermark information
Figure 406167DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
after the displacement is carried out low density parity check code (LDPC) coding;
Step (four): to the watermark information after encoding through LDPC; Carry out the BPSK modulation, obtain
Figure 495346DEST_PATH_IMAGE007
sequence
Figure 618023DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
;
Step (five): embed watermark in frame of video;
Said in frame of video the step of embed watermark specifically may further comprise the steps:
(1), original video is carried out variable-length decoding (VLD);
(2), carry out counter-scanning according to the video of zigzag rule after to variable-length decoding;
(3), carry out the AC/DC inverse prediction;
(4), treated water official seal breath is embedded in the DCT coefficient of luminance component of frame of video, embedding formula is:
Wherein,
Figure 51288DEST_PATH_IMAGE010
is
Figure 2012101372939100002DEST_PATH_IMAGE011
individual DCT coefficient of embed watermark;
Figure 893342DEST_PATH_IMAGE012
be will embed watermark
Figure 288552DEST_PATH_IMAGE011
individual DCT coefficient;
Figure 634082DEST_PATH_IMAGE013
is PN sequence; And
Figure 738436DEST_PATH_IMAGE014
; The amount of bits of each digital watermarking that
Figure 536627DEST_PATH_IMAGE015
expression embeds,
Figure 735528DEST_PATH_IMAGE016
; The span of
Figure 935565DEST_PATH_IMAGE017
is [0; 2048]; The span of
Figure 460087DEST_PATH_IMAGE011
is [0; 65536]; The span of is following: if
Figure 30057DEST_PATH_IMAGE019
, then
Figure 84600DEST_PATH_IMAGE020
; if
Figure 780024DEST_PATH_IMAGE021
, then
Figure 303540DEST_PATH_IMAGE022
; if
Figure 375401DEST_PATH_IMAGE023
, then
Figure 753293DEST_PATH_IMAGE024
; if , then
Figure 879698DEST_PATH_IMAGE026
;
(5), carry out AC/DC coefficient prediction and scan according to the zigzag rule;
(6), carry out Variable Length Code (VLC).
Step (six): repeat above step, up to the embedding of all frame of video being accomplished digital watermarking.
The step of said extraction watermark specifically may further comprise the steps:
(1) according to following formulas Extraction watermark information:
Wherein,
Figure 266610DEST_PATH_IMAGE028
be
Figure 569415DEST_PATH_IMAGE011
individual DCT coefficient of embed watermark; noise for introducing by embed watermark; And
Figure 933717DEST_PATH_IMAGE030
;
Figure 568092DEST_PATH_IMAGE031
is the PN sequence of being introduced by embed watermark equally;
Figure 41799DEST_PATH_IMAGE032
is the corrected value that obtains watermark information; The watermark information that obtains embedding through
Figure 10892DEST_PATH_IMAGE032
; is following with the relation of watermark bit
Figure 435237DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
: if ; Watermark bit
Figure 286966DEST_PATH_IMAGE034
then is so watermark information is 1; if
Figure 42433DEST_PATH_IMAGE035
; Watermark bit
Figure 369509DEST_PATH_IMAGE036
then is so watermark information is 0;
(2), the watermark information that extracts is carried out the LDPC decoding;
(3), according to the key information that keeps, the watermark information that extracts is carried out inverse permutation.
According to one preferred embodiment of the present invention, said LDPC sign indicating number is that code check is 0.9 irregular LDPC codes.
The method of embed digital watermark provided by the invention is applicable to the P2P streaming media video; And error correction coding (low-density checksum) is combined with the digital audio digital watermark; Watermark sequence is carried out precoding handle and the watermark attack to the various normal signals of digital watermarking, improved the robustness of scheme greatly with opposing.In addition, the present invention also has when extracting watermark information, need not use original video, can carry out the blind extraction of watermark, and can carry out self-tuning advantage, has very high practical value.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the theory diagram according to the digital watermarking algorithm of the embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 2 is the flow chart of the method for embed digital watermark in Streaming Media according to the embodiment of the invention.
Embodiment
With reference to the accompanying drawings the present invention is more comprehensively described, exemplary embodiment of the present invention wherein is described.
Fig. 1 is the theory diagram according to the digital watermarking algorithm of the embodiment of the invention.As shown in Figure 1, watermark information at first random permutation unit 104 carries out replacement of keys, carries out the LDPC coding through LDPC encoder 105 then, accomplish above-mentioned preliminary treatment after, modulate through BPSK modulator 106 again, be modulated into ± 1 sequence.In watermark embed process; Select to treat the original video frame of embed watermark according to key; Embed unit 101 embed watermarks through watermark; Then the video of embed watermark information is sent into encoder server 102, be encoded into behind the suitable video format and be transferred to the user who needs through P2P stream media network 103 again.At the watermark extracting end, extract by the watermark information after displacement and the coding through watermark extracting unit 107, carry out the iteration Soft decision decoding, carry out the watermark information that decommutation obtains estimating through watermark reduction unit 109 again through ldpc decoder 108 again.At last, through relatively playing 110 relatively original watermark information and the watermark information that extracts, judge the network-adaptive ability of watermarking algorithm, simultaneously, the PSNR value judgement watermarking algorithm through calculating frame of video before and after the embed watermark is to the influence of video quality.
Fig. 2 is the flow chart of the method for embed digital watermark in Streaming Media according to the embodiment of the invention.As shown in Figure 2, may further comprise the steps according to the method for embed digital watermark in Streaming Media of the embodiment of the invention:
Step (one): the watermark information apportion is read in, obtain one-dimension array
Figure 919439DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
;
Suppose that original watermark information is ; The watermark size is
Figure 173014DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
, and the one-dimension array that then obtains
Figure 354597DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
is:
Figure 341007DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
; Wherein,
Figure 506409DEST_PATH_IMAGE005
;
Step (two): according to key
Figure 351481DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
replaced and to obtain watermark information
Figure 184308DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
, and keep said key and use so that extract end;
Step (three): the watermark information
Figure 810461DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
after the displacement is carried out the LDPC coding;
LDPC is proposed in 1962 by doctor Gallager, becomes the focus of modern coding field research after Turbo, and performance is the very strong linear code of new generation of error correction very near shannon limit when iteration is encoded.Because watermark embedding, watermark can equivalence be digital communication system through Network Transmission, watermark extraction process; Therefore can utilize LDPC that the watermark information after the random permutation is encoded; The anti-ability of attacking of enhancement algorithms; Simultaneously can select parameters such as code check, check matrix flexibly according to requirement to robustness and invisibility.
LDPC is fully by the portrayal of its check matrix, and to calculate the ratio of sum very little as the term suggests so-called low-density checksum refers in the check matrix 1 number to account for unit.Can be divided into according to 1 distribution situation difference in the check matrix H: regular LDPC sign indicating number and irregular LDPC codes.Research shows that under the situation of identical code length and code check, non-regular code performance is better than regular code performance, therefore, adopts irregular LDPC codes in an embodiment of the present invention.
Through
Figure 463159DEST_PATH_IMAGE037
that obtains after the LDPC coding,
Figure 364119DEST_PATH_IMAGE038
is the check bit that generates according to check matrix H.If the watermark size that adopts is 21 * 21; In order to exceed the efficient watermark information that takies, adopting code check is that 0.9 irregular LDPC codes is encoded to the watermark information after the displacement, considers the needs that image shows simultaneously; The check bit requirement is 21 integral multiple; So the check bit that adds is 42, then actual bit rate is: R=(21*21)/(21*21+42)=0.913, then the actual size of check matrix H is 42 * 483.
Step (four): to the watermark information after encoding through LDPC; Carry out the BPSK modulation, obtain
Figure 802185DEST_PATH_IMAGE007
sequence
Figure 130398DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
;
Step (five): embed watermark in frame of video;
Said in frame of video the step of embed watermark specifically may further comprise the steps:
(1), original video is carried out variable-length decoding (VLD);
(2), carry out counter-scanning according to the video of zigzag rule after to variable-length decoding;
(3), carry out the AC/DC inverse prediction;
(4), treated water official seal breath is embedded in the DCT coefficient of luminance component of frame of video, embedding formula is:
Figure 270392DEST_PATH_IMAGE009
Wherein,
Figure 709464DEST_PATH_IMAGE010
is
Figure 720145DEST_PATH_IMAGE011
individual DCT coefficient of embed watermark;
Figure 969992DEST_PATH_IMAGE012
be will embed watermark
Figure 597283DEST_PATH_IMAGE011
individual DCT coefficient;
Figure 840045DEST_PATH_IMAGE013
is PN sequence; And
Figure 236391DEST_PATH_IMAGE014
, the amount of bits of each digital watermarking that
Figure 375249DEST_PATH_IMAGE015
expression embeds.
In one embodiment; Each frame of video is selected 8 DCT coefficients; And same watermark is embedded in 4 luminance factors, so
Figure 240568DEST_PATH_IMAGE016
.Watermark is the binary picture of
Figure 287021DEST_PATH_IMAGE039
; So; The span of is [0; 2048]; The span of
Figure 847633DEST_PATH_IMAGE011
is [0; 65536]; The span of is following: if
Figure 781883DEST_PATH_IMAGE019
, then
Figure 152821DEST_PATH_IMAGE020
; if
Figure 164640DEST_PATH_IMAGE021
, then ; if , then ; if
Figure 269813DEST_PATH_IMAGE025
, then
Figure 580709DEST_PATH_IMAGE026
.
(5), carry out AC/DC coefficient prediction and scan according to the zigzag rule;
(6), carry out Variable Length Code (VLC).
Step (six): repeat above step, up to the embedding of all frame of video being accomplished digital watermarking.
The process of extraction watermark and the process of embed watermark are similar, in the process of extracting watermark, need not use original video, and this is an advantage of the present invention, so the present invention can realize blind extraction.The step of extracting watermark is following:
(1) according to following formulas Extraction watermark information:
Figure 975918DEST_PATH_IMAGE027
Wherein, be
Figure 425802DEST_PATH_IMAGE011
individual DCT coefficient of embed watermark;
Figure 223994DEST_PATH_IMAGE029
noise for introducing by embed watermark; And
Figure 954052DEST_PATH_IMAGE030
;
Figure 154090DEST_PATH_IMAGE031
is the PN sequence of being introduced by embed watermark equally;
Figure 147453DEST_PATH_IMAGE032
is the corrected value that obtains watermark information; The watermark information that obtains embedding through ;
Figure 451844DEST_PATH_IMAGE032
is following with the relation of watermark bit
Figure 506388DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
: if
Figure 467390DEST_PATH_IMAGE033
; Watermark bit
Figure 812196DEST_PATH_IMAGE034
then is so watermark information is 1; if
Figure 618478DEST_PATH_IMAGE035
; Watermark bit
Figure 793107DEST_PATH_IMAGE036
then is so watermark information is 0.Therefore, when extracting watermark information, carrying out self-correcting also is of the present invention one big advantage.
(2), the watermark information that extracts is carried out the LDPC decoding;
(3), according to the key information that keeps, the watermark information that extracts is carried out inverse permutation.
The method of embed digital watermark provided by the invention is applicable to the P2P streaming media video; And error correction coding (low-density checksum) is combined with the digital audio digital watermark; Watermark sequence is carried out precoding handle and the watermark attack to the various normal signals of digital watermarking, improved the robustness of scheme greatly with opposing.In addition, the present invention also has when extracting watermark information, need not use original video, can carry out the blind extraction of watermark, and can carry out self-tuning advantage, has very high practical value.
Above content is merely preferred embodiment of the present invention, and for those of ordinary skill in the art, according to thought of the present invention, the part that on embodiment and range of application, all can change, this description should not be construed as limitation of the present invention.

Claims (2)

1. the method for an Applied Digital watermark in Streaming Media is characterized in that, said method comprises embed digital watermark step and the step of extracting watermark, and the step of said embed digital watermark specifically may further comprise the steps:
Step (one): the watermark information apportion is read in, obtain one-dimension array
Figure 670452DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
;
Suppose that original watermark information is ; The watermark size is
Figure 9478DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
, and the one-dimension array that then obtains
Figure 704901DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
is:
Figure 8843DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
; Wherein,
Figure 828507DEST_PATH_IMAGE005
;
Step (two): according to key
Figure 737558DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
replaced and to obtain watermark information
Figure 869462DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
, and keep said key and use so that extract end;
Step (three): the watermark information
Figure 863962DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
after the displacement is carried out low density parity check code (LDPC) coding;
Step (four): to the watermark information after encoding through LDPC; Carry out the BPSK modulation, obtain sequence
Figure 519383DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
;
Step (five): embed watermark in frame of video;
Said in frame of video the step of embed watermark specifically may further comprise the steps:
(1), original video is carried out variable-length decoding (VLD);
(2), carry out counter-scanning according to the video of zigzag rule after to variable-length decoding;
(3), carry out the AC/DC inverse prediction;
(4), treated water official seal breath is embedded in the DCT coefficient of luminance component of frame of video, embedding formula is:
Figure 556609DEST_PATH_IMAGE009
Wherein,
Figure 772827DEST_PATH_IMAGE010
is
Figure 2012101372939100001DEST_PATH_IMAGE011
individual DCT coefficient of embed watermark;
Figure 468381DEST_PATH_IMAGE012
be will embed watermark
Figure 352024DEST_PATH_IMAGE011
individual DCT coefficient; is PN sequence; And
Figure 529244DEST_PATH_IMAGE014
; The amount of bits of each digital watermarking that
Figure 215441DEST_PATH_IMAGE015
expression embeds,
Figure 704322DEST_PATH_IMAGE016
; The span of
Figure 348930DEST_PATH_IMAGE017
is [0; 2048]; The span of
Figure 805319DEST_PATH_IMAGE011
is [0; 65536]; The span of
Figure 29627DEST_PATH_IMAGE018
is following: if
Figure 887861DEST_PATH_IMAGE019
, then
Figure 451173DEST_PATH_IMAGE020
; if
Figure 129279DEST_PATH_IMAGE021
, then
Figure 688437DEST_PATH_IMAGE022
; if
Figure 870019DEST_PATH_IMAGE023
, then
Figure 856430DEST_PATH_IMAGE024
; if
Figure 38144DEST_PATH_IMAGE025
, then
Figure 135413DEST_PATH_IMAGE026
;
(5), carry out AC/DC coefficient prediction and scan according to the zigzag rule;
(6), carry out Variable Length Code (VLC);
Step (six): repeat above step, up to the embedding of all frame of video being accomplished digital watermarking;
The step of said extraction watermark specifically may further comprise the steps:
(1) according to following formulas Extraction watermark information:
Wherein,
Figure 328814DEST_PATH_IMAGE028
be individual DCT coefficient of embed watermark; noise for introducing by embed watermark; And
Figure 320538DEST_PATH_IMAGE030
;
Figure 648751DEST_PATH_IMAGE031
is the PN sequence of being introduced by embed watermark equally;
Figure 257587DEST_PATH_IMAGE032
is the corrected value that obtains watermark information; The watermark information that obtains embedding through
Figure 696658DEST_PATH_IMAGE032
;
Figure 989230DEST_PATH_IMAGE032
is following with the relation of watermark bit
Figure 488345DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
: if
Figure 584477DEST_PATH_IMAGE033
; Watermark bit
Figure 827239DEST_PATH_IMAGE034
then is so watermark information is 1; if
Figure 489165DEST_PATH_IMAGE035
; Watermark bit
Figure 918702DEST_PATH_IMAGE036
then is so watermark information is 0;
(2), the watermark information that extracts is carried out the LDPC decoding;
(3), according to the key information that keeps, the watermark information that extracts is carried out inverse permutation.
2. the method for Applied Digital watermark in Streaming Media according to claim 1 is characterized in that, said LDPC sign indicating number is that code check is 0.9 irregular LDPC codes.
CN2012101372939A 2012-05-07 2012-05-07 Method for applying digital watermarks in streaming media Pending CN102665100A (en)

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103237271A (en) * 2013-04-02 2013-08-07 北京中视广信科技有限公司 Method and system for embedding and detecting large-capacity video digital watermarks
CN106789068A (en) * 2016-12-19 2017-05-31 宇龙计算机通信科技(深圳)有限公司 Data processing method, data processing device and terminal
CN109036442A (en) * 2018-07-27 2018-12-18 北京感动无限科技有限公司 Watermark recognition methods and device for broadcasting content
CN109756738A (en) * 2017-11-02 2019-05-14 北京金山云网络技术有限公司 Digital watermarking addition, extracting method, device, electronic equipment and storage medium
CN117459650A (en) * 2023-12-20 2024-01-26 长沙矿冶研究院有限责任公司 Digital video watermarking method and system aiming at copyright protection

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103237271A (en) * 2013-04-02 2013-08-07 北京中视广信科技有限公司 Method and system for embedding and detecting large-capacity video digital watermarks
CN103237271B (en) * 2013-04-02 2016-04-06 北京中视广信科技有限公司 Large-capacity video embedding algorithm and detection method and system thereof
CN106789068A (en) * 2016-12-19 2017-05-31 宇龙计算机通信科技(深圳)有限公司 Data processing method, data processing device and terminal
CN106789068B (en) * 2016-12-19 2022-05-13 宇龙计算机通信科技(深圳)有限公司 Data processing method, data processing device and terminal
CN109756738A (en) * 2017-11-02 2019-05-14 北京金山云网络技术有限公司 Digital watermarking addition, extracting method, device, electronic equipment and storage medium
CN109756738B (en) * 2017-11-02 2021-04-16 北京金山云网络技术有限公司 Digital watermark adding and extracting method and device, electronic equipment and storage medium
CN109036442A (en) * 2018-07-27 2018-12-18 北京感动无限科技有限公司 Watermark recognition methods and device for broadcasting content
CN117459650A (en) * 2023-12-20 2024-01-26 长沙矿冶研究院有限责任公司 Digital video watermarking method and system aiming at copyright protection

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