The trimeric preparation method of acetone peroxide
Technical field
The present invention relates to the trimeric preparation method of acetone peroxide, belong to the energetic material technical field.
Background technology
Acetone peroxide tripolymer (Triacetone triperoxide TATP), formal name used at school: 3,3,6,6,9,9-vegolysen, 2,4,5,7,8-, six oxygen cyclononane are the products under acidic medium by acetone and hydrogen peroxide.Molecular formula is: C
9H
18O
6, molecular weight is 222.24.
Schulte-Ladbe.R in 2003, Kolla.p, Karst.U has delivered the trace analysis report of relevant acetone superoxide in Analytical Chemistry, propose to cause due to the reasons such as tension force of chemical bond the existence of acetone peroxide monomer, but dimer is more unstable than tripolymer.
Document record reports that the earliest event that TATP is used for the attack of terrorism is the pipe bomb event that Israel in 1980 occurs, and TATP sees Israel occupied area and Middle East repeatly for the manufacture of body bombs and car bomb subsequently.Typical case has shoes bomb event and Britain's subway explosive incident in 2005 of U.S.'s flight of calendar year 2001.In March, 2008 Beijing cracked China first TATP explosive manufacturing case be a School Students in Beijing.On March 28th, 2009, the one 14 years old middle school student in Hong Kong copy web material, have made TATP by oneself, grant the classmate, and its classmate lights when playing, and seriously wound hand, head and chest.
Although early stage due to the unstable unazotized characteristic of the easy distillation of TATP, very difficult to discerning of itself and Explosive Residues thereof, in recent years along with to the research of TATP deeply particularly to the in-depth of the understanding of its explosive decomposition characteristic, many explosive substances are discerned expert's development and are gone out the various methods of effectively discerning.
Because acetone peroxide tripolymer (TATP) structure is all unstable, therefore TATP is to warm, friction, impact is all very responsive, and slight friction or impact all can cause fierce blast, are once called for fun " Satan's mother " (Mother of Satan), character is similar with elementary priming explosive, brisance and TNT are suitable, and Meyer in 1977 have measured the gas comparison of TNT and TATP explosive decomposition, and the gas that the TATP blast of the quality such as discovery produces is equivalent to 80% of TNT.The people such as Jimmie C.Oxley in 2002 have studied the explosive combustion reaction of TATP, the TATP that discovery is less than two grams lights only burning at open space and does not explode, products of combustion is carbonic acid gas and water, a large amount of TATP can blast, a small amount of but also can produce blast at the TATP of enclosed space, after the TATP of complete drying places, distillation can be transformed into DADP, and this moment is than moistening TATP product explosive more.
but the most interesting is not the extreme susceptibility of TATP and DADP, but it is different from the explosive decomposition process of general explosive substance, usually the most of explosive substances known to us are all the oxidizing reaction decomposition coursees, and the explosive decomposition process of TATP is an Entropy Changes process, it is moment entropy increasing process, and there is no energy variation, this great discovery is that the people such as F.Dubnikova proposed in 2003, and delivered this achievement in research at Journal of the American Chemical Society, they point out that in article the combustion explosion process of TATP is different from general explosive, heat seldom or slight friction are clashed into just can cause the blast of TATP, this process is not oxidation reaction process but an entropy decomposition course, namely only has scission reaction, do not carry out oxidizing reaction.In this course, the TATP molecule first decomposes and discharges acetone, the Sauerstoffatom that connects together is scattered form oxygen and ozone molecule, and the energy that this process discharges is enough to make another TATP molecule generation chemical reaction, has kept the continuity of reaction.A TATP molecule finally can be decomposed into four molecules, and a small amount of TATP just can produce a large amount of gases, thereby produces powerful explosive power, therefore TATP is referred to as by " entropy explosive ".This result of study and the result of study of over nearly 60 years, various organo-peroxides being decomposed are coincide.
Acetone peroxide is to mix with hydrogen peroxide with acetone, carry out the product of catalyzed reaction under the acidic medium condition, product is white crystals, is dimer and trimerical compositions of mixtures by acetone peroxide, and the mixture of this composition and this mixture are dissolved in organic solvent and all have explosivity.Also till the present, do not see high purity TATP and TATP and how to separate with the DADP mixture.
The present invention reports the diverse a kind of very high TATP preparation method of purity for preparing of TATP preparation method before this.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is in order to propose the trimeric preparation method of acetone peroxide.
The objective of the invention is to be achieved through the following technical solutions.
The trimeric preparation method of acetone peroxide of the present invention, concrete steps are:
1) acetone and superoxide are cooled to 2~-5 ℃; Superoxide is hydrogen peroxide, ozone or benzoyl peroxide;
2) acetone and superoxide are mixed, the mass ratio of acetone and superoxide is 1: 1.5~3; Then mixed solution is placed in water cooler, cooling 1~2h again, temperature is controlled at 2~-5 ℃;
3) be added dropwise to the acidic medium catalyzer lentamente in mixed solution with dropping funnel, stir, until occur a large amount of white precipitates in reactor, stop stirring then standing 24~48 hours; Control 20~50 of rate of addition per minutes; The volume of catalyzer is 10%~20% of mixeding liquid volume; The acidic medium catalyzer is HCl, H
2SO
4, HAe, HNO
3, or H
3PO
4
4) to step 3) add frozen water in the product that obtains, stir suction filtration; Then filter cake is washed 3~5 times with frozen water, the volume of frozen water is 3~4 times of filter cake volume, until washings pH value is 6~7; Drain rear drying, obtain the trimeric thick product of acetone peroxide, productive rate is 96.75%.
5) the thick product of acetone peroxide trimer is carried out recrystallization; The recrystallization solvent for use is methyl alcohol, acetone or trichloromethane, and every gram crude product dissolves with 10~15ml solvent, is heated to 45~50 ℃ in water-bath, slowly stirring is dissolved it fully, then adds 2~3ml solvent/g crude product, dissolves complete naturally cooling and makes its crystallization, suction filtration, seasoning; After refining, the product yield is 93% of thick product, and purity is 99.3%~99.9%.
The thick product of acetone peroxide trimer is the white solid powder, irritating smell slightly, water insoluble, be slightly soluble in methyl alcohol, be soluble in most of organic solvents, fusing point is 91.7~94.0 ℃, and after recrystallizing methanol, fusing point is 93.5~94.5 ℃, the acetone peroxide trimer is white rule crystallization after with recrystallizing methanol, with being colourless rule crystallization after acetone recrystallization.
Beneficial effect
Method of the present invention is simple, security good.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the trimeric infrared spectrum of acetone peroxide of embodiment 1 preparation.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1
Add the cooling good acetone of 17.4g (0.3mol) and the hydrogen peroxide of 37.4g30% to mix 10 minutes in the 500ml beaker.After stirring, mixed solution is put into refrigerator cooling 1~2 hour again, control temperature at 2 ℃.Take out beaker, slowly be added dropwise to the concentrated hydrochloric acid of 10ml36% with dropper, rate of addition is 30 of per minutes; Stir while adding steadily; Until occur a large amount of white precipitates in beaker, stop stirring.Cover rim of a cup with preservative film, putting into water tank control temperature is 2 ℃, standing and reacting 30 hours.Add a small amount of frozen water in the beaker mixture, stir gently and make its suspension, use rapidly Bush's funnel suction filtration; Each frozen water washing with 3 times of gained solidss volumes left and right 5 times, to washings pH value be 6.8; Suction filtration, obtain acetone peroxide trimer crude product 21.9g after drying in the shade, productive rate is 98.47%.
Purify with the preparation-obtained crude product of 200ml dissolve with methanol, be heated to 47 ℃ in water-bath, stirring is dissolved it fully, then adds the methanol solvate into 10ml, and after stirring, naturally cooling makes its crystallization, suction filtration; Repeat above-mentioned recrystallization purification secondary again, obtain random crystalline product 20.87g after seasoning, productive rate is 93.91%, and purity is 98.57%.Its infrared spectrum following strong peak occurred as shown in Figure 1 in figure: 1180cm-strong peak, 947~786cm-quadruple strong peak, 3004~2948cm-double strong peak, 1360cm-strong peak.
Embodiment 2
Add the cooling good acetone of 26.1g (0.45mol) and 56.1g hydrogen peroxide (30%) to mix 10 minutes in the 500ml beaker.After stirring, mixed solution is put into refrigerator cooling 2 hours again, control temperature at 2 ℃.Take out beaker, slowly be added dropwise to 19ml acetic acid with dropper, rate of addition is 45 of per minutes; Stir while adding steadily; Until occur a large amount of white precipitates in beaker, stop stirring.Cover rim of a cup with preservative film, putting into water tank control temperature is 2 ℃, standing and reacting 36 hours.Add the 60ml frozen water in the beaker mixture, stir gently and make its suspension, use rapidly Bush's funnel suction filtration; The gained solids is with the washing of 200ml frozen water, until till washings pH value neutrality, suction filtration, obtains acetone peroxide trimer crude product 33g after drying in the shade, and productive rate is 98.99%.
Purify with the preparation-obtained crude product of 260ml acetone solution, be heated to 45 ℃ in water-bath, stirring is dissolved it fully, then adds the acetone solvent into 20ml, and after stirring, naturally cooling makes its crystallization, suction filtration; Repeat above-mentioned recrystallization again and purify three times, obtain random crystalline product 30.91g after seasoning, productive rate is 92.73%.Purity is 99.93%.
Embodiment 3
Add the cooling good acetone of 69.6g (1.2mol) and 149.6g hydrogen peroxide (30%) to mix 20 minutes in the 1000ml beaker.After stirring, mixed solution is put into refrigerator cooling 2 hours again, control temperature at 2 ℃.Take out beaker, slowly be added dropwise to 30ml phosphoric acid with dropper, rate of addition is 50 of per minutes; Stir while adding steadily; Until occur a large amount of white precipitates in beaker, stop stirring.Cover rim of a cup with preservative film, putting into water tank control temperature is 1 ℃, standing and reacting 24 hours.Add the 200ml frozen water in the beaker mixture, stir gently and make its suspension, use rapidly Bush's funnel suction filtration; The gained solids is with the washing of 400ml frozen water, until till washings pH value neutrality, suction filtration, obtains acetone peroxide trimer crude product 264g after drying in the shade, and productive rate is 99.0%.
Purify with the preparation-obtained crude product of 260ml dissolve with methanol, be heated to 45 ℃ in water-bath, stirring is dissolved it fully, then adds the methanol solvate into 20ml, and after stirring, naturally cooling makes its crystallization, suction filtration; Repeat above-mentioned recrystallization again and purify five times, obtain random crystal 2 42.9g after seasoning, productive rate is 91.08%.Purity is 99.96%.
In the recrystallization purification process, a product quality loss 2~5% of every recrystallization purification, purity improves 0.09~0.036%.When purity reaches 99.96%, further put forward highly purified possibility very little.
Embodiment 4
Add 34.8g (0.6mol)-5 ℃ acetone in the 500ml four-hole boiling flask, slowly add 32g ozone (0.65mol) to mix 22 minutes on the ice bath of-2 ℃.When controlling temperature at 2 ℃ on ice bath cooling 75 minutes, slowly be added dropwise to 15ml sulfuric acid, rate of addition is 38 of per minutes; Stir while adding steadily; Until occur a large amount of white precipitates in reaction flask, stop stirring.Controlling temperature is 2 ℃, standing and reacting 26 hours.Add the 90ml frozen water in the reaction flask mixture, stir gently and make its suspension, use rapidly Bush's funnel suction filtration; The gained solids is with the washing of 220ml frozen water, until till washings pH value neutrality, suction filtration, obtains crude product acetone peroxide trimer 42.45g after drying in the shade, and productive rate is 95.5%.
Purify with the preparation-obtained crude product of 300ml acetone solution, be heated to 42 ℃ in water-bath, stirring is dissolved it fully, and after stirring, naturally cooling makes its crystallization, obtains random crystalline product 39.87g after suction filtration, seasoning, and productive rate is 89.7%.Purity is 99.33%.
Embodiment 5
Add the cooling good acetone of 52.2g and the hydrogen peroxide of 110g30% to mix 10 minutes in the 1000ml beaker.After stirring, mixed solution is put into refrigerator cooling 45min again, control temperature at 2 ℃.Take out beaker, slowly be added dropwise to the concentrated nitric acid of 30ml with dropper, rate of addition is 30 of per minutes; Stir while adding steadily; Until occur a large amount of little yellow precipitates in beaker, stop stirring.Cover rim of a cup with preservative film, putting into water tank control temperature is 2 ℃, standing and reacting 24~48 hours.The water that adds 200ml2 ℃ in the beaker mixture stirs gently and makes its suspension, uses rapidly Bush's funnel suction filtration; With 1~2 ℃ of water washing, till reaching neutrality to the pH value, obtain white powder acetone peroxide trimer 65.8g after drying in the shade, productive rate is 98.7%, purity is 98.8%
Embodiment 6
Add the acetone of 2 ℃ of 1044g (18mol) at 10000ml in freezing reactor, slowly be added dropwise to the hydrogen peroxide with 2240g30%, mix 20 minutes, control 2 ℃ of temperature of reactor.Under the stirring at low speed state, slowly be added dropwise to 200ml acetic acid, rate of addition is 50~60 of per minutes; Until a large amount of precipitations appear in reactor, stop stirring.Standing and reacting 30 hours.
Mix the frozen water that adds 2 ℃ of 2000ml in reactor, blowing under the gentle agitation condition filters rapidly; Each with 1~2 ℃ of water washing of 5000ml 5~6 times, until till washings pH value reached neutrality, obtaining the acetone peroxide trimer after drying in the shade was white powder crude product 1314g, productive rate is 98.51%.
After thick product is used the 2000ml dissolve with methanol, be heated to 42 ℃, slow cooling under stirring state, controlling cooling rate 5min descends 1 ℃, stop stirring when dropping to 35 ℃, naturally cool to 5 ℃ and more than standing 5h after standing, suction filtration, obtain random trickle crystalline product 1216g after seasoning, productive rate is 91.2%.Purity is 99.59%.