CN102539333A - Device and method for assessing electro-chromic performance of lithium battery electrode material in situ - Google Patents
Device and method for assessing electro-chromic performance of lithium battery electrode material in situ Download PDFInfo
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- CN102539333A CN102539333A CN2012100650250A CN201210065025A CN102539333A CN 102539333 A CN102539333 A CN 102539333A CN 2012100650250 A CN2012100650250 A CN 2012100650250A CN 201210065025 A CN201210065025 A CN 201210065025A CN 102539333 A CN102539333 A CN 102539333A
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Abstract
The invention relates to a device and a method for assessing electro-chromic performance of a lithium battery electrode material in situ. The device comprises two transparent conductive substrates which are arranged oppositely, a cathode and an anode which are respectively formed on the inner surfaces of the two transparent conductive substrates, and an ionic conductive layer filled between the two transparent conductive substrates, wherein the anode is made of electro-chromic material; and the cathode is provided with a hollow part facing the anode. The device and the method can be used for assessing the electro-chromic performance of the electrode material in situ when a lithium battery is charged or discharged.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to field of display, be specifically related to a kind of device and method that is used for original position test and appraisal electrode material of lithium battery electrochromic property.
Background technology
Lithium battery is meant and contains the lithium battery of (comprising lithium metal, lithium alloy, lithium ion and lighium polymer) in the electrochemical system that lithium battery is widely used on electronic instrument, number and the household appliances with its superior performance.Wherein, lithium ion battery is one of present topmost secondary cell, and it mainly partly is made up of positive pole, negative pole, electrolyte, barrier film etc.In charging process, lithium ion embeds the negative pole from positive pole or electrolyte, and during discharge, just in time opposite, lithium ion takes off embedding and turns back in the positive pole from negative pole.That the use at present of the positive electrode of lithium ion battery is maximum is LiCiO
2Or LiMnO
2, negative pole mainly is a carbon.And be commonly called lithium metal battery during as negative pole with lithium metal or lithium alloy.In addition, electrolyte is as ion conductor, can be solid-state also can be liquid; Be the indispensable parts of lithium battery, play the effect of transmission lithium ion, it generally will satisfy: lithium ion conductivity is high; Thermal behavior is stable does not decompose, and electrochemical window is wide, conditions such as chemical stability height.Commercial Li-ion batteries mainly is to use the liquid organic solvent that contains lithium salts at present, like ethylene carbonate, carbonic allyl ester etc.Method of evaluating performance to lithium battery comprises cycle charge-discharge, testing impedance etc.
Electrochromic material is one of the most rising intellectual material of generally acknowledging at present.It is meant that the optical property of material changes thereupon through after applying voltage, and this change must be reversible, and typical electrochromism is because material removal lithium embedded or hydrogen ion cause the change of lattice parameter variation causing light absorption.Electrochromic material develops so far after the fifties causes concern from last century, has developed this functional material of numerous species, generally is divided into inorganic electrochromic material and organic electrochromic material, and inorganic electrochromic material has WO
3, MoO
3, NiO, IrOx etc., the organic electrochromic material has purple sieve essence, rare earth phthalocyanine, polyaniline etc.The former chemical stability is high, can realize all solid stateization, and is safe and reliable, wherein with WO
3Investigation of materials is the most extensive, is regarded as the electrochromic material of most probable practicability.The property of electrochromic material is expected to make it at the high-contrast display, becomes catoptron, is applied on the devices such as automobile rearview mirror, can also be used in energy-conservation and raising comfort level on buildings, the aircraft as intelligent window.Typical electrochromism device configuration comprises electrically conducting transparent substrate, electrochromic layer, ion storage layer, transparent ion conductive layer, and except electrochromic device generally is the whole clearing, this " sandwich " structure and film lithium cell are very similar.For example; Disclose among the Chinese patent bulletin CN201222152Y a kind of can electrochromic fexible film; Its pair surface is flexible and transparent basalis, transparency conducting layer from outside to inside; This two transparency conducting layer 2 is equipped with extraction electrode, in two transparency conducting layers, is gripped with electrochromic layer, ion conductor layer and ion storage layer.
The improvement of electrochromic discoloration (like transmitance variation, effective voltage, response time, variable color efficient etc.) and sign need a kind of quick; Effective method is estimated, and electrode material structure and lithium-inserting amount, the relation of response time need be studied through charge and discharge process, impedance spectrum.When carrying out the charge and discharge cycles test; Original position obtain the electrochromism electrode material to the transmitance transformation period of light, speed, cycle performance performance for the understanding material; Can save time greatly and material cost; Especially set up and discharge and recharge related with electrochromic property, can improve the accuracy and the foresight of performance characterization.
Yet, do not have at present any about can be in the loop test that discharges and recharges original position obtain the method for electrode material electrochromic property or be used for the research of the device of this method.
Summary of the invention
The problems referred to above in the face of the prior art existence; The inventor recognizes based on lithium battery and high similarity and the correlativity of two kinds of devices of electrochromism on material, configuration, characterization method; A kind of device and method that is used for original position test and appraisal electrode material of lithium battery electrochromic property is provided; Through this device original position test and appraisal electrode material electrochromic property when carrying out charging and discharging lithium battery; Thereby have the device of difunctional structure through this, can obtain the charging and discharging lithium battery performance and the electrochromic property of electrode material simultaneously.
According to an aspect of the present invention; A kind of device that is used for original position test and appraisal electrode material of lithium battery electrochromic property is provided; Comprise: negative pole and positive pole on the outermost two electrically conducting transparent substrates that are oppositely arranged, the inside surface that is respectively formed at this two electrically conducting transparents substrate; And be filled in the ion conductive layer between this two electrically conducting transparents substrate, and said positive pole is processed by electrochromic material, and said negative pole forms the hollow bulb that has towards said positive pole.
The present invention is through adopting the positive pole processed with electrochromic material and having the negative pole that makes the hollow bulb that light passes through; Constitute and have lithium battery and the bifunctional structure of electrochromism; Therefore the transmitance of charging and discharging lithium battery while this lithium battery of in-site detecting to light, electrochromic property, removal lithium embedded performance and impedance that the quantitative evaluation electrochromism is anodal can carried out.The present invention utilizes above-mentioned device can measure performance and parameters such as the charge/discharge capacity of battery, voltage curve, light transmission rate, impedance and electrochromism response time, modulation amplitude simultaneously; Foundation discharges and recharges related with discoloration; Simplified step greatly, improved efficient and foresight, and this device architecture is simple developing material and evaluation; Be prone to make, avoided repeatedly sign electrode material.
In the present invention, said hollow bulb can be circle, triangle, square or polygon.
Like this; Can be so that after light saw through from the electrically conducting transparent substrate of negative side, the hollow bulb that passes this negative pole shines the electrochromism positive pole, and from another electrically conducting transparent substrate of side of the positive electrode pass the back by the electrochromic property pick-up unit record; Guarantee this device discharge and recharge or impedance spectrum test in; Keep the unimpeded of light path, thereby accurately get access to parameters such as transmitance, response time.
Said electrochromic material comprises tungsten oxide, molybdena, nickel oxide, titania or vanadium oxide.
Like this, what can make this device just has an electrochromic property, contains in difference promptly that the absorption to light can change under the lithium-inserting amount.
In the present invention, said electrochromic material forms membrane structure.Preferably, the thickness of said film can be 50nm-2um.
Like this, anodal through the electrochromism of this membrane structure, can make entire device more frivolous.
In the present invention, said negative pole is processed by lithium metal or inorganic oxide.Preferably, said inorganic oxide comprises titania or selenium oxide.
Like this, can have lithium battery and the bifunctional structure of electrochromism, help original position test and appraisal electrode material of lithium battery electrochromic property when discharging and recharging with the common formation of positive pole.
Said electrically conducting transparent substrate is preferably transparent conducting glass, for example can use FTO (Fluorine doped tin oxide) film, ITO (Indium tin oxide) film etc.
Like this, can make light be easy to see through, thereby obtain transmitance.
Said ion conductive layer can be a liquid electrolyte, is preferably the carbonic allyl ester, ethylene carbonate or the diethyl carbonate solution that contain lithium salts.But also can the applying solid electrolyte, like lithium fluoride or polymkeric substance.
Like this, can improve the lithium ion conductivity of this ion conductive layer, and thermal behavior is stable, helps original position test and appraisal electrode material of lithium battery electrochromic property when discharging and recharging.
What more preferably, said lithium salts can be in lithium hexafluoro phosphate, lithium perchlorate and the trifluoromethayl sulfonic acid lithium is at least a.
Adopt this kind liquid electrolyte, more effectively original position test and appraisal electrode material of lithium battery electrochromic property when discharging and recharging.
In the present invention, the thickness of said ion conductive layer can be 1-100um.
Like this, can help realizing the charging and discharging lithium battery function electrode material of lithium battery of original position test and appraisal simultaneously electrochromic property with anodal and negative pole.
In the present invention, between the said electrically conducting transparent substrate that is oppositely arranged, has the encapsulating material that coats said positive pole, negative pole and ion conductive layer with said electrically conducting transparent substrate.
Like this, can between two electrically conducting transparent substrates, keep carrying out the seal cavity of electrochemical reaction.
Said encapsulating material can for teflon, hot melt fluid sealant, and ultraviolet cured adhesive at least a.
Like this, make that this encapsulating material can be reliably with electrically conducting transparent substrate clad anode, negative pole and ion conductive layer.
In the present invention, also comprise and be formed at the suprabasil connection terminal of said two electrically conducting transparents respectively.
Like this, can link to each other with external test arrangements, device is carried out charge-discharge performance test or testing impedance through this connection terminal.
According to a further aspect in the invention; A kind of method of utilizing above-mentioned device original position test and appraisal electrode material of lithium battery electrochromic property also is provided; Comprise: the connection terminal of said device is linked to each other with battery tester, said device is carried out charge-discharge performance test or testing impedance; Simultaneously said device is positioned in the electrochromic property pick-up unit, the light that is generated by this electrochromic property pick-up unit shines said device from negative side electrically conducting transparent bases; Said electrochromic property pick-up unit receives and writes down the light after hollow bulb, positive pole and the substrate of side of the positive electrode electrically conducting transparent of passing the substrate of said negative side electrically conducting transparent, negative pole successively; Said electrochromic property pick-up unit detects the electrochromic property of said electrochromic material according to the light that records.
Adopt this method, can carry out this electrode material of lithium battery electrochromic property of charging and discharging lithium battery original position test and appraisal simultaneously.
In the present invention, said electrochromic property comprises transmitance, response time and the optical modulation amplitude of light.
Said electrochromic property pick-up unit can comprise ultraviolet spectrophotometer.Can be determined at transmitance situation of change and response time under certain wavelength through this ultraviolet spectrophotometer.
In addition, in the present invention, said charge-discharge performance comprises the charge/discharge capacity and the change in voltage curve of said device.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation that is used for the device of original position test and appraisal electrode material of lithium battery electrochromic property of the present invention;
Fig. 2 be of the present invention be the stereographic map of the device that is used for original position test and appraisal electrode material of lithium battery electrochromic property of electrode with amorphous oxidation tungsten and endless metal lithium;
Fig. 3 is the structural representation of device shown in Figure 2;
Fig. 4 is that the transmitance of device shown in Figure 2 is with the charge and discharge process change curve;
Fig. 5 is that the transmitance of tungsten oxide and the endless metal lithium with the polycrystalline of the present invention device that is used for original position test and appraisal electrode material of lithium battery electrochromic property that is electrode is with the charge and discharge process change curve.
Embodiment
Below, with reference to accompanying drawing, and combine following embodiment to further specify the present invention.Should understand accompanying drawing and following embodiment only is that the present invention exemplarily is described, is not to limit the present invention, and in aim of the present invention and scope, following embodiment can have numerous variations.
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the present invention one the device that is used for original position test and appraisal electrode material of lithium battery electrochromic property.As shown in Figure 1, this device comprises two outermost electrically conducting transparent substrates 11,12 that are oppositely arranged, and forms the outgoing portion that incident section that light injects and light penetrate respectively; On the inside surface as the electrically conducting transparent substrate 11 of incident section, be formed with negative pole 2, the zone line of this negative pole 2 has the hollow bulb 21 that makes the light penetration that sees through from electrically conducting transparent substrate 11; On the inside surface as the electrically conducting transparent substrate 12 of outgoing portion, be formed with anodally 4, this positive pole 4 is processed towards the hollow bulb 21 of negative pole 2 and by electrochromic material, has electrochromic property, contains in difference promptly that the absorption to light can change under the lithium-inserting amount; In two electrically conducting transparent substrates 11, be filled with between 12 and connect anodal 4 and the ion conductive layer 3 of negative pole 2.
In the present invention, the hollow bulb of said negative pole can be circle, triangle, square or polygon, as long as satisfy the light that sees through from the electrically conducting transparent substrate 11 as the incident section can be penetrated, and keeps the unimpeded of light path to get final product.In the present invention, light sees through the electrically conducting transparent substrate 11 of negative side, after the hollow bulb 21 of negative pole 2 passes, shines on electrochromic anodal 4, penetrates from the electrically conducting transparent substrate 12 that sees through of side of the positive electrode at last.
Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 show the example that the present invention is used for the device of original position test and appraisal electrode material of lithium battery electrochromic property, and wherein to adopt the endless metal lithium be negative pole 2, with amorphous oxidation tungsten (WO
3) be anodal 4.Can find out that from Fig. 2 and 3 on the inside surface of two outermost electrically conducting transparent substrates 12,11 that are oppositely arranged, be formed with positive pole 4 and negative pole 2 respectively, this electrically conducting transparent substrate 11,12 in the present embodiment for example can be a transparent conducting glass; And in these two electrically conducting transparent substrates 11, be filled with between 12 and connect anodal 4 and the ion conductive layer 3 of negative pole 2, this ion conductive layer 3 can be an electrolytic solution in the present embodiment; Incident light sees through electrically conducting transparent substrate 11 backs of negative side and injects from the hollow bulb 21 of annular negative pole, penetrates from another electrically conducting transparent substrate 12 of side of the positive electrode; In these two electrically conducting transparent substrates 11 that are oppositely arranged, between 12, have the encapsulating material 5 with electrically conducting transparent substrate clad anode 4, negative pole 2 and ion conductive layer 3, this encapsulating material 5 can be teflon in the present embodiment; End in the electrically conducting transparent substrate 11 of negative side is formed with negative terminals, is formed with positive terminal at an end of the electrically conducting transparent substrate 12 of side of the positive electrode.
In the present invention, constitute anodal electrochromic material and can comprise tungsten oxide, molybdena, nickel oxide, titania or vanadium oxide, and should positive pole can form the form of membrane structure, this film thickness preferably can be 50nm-2um.The material that constitutes negative pole can be lithium metal or inorganic oxide, and this inorganic oxide preferably can be titania or selenium oxide.And the electrically conducting transparent substrate is preferably transparent conducting glass, for example can use FTO electro-conductive glass, ITO electro-conductive glass etc.Ion conductive layer can be a liquid electrolyte, is preferably the carbonic allyl ester, ethylene carbonate or the diethyl carbonate solution that contain lithium salts, but also can be solid electrolyte, like lithium fluoride or polymkeric substance.Above-mentioned lithium salts can be in lithium hexafluoro phosphate, lithium perchlorate and the trifluoromethayl sulfonic acid lithium at least a.The thickness of ion conductive layer can be 1-100um.Among the present invention, can utilize encapsulating material to seal positive pole, negative pole and electrolyte, this encapsulating material can for teflon, hot melt fluid sealant, and ultraviolet cured adhesive at least a.
The present invention also comprises the method for utilizing above-mentioned device original position test and appraisal electrode material of lithium battery electrochromic property, can be at the electrochromic property that carries out measuring when charging and discharging lithium battery is the removal lithium embedded performance test anode material of lithium battery through this method.
The present invention can carry out the transmitance of charging and discharging lithium battery while this lithium battery of in-site detecting to light; Study influence, the electrochromism of quantitative evaluation electrochomeric films and the removal lithium embedded performance of the micromechanism of electrochromic material through measuring impedance spectrum to its optical property.Utilize this kind device and assessment method can measure charge/discharge capacity, the voltage of battery simultaneously; Light transmission rate, performance and parameters such as electrical impedance spectrum and electrochromism switching time have been simplified the step to developing material and evaluation greatly; Improved efficient; This device architecture is simple, easy to be made, and this assessment method is simple to operate, has avoided the repeatedly sign to electrode material.This has the device of lithium battery and the bifunctional structure of electrochromism and uses the assessment method of this device to can be used for estimating various materials with removal lithium embedded and electrochromic property, and very big using value and bright development prospect are arranged.
Through following examples, but further explain preparation of devices and the method for application thereof that is used for original position test and appraisal electrode material of lithium battery electrochromic property of the present invention:
With FTO electro-conductive glass film is the electrically conducting transparent substrate, earlier with pulsed laser deposition (Pulsed laser deposition; PLD) method deposits the unbodied WO of one deck on a FTO electro-conductive glass film
3Film is as an electrode (positive pole), this unbodied WO
3Film thickness is 400nm, and is on another FTO electro-conductive glass film that the lithium metal of annular is fixing as another electrode (negative pole), and the border circular areas between wherein can pass through light.On two FTO electro-conductive glass films, just forming respectively/negative terminals.Fill between two electrodes with the volume ratio that is dissolved with lithium hexafluoro phosphate be ethylene carbonate and the dimethyl carbonate organic solvent of 1:1 as electrolyte after with polytetrafluoroethylene film around encapsulate, all operations all carries out in being filled with the glove box of argon gas.Structure with this device that is used for original position test and appraisal electrode material of lithium battery electrochromic property that forms is as shown in Figure 2.
When testing and assessing; Can with this device two just/negative terminals links to each other with respective terminal of a battery test system; This battery test system comprises the existing all kinds of battery test systems that can carry out the charge-discharge performance test to lithium battery, for example blue electric battery test system etc.On the electric battery test system of indigo plant with 100-300 μ Acm
-2Current density, begin discharge from the voltage of 3.6V, change in voltage is limited in the 1.2V, record charge/discharge capacity and change in voltage curve.Simultaneously, adopt the electrochromic property pick-up unit that the anodal electrochromic property of the electrochromism of this device is tested and assessed.This device is positioned in this electrochromic property pick-up unit, and the light that generates through this device shines this device, and through the light that penetrates this device is detected, obtains each anodal electrochromic property of electrochromism of this device.This pick-up unit can comprise ultraviolet spectrophotometer.For example, measure its transmitance situation of change and response time under the 600nm wavelength with ultraviolet spectrophotometer.The result sees Fig. 4.
With FTO electro-conductive glass film is the electrically conducting transparent substrate, on a FTO electro-conductive glass film, deposits the WO of one deck polycrystalline earlier with the PLD method
3Film is as electrode, the WO of this polycrystalline
3Film thickness is 400nm, and is on another FTO electro-conductive glass film that the lithium metal of annular is fixing as another electrode, and the border circular areas between wherein can pass through light.Fill between two electrodes with the volume ratio that is dissolved with lithium perchlorate be ethylene carbonate and the dimethyl carbonate organic solvent of 1:1 as electrolyte after with polytetrafluoroethylene film around encapsulate, all operations all carries out in being filled with the glove box of argon gas.When testing and assessing, can be with 100-300 μ Acm on the electric battery test system of indigo plant
-2Current density, begin discharge from the voltage of 3.6V, change in voltage is limited in the 1.2V, record charge/discharge capacity and change in voltage curve.Simultaneously, measure its transmitance situation of change and response time under the 600nm wavelength with ultraviolet spectrophotometer.The result sees Fig. 5.
With FTO electro-conductive glass film is the electrically conducting transparent substrate, on a FTO electro-conductive glass film, deposits the unbodied WO of one deck with the PLD method earlier
3Film is as electrode, this unbodied WO
3Film thickness is 400nm, and the titania/selenium oxide film that on another FTO electro-conductive glass film, adopts scalpel coating method preparation annular is as another electrode, and the border circular areas between wherein can pass through light.Fill between two electrodes with the volume ratio that is dissolved with lithium hexafluoro phosphate be ethylene carbonate and the dimethyl carbonate organic solvent of 1:1 as electrolyte after with polytetrafluoroethylene film around encapsulate, all operations all carries out in being filled with the glove box of argon gas.When testing and assessing, can be with 100-300 μ Acm on the electric battery test system of indigo plant
-2Current density, begin discharge from the voltage of 3.6V, change in voltage is limited in the 1.2V, record charge/discharge capacity and change in voltage curve.Simultaneously, measure its transmitance situation of change and response time under the 600nm wavelength with ultraviolet spectrophotometer.
Industrial applicability: the device and the assessment method that utilizes this device with lithium battery and the bifunctional structure of electrochromism of the present invention; Be applicable to and estimate all kinds of materials, have very big using value and bright development prospect at lithium battery and electrochromic material field with removal lithium embedded and electrochromic property.
Claims (21)
1. device that is used for original position test and appraisal electrode material of lithium battery electrochromic property; Comprise: negative pole and positive pole on the outermost two electrically conducting transparent substrates that are oppositely arranged, the inside surface that is respectively formed at this two electrically conducting transparents substrate; And be filled in the ion conductive layer between this two electrically conducting transparents substrate; Said positive pole is processed by electrochromic material, and said negative pole forms the hollow bulb that has towards said positive pole.
2. device according to claim 1 is characterized in that, said hollow bulb is circle, triangle, square or polygon.
3. device according to claim 1 is characterized in that said electrochromic material comprises tungsten oxide, molybdena, nickel oxide, titania or vanadium oxide.
4. device according to claim 1 is characterized in that said electrochromic material forms membrane structure.
5. device according to claim 4 is characterized in that, the thickness of said film is 50nm-2um.
6. device according to claim 1 is characterized in that said negative pole is processed by lithium metal or inorganic oxide.
7. device according to claim 6 is characterized in that said inorganic oxide comprises titania or selenium oxide.
8. device according to claim 1 is characterized in that, said electrically conducting transparent substrate is a transparent conducting glass.
9. device according to claim 1 is characterized in that, said ion conductive layer is a liquid electrolyte.
10. device according to claim 9 is characterized in that, said liquid electrolyte comprises carbonic allyl ester, ethylene carbonate or the diethyl carbonate solution that contains lithium salts.
11. device according to claim 10 is characterized in that, said lithium salts is at least a in lithium hexafluoro phosphate, lithium perchlorate and the trifluoromethayl sulfonic acid lithium.
12. device according to claim 1 is characterized in that, said ion conductive layer is a solid electrolyte.
13. device according to claim 12 is characterized in that, said solid electrolyte comprises lithium fluoride or polymkeric substance.
14. device according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the thickness of said ion conductive layer is 1-100um.
15. device according to claim 1 is characterized in that, between the said electrically conducting transparent substrate that is oppositely arranged, has the encapsulating material that coats said positive pole, negative pole and ion conductive layer with said electrically conducting transparent substrate.
16. device according to claim 15 is characterized in that, said encapsulating material be teflon, hot melt fluid sealant, and ultraviolet cured adhesive at least a.
17. according to each described device among the aforementioned claim 1-16, it is characterized in that, also comprise being formed at the suprabasil connection terminal of said two electrically conducting transparents respectively.
18. a method of utilizing each described device original position test and appraisal electrode material of lithium battery electrochromic property among the aforementioned claim 1-17 comprises:
The connection terminal of said device is linked to each other with battery tester, said device is carried out charge-discharge performance test or testing impedance;
Simultaneously said device is positioned in the electrochromic property pick-up unit, the light that is generated by this electrochromic property pick-up unit shines said device from negative side electrically conducting transparent bases;
Said electrochromic property pick-up unit receives and writes down the light after hollow bulb, positive pole and the substrate of side of the positive electrode electrically conducting transparent of passing the substrate of said negative side electrically conducting transparent, negative pole successively;
Said electrochromic property pick-up unit detects the electrochromic property of said electrochromic material according to the light that records.
19. method according to claim 18 is characterized in that, said electrochromic property comprises transmitance, response time and the optical modulation amplitude of light.
20. method according to claim 18 is characterized in that, said electrochromic property pick-up unit comprises ultraviolet spectrophotometer.
21. method according to claim 18 is characterized in that, said charge-discharge performance comprises the charge/discharge capacity and the change in voltage curve of said device.
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| CN110806386A (en) * | 2018-08-06 | 2020-02-18 | 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 | Detection chip for micro sample, use method, use device and detection system thereof |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN110806386A (en) * | 2018-08-06 | 2020-02-18 | 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 | Detection chip for micro sample, use method, use device and detection system thereof |
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| CN110003233A (en) * | 2019-04-04 | 2019-07-12 | 西安交通大学 | Purple sieve essence small molecule, polymer, derivative and its application of a kind of chalcogen bridging |
| CN110265741A (en) * | 2019-06-14 | 2019-09-20 | 浙江工业大学 | The electrochemical cell and test method of energy home position observation electrode material open simulation lithium battery of state change in charge and discharge process |
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