CN102531797B - 超级稻专用肥及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种超级稻专用肥及其制备方法，通过a.根据超级稻的营养特性和我省主要水田土壤的理化性状，筛选出适宜的氮、磷、钾配比的复合肥；b.将多种中微量营养元素与有机酸活性剂络合；c.将与有机酸络合的中微量营养元素添加到氮磷钾复合肥中，再添加增效剂，最后添加纳米控失剂，制成超级稻专用肥。本发明的超级稻专用肥不仅能够做到水稻前期不茂长，有效分蘖多，后期不脱肥，籽粒空壳少，而且能够有效改良土壤板结，减少肥料流失，大大地提高了养分利用率。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种超级稻专用肥、其制备方法。
背景技术
目前市场上流通都是普通复合肥或一般水稻专用肥，主要用于常规稻。而专门针对超级稻的肥料品种很少。一般复合肥或水稻专用肥应用在超级稻上有以下缺陷：
1.普通复合肥或一般水稻专用肥氮磷钾配比一般为20∶10∶10或12∶10∶8，因为复合肥的氮、磷比较便宜，钾相对较贵，厂家为了追求更高的利润，生产的复合肥氮、磷偏高，钾偏低，这样就不能发挥超级稻的高产潜力。
2.普通复合肥不含或很少含有中微量营养元素。由于中微量营养元素在复合肥中不计入有效养分，在复合肥中增加了这些中微量营养元素时，就意味着增加了成本，降低了市场竞争力。因此大部分肥料厂家，特别年产100万吨复合肥的大型肥料厂，他们讲究规模效益，为了降低生产成本，不会在复合肥中主动添加中微量营养元素。这样这些中微量营养元素就成为限制超级稻高产的短板。
3.普通复合肥利用率低。目前市场上主要有两种长效肥。一种是利用废弃塑料，经过高温熔化，包膜在尿素上，形成包膜尿素，再利用这些包膜尿素，与粒状的磷钾肥混合，制成长效复合肥；另一种是在复合肥中添加尿酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂，阻止尿素和铵态氮转化成硝态氮，从而减少氮肥的淋失和挥发。这两种长效肥针对的主要是提高氮肥利用率，而且是被动的，对提高磷钾利用率的作用不大。
4.普通复合肥施肥次数多，劳动强度高。按照一般施肥习惯，稻田耙平前施适量基肥；后期贪青倒伏，还需要添加适量锌肥防僵苗；抛秧或移栽后5～7天要追施分蘖肥；抛秧或移栽后20～23天再追施硅钙镁肥；倒二叶露出一半时追施保花肥加植物生长调节剂；生育后期还要根据情况喷施孕穗肥，微量喷施硼锌钼肥。一季水稻需要施多次肥。
发明内容
为克服上述缺陷，本发明的目的在于提供一种氮磷钾配比适宜、主动添加中微量营养元素、磷钾利用率高、施肥次数少的超级稻专用肥，以及该超级稻专用肥的制备方法。
本超级稻专用肥，其组分按重量份计，配方如下：
本超级稻专用肥的较佳配方为：
优选地，
所述中微量营养元素为硅酸钙、重过磷酸钙、硫酸镁、氯化镁、硫酸锌、氯化锌、硫酸锰、氯化锰、硫酸铜、氯化铜、硼砂、硼酸、钼酸铵、钼酸钠、硫酸亚铁、硫酸亚铁铵中选择含有钙元素、镁元素、锌元素、锰元素、铜元素、硼元素、钼元素、铁元素的五种或五种以上；
所述有机酸活性剂为氨基酸、柠檬酸、EDTA、丁二酸中的一种或一种以上；
所述增效剂为细胞分裂素、赤霉素、吲哚乙酸的一种或一种以上；
所述控失剂为经改性后变成网状结构的凹凸棒土。
本超级稻专用肥的制备方法，包括如下步骤：
a.根据超级稻的营养特性和我省主要水田土壤的理化性状，筛选出适宜的氮、磷、钾配比的复合肥；
b.将多种中微量营养元素与有机酸活性剂络合；
c.将与有机酸络合的中微量营养元素添加到氮磷钾复合肥中，再添加增效剂，最后添加纳米控失剂，制成超级稻专用肥。
与一般复合肥料相比，本发明的超级稻专用肥的氮磷钾配比合理，添加了增效剂和多种与有机酸活性剂络合的中微量营养元素，提高了中微量营养元素的有效性。并添加养分控失剂将超级稻品种达到高产所需要的多种营养元素以营养包的形式网捕固定在超级稻根系周围，超级稻可根据不同生长时期对不同营养元素的吸收效率和吸收量随需随取。不仅能够做到水稻前期不茂长，有效分蘖多，后期不脱肥，籽粒空壳少，而且能够有效改良土壤板结，减少肥料流失，大大地提高了养分利用率。而本超级稻专用肥施用一次，基本可满足超级稻全生育期需肥要求，既降低了肥料非有效成分用量，又节省了人工，环保又节能，关键是简化了超级稻高产栽培技术，降低了农民劳动强度和用工支出，有利于超级稻品种推广。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例与对比例对本发明作进一步的阐述，但不可理解为对本发明的限制，对于本领域的技术人员所作的非本质的改变与调整，也视为落在本发明的保护范围内。
另，以下所述的百分含量，如无特别说明，均为重量百分比。
实施例1：
根据超级稻的营养特性和我省主要水田土壤的理化性状，确定氮、磷、钾适宜的配比。将原料尿素33％、氯化铵20％、磷酸一铵18％、氯化钾21％粉碎、混合成氮磷钾复合肥；将中微量营养元素原料硅酸钙2％、硫酸镁1％、硫酸锌0.8％、硫酸锰0.5％、硫酸铜0.1％、硼酸0.3％、钼酸铵0.1％、硫酸亚铁0.1％与1％氨基酸与柠檬酸的混合物络合，添加到氮磷钾复合肥中；再将0.1％赤霉素和2％网状结构的凹凸棒土添加到氮磷钾复合肥中，制成42％超级稻专用肥，即制成氮、磷、钾有效养分含量≥42％的超级稻专用肥。
对比例1：
2011年5月在湖南桂东安排了超级稻专用肥在超级稻上的大田对比试验，供试肥料是实施例1中的42％超级稻肥(N、P2O5、K2O的重量比为22∶8∶12)，一次施肥。零售价95元/包，25公斤/包；对照为习惯施肥，即如上述背景技术里的多次施肥，肥料为市售45％复合肥(N、P2O5、K2O的重量比为15∶15∶15)，零售价75元/包，25公斤/包，施用量都是50公斤/亩，稻谷价格按照当地零售价2.5元/公斤计算，经济效益分析见表1：
表1
实施例2：
根据超级稻的营养特性和我省主要水田土壤的理化性状，确定氮、磷、钾适宜的配比。将原料尿素32.5％、氯化铵20％、磷酸一铵18％、氯化钾21％粉碎、混合成氮磷钾复合肥；将多种中微量营养元素硅酸钙2％、氯化镁1％、氯化锌0.8％、氯化锰0.5％、氯化铜0.1％、硼酸0.3％、钼酸钠0.2％、氯化亚铁0.5％与1％EDTA与柠檬酸混合物络合，添加到氮磷钾复合肥中；再将0.1％吲哚乙酸和2％网状结构的凹凸棒土添加到氮磷钾复合肥中，制成40％超级稻专用肥，即制成氮、磷、钾有效养分含量≥40％的超级稻专用肥。
对比例2：
与对比例1不同之处在于：对比试验是在湖南汨罗进行，且供试肥料是实施例2中的40％超级稻肥(N、P2O5、K2O的重量比为20∶8∶12)，零售价100元/包。经济效益分析见表2：
表2
从以上实施例与对比例表明，用本发明的超级稻专用肥后，基秆粗壮，生长稳健，叶片坚挺，熟期落色好，后期不早衰，不倒伏，抗病虫害。每亩施用50kg本发明的超级稻肥，亩产比习惯施肥增加111.2～130.1kg，纯收益比习惯施肥增加228～285.2元/亩，经济效益非常可观。从田间试验的考种结果来看，超级稻专用肥的主要作用是养分供应平衡长久，后期不早衰，不倒伏，有效分蘖多，成穗率高。既减轻了栽培的劳动强度和成本支出，又增加了农民收入。
Claims (4)
1.一种超级稻专用肥，其配方按重量百分比计，其特征在于：
尿素33％、氯化铵20％、磷酸一铵18％、氯化钾21％、硅酸钙2％、硫酸镁1％、硫酸锌0.8％、硫酸锰0.5％、硫酸铜0.1％、硼酸0.3％、钼酸铵0.1％、硫酸亚铁0.1％、氨基酸与柠檬酸的混合物1％、赤霉素0.1％和网状结构的凹凸棒土2％。
2.权利要求1所述的超级稻专用肥的制备方法，其特征在于：
将原料尿素33％、氯化铵20％、磷酸一铵18％、氯化钾21％粉碎，混合成氮磷钾复合肥；将中微量营养元素原料硅酸钙2％、硫酸镁1％、硫酸锌0.8％、硫酸锰0.5％、硫酸铜0.1％、硼酸0.3％、钼酸铵0.1％、硫酸亚铁0.1％与1％氨基酸与柠檬酸的混合物络合，添加到氮磷钾复合肥中；再将0.1％赤霉素和2％网状结构的凹凸棒土添加到氮磷钾复合肥中，制成超级稻专用肥。
3.一种超级稻专用肥，其配方按重量百分比计，其特征在于：
尿素32.5％、氯化铵20％、磷酸一铵18％、氯化钾21％、硅酸钙2％、氯化镁1％、氯化锌0.8％、氯化锰0.5％、氯化铜0.1％、硼酸0.3％、钼酸钠0.2％、氯化亚铁0.5％、EDTA与柠檬酸混合物1％、吲哚乙酸0.1％和网状结构的凹凸棒土2％。
4.如权利要求3所述的超级稻专用肥的制备方法，其特征在于：
将原料尿素32.5％、氯化铵20％、磷酸一铵18％、氯化钾21％粉碎，混合成氮磷钾复合肥；将多种中微量营养元素硅酸钙2％、氯化镁1％、氯化锌0.8％、氯化锰0.5％、氯化铜0.1％、硼酸0.3％、钼酸钠0.2％、氯化亚铁0.5％与1％EDTA与柠檬酸混合物络合，添加到氮磷钾复合肥中；再将0.1％吲哚乙酸和2％网状结构的凹凸棒土添加到氮磷钾复合肥，制成超级稻专用肥。
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