CN102443022A - Natural gas pipeline drag-reducing agent and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Natural gas pipeline drag-reducing agent and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN102443022A CN102443022A CN2011102472253A CN201110247225A CN102443022A CN 102443022 A CN102443022 A CN 102443022A CN 2011102472253 A CN2011102472253 A CN 2011102472253A CN 201110247225 A CN201110247225 A CN 201110247225A CN 102443022 A CN102443022 A CN 102443022A
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Abstract
The invention provides a natural gas pipeline drag-reducing agent and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) carrying out esterification reaction on fatty alcohol and phosphorus pentoxide to obtain an esterification product; and (2) carrying out hydrolysis reaction on the esterification product to obtain a hydrolysis product, and then adding ethanolamine into the hydrolysis product to carry out neutral reaction, thus obtaining the natural gas pipeline drag-reducing agent. The preparation method of the natural gas pipeline drag-reducing agent has the advantages of direct material source, simple operation, moderate reaction conditions, relatively simple process and low requirements for equipment, and can easily realize the large-scale industrial production. Besides, the natural gas pipeline drag-reducing agent has potential application values in the aspect of natural gas pipeline transport.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of gas pipeline drag reducer and preparation method thereof, particularly a kind of gas pipeline drag reduction agent and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
" 21 century will be the century of Sweet natural gas ", this is since the nineties in 20th century, to be popular in a kind of saying of international energy circle, and this shows that Sweet natural gas will play the part of more and more important role in the international energy structure of 21 century, and its demand also can grow with each passing day.As everyone knows; The circulation in the world of Sweet natural gas and crude oil mainly is to be main with pipe-line transportation; And in pipe conveying procedure, certainly will have drag losses; Therefore when long-distance pipe is carried, need compressor, compression pump, boosting station etc. carry out of power to guarantee to carry to be provided for fluid along journey.And the intervention of drag reduction technology can reduce the power of compressor, compression pump, and along the number of journey boosting station, thereby reduce cost.So pipeline drag reduction has become Sweet natural gas and crude oil increases defeated important means.
When fluid flowed in pipeline, its drag losses mainly contains two portions to be formed, and a part is that the useful pressure parallel with tubular axis that causes because fluid itself has viscosity is poor; The 2nd because the fluidic radial pulsation cause with the vertical useless pressure difference of tubular axis, so drag reduction can through the fluid viscosity reduction with reduce fluidic radial pulsation two portions and carry out.Reducing crude oil viscosity drag reduction and flow improver drag reduction technology all are used widely; The drag reducer for crude oil technology mainly is through in fluid, adding polymer injection; Utilize the visco-elasticity suppression fluid laminar flow and the turbulent flow radial pulsation at the interface of polymkeric substance, reduce the generation of eddy current, thereby reduce resistance to flow.For example be used in flow improver in the TransAlaska crude oil pipeline and be exactly molecular weight and be millions of grades typical long chain polymer.For natural gas line, present drag reduction method mainly contains natural gas line undercoat drag reduction technology and flow improver drag reduction technology.Sweet natural gas flow improver drag reduction technology is with the different of drag reducer for crude oil drag reduction technology: the one, consider the atomizing ability of flow improver, and the molecular weight of Sweet natural gas flow improver can not be very big; The 2nd, the zone of action of Sweet natural gas flow improver is not at laminar flow and turbulent at the interface, but directly acts on inner surface of pipeline, does not change the fluidic flow pattern.
The Sweet natural gas flow improver is the compound with polar end and non-polar end that is similar to surfactant structure, is filled into after the pipeline, and its polar end is adsorbed on the inner-walls of duct through co-ordination bond, and non-polar end stretches in the pipeline turbulent flow and is formed centrally thin film.Long nonpolar carbochain has elasticity to the film that forms because of the flow improver molecule has; Can buffer gas molecules and the collision of inner surface of pipeline; Absorb the part kinetic energy that air-flow collides tube wall; Suppress the fluid radial pulsation near wall place, reduce the generation of eddy current, thereby reduce the purpose that resistance to flow reaches drag reduction.In the US5020561 patent, proposed in gas pipeline, to use the method for flow improver drag reduction; Point out that flow improver is the material that is similar to inhibiter, lubricant and so on; For example: carbonatoms is between the 18-54, the molecular weight of long chain hydrocarbon be the lipid acid of 300-900, oxyalkylated fatty acid amine and or phthalein amine; The natural crude oil that contains 2%-35% bituminous matter and long chain hydrocarbon.
This technology also exists not enough in application, mainly contains: one, the defeated drag reduction mechanism of natural gas tube is lacked a complete compellent general theory.Also there is not at present the guidance of clear and definite drag reduction mechanism and flow improver molecular design theory.Two, flow improver has certain drag reduction cycle, needs filling regularly.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of gas pipeline drag reduction agent and preparation method thereof.
The preparation method of gas pipeline drag reduction agent provided by the invention comprises the steps:
(1) Fatty Alcohol(C12-C14 and C12-C18) and Vanadium Pentoxide in FLAKES carry out esterification and obtain esterification products;
(2) said esterification products is hydrolyzed and obtains hydrolysate after the reaction, in said hydrolysate, adds thanomin then and carries out neutralization reaction and promptly get said gas pipeline drag reduction agent.
Among the above-mentioned preparation method, the said Fatty Alcohol(C12-C14 and C12-C18) of step (1) can be the Fatty Alcohol(C12-C14 and C12-C18) that carbonatoms is 8-20, is 12,16 or 18 Fatty Alcohol(C12-C14 and C12-C18) like carbonatoms.
Among the above-mentioned preparation method, the temperature of the said esterification of step (1) can be 70 ℃-80 ℃, specifically can be 70 ℃ or 80 ℃; The time of said esterification can be 4 hours-6 hours, specifically can be 4 hours or 6 hours.
Among the above-mentioned preparation method, the mol ratio of said Fatty Alcohol(C12-C14 and C12-C18) of step (1) and Vanadium Pentoxide in FLAKES can be (3.0-3.5): 1.0, specifically can be 3.0: 1.0 or 3.5: 1.0.
Among the above-mentioned preparation method, the temperature of the said hydrolysis reaction of step (2) can be 80 ℃-90 ℃, specifically can be 80 ℃ or 90 ℃; The time of said hydrolysis reaction can be 2 hours-2.5 hours, specifically can be 2 hours or 2.5 hours.
Among the above-mentioned preparation method, the mol ratio of the Vanadium Pentoxide in FLAKES that adds in water that adds in the said hydrolysis reaction of step (2) and the step (1) can be 1.0: (1.0-1.5), specifically can be 1.0: 1.0 or 1.0: 1.5.
Among the above-mentioned preparation method, the said thanomin of step (2) can be 2 hydroxy ethylamine, 2,2 '-dihydroxyl diethylamine or 2,2 ', 2 "-Triaethanolamine.
Among the above-mentioned preparation method, the temperature of the said neutralization reaction of step (2) can be 80 ℃-90 ℃, specifically can be 80 ℃ or 90 ℃; The time of said neutralization reaction can be 1 hour-1.5 hours, specifically can be 1 hour or 1.5 hours.
Among the above-mentioned preparation method, the mol ratio of the Vanadium Pentoxide in FLAKES that adds in thanomin that adds in the said neutralization reaction of step (2) and the step (1) is (2.0-4.0): 1.0, specifically can be 2.0: 1.0,3.5: 1.0 or 4.0: 1.5.
The gas pipeline drag reduction agent that the above-mentioned preparation method of the present invention provides has the compound with polar end and non-polar end that is similar to surfactant structure; Its polar end is adsorbed on the inner-walls of duct through co-ordination bond; Non-polar end stretches in the pipeline turbulent flow and is formed centrally thin film, the partially filled roughness of tube wall; Long nonpolar carbochain has elasticity to the film that forms because of the flow improver molecule has; Can buffer gas molecules and the collision of inner surface of pipeline; Absorb the part kinetic energy that air-flow collides tube wall; Suppress the fluid radial pulsation near wall place, reduce the generation of eddy current, thereby reduce the purpose that resistance to flow reaches drag reduction.
The preparing method's of gas pipeline drag reduction agent provided by the invention raw material sources are direct, simple to operate, reaction conditions is gentle, and process is simple relatively, low for equipment requirements, are easy to realize large-scale industrial production.
After gas pipeline drag reduction agent provided by the invention injects natural gas line; Attached to inner-walls of duct and film forming; The partially filled roughness of tube wall makes the rigid surface of inner-walls of duct become elastic surface simultaneously, and the film of formation has snappiness because of this flow improver molecule has long nonpolar carbochain; Simultaneously; Electrochemical data shows that also this flow improver has film forming and corrosion inhibition, explains that fatty alcohol phosphate alcohol salt compounds provided by the invention has the needed character of Sweet natural gas flow improver, has potential drag reduction using value.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the infrared spectrogram of the gas pipeline drag reduction agent of embodiment 1 preparation.
Fig. 2 is the infrared spectrogram of 2 hydroxy ethylamine.
Fig. 3 is the infrared spectrogram of stearyl alcohol.
Fig. 4 is the stereoscan photograph on blank steel disc surface.
Fig. 5 is the stereoscan photograph on surface after the gas pipeline drag reduction agent film forming of embodiment 1 preparation.
Fig. 6 is the anti-corrosion inhibition curve of blank steel disc with the steel disc of the gas pipeline drag reduction agent that scribbles embodiment 1 preparation.
Embodiment
Employed experimental technique is ordinary method like no specified otherwise among the following embodiment.
Used material, reagent etc. like no specified otherwise, all can obtain from commercial sources among the following embodiment.
Infrared spectrogram among the following embodiment of the present invention is at Fourier transformation infrared spectrometer (product type: measure NEXUS FTIR), adopt the KBr pressed disc method.
The preparation of embodiment 1, gas pipeline drag reduction agent
The stearyl alcohol of 47.25g is joined in the there-necked flask; After being warming up to 60 ℃ of heating fusions; The Vanadium Pentoxide in FLAKES (mol ratio of stearyl alcohol and Vanadium Pentoxide in FLAKES is 3.5: 1.0) that under stirring fast, adds 7.0g; Be warming up to 70 ℃, under this temperature, carry out esterification and obtained the 54.25g esterification products in 6 hours; In the esterification products that obtains, add 0.9g water (mol ratio of Vanadium Pentoxide in FLAKES and water is 1.0: 1.0) then, the reaction that under 90 ℃, is hydrolyzed obtained hydrolysate 55.15g in 2 hours; In the hydrolysate that obtains, add the 6.1g 2 hydroxy ethylamine then and carry out neutralization reaction (mol ratio of Vanadium Pentoxide in FLAKES and 2 hydroxy ethylamine is 1.0: 2.0); Under 90 ℃, carried out neutralization reaction 1 hour, filtered while hot gets the 38.8g white waxy solid and is gas pipeline drag reduction agent then.
The preparation of embodiment 2, gas pipeline drag reduction agent
The hexadecanol of 42.40g is joined in the there-necked flask; After being warming up to 60 ℃ of heating fusions; The Vanadium Pentoxide in FLAKES (mol ratio of hexadecanol and Vanadium Pentoxide in FLAKES is 3.5: 1.0) that under stirring fast, adds 7.0g; Be warming up to 80 ℃, under this temperature, carry out esterification and obtained the 49.40g esterification products in 4 hours; In the esterification products that obtains, add 0.6g water (mol ratio of Vanadium Pentoxide in FLAKES and water is 1.5: 1.0) then, the reaction that under 80 ℃, is hydrolyzed obtained hydrolysate 50.30g in 2.5 hours; In the hydrolysate that obtains, add 10.68g 2 then; 2 '-dihydroxyl diethylamine carries out neutralization reaction (mol ratio of Vanadium Pentoxide in FLAKES and 2 hydroxy ethylamine is 1.0: 3.5); Under 90 ℃, carried out neutralization reaction 1 hour, filtered while hot gets the 60.98g white waxy solid and is gas pipeline drag reduction agent then.
The preparation of embodiment 3, gas pipeline drag reduction agent
The lauryl alcohol of 27.70g is joined in the there-necked flask; After being warming up to 60 ℃ of heating fusions; The Vanadium Pentoxide in FLAKES (mol ratio of lauryl alcohol and Vanadium Pentoxide in FLAKES is 3.0: 1.0) that under stirring fast, adds 7.0g; Be warming up to 70 ℃, under this temperature, carry out esterification and obtained the 39.60g esterification products in 6 hours; In the esterification products that obtains, add 0.9g water (mol ratio of Vanadium Pentoxide in FLAKES and water is 1.0: 1.0) then, the reaction that under 90 ℃, is hydrolyzed obtained hydrolysate 40.50g in 2 hours; In the hydrolysate that obtains, add 12.2g 2 then; 2 '; 2 "-Triaethanolamine carries out neutralization reaction (mol ratio of Vanadium Pentoxide in FLAKES and 2 hydroxy ethylamine is 1.0: 4.0); Under 80 ℃, carried out neutralization reaction 1.5 hours, filtered while hot gets the 77.6g white waxy solid and is gas pipeline drag reduction agent then.
Fig. 1 is the infrared spectrogram of the gas pipeline drag reduction agent of embodiment 1 preparation, and Fig. 2 is the infrared spectrogram of 2 hydroxy ethylamine, and Fig. 3 is the infrared spectrogram of stearyl alcohol.Among Fig. 2,3286cm
-1And 3351cm
-1The peak be the charateristic avsorption band of primary amine, this peak disappears among Fig. 1, simultaneously at 3000cm
-1The broad peak that occurs is the charateristic avsorption band of primary amine salt, and this broad peak is not obvious, is because and 2920cm
-1, 2848cm
-1The peak of methyl methylene radical has coincidence to cause, but can find out considerable change with Fig. 3 contrast.By on can prove that this gas pipeline drag reduction agent is an ammonium salt.Among Fig. 1,1202cm
-1Be the absorption peak of P=O key, 2920cm
-1, 2848cm
-1, 1470cm
-1And 720cm
-1The appearance at peak can judge (CH
2)
nExistence, 1080cm
-1The peak at place is the charateristic avsorption band of fat, and stearyl alcohol and P are described
2O
5Reaction has also generated fat.There is alcohol-OH in this gas pipeline drag reduction agent, but at 3600cm
-1Near do not have its characteristic peak, this possibly be because-OH forms intermolecular ydrogen bonding, makes absorption peak to 3200cm
-1Low frequency moves, and is covered by the wide absorption peak of primary amine salt.But at 710cm
-1The peak at place is the out-of-plane deformation vibration of O-H, can prove in this gas pipeline drag reduction agent-existence of OH.
Fig. 4 is the stereoscan photograph on blank steel disc surface, and Fig. 5 be a surperficial stereoscan photograph after the gas pipeline drag reduction agent film forming of embodiment 1 preparation.Film is: this gas pipeline drag reduction agent of 5.0g is dissolved in the 57.0mL ethanol, and the steel disc of crossing treated (oil removing, rust cleaning, with the polishing of metallographic paper) immerses wherein, takes out after 6 hours to dry up, and on awkward silence at a meeting emission scan Electronic Speculum, carries out microscopic analysis then.Compare with Fig. 4; Its roughness of steel disc surface that scribbles this gas pipeline drag reduction agent has had tangible improvement; Lip-deep " trench " by its " filling ", the gas pipeline drag reduction agent of illustrative embodiment 1 preparation has good steel surface film forming character, has the potential resistance reducing performance.
Fig. 6 is the anti-corrosion inhibition curve of blank steel disc with the steel disc of the gas pipeline drag reduction agent that scribbles embodiment 1 preparation.As can be seen from Figure 6; Scribble obviously negative the moving of current potential of steel disc of the gas pipeline drag reduction agent of embodiment 1 preparation; The current density in spike left side does not have obvious variation before and after scribbling this gas pipeline drag reduction agent, and the current density on spike right side significantly moves down under same current potential, can see that tangible current density reduces; The gas pipeline drag reduction agent that can prove embodiment 1 preparation has corrosion mitigating effect, and corrosion mitigating effect is obvious.Negative the moving in position that spike occurs; Be that negative this gas pipeline drag reduction agent of explanation that moves of current potential belongs to the cathode type inhibiter according to the inhibiter type; Only influence cathodic current variation in the electrochemistry; So represent the spike left side of anodic current density not have considerable change, and represent the spike right side of cathode current density to have tangible current density to reduce.Can know that by above analysis the gas pipeline drag reduction agent of the embodiment of the invention 1 preparation can form firm inhibition type adsorption film on the steel disc surface, and has good corrosion mitigating effect, has potential drag reduction using value.
Claims (10)
1. the preparation method of a gas pipeline drag reduction agent comprises the steps:
(1) Fatty Alcohol(C12-C14 and C12-C18) and Vanadium Pentoxide in FLAKES carry out esterification and obtain esterification products;
(2) said esterification products is hydrolyzed and obtains hydrolysate after the reaction, in said hydrolysate, adds thanomin then and carries out neutralization reaction and promptly get said gas pipeline drag reduction agent.
2. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the said Fatty Alcohol(C12-C14 and C12-C18) of step (1) is that carbonatoms is the Fatty Alcohol(C12-C14 and C12-C18) of 8-20.
3. method according to claim 1 and 2 is characterized in that: the temperature of the said esterification of step (1) is 70 ℃-80 ℃; The time of said esterification is 4 hours-6 hours.
4. according to arbitrary described method among the claim 1-3, it is characterized in that: the mol ratio of said Fatty Alcohol(C12-C14 and C12-C18) of step (1) and Vanadium Pentoxide in FLAKES is (3.0-3.5): 1.0.
5. according to arbitrary described method among the claim 1-4, it is characterized in that: the temperature of the said hydrolysis reaction of step (2) is 80 ℃-90 ℃; The time of said hydrolysis reaction is 2 hours-2.5 hours.
6. according to arbitrary described method among the claim 1-5, it is characterized in that: the mol ratio of the Vanadium Pentoxide in FLAKES that adds in water that adds in the said hydrolysis reaction of step (2) and the step (1) is 1.0: (1.0-1.5).
7. according to arbitrary described method among the claim 1-6, it is characterized in that: the said thanomin of step (2) is a 2 hydroxy ethylamine, 2,2 '-dihydroxyl diethylamine or 2,2 ', 2 "-Triaethanolamine.
8. according to arbitrary described method among the claim 1-7, it is characterized in that: the temperature of the said neutralization reaction of step (2) is 80 ℃-90 ℃; The time of said neutralization reaction is 1 hour-1.5 hours.
9. according to arbitrary described method among the claim 1-8, it is characterized in that: the mol ratio of the Vanadium Pentoxide in FLAKES that adds in thanomin that adds in the said neutralization reaction of step (2) and the step (1) is (2.0-4.0): 1.0.
10. the gas pipeline drag reduction agent that arbitrary said method prepares among the claim 1-9.
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| CN102863473A (en) * | 2012-09-18 | 2013-01-09 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Hexatomic-ring alkylsiloxane-phosphate natural gas pipeline corrosion-inhibition drag reducer and preparation method thereof |
| CN104610351A (en) * | 2013-11-05 | 2015-05-13 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Nitrogen-phosphorus type natural gas drag reducer and synthesis method thereof |
| CN104610350A (en) * | 2013-11-05 | 2015-05-13 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Nitrogen-phosphorus type natural gas drag reducer and synthesis method thereof |
| WO2015067210A1 (en) * | 2013-11-08 | 2015-05-14 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Mercaptotriazole drag reducer for transmission pipeline and preparation method therefor |
| CN104633447A (en) * | 2014-12-07 | 2015-05-20 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Nitrogen-contained type natural gas drag-reduction agent and synthesis method of nitrogen-contained type natural gas drag-reduction agent |
| CN104633448A (en) * | 2014-12-07 | 2015-05-20 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Nitrogenous natural gas drag reducing agent and synthetic method thereof |
| CN108017667A (en) * | 2016-11-01 | 2018-05-11 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Phosphate amine salt natural gas drag reducer and its preparation method and application |
| CN108017666A (en) * | 2016-11-01 | 2018-05-11 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | A kind of phosphate amine salt natural gas drag reducer and its preparation method and application |
| CN111363518A (en) * | 2020-04-20 | 2020-07-03 | 辽宁大学 | Preparation method of phosphate drag reducer and application of phosphate drag reducer in gas pipeline |
| CN111377959A (en) * | 2018-12-31 | 2020-07-07 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Phosphate oligomer natural gas drag reducer and synthesis method and application thereof |
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| CN102863473B (en) * | 2012-09-18 | 2015-07-29 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Six-ring alkylsiloxane-phosphoric acid ester natural gas line corrosion inhibition type drag reducer and preparation method thereof |
| CN102863473A (en) * | 2012-09-18 | 2013-01-09 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Hexatomic-ring alkylsiloxane-phosphate natural gas pipeline corrosion-inhibition drag reducer and preparation method thereof |
| CN104610351A (en) * | 2013-11-05 | 2015-05-13 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Nitrogen-phosphorus type natural gas drag reducer and synthesis method thereof |
| CN104610350A (en) * | 2013-11-05 | 2015-05-13 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Nitrogen-phosphorus type natural gas drag reducer and synthesis method thereof |
| CN104610350B (en) * | 2013-11-05 | 2017-03-29 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | A kind of phosphorus-nitrogen type natural gas drag reducer and its synthetic method |
| CN104610351B (en) * | 2013-11-05 | 2017-03-29 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Phosphorus-nitrogen type natural gas drag reducer and its synthetic method |
| GB2538876B (en) * | 2013-11-08 | 2020-11-04 | Petrochina Co Ltd | Mercaptotriazole-based drag-reducing agent for gas transmission pipelines and preparation method therefor |
| WO2015067210A1 (en) * | 2013-11-08 | 2015-05-14 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Mercaptotriazole drag reducer for transmission pipeline and preparation method therefor |
| RU2637014C1 (en) * | 2013-11-08 | 2017-11-29 | Петрочайна Компани Лимитед | Antifriction agent based on mercaptotriazole for gas pipelines and method of its preparation |
| GB2538876A (en) * | 2013-11-08 | 2016-11-30 | Petrochina Co Ltd | Mercaptotriazole drag reducer for transmission pipeline and preparation method therefor |
| CN104633448A (en) * | 2014-12-07 | 2015-05-20 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Nitrogenous natural gas drag reducing agent and synthetic method thereof |
| CN104633447A (en) * | 2014-12-07 | 2015-05-20 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Nitrogen-contained type natural gas drag-reduction agent and synthesis method of nitrogen-contained type natural gas drag-reduction agent |
| CN108017666B (en) * | 2016-11-01 | 2021-03-05 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Phosphate amine salt natural gas drag reducer and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN108017666A (en) * | 2016-11-01 | 2018-05-11 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | A kind of phosphate amine salt natural gas drag reducer and its preparation method and application |
| CN108017667A (en) * | 2016-11-01 | 2018-05-11 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Phosphate amine salt natural gas drag reducer and its preparation method and application |
| CN108017667B (en) * | 2016-11-01 | 2021-04-06 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Phosphate amine salt natural gas drag reducer and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN111377959A (en) * | 2018-12-31 | 2020-07-07 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Phosphate oligomer natural gas drag reducer and synthesis method and application thereof |
| CN111377959B (en) * | 2018-12-31 | 2023-04-07 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Phosphate oligomer natural gas drag reducer and synthesis method and application thereof |
| CN111363518A (en) * | 2020-04-20 | 2020-07-03 | 辽宁大学 | Preparation method of phosphate drag reducer and application of phosphate drag reducer in gas pipeline |
| CN111363518B (en) * | 2020-04-20 | 2023-09-15 | 辽宁大学 | Preparation method of phosphate drag reducer and application of phosphate drag reducer in gas pipeline |
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Application publication date: 20120509 |