CN102409371B - Method for detecting micro-arc oxidation arcing characteristics of alloy by using anodic polarization curve - Google Patents
Method for detecting micro-arc oxidation arcing characteristics of alloy by using anodic polarization curve Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for detecting micro-arc oxidation arcing characteristics of an alloy by using an anodic polarization curve, and relates to a micro-arc oxidation method for the alloy, which aims to solved the technical problems of high working amount and waste of electric energy and solution raw materials caused by the conventional method for verifying influences of types and using amount of additives in an electrolyte solution on the micro-arc oxidation arcing characteristics by using a micro-arc oxidation experiment process. The method comprises the following steps of: measuring the anodic polarization curve, which uses voltage U as a horizontal ordinate and current I as a vertical coordinate, of the alloy in an electrolyte solution to be verified; judging whether micro-arc oxidation can be performed or not due to the existence of a passivation area; determining micro-arc oxidation arcing discharging voltage of the alloy in the electrolyte solution according to widths of passivation intervals; and when the widths of the passivation intervals are approximate to one another, determining the micro-arc oxidation arcing discharging voltage of the alloy in the electrolyte solution according to polarization current of a passivation film before destabilization. By the method, energy sources are saved for a low-voltage low-current-density process; and the method can be used for predicting the micro-arc oxidation arcing characteristics of the alloy.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the method for alloy differential arc oxidation.
Background technology
The advantages such as magnesium alloy is little with its density, higher than strong specific rigidity, electromagnetic wave shielding is good are applied to the industrial circles such as aviation, automobile and telecommunications.But because the magnesium chemical property is active, very easily oxidation, form loose porous oxide film on surface, and this oxide film is poor to the protective capability of matrix, is not suitable for being used in most corrosive environment, and the poor shortcoming of its solidity to corrosion has restricted its further application.Differential arc oxidation is at a kind of process for modifying surface grown up on the anodic oxidation basis, this technology is that the metal such as magnesium, aluminium, titanium or its alloy are placed in to electrolytic solution, under the actings in conjunction such as High Temperature High Pressure, thermochemistry, plasma chemistry and electrochemistry, makes the surface of material produce the method that spark discharge generates ceramic film.It is simple that this technology has technique, environmental pollution is few, the efficiency high, and the advantages such as ceramic coating formed by micro-arc oxidation has, and film-substrate cohesion is strong, wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant, high temperature oxidation resisting and good insulating, therefore utilize differential arc oxidation to carry out surface modification to magnesium alloy and have good prospects.
Because differential arc oxidation is the working process of high-voltage, high current density, in actual production, when disposable processing area is larger, there will be to mao power source or electrical network rated output have relatively high expectations, the problem such as energy utilization rate is low.Electrolyte prescription is one of important factor affected the differential arc oxidation reaction, suitable electrolysis additive is for the operating voltage that reduces differential arc oxidation and then reduce differential arc oxidation and process needed power and have obvious effect, but because chemical additive is of a great variety, electrolytic solution containing which kind of additive can carry out the differential arc oxidation electric discharge, which kind of additive is conducive to reduce the differential arc oxidation sparking voltage, all to utilize the differential arc oxidation experimentation of high-voltage, high current density to go checking, this makes workload huge, and has wasted a large amount of electric energy and solution materials.
Summary of the invention
The present invention be to solve that the workload that the existing kind of utilizing the differential arc oxidation experimentation to remove to verify additive in electrolytic solution and consumption cause the method for differential arc oxidation ignition behavior impact is large, the technical problem of waste electric energy and solution materials, and provide the method for utilizing anodic polarization curves to detect alloy differential arc oxidation ignition behavior.
The method of utilizing anodic polarization curves to detect alloy differential arc oxidation ignition behavior of the present invention is carried out according to the following steps:
One, prepare electrolytic solution to be verified;
Two, measure the anodic polarization curves that voltage U is ordinate zou as X-coordinate, the electric current I of take of take in the electrolytic solution to be verified that alloy obtains in step 1;
Three, on the anodic polarization curves recorded through step 2, if there is no passivation region, alloy can not carry out differential arc oxidation in this electrolytic solution; If there is passivation region, alloy can carry out differential arc oxidation in this electrolytic solution; Wider between passivation region, to play the voltage of arc discharge lower for alloy differential arc oxidation in this electrolytic solution; When the passivation interval width is close, on anodic polarization curves, the front polarizing current of passivation film unstability is less, and alloy differential arc oxidation starting the arc sparking voltage in this electrolytic solution is lower; Thereby draw alloy differential arc oxidation ignition behavior.
The present invention adopts the anodic polarization curves of voltage-to-current form to judge that can magnesium alloy carry out the height order that the differential arc oxidation electric discharge reaches differential arc oxidation sparking voltage in electrolytic solution not of the same race in electrolytic solution, using the working fluid of corresponding electrolytic solution during as the behavior of magnesium alloy electrochemical polarization, pass through anodic polarization curves, judge whether magnesium alloy can carry out differential arc oxidation electric discharge and carry out the height of differential arc oxidation striking voltage while playing arc discharge in different electrolytes in this electrolytic solution, for the selection of differential arc oxidation electrolysis additive provides a simple and effective reference means.On anodic polarization curves, if there is no passivation region, passivation phenomenon can not occur in alloy in this electrolytic solution, and alloy can not carry out differential arc oxidation electric discharge behavior in this electrolytic solution; On anodic polarization curves, if there is passivation region, passivation phenomenon can occur in alloy in this electrolytic solution, and alloy can carry out differential arc oxidation electric discharge behavior in this electrolytic solution; The judgement of differential arc oxidation striking voltage is carried out in two steps: at first, between the passivation region of height by the anodic polarization curves in corresponding electrolytic solution of alloy striking voltage in different electrolytes, judge.On anodic polarization curves, wider between passivation region, lower at corresponding electrolytic solution interalloy differential arc oxidation starting the arc sparking voltage; Can carry out during differential arc oxidation plays the electrolytic solution of arc discharge, when on the alloy anode polarization curve, the passivation interval width is close, the height of striking voltage by passive film unstability on anodic polarization curves before the judgement of polarizing current size of current.On anodic polarization curves, the front polarizing current of passivation film unstability is less, lower at corresponding electrolytic solution interalloy differential arc oxidation starting the arc sparking voltage.In method of the present invention, the condition of beta alloy anodic polarization curves, with respect to differential arc oxidation, is the process of a low pressure, low current density, thereby can simplify the process of judgement alloy differential arc oxidation characteristic, and then save energy.
The present invention can be used for predicting alloy differential arc oxidation ignition behavior.
The accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the anodic polarization curves recorded in the step 2 of test one, wherein a is the anodic polarization curves that the first is AZ31 magnesium alloy in the concentration sodium silicate aqueous solution that is 10g/L, and b is the anodic polarization curves that the second is AZ31 magnesium alloy in the concentration sodium phosphate aqueous solution that is 10g/L; C is the third anodic polarization curves for AZ31 magnesium alloy in the concentration potassium chloride solution that is 10g/L; It is the concentration anodic polarization curves that is AZ31 magnesium alloy in the 10g/L sodium molybdate aqueous solution that d is the 4th kind; E is the 5th kind of anodic polarization curves for AZ31 magnesium alloy in the concentration biphosphate sodium water solution that is 10g/L;
Fig. 2 is the anodic polarization curves recorded in the step 2 of test two; Wherein f is the anodic polarization curves in the AZ31 magnesium alloy sodium silicate aqueous solution that is 10g/L in concentration; G is the anodic polarization curves in the AZ31 magnesium alloy sodium phosphate aqueous solution that is 10g/L in concentration; H is the anodic polarization curves in the AZ31 magnesium alloy sodium fluoride aqueous solution that is 10g/L in concentration; I is the anodic polarization curves in the AZ31 magnesium alloy aqueous sodium carbonate that is 10g/L in concentration; The anodic polarization curves that j is the AZ31 magnesium alloy potassium hydroxide aqueous solution that is 10g/L in concentration; The anodic polarization curves of the mixed aqueous solution that the concentration that k is the AZ31 magnesium alloy is 5g/L, potassium hydroxide in the concentration of sodium phosphate is 1g/L; Anodic polarization curves in the mixed aqueous solution that the concentration that the concentration that l is the AZ31 magnesium alloy is 5g/L, potassium hydroxide in the concentration of sodium phosphate is 1g/L, Sodium Fluoride is 5g/L; The anodic polarization curves of the mixed aqueous solution that the concentration that m is the AZ31 magnesium alloy is 5g/L, water glass in the concentration of sodium phosphate is 5g/L; Anodic polarization curves in the mixed aqueous solution that the concentration that n is the AZ31 magnesium alloy is 1g/L, Sodium Fluoride in the concentration of potassium hydroxide is 5g/L; Anodic polarization curves in the mixed aqueous solution that the concentration that o is the AZ31 magnesium alloy is 5g/L, Sodium Fluoride in the concentration of water glass is 5g/L;
Fig. 3 is passivation interval width figure on test two AZ31 magnesium alloy anode polarization curve;
Fig. 4 is the front polarizing current figure of passivation film unstability on test two AZ31 magnesium alloy anode polarization curves.
Embodiment
Embodiment one: the method for utilizing anodic polarization curves to detect alloy differential arc oxidation ignition behavior of present embodiment is carried out according to the following steps:
One, prepare electrolytic solution to be verified;
Two, measure the anodic polarization curves that voltage U is ordinate zou as X-coordinate, the electric current I of take of take in the electrolytic solution to be verified that alloy obtains in step 1;
Three, on the anodic polarization curves recorded through step 2, if there is no passivation region, alloy can not carry out differential arc oxidation in this electrolytic solution; If there is passivation region, alloy can carry out differential arc oxidation in this electrolytic solution; Wider between passivation region, to play the voltage of arc discharge lower for alloy differential arc oxidation in this electrolytic solution; When the passivation interval width is close, on anodic polarization curves, the front polarizing current of passivation film unstability is less, and alloy differential arc oxidation starting the arc sparking voltage in this electrolytic solution is lower; Thereby draw alloy differential arc oxidation ignition behavior.
The condition that the method for present embodiment utilizes the alloy anode polarization curve to come side, with respect to differential arc oxidation, is the process of a low pressure, low current density, thereby can simplify the process of judgement alloy differential arc oxidation characteristic, and then save energy.
Embodiment two: present embodiment is different from embodiment one is that alloy in step 2 is magnesium alloy, aluminium alloy or titanium alloy.Other is identical with embodiment one.
Embodiment three: present embodiment is different from embodiment one or two is that anodic polarization curves in step 2 is measured with potentiostatic method.Other is identical with embodiment one or two.
Embodiment four: present embodiment is different from embodiment and one or two is that the measuring method of the anodic polarization curves in step 2 is as follows: the electrochemistry comprehensive test platform that adopts CHI604C, adopt three-electrode system, reference electrode is saturated mercurous chloride electrode, supporting electrode is selected platinum electrode, tested alloy is as anode, and electrolytic solution to be verified is as corrosive medium; The potential measurement scope is: scanning current potential-2 to (6~9) V, sweep velocity 0.01V/s, static 10S before scanning; What after whole curved scanning is complete, obtain is common voltage-to-current logarithmic curve, current potential-electric current logarithmic curve is converted to the voltage-to-current curve and is needed anodic polarization curves.Other is identical with embodiment one or two.
Following verification experimental verification beneficial effect of the present invention for the present invention:
Test one: the method for utilizing anodic polarization curves to detect alloy differential arc oxidation ignition behavior of this test is carried out according to the following steps:
One, prepare electrolytic solution to be verified; Wherein electrolytic solution to be verified has five kinds, and the first is the sodium silicate aqueous solution that concentration is 10g/L, and the second is the sodium phosphate aqueous solution that concentration is 10g/L; The third potassium chloride solution that is 10g/L for concentration; The 4th kind is the 10g/L sodium molybdate aqueous solution for concentration; The 5th kind is the concentration biphosphate sodium water solution that is 10g/L;
Two, equipment and the step of potentiostatic method mensuration alloy anode polarization curve are: the anodic polarization curves in the electrolytic solution to be verified that the electrochemistry comprehensive test platform mensuration AZ31 magnesium alloy of the CHI604C produced with Shanghai Chen Hua instrument company obtains in step 1; Test process adopts three-electrode system, and reference electrode is saturated mercurous chloride electrode, and supporting electrode is selected platinum electrode, and tested AZ31 magnesium alloy is as anode; Electrolytic solution to be verified is as corrosive medium; The potential measurement scope is: scanning current potential-2 are to 9V, sweep velocity 0.01V/s, and static 10S before scanning, obtain the voltage-to-current logarithmic curve, then current potential-electric current logarithmic curve is converted to and take the anodic polarization curves that voltage U is ordinate zou as X-coordinate, the electric current I of take;
Three, on the anodic polarization curves recorded through step 2, if there is no passivation region, alloy can not carry out differential arc oxidation in this electrolytic solution; If there is passivation region, alloy can carry out differential arc oxidation in this electrolytic solution; Wider between passivation region, to play the voltage of arc discharge lower for alloy differential arc oxidation in this electrolytic solution; When the passivation interval width is close, on anodic polarization curves, the front polarizing current of passivation film unstability is less, and alloy differential arc oxidation starting the arc sparking voltage in this electrolytic solution is lower; Thereby draw alloy differential arc oxidation ignition behavior.
The anodic polarization curves wherein recorded in step 2 as shown in Figure 1, wherein a is the anodic polarization curves that the first is AZ31 magnesium alloy in the concentration sodium silicate aqueous solution that is 10g/L, and b is the anodic polarization curves that the second is AZ31 magnesium alloy in the concentration sodium phosphate aqueous solution that is 10g/L; C is the third anodic polarization curves for AZ31 magnesium alloy in the concentration potassium chloride solution that is 10g/L; It is the concentration anodic polarization curves that is AZ31 magnesium alloy in the 10g/L sodium molybdate aqueous solution that d is the 4th kind; E is the 5th kind of anodic polarization curves for AZ31 magnesium alloy in the concentration biphosphate sodium water solution that is 10g/L;
As can be seen from Figure 1, on tri-curve anodic polarization curves of c, d and e, do not exist between passivation region, therefore, the potassium chloride solution that is 10g/L in concentration or concentration are that in 10g/L sodium molybdate aqueous solution and the concentration biphosphate sodium water solution that is 10g/L, the AZ31 magnesium alloy can not carry out differential arc oxidation and play arc discharge; And exist between passivation region on two anodic polarization curves of a and b, therefore, in the sodium phosphate aqueous solution that the sodium silicate aqueous solution that is 10g/L in concentration or concentration are 10g/L, the AZ31 magnesium alloy can carry out differential arc oxidation and play arc discharge.This result and actual measured coming to the same thing.
Test two: the method for utilizing anodic polarization curves to detect alloy differential arc oxidation ignition behavior of this test is carried out according to the following steps:
One, prepare electrolytic solution to be verified; Wherein electrolytic solution to be verified has following ten kinds:
(1) sodium silicate aqueous solution that concentration is 10g/L;
(2) sodium phosphate aqueous solution that concentration is 10g/L;
(3) sodium fluoride aqueous solution that concentration is 10g/L;
(4) aqueous sodium carbonate that concentration is 10g/L;
(5) potassium hydroxide aqueous solution that concentration is 10g/L;
(6) mixed aqueous solution that the concentration that the concentration of sodium phosphate is 5g/L, potassium hydroxide is 1g/L;
(7) mixed aqueous solution that the concentration that the concentration that the concentration of sodium phosphate is 5g/L, potassium hydroxide is 1g/L, Sodium Fluoride is 5g/L;
(8) mixed aqueous solution that the concentration that the concentration of sodium phosphate is 5g/L, water glass is 5g/L;
(9) mixed aqueous solution that the concentration that the concentration of potassium hydroxide is 1g/L, Sodium Fluoride is 5g/L;
(10) mixed aqueous solution that the concentration that the concentration of water glass is 5g/L, Sodium Fluoride is 5g/L;
Two, equipment and the step of potentiostatic method mensuration alloy anode polarization curve are: the anodic polarization curves in the electrolytic solution to be verified that the electrochemistry comprehensive test platform mensuration AZ31 magnesium alloy of the CHI604C produced with Shanghai Chen Hua instrument company obtains in step 1; Test process adopts three-electrode system, and reference electrode is saturated mercurous chloride electrode, and supporting electrode is selected platinum electrode, and tested AZ31 magnesium alloy is as anode; Electrolytic solution to be verified is as corrosive medium; The potential measurement scope is: scanning current potential-2 are to 9V, sweep velocity 0.01V/s, and static 10S before scanning, obtain the voltage-to-current logarithmic curve, then current potential-electric current logarithmic curve is converted to and take the anodic polarization curves that voltage U is ordinate zou as X-coordinate, the electric current I of take;
Three, on the anodic polarization curves recorded through step 2, if there is no passivation region, alloy can not carry out differential arc oxidation in this electrolytic solution; If there is passivation region, alloy can carry out differential arc oxidation in this electrolytic solution; Wider between passivation region, to play the voltage of arc discharge lower for alloy differential arc oxidation in this electrolytic solution; When the passivation interval width is close, on anodic polarization curves, the front polarizing current of passivation film unstability is less, and alloy differential arc oxidation starting the arc sparking voltage in this electrolytic solution is lower; Thereby draw alloy differential arc oxidation ignition behavior.
As shown in Figure 2, in Fig. 2, f is the anodic polarization curves in the AZ31 magnesium alloy sodium silicate aqueous solution that is 10g/L in concentration to the anodic polarization curves wherein recorded in step 2; G is the anodic polarization curves in the AZ31 magnesium alloy sodium phosphate aqueous solution that is 10g/L in concentration; H is the anodic polarization curves in the AZ31 magnesium alloy sodium fluoride aqueous solution that is 10g/L in concentration; I is the anodic polarization curves in the AZ31 magnesium alloy aqueous sodium carbonate that is 10g/L in concentration; The anodic polarization curves that j is the AZ31 magnesium alloy potassium hydroxide aqueous solution that is 10g/L in concentration; The anodic polarization curves of the mixed aqueous solution that the concentration that k is the AZ31 magnesium alloy is 5g/L, potassium hydroxide in the concentration of sodium phosphate is 1g/L; Anodic polarization curves in the mixed aqueous solution that the concentration that the concentration that l is the AZ31 magnesium alloy is 5g/L, potassium hydroxide in the concentration of sodium phosphate is 1g/L, Sodium Fluoride is 5g/L; The anodic polarization curves of the mixed aqueous solution that the concentration that m is the AZ31 magnesium alloy is 5g/L, water glass in the concentration of sodium phosphate is 5g/L; Anodic polarization curves in the mixed aqueous solution that the concentration that n is the AZ31 magnesium alloy is 1g/L, Sodium Fluoride in the concentration of potassium hydroxide is 5g/L; Anodic polarization curves in the mixed aqueous solution that the concentration that o is the AZ31 magnesium alloy is 5g/L, Sodium Fluoride in the concentration of water glass is 5g/L.
As can be seen from Figure 2, on the anodic polarization curves of AZ31 magnesium alloy in ten kinds of electrolytic solution of this test, all exist between passivation region, therefore, the AZ31 magnesium alloy can carry out differential arc oxidation and play arc discharge in these ten kinds of electrolytic solution; In the method for this test, the condition of beta alloy anodic polarization curves, with respect to differential arc oxidation, is the process of a low pressure, low current density, thereby can simplify the process of judgement alloy differential arc oxidation characteristic, and then save energy.
In different electrolytes on AZ31 magnesium alloy anode polarization curve the passivation interval width as shown in Figure 3, its concrete data are as shown in table 1.
Passivation interval width on AZ31 magnesium alloy anode polarization curve in table 1 different electrolytes
Sequence number | Electrolytic solution | Passivation interval width (V) |
f | The water glass of 10g/L | 4.94 |
g | The sodium phosphate of 10g/L | 4.95 |
h | The Sodium Fluoride of 10g/L | 4.82 |
i | The sodium carbonate of 10g/L | 5.03 |
j | The potassium hydroxide of 10g/L | 5.12 |
k | 5g/L sodium phosphate+1g/L potassium hydroxide | 6.83 |
l | 5g/L sodium phosphate+1g/L potassium hydroxide+5g/L Sodium Fluoride | 9.95 |
m | 5g/L sodium phosphate+5g/L water glass | 4.82 |
n | 1g/L potassium hydroxide+5g/L Sodium Fluoride | 9.98 |
o | 5g/L water glass+5g/L Sodium Fluoride | 9.96 |
On anodic polarization curves, wider between passivation region, in corresponding electrolytic solution, AZ31 magnesium alloy differential arc oxidation starting the arc sparking voltage is lower; From table 1, tentatively can find out, the size order of AZ31 magnesium alloy differential arc oxidation starting the arc sparking voltage U is: (Ul, Un, Uo)<Uk<(Uf, Ug, Uh, Ui, Uj, Um)
When on AZ31 magnesium alloy anode polarization curve, the passivation interval width is close, on anodic polarization curves, the front polarizing current of passivation film unstability is less, and in corresponding electrolytic solution, magnesium alloy differential arc oxidation starting the arc sparking voltage is lower.
In this test, in the passivation interval width in close electrolytic solution, before the passivation film unstability, as shown in Figure 4, its concrete numerical value is as shown in table 2 for polarizing current.
The front polarizing current of passivation film unstability on AZ31 magnesium alloy anode polarization curve in table 2 different electrolytes
As can be seen from Table 2, the size order of AZ31 magnesium alloy differential arc oxidation starting the arc sparking voltage U is:
Ul<Un<Uo;
Uj<Uh<Uf<Um<Ug<Ui
Comprehensively can draw: Ul<Un<Uo<Uk<Uj<Uh<Uf<Um<Ug<Ui
Experimental result with predict the outcome identical.In the method for this test, the condition of beta alloy anodic polarization curves, with respect to differential arc oxidation, is the process of a low pressure, low current density, thereby can simplify the process of judgement alloy differential arc oxidation characteristic, and then save energy.
Claims (3)
1. utilize anodic polarization curves to detect the method for alloy differential arc oxidation ignition behavior, it is characterized in that utilizing the method for anodic polarization curves detection alloy differential arc oxidation ignition behavior to carry out according to the following steps:
One, prepare electrolytic solution to be verified;
Two, measure the anodic polarization curves that voltage U is ordinate zou as X-coordinate, the electric current I of take of take in the electrolytic solution to be verified that alloy obtains in step 1;
Three, on the anodic polarization curves recorded through step 2, if there is no passivation region, alloy can not carry out differential arc oxidation in this electrolytic solution; If there is passivation region, alloy can carry out differential arc oxidation in this electrolytic solution; Wider between passivation region, to play the voltage of arc discharge lower for alloy differential arc oxidation in this electrolytic solution; When the passivation interval width is close, on anodic polarization curves, the front polarizing current of passivation film unstability is less, and alloy differential arc oxidation starting the arc sparking voltage in this electrolytic solution is lower; Thereby draw alloy differential arc oxidation ignition behavior;
The measuring method of the anodic polarization curves in described step 2 is as follows: the electrochemistry comprehensive test platform that adopts CHI604C, adopt three-electrode system, reference electrode is saturated mercurous chloride electrode, and supporting electrode is selected platinum electrode, tested alloy is as anode, and electrolytic solution to be verified is as corrosive medium; The potential measurement scope is: scanning current potential-2 are to 6V~9V, and sweep velocity 0.01V/s, scan front static 10S; What after whole curved scanning is complete, obtain is common voltage-to-current logarithmic curve, current potential-electric current logarithmic curve is converted to the voltage-to-current curve and is needed anodic polarization curves.
2. the method for utilizing anodic polarization curves to detect alloy differential arc oxidation ignition behavior according to claim 1, is characterized in that the alloy in step 2 is magnesium alloy, aluminium alloy or titanium alloy.
3. the method for utilizing anodic polarization curves to detect alloy differential arc oxidation ignition behavior according to claim 1 and 2, is characterized in that the anodic polarization curves in step 2 is measured with potentiostatic method.
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CN1844484A (en) * | 2006-03-24 | 2006-10-11 | 中国科学院长春应用化学研究所 | Microarc oxidation treatment method for high strength casting rare earth magnesium alloy |
CN101698957A (en) * | 2009-10-29 | 2010-04-28 | 中国科学院长春应用化学研究所 | Micro-arc oxidation treatment method of heat-resistant cast rare earth magnesium alloy |
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CN1844484A (en) * | 2006-03-24 | 2006-10-11 | 中国科学院长春应用化学研究所 | Microarc oxidation treatment method for high strength casting rare earth magnesium alloy |
CN101698957A (en) * | 2009-10-29 | 2010-04-28 | 中国科学院长春应用化学研究所 | Micro-arc oxidation treatment method of heat-resistant cast rare earth magnesium alloy |
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