CN102373096B - Coupling method of coal gasification technology and steam turbine generating technology - Google Patents

Coupling method of coal gasification technology and steam turbine generating technology Download PDF

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CN102373096B
CN102373096B CN2010102587178A CN201010258717A CN102373096B CN 102373096 B CN102373096 B CN 102373096B CN 2010102587178 A CN2010102587178 A CN 2010102587178A CN 201010258717 A CN201010258717 A CN 201010258717A CN 102373096 B CN102373096 B CN 102373096B
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steam
coal
mixture
gasification
reaction
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CN102373096A (en
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甘中学
谷俊杰
李金来
赵晓
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ENN Science and Technology Development Co Ltd
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/16Combined cycle power plant [CCPP], or combined cycle gas turbine [CCGT]
    • Y02E20/18Integrated gasification combined cycle [IGCC], e.g. combined with carbon capture and storage [CCS]
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10Process efficiency
    • Y02P20/129Energy recovery, e.g. by cogeneration, H2recovery or pressure recovery turbines

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Abstract

The invention discloses a coupling method of a coal gasification technology and a steam turbine generating technology. The coupling method comprises steps that a high temperature mixture leaving a coal gasifier after reaction is cooled by water; generated high temperature and high pressure steam is used in a Rankine cycling for generating; the mixture after reaction is treated with water removal and slag removal to obtain a gas; after decompressional expansion, the gas substitutes routine cooling water to enter into a condenser of the Rankine cycling and play a role of cooling medium for cooling dead steam. Therefore, a generating efficiency of the Rankine cycling is increased.

Description

The coupling process of coal gasifying process and steam turbine generation technique
Invention field
The present invention relates to the Poly-generation field of coal, be specially and take the pneumoelectric coproduction field that coal is raw material.
Background technique
Current, Coal Gasification Technology is in China's extensive use, but substantially is confined to coal chemical technology, take and obtains tangible chemical product as main.In order to improve energy efficiency, current development trend is that Coal Gasification Technology and generation technology are combined, and carries out so-called pneumoelectric coproduction.Take coal as raw material, co-production synthesis gas, electricity and hot.The further combustion power generation of synthetic gas wherein, or further be processed into chemical product (as synthetic ammonia, methyl alcohol, dimethyl ether, liquid fuel etc.).Such pneumoelectric joint production process organically combines chemical process and electrical production, has obtained huge society and economic benefit.
Current Coal (syngas) polygeneration technique, mainly rest on the gasification product stream is imported in each relatively independent follow-up system and carries out coproduction, synthetic gas that for example will produce in coal gasification course imports in power generation system and acts as a fuel, or import in follow-up system for methanol synthesis for the synthesis of methyl alcohol by this synthetic gas etc.Wherein coal gasifying process and electrification technique as well as or methanol synthesizing process are relatively independent, between them, only depend on the product stream thigh to contact, and from the angle of energy, see between each technique it is relatively independent.
Another kind of coal gas Electricity Federation production. art is that integrated gasification combined cycle plants (is called for short IGCC, lower same), in this technique, the oxygen that coal after processing and air separation unit come generates synthetic gas in gasification oven, the sensible heat of synthetic gas comes heating water to produce steam by indirect heat exchange, and this steam can be used for driving steam turbine generation.Synthetic gas, after clean unit purifies, enters gas turbine combustion with generating, and the heat of combustion tail gas reclaims and produce steam in exhaust heat boiler, and this steam also can be used for driving steam turbine generation.
The thermodynamic process based on the Rankine circulation is used in the steam turbine generating usually.The Rankine circulation is a kind of steam electric power circulation well known to those skilled in the art, and the flow chart of typical Rankine circulation as shown in Figure 2, is summarized as follows:
Water enters boiler by the feed water pump adherence pressure, then after boiler is heated into steam, enters in superheater and continues heating, and its temperature is further raise, and (its effect mainly contains two: one, thereby continue the rising temperature, further increases efficiency; The 2nd, become diluted colour steam (being called dry steam) from saturated vapour (being called wet vapor).The total amount of heat sucked in this heating and superheating process is Q.Then, make dry steam external work done Ws of adiabatic expansion in motor (steamer or steam turbine), the steam (being called exhaust steam) after the cooling of expanding enters condenser again and is condensed into water, emits heat.Condensed water is sent into boiler by feed water pump again, completes a circulation.
Desirable Rankine circulation also can be described with tephigram (T-S figure) as shown in Figure 3.External the done theoretical merit of steam is equivalent to the area that in Fig. 3, curve 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5 → 6 → 1 surrounds.Wherein heat absorption (1 → 2 → 3 → 4) and the exothermic process (5 → 6) in the circulation is isopiestic process, and the expansion of steam (4 → 5) and the condensed water process (6 → 1) of boosting is isentropic process.
Detailed introduction about the Rankine circulation, refer to " Modern Coal transforms and the practical pandect of Coal Chemical Industry New Technologies ", chapter 9, the 6th piece, steam integrated coal gasification combined cycle, Liao Hanxiang chief editor, 2004, and " integrated gasification combined cycle thermoelectric oil multi-production process technical characterstic and application ", Chen Chongliang, Yuan Longjun, coal engineering, 11 phases in 2008.
As seen from Figure 2, the steam turbine generating mainly comprises steam turbine generation, and steam is cooling, and several parts are returned in the pump pressurization.A desirable Rankine circulation, its thermal efficiency depends on the temperature and pressure of endothermic process and exothermic process.The generating efficiency of steam turbine depends on the net work W of circulation s(W s=Δ H=H 5-H 4) with initially supplied with the ratio that heat is the Q of Fig. 2 by the external world.
The thermal efficiency of whole Rankine circulation is:
η=(H 4-H 5)/(H 4-H 1)
H wherein 4, H 5, H 1the enthalpy, the enthalpy of exhaust steam 5 and the enthalpy that enters the high pressure water of boiler that enter the steam before turbine engine shown in representative graph 2 respectively.This enthalpy is directly proportional to the temperature of steam or water basically.
For the exothermic process carried out in steam turbine, the temperature that reduces exhaust steam 5 can improve the Rankine thermal efficiency of cycle, but the temperature of exhaust steam 5 can not unrestrictedly reduce, and this temperature is limited by coolant temperature and condenser size.For example, in the steam turbine power generation process, the cooling medium of steam cooling segment is often used cooling water usually.The common operating mode of cooling water is gauge pressure 0.52MPa, 32 ℃ of temperature.Due to the restriction of cooling water medium, the steam that goes out turbine engine is usually being controlled at more than 32 ℃ of so-called exhaust steam 5 in Fig. 2.
For instance, in the situation that make water and dry steam as the Rankine circulatory mediator, the temperature that enters the dry steam of steam turbine is 550 ℃, pressure is 23MPa, and the temperature that goes out the exhaust steam 5 of steam turbine is 120.21 ℃, pressure is 0.2Mpa, and in this case, the thermal efficiency is about 23% as calculated.
Obviously, above-mentioned Rankine circulation requires to provide a large amount of cooling waters.
Visible, in above-mentioned IGCC technique, remain the energy that the heat exchange that utilizes this product stream thigh of synthetic gas and/or burning produce water is heated into to steam, steam and then drive steam turbine generation, be also relatively independent between coal gasifying process and Rankine circulation technology.Be the impact that the generating efficiency of Rankine circulation only is subject to the temperature of produced steam, coal gasifying process does not directly affect the generating efficiency of Rankine circulation.In other words, the above technique that gasification is combined with steam turbine generation has only been utilized the steam produced in coal gasification course, only the steam of the generation in coal gasification course contacts coal gasifying process and steam turbine generation technique, the leeway that energy degree of integration and technique degree of integration all still are improved.
It is a kind of from process flow thigh and energy point of view that the present invention provides, the coupling process of the coal gasifying process that degree of integration is higher and steam turbine generation technique.
Summary of the invention
The invention provides a kind of novel coal gasifying process and the coupling process of steam turbine generation technique, it comprises the following steps:
A gasifies coal under the existence of optional gasifying agent, thereby produces mixture after the reaction comprise coal gas;
B will be after described reaction mixture import in heat exchanger and carry out indirect heat exchange with water, water is heated and generating steam, and after described reaction, mixture is cooled and obtains mixture after cooled reaction;
C will expand acting in the steam introducing steam turbine generated in step b and generates electricity, and this steam becomes exhaust steam because of the acting of expanding, and wherein the temperature and pressure of this exhaust steam has reduced than all with the vapor phase in step b;
D to the cooled reaction in step b after mixture dewatered the slagging-off to obtain coal gas, then by this coal gas expansion step-down;
E makes the coal gas after the expansion step-down of the exhaust steam of step c and steps d carry out heat exchange, thus described exhaust steam is become to liquid water;
F will from the heat exchanger of sending into step b after the pressurization of the liquid water of step e with mixture after described the reaction, to carry out heat exchange, to regenerate described steam.
The accompanying drawing summary
Fig. 1 is the indicative flowchart of a kind of thermoelectricity gas joint production process of the prior art.
Fig. 2 is the indicative flowchart of Rankine circulation.
Fig. 3 is the tephigram (T-S figure) of Rankine circulation.
Fig. 4 is the indicative flowchart of method of the present invention.
Detailed Description Of The Invention
In step a of the present invention, coal is gasified under the existence of optional gasifying agent, thereby produce mixture after the reaction comprise coal gas.The gasification of this step a is destructive gasifying, pressurised fluidized bed gasification or pressurized entrained-bed gasification.Wherein, it be known to those skilled in the art that coal gas is the general name through the gaseous product of destructive distillation or gasification gained by liquid fuels such as the solid fuel such as coal, semicoke, coke and heavy oil.The coal carbonization process is also a kind of process that coal is gasified in essence.And the pressurised fluidized bed gasification of coal refers to the coal gasification of being heated in the fluidized-bed gasification furnace that makes pressure increase by pressurization device; The gasification of the pressurized entrained-bed of coal refers to the coal gasification of being heated in the airflow bed gasification furnace that makes pressure increase by pressurization device.About definition and the concrete configuration of fluidized bed and air flow bed, be well known to a person skilled in the art, repeat no more here.The coal carbonization process is well known to a person skilled in the art, for example by high-temperature heating, coal is carried out to destructive distillation, make the fugitive constituent gasification in coal, obtain comprising coal gas and some flying dusts, the tar existed with gaseous form and other hydrocarbons etc. of the materials such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and methane, all substances of leaving gasification oven are referred to as to the rear mixture of reaction.And the fluidized bed gasifying process of coal is also one of numerous coal gasification methods, the difference of itself and destructive distillation is to make coal to be gasified in fluidised gasifying agent.20 middle of century, the various shortcoming that gasification exists for the normal pressure fluidized bed, fluidized-bed gasification furnace is to pressurization and improve the gasification temperature future development, and has successfully developed various new fluidized gasification technology, and HTW, U-gas, CFB and KRW gasification oven are wherein typically arranged.Pressurised fluidized bed gasifying process is second generation Coal Gasification Technology, and applicable coal mainly contains the fine coal charging of long flame coal, meager coal, lean coal and anthracite etc. that brown coal, dross coal, weakly caking coal, cohesiveencess are not too strong.The forced air bed gasification technology is one of direction of first developing both at home and abroad, is the technology the most ripe in second generation Coal Gasification Technology, that the commercialization device is maximum, and the forced air bed gasification technology reinforced with Texaco (Texaco) method wet method is the most representative.The gasifying process of step a of the present invention can adopt above-mentioned any gasifying process.No matter adopt above-mentioned which kind of gasifying process, all will leave all substances of gasification oven, comprise the coal gas that gasification produces, be referred to as the rear mixture of reaction.
In step b of the present invention, mixture after described reaction is imported in heat exchanger and carries out indirect heat exchange with water, water is heated and generating steam, and after described reaction, mixture is cooled and obtains mixture after cooled reaction, the absolute pressure of wherein said steam is more than 15MPa, and temperature is more than 200 ℃.Steam in above temperature and pressure scope is called to high temperature and high pressure steam herein.The actual temp of this steam and pressure can be according to need to specifically the selecting of the process conditions of Rankine circulation in above scope, and for example in a preferred embodiment, absolute pressure can be 15MPa and temperature is 400 ℃ or higher.With the water that after reacting, mixture carries out heat exchange, be wherein the pressurized water after the pump pressurization.Wherein said heat exchanger can be any suitable heat exchanger for indirect heat exchange, such as tubular heat exchanger, finned heat exchanger etc., and the type of these heat exchangers and concrete structure are well known to a person skilled in the art, repeat no more here.Because the temperature of mixture after the reaction of leaving gasification oven is very high, thus by water with it heat exchange reclaim its sensible heat, this can be transformed into high temperature and high pressure steam by this liquid water.In one embodiment, described high temperature and high pressure steam is that temperature is the steam that 374-700 ℃ and absolute pressure are 22.1-40MPa.In one embodiment, this high temperature and high pressure steam can be for being suitable for any temperature and pressure of Rankine circulation.Obviously, this heat exchanger has played boiler in Rankine shown in Fig. 2 circulation and the effect of superheater.
In step c of the present invention, steam that will generate in step b is introduced and is expanded acting in steam turbine and generate electricity, and this steam does work because expanding and becomes exhaust steam, and wherein the vapor phase in the temperature and pressure of this exhaust steam and step b is than all having reduced.In one embodiment, the temperature of this exhaust steam is approximately 5 ℃-10 ℃, and absolute pressure is 0.00087-0.0012MPa.It is worthy of note, exhaust steam is still in steam condition.
In steps d of the present invention, mixture after the cooled reaction in step b is dewatered to slagging-off to obtain coal gas, then, by this coal gas expansion step-down, obtain thus low-temp low-pressure coal gas, wherein said low temperature is below 2.6 ℃, low pressure is below 2MPa.Make coal gas carry out above-mentioned expansion step-down process by bloating plant, such bloating plant comprises step-down capillary tube, dropping valve, decompressor etc.More than make the method and apparatus of gas expansion step-down all well known to a person skilled in the art, do not repeat them here.Such expansion step-down process also causes gas temperature to reduce, and for example the temperature of coal gas can be down to approximately 0 ℃.As principle more generally, the temperature of this coal gas can be down to the temperature lower than the exhaust steam of step c.
In step e of the present invention, make the coal gas after the expansion step-down of the exhaust steam of step c and steps d carry out heat exchange, thus this exhaust steam is become to liquid water.This step can be carried out in condenser.This condenser is a heat exchanger in essence.Coal gas after the expansion step-down of the exhaust steam of step c and steps d can carry out indirect heat exchange or direct mixed heat transfer, preferably indirect heat exchange therein.Exhaust steam is condensed into liquid water, and the coal gas after the expansion step-down temperature slightly promotes, and then coal gas leaves condenser and enters follow-up separative element or deliver to gas turbine combustion generating.
In step f of the present invention, will from the heat exchanger of sending into step b after the pressurization of the liquid water of step e with mixture after described the reaction, to carry out heat exchange, to regenerate described steam.Pressurization is undertaken by pump, more than preferably this liquid water being heated to absolute pressure 15MPa.This liquid water enters after the heat exchanger of step b by mixture heating after the reaction of the high temperature from gasification oven and regenerates high temperature and high pressure steam, and this high temperature and high pressure steam is for carrying out next round Rankine circulation.
Embodiment
Illustrate method of the present invention by following non-limiting example.
Embodiment 1
With reference to Fig. 4, the pressurised fluidized bed gasification of bituminous coal of take is example.Coal makes through pulverizing to grind the coal dust that granularity is less than 6 millimeters, then by coal bunker, through screw feeder, normal pressure lock hopper, pressurization lock hopper (this does not draw in the drawings), is delivered in gasification oven.Simultaneously, to passing into oxygen and steam in gasification oven as gasifying agent, the operating temperature of gasification oven is about 900-1000 ℃, and operation pressure is 1.0-2.6MPa.Coal and above-mentioned gasifying agent at high temperature react, and generate the coal gas that is rich in carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane.After going out the reaction of gasification oven, mixture comprises coal gas and tar and unreacted gasifying agent etc. completely.Make mixture after this reaction and 23MPa water heat exchange in heat exchanger from compression pump, and make pressurized water become high temperature and high pressure steam, this high temperature and high pressure steam becomes exhaust steam after entering the steam turbine expansion power generation, it is 0.00087MPa that this exhaust steam can be controlled in pressure, temperature is 5 ℃, and exhaust steam enters condenser condenses Cheng Shui.After reaction after heat exchange, mixture enters segregating unit, by coal gas and water, slag separates, coal gas after separation cools the temperature to 0 ℃ through the overexpansion step-down, then be used as the cooling medium of above-mentioned condenser, so that exhaust steam is condensed into to water, this coal gas can enter subsequent separation process or enter follow-up gas turbine combustion generating afterwards.Turn back to after the pump pressurization from the water of condenser in heat exchanger with mixture after the reacting of high temperature from gasification oven and carry out heat exchange, to regenerate high temperature and high pressure steam.
Embodiment 2
Also with reference to Fig. 4, the pressurized entrained-bed gasification of bituminous coal of take is example.Coal mixes and makes water coal slurry with water through pulverizing after coal dust is made in grinding, then through pump pressurization (not drawing in the drawings), delivers in gasification oven.Simultaneously, to passing into oxygen or air in gasification oven as gasifying agent, the operating temperature of gasification oven is about 1400 ℃, and operation pressure is 5.0MPa.Coal and above-mentioned gasifying agent at high temperature react, and generate the coal gas that is rich in carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane.After going out the reaction of gasification oven, mixture comprises coal gas and tar and unreacted gasifying agent etc. completely.Make mixture after this reaction and 23MPa water heat exchange in heat exchanger from compression pump, and make pressurized water become high temperature and high pressure steam, this high temperature and high pressure steam becomes exhaust steam after entering the steam turbine expansion power generation, it is 0.00087MPa that this exhaust steam can be controlled in pressure, temperature is 5 ℃, and exhaust steam enters condenser condenses Cheng Shui.After reaction after heat exchange, mixture enters segregating unit, by coal gas and water, slag separates, coal gas after separation cools the temperature to 0 ℃ through the overexpansion step-down, then be used as the cooling medium of above-mentioned condenser, so that exhaust steam is condensed into to water, this coal gas can enter subsequent separation process or enter follow-up gas turbine combustion generating afterwards.Turn back to after the pump pressurization from the water of condenser in heat exchanger with mixture after the reacting of high temperature from gasification oven and carry out heat exchange, to regenerate high temperature and high pressure steam.
Embodiment 3
In this embodiment, just step a has adopted the destructive gasifying of coal under isolated air conditions, can be low temperature carbonization (below 550 ℃), medium temperature carbonization (550 ℃~750 ℃), high temperature carbonization (more than 900 ℃), produce dry distillation gas, all the other steps be identical with embodiment 1.
Advantage of the present invention is as follows:
The coupling process of coal gasifying process of the present invention and steam turbine generation technique makes the energy efficiency of system be improved.At first, thermal source in Rankine circulation is taken from the sensible heat of mixture after the reaction after gasification reaction and is reclaimed, and does not need external heat source, and cooling medium is taken from the low-temp low-pressure coal gas after the expansion step-down, and not using cooling water, this has saved consumption and the circulation of cooling water.Secondly, low-temp low-pressure coal gas after employing expansion step-down replaces the cooling medium of normally used cooling water as condenser, because the temperature (being generally 0 ℃) of this low-temp low-pressure coal gas is lower than 32 ℃ of normally used cooling water temperatures, therefore the Temperature Setting that goes out the exhaust steam of steam turbine can be obtained lower, this is equivalent to 5 in T-S figure and 6 two are moved down, therefore increased the area that curve 1-2-3-4-5-6-1 surrounds, the theoretical merit that expression steam is externally done is larger, and then has increased generating efficiency.Again, also help follow-up separation process after coal gas expansion step-down.
Although described native system and device in conjunction with specific embodiment, one skilled in the art will recognize that, can also carry out various variations to the present invention, and not deviate from defined protection domain in appended claim.For example, although in the present invention, the Rankine circulation is usingd water and steam as working medium, obviously, the present invention also is applicable to do with other material such as carbon dioxide, organic fluid such as isoparaffin etc. the Rankine circulation of work medium.Those skilled in the art have the ability to regulate the concrete technology parameter in the present invention according to adopted specific works medium, so that the present invention is implemented.

Claims (5)

1. the coupling process of a coal gasifying process and steam turbine generation technique comprises the following steps:
A gasifies coal under the existence of optional gasifying agent, thereby produces mixture after the reaction comprise coal gas;
B will be after described reaction mixture import in heat exchanger and carry out indirect heat exchange with water, water is heated and generating steam, and after described reaction, mixture is cooled and obtains mixture after cooled reaction;
C will expand acting in the steam introducing steam turbine generated in step b and generates electricity, and this steam becomes exhaust steam because of the acting of expanding, and wherein the temperature and pressure of this exhaust steam has reduced than all with the vapor phase in step b;
D to the cooled reaction in step b after mixture dewatered the slagging-off to obtain coal gas, then by this coal gas expansion step-down;
E makes the coal gas after the expansion step-down of the exhaust steam of step c and steps d carry out heat exchange, thus described exhaust steam is become to liquid water;
F will from the heat exchanger of sending into step b after the pressurization of the liquid water of step e with mixture after described the reaction, to carry out heat exchange, to regenerate described steam.
2. the process of claim 1 wherein that described gasifying agent is oxygen, steam, air or their mixture.
3. the process of claim 1 wherein that described gasifying agent is oxygen-enriched air.
4. the process of claim 1 wherein that the temperature of steam described in step b is more than 200 ℃, more than the absolute pressure 15MPa of described steam.
5. the method for claim 1, wherein the gasification of step a is destructive gasifying, pressurised fluidized bed gasification or pressurized entrained-bed gasification, wherein destructive gasifying refers to the coal gasification of being heated under the condition of isolated air, wherein pressurised fluidized bed gasification refers to the coal gasification of being heated in the fluidized-bed gasification furnace that makes pressure increase by pressurization device, and wherein the pressurized entrained-bed gasification refers to the coal gasification of being heated in the airflow bed gasification furnace that makes the pressure increase by pressurization device.
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