CN102353873A - Line selection method realized by using single criterion for low-current ground system during single-phase ground fault - Google Patents

Line selection method realized by using single criterion for low-current ground system during single-phase ground fault Download PDF

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CN102353873A
CN102353873A CN2011101971146A CN201110197114A CN102353873A CN 102353873 A CN102353873 A CN 102353873A CN 2011101971146 A CN2011101971146 A CN 2011101971146A CN 201110197114 A CN201110197114 A CN 201110197114A CN 102353873 A CN102353873 A CN 102353873A
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张振旗
邱嘉文
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ZHUHAI WEIHAN TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Co Ltd
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Abstract

The invention provides a line selection method realized by using single criterion for a low-current ground system during single-phase ground fault, which comprises the following steps of: acquiring a zero-sequence current waveform of each line and when a zero-sequence current instantaneous value of any line exceeds a set threshold, judging that the system has the single-phase ground fault; recording a section of complete current waveform of each line in an instant of grounding, selecting front three return currents i1, i2 and i3 as reference samples according to the size sequence and respectively calculating the electric quantities Q1, Q2 and Q3 transmitted by 0-3mS; if a symbol of one return line is opposite to symbols of another two return lines, judging the line to be a fault line; judging the two return lines with the same symbols and other lines which do not participate in the calculation to be as non-fault lines; and if symbols of the three return lines are simultaneously positive or negative, judging that a bus has faults. According to the line selection method disclosed by the invention, the ground line selection of the low-current ground system can be realized; and when zero-sequence voltage of the bus is reduced to be 15 percent by using a transition resistor, accurate action can be still realized.

Description

Realize the selection method of single-phase grounded malfunction in grounded system of low current with single criterion
Technical field
The present invention relates to field of relay protection in power, the selection method when specially referring to small current neutral grounding system generation singlephase earth fault.
Background technology
China 66kV and following distribution network systems neutral point all adopt the non_direct ground mode, and wherein grounding through arc has risen to leading mode, is commonly referred to small current neutral grounding system.Because of earth-fault current is little, fault signature is not obvious, and supporting with it line-to-ground protection (hereinafter to be referred as route selection) action accuracy is low, and the influence of distribution automation has been risen to the first place.The existing market common-mode is to adopt multicriterion to accomplish earthing wire-selecting, as than width of cloth phase comparing method, 5 subharmonic methods, active power method, first half-wave method, residual flow method of addition, signal injection method, wavelet method, characteristic fingerprint method, criterion, coarse theory method or the like continuously.However, the action accuracy still comes after all protective relaying devices.Beginning of the century, it is out of service to count on 80 ~ 90% line-selected earthing device.
Professor Yang Yihan disclosed " low current neutral grounding electric network single-phase earth fault selection method and device " (application number 200310119119.2) in 2003; Selection method with multiple criterion has been proposed; Action rate accuracy has been improved major step, and each manufacturing enterprise is also imitateed thereupon.Operation counts, and transition resistance ground connection accounts for the overwhelming majority of earthing type, and the fact shows that the route selection accuracy rate of various criterions reduces along with the increase of transition resistance, and ruuning situation is all undesirable.State Grid Corporation of China " 10kV~66kV arc suppression coil device technique standard " in 2004 appearance, the regulation of " 2.4.5.2 " bar, maximum residual flow is no more than 5A; Be meant the metallic earthing fault; After transition resistance was got involved, residual flow was littler, and this makes stable state criterion more and more difficult.Issued power industry standard " small grounding current system one-phase ground protection device " (DL/T872-2004) in 2004; " 4.5.1 " regulation; The minimum of earthing wire-selecting is 20V; The pressure drop that is equivalent on the transition resistance accounts for 91.65%; Go out the residual flow maximum in prediction on such basis and have only 1A, minimum possibility is near zero, and transient state component is also extremely faint; In this case, falsely drop, leak and select rate to rise rapidly.
Achieved using transient component line selection (first half-wave method, wavelet method, etc.) is the theoretical basis grounded instant overhead line parameters identified mostly satisfied (wave resistance take 250 ~ 500Ω), ground fault instantly generate high-amplitude, high-frequency oscillation attenuation current
Figure 597307DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
ten times bigger than the steady-state value even several times, this transient characteristics can guarantee the first half-wave method, wavelet method correct line selection.Here adopted the wave resistance data of single time overhead transmission line distribution parameter, and the distribution line of being studied, situation then differs widely.Usually there are ten several main lines to be connected in parallel on one section bus, also have several branch lines (comprising cable line) on every main line; On the substation bus bar, see the inlet electric capacity that also has tens of and even up to a hundred station power distribution transformers on the circuit off; These all are characteristics of lumped parameter, judge that with the circuit wave resistance value (250~500 Ω) that distribution parameter is calculated out ground connection moment big city produces the transient state damped oscillation and departs from reality far away.For example, a 35kV overhead line systems metallic ground test
Figure 804297DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
, capacitive current
Figure 917747DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
, the oscillation frequency
Figure 905294DEST_PATH_IMAGE005
, the equivalent resistance
Figure 129602DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
, and textbooks theoretical values as much as an order of magnitude.Now load concentrated 10kV line, mostly for cable lines or overhead / cable mixed lines, projections only a few ohms, damped oscillatory transient component does not exist.Have research institution to sum up, wavelet method is also remote apart from practicality.Even the metallic short circuit that probability of occurrence is minimum, the frequency of damped oscillation electric current, amplitude far do not reach the level that distribution parameter is calculated out yet.
Academia is assert already; Grounding and selecting lines of low-current grounding system is important practical technique of electric power enterprise; So far be not well solved, the current various situation that have no a kind of single variant projects of location can adapt to small current neutral grounding system are accomplished 100% correct route selection.Seeking that criterion is simple, the earthing wire-selecting criterion of high performance factor, is the problem that the expectation of current power industry solves.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve the problem of mentioning in the background technology; Through test of many times, the present invention uses the single criterion of earth fault moment transmission electric weight symbol, satisfies (DL/T872-2004) route selection technical standard; Realize 100% accurate route selection, break through the current comprehensive selection method that must use multicriterion.
The present invention realizes through following technical scheme:
The single criterion of a kind of usefulness realizes the selection method of single-phase grounded malfunction in grounded system of low current, and it may further comprise the steps:
The zero-sequence current waveform of each circuit of S1, the said small current neutral grounding system of collection;
S2, judge that whether current start signal selected among the S1 is greater than pre-set threshold I 0 ,, get into S3 as for being; As being to deny, returning S1 carries out data acquisition;
S3, the current amplitude comparison sort: in descending order according to current, select the first three lines of the current value back as a comparison sample of other samples to give up, the comparison sample:
Figure 554079DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
,
Figure 763343DEST_PATH_IMAGE009
, ;
S4, calculating sample electric weight: press
Figure 785974DEST_PATH_IMAGE011
, 2ms≤ t 0 ≤4ms calculates three comparative samples respectively at 0- t 0 The electric weight of period transmission ,
Figure 203366DEST_PATH_IMAGE013
,
Figure 582526DEST_PATH_IMAGE014
S5, determine whether there is the only symbol reverse line: If
Figure 618615DEST_PATH_IMAGE012
The symbols ,
Figure 428625DEST_PATH_IMAGE014
Instead, enter the S6;
Figure 626124DEST_PATH_IMAGE012
, ,
Figure 579354DEST_PATH_IMAGE014
of the same sign, turn S7;
S6, determine
Figure 250506DEST_PATH_IMAGE012
line corresponding to the fault line;
S7, be judged to be bus-bar fault;
S8, measuring zero-sequence voltage, zero sequence current exceeds the threshold value and zero sequence voltage exceeds the threshold
Figure 982150DEST_PATH_IMAGE016
simultaneously, determined not interfere into the S9; appears only zero sequence current exceeds the threshold value
Figure 950106DEST_PATH_IMAGE015
, or appear only zero-sequence voltage exceeds the threshold
Figure 108555DEST_PATH_IMAGE016
, judgment is interference back to S1;
S9, select faulty line, send alerting signal.
As optimized technical scheme of the present invention, the waveform of zero-sequence current described in the S1 is taken from the zero sequence current mutual inductor of each circuit respectively; Residual voltage is taken from PT open delta or neutral point PT among the S8.
As a preferred embodiment of the invention, either a zero-sequence current exceeds the threshold value , the decision for the small current grounding system in the single-phase ground fault; zero-sequence voltage exceeds the threshold as a secondary criterion, repeat proven ground fault exists.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, S2, the acquisition method for writing each line period of the complete original ground instantaneous current waveform; S3 in,
Figure 902833DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
,
Figure 220682DEST_PATH_IMAGE009
,
Figure 798294DEST_PATH_IMAGE010
refers to the simultaneous acquisition of the current line every time, press the same time from the large amplitude sorted to a small, select the current value of the first three.
As optimized technical scheme of the present invention, said t 0 Be 3mS.
Compared with prior art, the present invention possesses following advantage:
1, the exchange of ground connection moment capacity current is the body feature of electric current, and the present invention is a criterion with the symbol of transmission electric weight, both has been applicable to the non-oscillatory decay, also is applicable to oscillatory extinction; 2, improve the adaptive faculty of criterion to transition resistance ground connection.As long as the primary current of line-to-ground moment is enough to overcome the error that zero sequence CT exciting current causes, the accurately route selection of this criterion makes the adaptability of zero sequence CT looser.3, utilize original waveform, not filtering, do not decompose, realize simple.
Description of drawings
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and specific embodiment the present invention is described further;
Fig. 1 is an arc suppression coil earthing system single-phase earthing equivalent circuit synoptic diagram;
Fig. 2 is a process flow diagram of the present invention.
Embodiment
Shown in Figure 1, is the fault point equivalent zero-sequence voltage,
Figure 93326DEST_PATH_IMAGE018
is the fault line of the zero-sequence current,
Figure 711520DEST_PATH_IMAGE019
,
Figure 764927DEST_PATH_IMAGE020
,
Figure 667024DEST_PATH_IMAGE021
non-fault line zero-sequence current,
Figure 515823DEST_PATH_IMAGE023
as the neutral point current;
Figure 107342DEST_PATH_IMAGE024
the equivalent capacitance of each line;
Figure 129524DEST_PATH_IMAGE025
The transition point for the ground fault resistance,
Figure 781086DEST_PATH_IMAGE026
as the neutral point arc suppression coil grounding the equivalent inductance,
Figure 373872DEST_PATH_IMAGE027
, ,
Figure 645770DEST_PATH_IMAGE029
...
Figure 468233DEST_PATH_IMAGE030
send to more than one line.
Ground instantaneous, the compensation current can not immediately established,
Figure 735266DEST_PATH_IMAGE031
, is equivalent to an open arc suppression coil with ungrounded systems the same effect.Regardless
Figure 747216DEST_PATH_IMAGE025
value of the size and timing of the phase angle of the ground is the number of non-faulty line capacitive current only by providing fault line through the bus.Based on current law Gieseler,
Figure 478411DEST_PATH_IMAGE032
established. must be the fault line, and for the maximum bus current direction pointed by the line, with the non-fault line current in the opposite direction.After several milliseconds, the electric current in the arc suppression coil rises gradually, participates in the Power Exchange of bus nodes, and the faulty line direction of current also changes thereupon, and uncertainty is arranged, and is different fully with ground connection moment.All between 0-3mS, the direction of current of this period faulty line and non-fault line is not subjected to the influence of arc suppression coil transient process to the employed data of this criterion.
ground fault occurs, the system appears zero sequence current, and ( for the current threshold), to meet the start condition, collecting all the lines of zero-sequence current, compared with the same time other lines of zero sequence current instantaneous value, in descending order, take the top three back line current
Figure 791712DEST_PATH_IMAGE034
,
Figure 849317DEST_PATH_IMAGE035
,
Figure 390019DEST_PATH_IMAGE036
as a reference sample.Fault lines must be greatest direction
Figure 430974DEST_PATH_IMAGE035
,
Figure 894316DEST_PATH_IMAGE036
opposite.The existence of transition resistance, not only decay is exceedingly fast, and has limited the amplitude of non-fault line capacity current, and electric current is extremely faint.Therefore regulation is from 4 beginnings of sorting, and the electric current of other circuit is no longer participated in calculation procedure, all is judged to be non-fault line.
Zero sequence voltage instantaneous value
Figure 51759DEST_PATH_IMAGE037
as a secondary criterion, repeatedly confirmed the presence of ground fault.
System exists interfere information, and is very high sometimes.For example the bus spike that exists three-phase imbalance capacitance current, switching manipulation to occur in short-term all the time all has zero sequence character.Voltage circuit broken string, illusory ground connection are the main interference of voltage circuit, current/voltage repeat to judge anti-locking apparatus erroneous judgement.
The selected three times current includes a fault line and non-fault lines
Figure 55804DEST_PATH_IMAGE009
, , regardless of whether the damped oscillation, regardless of the ground instantaneous phase angle is zero,
Figure 951265DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
and ,
Figure 59346DEST_PATH_IMAGE010
In the 0-3mS certain periods the opposite direction.If
Figure 497281DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
positive half cycle in the frequency appears the same moment ,
Figure 452784DEST_PATH_IMAGE010
must be in the negative half cycle frequency, whereas the same.Therefore, in the 0-3mS time, the transmitted power must also sign the opposite, namely is a sign (positive or negative), is the fault line;
Figure 304514DEST_PATH_IMAGE013
and
Figure 528822DEST_PATH_IMAGE014
certainly is another sign (negative or positive), a non-fault line; no involved in the calculation of the line, but also the non-fault lines.Even there is the oscillating current of decay zero passage, can not influence the symbol of electric weight yet.
Determine the principles described above correspond,
Figure 918215DEST_PATH_IMAGE012
,
Figure 936987DEST_PATH_IMAGE013
,
Figure 159633DEST_PATH_IMAGE014
of the same sign, the determination bus fault.
To sum up, sum up the selection method of realizing single-phase grounded malfunction in grounded system of low current with single criterion, its flow process as shown in Figure 2, concrete steps are following:
S1, data acquisition: the zero-sequence current waveform of gathering each circuit of said small current neutral grounding system;
S2, whether judge current start signal selected among the S1, as for being to get into S3 greater than threshold value; As being to deny, returning S1 carries out data acquisition;
S3, current ratio increase Sort: By current size of the order, select the first three back line as a comparison sample of other samples to give up, the comparison sample:
Figure 187632DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
,
Figure 369214DEST_PATH_IMAGE009
,
Figure 886783DEST_PATH_IMAGE010
;
S4, calculate the sample battery: Press
Figure 521027DEST_PATH_IMAGE011
, were calculated three comparative samples 0-3mS time transmission of electricity:
Figure 201855DEST_PATH_IMAGE012
,
Figure 890326DEST_PATH_IMAGE013
,
Figure 11865DEST_PATH_IMAGE014
;
S5, determine whether there is the only symbol reverse line: If
Figure 194716DEST_PATH_IMAGE012
The symbols
Figure 350891DEST_PATH_IMAGE013
,
Figure 147946DEST_PATH_IMAGE014
Instead, enter the S6;
Figure 819099DEST_PATH_IMAGE012
,
Figure 727012DEST_PATH_IMAGE013
,
Figure 550742DEST_PATH_IMAGE014
of the same sign, turn S7;
S6, determine
Figure 518698DEST_PATH_IMAGE012
corresponding line
Figure 614830DEST_PATH_IMAGE027
is the fault line;
S7, be judged to be bus-bar fault;
S8, measuring the small current grounding system of zero-sequence voltage, zero sequence current exceeds the threshold value
Figure 388751DEST_PATH_IMAGE015
and zero sequence voltage exceeds the threshold
Figure 253939DEST_PATH_IMAGE016
simultaneously, determined not interfere into the S9; appears only zero sequence current exceeds the threshold value
Figure 197057DEST_PATH_IMAGE015
, or appear only zero-sequence voltage exceeds the threshold value
Figure 780485DEST_PATH_IMAGE016
, the determination is an interference, return S1;
S9, select faulty line, send alerting signal.
The invention is not restricted to above-mentioned embodiment, the distortion of doing according to above-mentioned embodiment based on design concept of the present invention also belongs to protection domain of the present invention.For example: t 0 Also can be 2ms or 4ms, the 4ms effect is more excellent; Data acquisition among the S1 is each line-to-ground moment one section complete primary current waveform of record; According to ordering from big to small, choose preceding 3 current values as baseline sample, that is to say; Be meant the electric current on the every loop line of synchronous acquisition road, press the size ordering of synchronization amplitude again; If equal electric current appears in different circuits, promptly
Figure 358097DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
, ,
Figure 387550DEST_PATH_IMAGE010
Equate, can choose wantonly wherein and be baseline sample 1 time.

Claims (5)

1. a single criterion realizes the selection method of single-phase grounded malfunction in grounded system of low current, it is characterized in that: may further comprise the steps:
The zero-sequence current waveform of each circuit of S1, the said small current neutral grounding system of collection;
S2, judge that whether current start signal selected among the S1 is greater than pre-set threshold I 0 ,, get into S3 as for being; As being to deny, returning S1 carries out data acquisition;
S3, the ordering of the current ratio width of cloth: according to electric current order from big to small; The current value of choosing first three loop line road is sample as a comparison; All the other samples are abandoned, and this comparative sample is:
Figure 25787DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
, ,
Figure 193911DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
;
S4, calculating sample electric weight: press
Figure 127232DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
, 2ms≤ t 0 ≤4ms calculates three comparative samples respectively at 0- t 0 The electric weight of period transmission:,
Figure 796111DEST_PATH_IMAGE005
,
Figure 117371DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
S5, determine whether there is the only symbol reverse line: If
Figure 606121DEST_PATH_IMAGE007
The symbols
Figure 421761DEST_PATH_IMAGE005
,
Figure 945147DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
Instead, enter the S6;
Figure 171728DEST_PATH_IMAGE007
,
Figure 413354DEST_PATH_IMAGE005
,
Figure 767106DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
have the same sign, into S7;
S6, determine
Figure 144998DEST_PATH_IMAGE007
line corresponding to the fault line;
S7, be judged to be bus-bar fault;
S8, measuring the small current grounding system of zero-sequence voltage, zero sequence current exceeds the threshold value
Figure 808060DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
and zero sequence voltage exceeds the threshold
Figure 271403DEST_PATH_IMAGE009
simultaneously, determined not interfere into the S9; appears only zero sequence current exceeds the threshold value , or appear only zero sequence voltage exceeds the threshold
Figure 986210DEST_PATH_IMAGE009
, judgment is interference, return S1;
S9, select faulty line, send alerting signal.
2. the single criterion of usefulness according to claim 1 realizes the selection method of single-phase grounded malfunction in grounded system of low current, it is characterized in that the waveform of zero-sequence current described in the S1 is taken from the zero sequence current mutual inductor of each circuit on the bus; The residual voltage value is taken from bus PT open delta or neutral point PT among the S8.
3 according to claim 1, wherein the single criterion of small current grounding system ground fault line selection method, wherein either a zero-sequence current exceeds the threshold value
Figure 492278DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
, the decision for the small current grounding system in the single-phase ground fault; zero-sequence voltage exceeds the threshold as a secondary criterion, repeat proven ground fault exists.
4 according to claim 1, wherein a single criterion of small current grounding system ground fault line selection method, wherein, S2, said the acquisition method to record a full line of original ground instantaneous current waveform ; S3 in,
Figure 404050DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
,
Figure 818851DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
,
Figure 495820DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
refers to the simultaneous acquisition of the current line every time, press the same moment magnitude descending sort, select the first three current value.
5. the single criterion of usefulness according to claim 1 realizes the selection method of single-phase grounded malfunction in grounded system of low current, it is characterized in that, and is said t 0 Be 3mS.
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CN102944806A (en) * 2012-11-20 2013-02-27 中国石油大学(华东) Zero sequence current polarity comparison-based resonant earthed system line selection method
CN103592571A (en) * 2013-11-08 2014-02-19 珠海威瀚科技发展有限公司 Method for achieving single-phase earth fault line selection of small current grounding system
CN104614642A (en) * 2015-01-27 2015-05-13 国家电网公司 Small current grounding line selection method
CN104764971A (en) * 2015-03-18 2015-07-08 广东电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院 Power distribution network overhead line single-phase grounding fault recognition positioning method and fault indicator
CN103207352B (en) * 2013-03-13 2015-09-02 福建省电力有限公司 Route selection impedance magnitude characteristic is utilized to realize wire selection method for power distribution network single phase earthing failure
CN106205304A (en) * 2016-06-21 2016-12-07 国网河南省电力公司漯河供电公司 A kind of true value power distribution network pilot system
CN106405330A (en) * 2016-08-31 2017-02-15 广西电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院 Transient current projection component polarity comparison-based fault line selection method
CN106443330A (en) * 2016-09-07 2017-02-22 中国石油大学(华东) Small current grounding system high-resistance grounding fault line selection method based on comparison between transient projection component amplitude and polar relationship
CN106501678A (en) * 2016-11-02 2017-03-15 李晓明 A kind of earth fault line selection method and system
CN107300656A (en) * 2017-06-17 2017-10-27 李景禄 A kind of earth fault based on power network characteristic parameter incremental starts method
CN108896877A (en) * 2018-08-30 2018-11-27 李晓明 A kind of small current earthing wire-selecting method and system
CN109655719A (en) * 2019-02-28 2019-04-19 华电银河科技有限公司 A kind of selection method of single-phase grounded malfunction in grounded system of low current
CN109884466A (en) * 2019-03-04 2019-06-14 中国矿业大学 A kind of distribution earthing wire-selecting method recognizing double negative-sequence current vector correlation features
CN110716154A (en) * 2019-10-23 2020-01-21 国网四川省电力公司南充供电公司 Intelligent small-current grounding fault removing system

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Cited By (16)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102944806A (en) * 2012-11-20 2013-02-27 中国石油大学(华东) Zero sequence current polarity comparison-based resonant earthed system line selection method
CN102944806B (en) * 2012-11-20 2014-11-05 中国石油大学(华东) Zero sequence current polarity comparison-based resonant earthed system line selection method
CN103207352B (en) * 2013-03-13 2015-09-02 福建省电力有限公司 Route selection impedance magnitude characteristic is utilized to realize wire selection method for power distribution network single phase earthing failure
CN103592571A (en) * 2013-11-08 2014-02-19 珠海威瀚科技发展有限公司 Method for achieving single-phase earth fault line selection of small current grounding system
CN104614642A (en) * 2015-01-27 2015-05-13 国家电网公司 Small current grounding line selection method
CN104764971A (en) * 2015-03-18 2015-07-08 广东电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院 Power distribution network overhead line single-phase grounding fault recognition positioning method and fault indicator
CN106205304A (en) * 2016-06-21 2016-12-07 国网河南省电力公司漯河供电公司 A kind of true value power distribution network pilot system
CN106405330A (en) * 2016-08-31 2017-02-15 广西电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院 Transient current projection component polarity comparison-based fault line selection method
CN106443330A (en) * 2016-09-07 2017-02-22 中国石油大学(华东) Small current grounding system high-resistance grounding fault line selection method based on comparison between transient projection component amplitude and polar relationship
CN106501678A (en) * 2016-11-02 2017-03-15 李晓明 A kind of earth fault line selection method and system
CN107300656A (en) * 2017-06-17 2017-10-27 李景禄 A kind of earth fault based on power network characteristic parameter incremental starts method
CN108896877A (en) * 2018-08-30 2018-11-27 李晓明 A kind of small current earthing wire-selecting method and system
CN108896877B (en) * 2018-08-30 2020-08-25 李晓明 Low-current grounding line selection method and system
CN109655719A (en) * 2019-02-28 2019-04-19 华电银河科技有限公司 A kind of selection method of single-phase grounded malfunction in grounded system of low current
CN109884466A (en) * 2019-03-04 2019-06-14 中国矿业大学 A kind of distribution earthing wire-selecting method recognizing double negative-sequence current vector correlation features
CN110716154A (en) * 2019-10-23 2020-01-21 国网四川省电力公司南充供电公司 Intelligent small-current grounding fault removing system

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Application publication date: 20120215