CN102303103A - Efficient heat transfer type special-shaped blank continuous casting crystallizer - Google Patents
Efficient heat transfer type special-shaped blank continuous casting crystallizer Download PDFInfo
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- CN102303103A CN102303103A CN201110300827A CN201110300827A CN102303103A CN 102303103 A CN102303103 A CN 102303103A CN 201110300827 A CN201110300827 A CN 201110300827A CN 201110300827 A CN201110300827 A CN 201110300827A CN 102303103 A CN102303103 A CN 102303103A
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Abstract
The invention relates to an efficient heat transfer type special-shaped blank continuous casting crystallizer. Both the inner wall of a rectangular groove and the inner wall of a circular hole are provided with protrusions or dents for making the inner walls uneven; and the periphery of an inserted metal object is provided with raised or sunken grains, or the metal object is a spiral line, a spiral belt, a spiral sheet, a cross serrated belt, a twisted belt, a threaded rod or a static mixer for forming uneven water gaps between the metal object and the circular hole. By using the crystallizer, the flowing behavior of cooling water in the crystallizer can be improved, the heat exchange efficiency of the cooling water in the crystallizer is increased, the scale formed on the wall of a cooling water channel is reduced, and the service life of a copper plate of the crystallizer is prolonged.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the continuous casting technical field of special-shaped base, relate in particular to the cooling water crack structure of casting for shaped blank continuous crystallizer.
Background technology
Along with day hastening towards saturation of the development of Iron and Steel Production smelting technique and global steel market; Steel use the user for the differentiation that realizes final products and in acquisition advantage aspect quality and the cost; The requirement of continuous casting billet is had the trend of maximization, specialization, thereby the bigger market demand appears in the strand of big section and special-shaped base." be the center with the continuous casting; make steel and be the basis, equipment is for guaranteeing ", " with converter-external refining-conticaster Trinity Combinatorial Optimization " and three phases such as " to develop efficient high-speed continuous casting technology and the near net shape continuous casting technology further large span coordination optimization of attaching most importance to " have also successively been experienced in the development of the continuous casting technology of China.Wherein near net shape continuous casting is the continuous casting technology of present broad development, and so-called near net shape continuous casting is meant and waters the strand that the outpours continuous casting technology near the final products shape, and it is a sign of contemporary continuous casting new development.
The casting for shaped blank continuous of greatly developing now is a kind of typical near net shape continuous casting technology.Special-shaped base is meant except square billet, slab, circle base, has the continuous casting billet of compound section the rectangular bloom, and principal mode is a H shape base, and it is the most desirable blank of rolling high-efficiency and energy-saving type H shaped steel for building.Because the shape of special-shaped base is similar with the shape of final products H shaped steel, therefore, remarkable advantage such as adopt special-shaped base rolling H shaped steel to have that energy consumption is low, operation is few, lumber recovery is high and cost is low.In recent years; The development of large-scale economical section section bar has driven the fast development of casting for shaped blank continuous technology; Domestic in recent years casting for shaped blank continuous production line is just in steady-state growth, and research and lifting casting for shaped blank continuous technology all have vast potential for future development and far-reaching Practical significance in China and even world wide.
One of key core technology of casting for shaped blank continuous is the development of special-shaped billet crystallizer.Crystallizer is the head of special-shaped billet continuous casting machine, and its importance more is called " heart " of conticaster.It is to form with well behaved copper alloy manufacturing; Basic function in continuous casting is to utilize recirculated cooling water to stitch the heat of continuously taking away molten steel in the crystallizer through the water of digging on the copper plate of crystallizer, the molten steel that make to inject crystallizer can be condensed into continuously have certain thickness, intensity and the good solidified shell of surface quality.Crystallizer is heat exchanger, molten steel solidification former, molten steel field trash clarifier and a cc billet surface quality controller efficiently.See that from the heat transfer angle crystallizer should have good thermal conduction characteristic and heat conduction uniformity, with the uniformity that guarantees that shell thickness and base shell solidify in the crystallizer.The extraction of heat and heat transfer uniformity all depend on the design and the processing of cooling water seam on the copper plate of crystallizer to a great extent in the crystallizer.The Design and Machining of cooling water seam is one of core of crystallizer design on the copper plate of crystallizer, and it is directly connected to final slab quality, copper coin service life and continuous casting process direct motion situation.
Up to now, special-shaped billet crystallizer has mainly experienced three developing stage.Under the prior art; Extensively the special-shaped billet crystallizer that adopts is combined by 2 narrow copper plates and 2 wide copper coins; Narrow copper plate is the cuboid of rule; Wide the copper coin outside is regular rectangle face; Inboard mid portion protruding (being the web position); Both sides level (being wing position slightly), bossing and horizontal component be by link to each other with the chamfering wing inclined-plane of two symmetries forming smooth transition, inclined-plane, and the crystallizer internal cavity after four copper coins combinations is " H " shape.The cooling water of two wide copper coins of special-shaped base sews cloth and puts symmetry, and two leptoprosopy water sew cloth and put also symmetry.But because special-shaped billet crystallizer leptoprosopy is different with wide copper coin shape, its cooling-water duct form is also different, and narrow copper plate is on the copper coin lateral surface, to dig rectangular cooling water groove, and constitutes cooling-water duct with the water jacket of periphery.Wide copper coin wing cooling-water duct at position slightly has two kinds of forms, and a kind of is to dig the rectangle groove at lateral surface, and constitutes cooling-water duct with peripheral water jacket; Another kind is to bore circular aperture in the copper coin edges; Other position of wide copper coin can only make up cooling-water duct along inner wall edge brill circular hole from internal face closer distance place because copper coin is thicker.Generally, when processing Circularhole diameter during less than 20mm, can be directly as cooling-water duct, and when processing Circularhole diameter during greater than 20mm, then needing to insert a metallic rod inside reduce the water hole area, improves the cooling water flow velocity, strengthens cooling effectiveness.
The special-shaped billet crystallizer cooling-water duct of tradition has common characteristics; Be that the cooling-water duct inwall all is hydraulically smooth surfaces, comparatively steady when cooling water passes through, tubulence energy is less; Therefore can cause the cooling water of cooling-water duct mid portion seldom to participate in heat exchange, the overall thermal exchange efficiency of cooling water is lower.In addition; The current limliting bar that inserts in the circular hole on existing wide copper coin of special-shaped billet crystallizer also is a smooth shaft; Though it can strengthen the convection current of inner axial tube; But the stirring to tube fluid is less; Particularly less to the disturbance of heat transfer boundary-layer between copper coin and the cooling water, be difficult to form strong turbulent flow, therefore the convection heat transfer' heat-transfer by convection that cooling water path is made progress influences little; Still can cause cooling water overall thermal exchange efficiency low, crystallizer is difficult to reach the high pulling rate requirement of high efficiency continuous casting; Simultaneously; Smooth water seam internal face all is difficult to make the relative water hole of cooling water direction stronger horizontal stirring to occur with current limliting bar outside wall surface; Obviously not enough to washing away of cooling water wall; So crystallizer water slotted wall face incrusted phenomenon can occur unavoidably; Cooling water slotted wall face incrustation scale gently then reduces the cooling effectiveness of crystallizer; Influence slab quality and continuous casting process direct motion; Heavy then can make the crystallizer part high temperature occur; Make crystallizer produce wearing and tearing and distortion; Reduce crystallizer service life; Increase the growth cost, also can cause equipment directly to burn out when more serious.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem that the present invention will solve is the above-mentioned deficiency to prior art lower different type blank continuous casting crystallizer; A kind of efficient heat transfer formula casting for shaped blank continuous crystallizer is provided; Can strengthen the turbulence effects of cooling water in the cooling water seam; Increase the cooling water heat exchange efficiency; Simultaneously can reduce the fouling of cooling water channel wall, prolong copper plate of crystallizer service life.
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, the present invention adopts following technical solution:
A kind of efficient heat transfer formula casting for shaped blank continuous crystallizer, wide the copper coin subtend identical with two by two identical narrow copper plates combines; Narrow copper plate is a rectangular slab, and wide copper coin is rectangular slab, inboard intermediate projections partly be web, both ends horizontal partly for the wing slightly position, bossing and horizontal component by link to each other with the chamfering wing inclined-plane of two symmetries forming smooth transition, inclined-plane; Crystallizer internal cavity is " H " shape; Crystallizer leptoprosopy and wide copper coin wing the copper coin lateral surface at position are slightly dug rectangular recess, are drilled with vertical circular hole along inner wall edge near the wing inclined-plane of wide copper coin and the inwall of web, form annular water and stitch through inserting vertically shaft-like metal object in the circular hole;
It is characterized in that: rectangular recess internal face and circular-hole internal-wall face are provided with and make internal face form the raised or sunken of up-and-down matsurface; The outer peripheral face of the metal object of inserting is provided with raised or sunken lines, perhaps metal object for can make himself with circular hole between form up-and-down water seam helix, hurricane band, flight, intersect saw tooth belt, twisted strip, threaded rod or static mixer.
By technique scheme, said convexity is bar or piece, and said depression is ditch or groove.
By technique scheme, said raised or sunken be horizontal, vertical, oblique, crisscross or spiral.
By technique scheme, said raised or sunken bearing of trend along circular hole or rectangular recess is evenly spaced apart.
By technique scheme, the rectangular recess of said leptoprosopy and wide copper coin lateral surface is an elongated slot, and this groove internal face is provided with horizontal, the oblique or crisscross raised item/piece or the ditch/groove of depression.
By technique scheme, the circular-hole internal-wall face of said wide copper coin is provided with the ditch/groove of horizontal, vertical, crisscross or spiral helicine raised item/piece or depression.
By technique scheme, the raised or sunken lines of said metal object outer peripheral face is horizontal, oblique, helical form or twisted shape.
By technique scheme, the horizontal or oblique even interval of the raised or sunken lines of said metal object.
When said metal object was twisted strip, the rate of turning round of twisted strip was between 3-8.
The present invention has following characteristics with respect to prior art:
1 has increased effective heat transfer area that cooling water stitches, and has strengthened the cooling effectiveness of crystallizer, has improved the utilization ratio of cooling water.
2 turbulence effects of having strengthened cooling have strengthened the heat transfer coefficient between cooling water and the copper plate of crystallizer greatly, have realized that the high-efficiency type of casting for shaped blank continuous crystallizer conducts heat, for advantage has been created in the raising of continuous casting pulling rate.
3, when cooling water when the up-and-down cooling-water duct, can produce lateral flow or rotate effect, in the cooling water seam strong turbulent flow of formation has strengthened cooling water to the washing away of water slotted wall face, and can significantly reduce the fouling of cooling water slotted wall face.
4, improve the copper coin cooling effect, effectively reduce the copper plate of crystallizer operating temperature, help to improve crystallizer service life, thereby reduce the continuous casting production cost.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is a special-shaped billet crystallizer composition diagram of the present invention
Fig. 2 is that special-shaped billet crystallizer of the present invention and water sew cloth and puts vertical view
Fig. 3 is the annular water seam vertical view of one embodiment of the present of invention
Fig. 4 is the embodiment cutaway view of rectangular recess inner wall belt lateral projections of the present invention or groove
Fig. 5 is the embodiment cutaway view of oblique projection of rectangular recess inner wall belt of the present invention or groove
Fig. 6 is the embodiment cutaway view of crisscross projection of rectangular recess inner wall belt of the present invention or groove
Fig. 7 is the embodiment cutaway view of circular-hole internal-wall band lateral projections of the present invention or groove
Fig. 8 is the embodiment cutaway view of circular-hole internal-wall band spirality projection of the present invention or groove
Fig. 9 is the embodiment cutaway view of vertical projection of circular-hole internal-wall band of the present invention or groove
Figure 10 is that the interior insertion of the circular hole metal object of one embodiment of the invention is a threaded rod
Figure 11 is that the interior insertion of the circular hole metal object of one embodiment of the invention is a twisted strip
Figure 12 is that the interior insertion of the circular hole metal object of one embodiment of the invention is a static mixer
Figure 13 is that the interior insertion of the circular hole metal object of one embodiment of the invention is a helix.
Figure 14 is that the interior metal object of inserting of the circular hole of one embodiment of the invention is for intersecting saw tooth belt
Label is following in the accompanying drawing, 1-narrow copper plate, wide copper coin of 2-, the 3-wing slightly, 4-web, inclined-plane, the 5-edge of a wing, 6-rectangle tank, the circular water hole of 7-, 8-metal object, 9-annular water seam
The specific embodiment
Embodiment below in conjunction with accompanying drawing 1-14 is described further the present invention, but does not limit the present invention.
As shown in figs. 1 and 2; The crystallizer that the present invention relates to mainly is made up of two identical narrow copper plate 1 wide copper coins 2 identical with two; Rectangular Water Trough 6 has been dug in the outside of narrow copper plate 1; Wide copper coin 2 by the straight wing in two ends slightly 3, the web 4 of middle protrusion forms, the wing slightly 3 and web 4 between by link to each other with the chamfering wing inclined-plane 5 of two symmetries forming smooth transition, inclined-plane; The wing 3 lateral surfaces has slightly been dug the Rectangular Water Trough 6 identical with narrow copper plate 1 lateral surface; Bored vertical circular water hole 7 along inner wall edge near the inwall on web 4 and wing inclined-plane 5; Insert vertically shaft-like metal object 8 in the circular water hole 7, looping water seam 9, as shown in Figure 3.
Be processed with the protruding stick or the groove of depression on the internal face of said Rectangular Water Trough 6, said stick or groove can be horizontal, inclined-plane, vertical or crisscross shape, preferred even the distribution, as shown in Figs. 4-6.Processed the protruding stick or the groove of depression on the internal face in said circular water hole 7 equally, said stick or groove can be horizontal, helical form, vertical or crisscross shape, and preferred evenly distribution is as shown in Figs. 7-9.The protruding stick or the groove of depression have increased the heat transfer surface area of cooling water seam, and forcibly changing the cooling-water flow direction, strengthened the agitaion of current, form strong turbulent flow, strengthened the transversal flow and the heat exchanger effectiveness of cooling water.
The outer peripheral face of said metal object 8 is processed with raised or sunken lines, and the lines shape can be horizontal, oblique, helical form or twisted shape.Perhaps, also metal object 8 itself can be processed into helix, hurricane band, flight, intersection saw tooth belt, twisted strip, static mixer or threaded rod, wherein part embodiment is shown in Figure 10 to 14.Helix, hurricane band, flight, intersection saw tooth belt, twisted strip are bonding jumper, band, sheet or filament winding system and/or are twisted into spirality or the twisted strip shape, cooling water in the circular hole are produced rotatablely move or laterally disturbance, the water velocity that increases the near wall place, the stirring of stiffened edge interlayer inner fluid.
Specific embodiment is as follows:
The special-shaped billet crystallizer of a kind of efficient heat transfer formula is formed " H " shape crystallizer internal cavity by two wide copper coins and two narrow copper plates.In crystallizer narrow copper plate and wide wing every interval 15mm of lateral surface of the copper coin rectangular Rectangular Water Trough 6 of digging a wide 10mm, dark 20mm slightly; The wide 3mm of one row, high 3mm are set and are the raised line at 45 ° of inclination angles at a distance from 40mm in that Rectangular Water Trough 6 inner wall surface are every on vertically, as shown in Figure 5 with horizontal direction.On the inwall of the wing inclined-plane of wide copper coin and web, along inner wall edge every at a distance from circular water hole 7 that diameter is 30mm of 30mm brill apart from inboard 40mm place.
Inner wall surface car in circular water hole 7 goes out spiral raised line, and spirality raised line height is that 4mm, pitch are set to 30mm, as shown in Figure 8.
In circular water hole 7, inserting diameter is the metal object 8 of 25mm, is 45 ° groove in the get on the bus oblique and horizontal direction of dark 6mm, wide 15mm of metal object 8, and the spacing of adjacent grooves is 25mm.The water seam that makes up thus can increase the horizontal disturbance of cooling water, and the turbulence state of cooling water significantly strengthens, and heat transfer efficiency that can also the enhance heat transfer boundary-layer reduces the fouling of water seam, prolongs copper coin service life.
Different with embodiment 1 is: the metal object of in circular hole 7, inserting 8 is tie, and the diameter of twisted strip can change between the 5-25mm as shown in figure 11.Twisted strip is a kind of the simplest and make the rotational flow generator of fluid rotation.It is to be reversed by foil (normally aluminium flake) to form.The breach of a plurality of irregular distributions can also be set on the twisted strip as shown in Figure 4.The degree of reversing of twisted strip is by whenever reversing 360 ° the length H (being called full pitch) and the sign recently of circular hole inner diameter d.H/d is referred to as to turn round rate.The effect of turning round the different augmentation of heat transfers of rate is also different, and the rate of turning round of general tie can be arranged between the 3-8, and test shows that the rate of turning round is that 5 effects are best.H gets 150mm in this example, and d gets 30mm.The water seam that inserts twisted strip can significantly increase the disturbance and the transversal flow of current, and the augmentation of heat transfer coefficient makes the interior cooling water heat transfer efficiency of pipe improve 0.3 to 1 times, simultaneously, is easy to take out and cleans and change, and can reduce the fouling of cooling water slotted wall face.
Different is with embodiment 1: Rectangular Water Trough 6 inner wall surface vertically on every lateral trench that the wide 3mm of a row, dark 3mm are set at a distance from 40mm; To go out the degree of depth be that 4mm, spacing are the lateral trench of 30mm to 7 inner wall surface cars in circular water hole, as shown in Figure 7.The special-shaped billet crystallizer water of this kind seam can increase heat exchange area and cooling effectiveness, helps the lifting of pulling rate and the prolongation in copper coin service life.
The crystallizer main body is identical with previous embodiment 1, different be that the metal object of in circular hole 7, inserting 8 be the metal system SK type static mixer of diameter 5-25mm, can certainly be the other types static mixer, no longer illustrate.This static mixer is by a series of distortion sheet short elements that reverse 180 ° left, more to the right, according to putting in order of left-handed a, dextrorotation, stagger mutually 90 ° again spot welding form, as shown in figure 12.The breach of irregular distribution can also be set on the sheet short element.The water seam that constitutes thus can make the turbulence state of cooling water significantly strengthen, and strengthens heat transfer coefficient.Research shows that static mixer can make the interior heat transfer coefficient of water seam improve 1.5 to 4 times, strengthens washing away of cooling wall, makes the antiscale ability of water slotted wall face improve 5 to 10 times, helps optimizing the copper plate of crystallizer working environment greatly.
The crystallizer main body is identical with previous embodiment 1; Different be that the metal objects of inserting in the circular hole 78 are helix; Referring to Figure 13; Form by the wire coiling; Be 0.5 to 5mm fine wire around to curl generally by three leaves or four leaf diameters; The peripheral diameter of zigzag shape metal object 8 is 5-25mm, and the pitch of helix is generally 5mm to 30mm.After inserting helix in the circular channel, strengthened the rotation disturbance of fluid, can improve tube wall face film coefficient of heat transfer more than 20%, made the interior overall heat transfer efficient of water seam increase more than 30%.
The crystallizer main body is identical with previous embodiment 1, different be that the metal objects 8 inserted in the circular hole 7 are for intersecting saw tooth belt, as shown in figure 14.Formed by two metal tapes intersection coilings and distortion, per two crosspoints are spaced apart 5mm to 30mm, the lateral surface indentation after the distortion.The peripheral diameter of intersection saw tooth belt metal object 8 is 5-25mm.The significantly disturbance of enhance fluid of intersection saw tooth belt can make the heat transfer coefficient in the water seam improve 30% to 50%, simultaneously, also is easy to assembling and disassembly, cleaning, effectively prevents fouling in the sealing seam.
Other embodiment can be by various raised lines or the groove and the mutual matched combined of the up-and-down characteristic of metal insert 8 outer surfaces of various raised lines or the groove and circular water hole 7 inwalls of Rectangular Water Trough 6 inwalls; And the degree of depth of raised line or groove or height; And spacing can change adjustment, repeats no more.
Above disclosed only is preferred embodiment of the present invention; Certainly can not limit the present invention's interest field with this; Therefore the equivalence of doing according to claim of the present invention changes, and still belongs to protection scope of the present invention like change and the improvement that technological parameter or device are made.
Claims (9)
1. efficient heat transfer formula casting for shaped blank continuous crystallizer, wide the copper coin subtend identical with two by two identical narrow copper plates combines; Narrow copper plate is a rectangular slab, and wide copper coin is rectangular slab, inboard intermediate projections partly be web, both ends horizontal partly for the wing slightly position, bossing and horizontal component by link to each other with the chamfering wing inclined-plane of two symmetries forming smooth transition, inclined-plane; Crystallizer internal cavity is " H " shape; Crystallizer leptoprosopy and wide copper coin wing the copper coin lateral surface at position are slightly dug rectangular recess, are drilled with vertical circular hole along inner wall edge near the wing inclined-plane of wide copper coin and the inwall of web, form annular water and stitch through inserting vertically shaft-like metal object in the circular hole;
It is characterized in that: rectangular recess internal face and circular-hole internal-wall face are provided with and make internal face form the raised or sunken of up-and-down matsurface; The outer peripheral face of the metal object of inserting is provided with raised or sunken lines, perhaps metal object for can make himself with circular hole between form up-and-down water seam helix, hurricane band, flight, intersect saw tooth belt, twisted strip, threaded rod or static mixer.
2. crystallizer according to claim 1 is characterized in that said convexity is bar or piece, and said depression is ditch or groove.
3. crystallizer according to claim 1 and 2 is characterized in that said raised or sunken horizontal, vertical, oblique, the crisscross or spiral that is.
4. crystallizer according to claim 3 is characterized in that said raised or sunken bearing of trend along circular hole or rectangular recess is evenly spaced apart.
5. according to claim 1 or 2 or 4 described crystallizers, the rectangular recess that it is characterized in that said leptoprosopy and wide copper coin lateral surface is an elongated slot, and this groove internal face is provided with horizontal, the oblique or crisscross raised item/piece or the ditch/groove of depression.
6. crystallizer according to claim 5 is characterized in that the circular-hole internal-wall face of said wide copper coin is provided with the ditch/groove of horizontal, vertical, crisscross or spiral helicine raised item/piece or depression.
7. according to claim 1 or 2 or 4 or 6 described crystallizers, the raised or sunken lines that it is characterized in that said metal object outer peripheral face is horizontal, oblique, helical form or twisted shape.
8. crystallizer according to claim 7 is characterized in that the horizontal or oblique even interval of raised or sunken lines of said metal object.
9. crystallizer according to claim 1, when it is characterized in that said metal object is twisted strip, the rate of turning round of twisted strip is between 3-8.
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| CN201110300827A CN102303103A (en) | 2011-09-27 | 2011-09-27 | Efficient heat transfer type special-shaped blank continuous casting crystallizer |
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| CN201110300827A CN102303103A (en) | 2011-09-27 | 2011-09-27 | Efficient heat transfer type special-shaped blank continuous casting crystallizer |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105555438A (en) * | 2013-04-23 | 2016-05-04 | 达涅利机械设备股份公司 | Apparatus for continuous casting |
| CN113198986A (en) * | 2021-05-11 | 2021-08-03 | 马鞍山钢铁股份有限公司 | Combined crystallizer cooling method for continuous casting of beam blank |
| CN113798452A (en) * | 2021-10-19 | 2021-12-17 | 重庆大学 | Square billet continuous casting crystallizer copper pipe and method for efficiently utilizing cooling water |
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| JPS59141347A (en) * | 1983-02-01 | 1984-08-14 | Kuroki Kogyosho:Kk | Mold for continuous casting |
| US4677724A (en) * | 1983-12-05 | 1987-07-07 | Takanori Kuroki | Heat exchanger structure and method of manufacturing same |
| CN202270946U (en) * | 2011-09-27 | 2012-06-13 | 中冶南方工程技术有限公司 | High-efficient heat transfer type beam blank continuous casting crystallizer |
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2011
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| JPS59141347A (en) * | 1983-02-01 | 1984-08-14 | Kuroki Kogyosho:Kk | Mold for continuous casting |
| US4677724A (en) * | 1983-12-05 | 1987-07-07 | Takanori Kuroki | Heat exchanger structure and method of manufacturing same |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105555438A (en) * | 2013-04-23 | 2016-05-04 | 达涅利机械设备股份公司 | Apparatus for continuous casting |
| CN113198986A (en) * | 2021-05-11 | 2021-08-03 | 马鞍山钢铁股份有限公司 | Combined crystallizer cooling method for continuous casting of beam blank |
| CN113798452A (en) * | 2021-10-19 | 2021-12-17 | 重庆大学 | Square billet continuous casting crystallizer copper pipe and method for efficiently utilizing cooling water |
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Application publication date: 20120104 |