CN102295071A - Telescopic truss structure and manufacturing method thereof - Google Patents
Telescopic truss structure and manufacturing method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN102295071A CN102295071A CN201110180826A CN201110180826A CN102295071A CN 102295071 A CN102295071 A CN 102295071A CN 201110180826 A CN201110180826 A CN 201110180826A CN 201110180826 A CN201110180826 A CN 201110180826A CN 102295071 A CN102295071 A CN 102295071A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a telescopic truss structure and a manufacturing method thereof. The telescopic truss structure is composed of a plurality of truss units. A truss unit comprises three longitudinal main beams, three traversal ribs and three oblique ribs. Between the truss units, the longitudinal main beams serve as the telescoping structures, and the oblique ribs are two soft high-strength pulling cables. According to the invention, the whole telescoping operation process of the novel telescopic novel truss structure is simple, the labor requirement is low, the efficiency is high, and assembling, storing and transporting problems of a giant aerostat truss structure caused by a large dimension are solved.
Description
Technical field
The invention provides a kind of scalable truss structure and preparation method thereof, belong to the space truss technical field.
Background technology
The advection layer aerostatics has now become the focus of various countries' research, and states such as the U.S., Canada, Japan, Korea S, Britain, Germany and Israel are actively developing correlative study.Large scale, high-strength light force-bearing type composite material truss structure are that aerostatics provides support platform and various loading devices are installed, and it is significant to the development of aerostatics to study its truss structure form.Because the advection layer density of air is low, it is all bigger to rely on static lift to stay the empty general volume of aerostatics, is about 152 meters, 49 meters of diameters as the HAA of the U.S., volume is 14.5 ten thousand steres, because the problems such as structural entity assembling, storage and transportation that the scantling of structure super large brought are very outstanding.Triangle at present commonly used and the rigid truss structure of quadrangle, truss is a complete structure in assembling, storage and transportation, it is very big to take up room, operation inconvenience, study a kind of lightweight, high-strength, truss structure, can effectively solve assembling, storage and the transportation problem of huge aerostatics structure with Telescopic.
Truss structure of the prior art by vertical girder (mobile jib), transverse ribs (bulkhead bar), oblique rib (brace) is formed, and is that rigid rod member is non-telescoping entirely.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is in order effectively to solve assembling, storage and the transportation problem of huge aerostatics structure, the invention provides a kind of scalable truss structure and preparation method thereof, the material truss structure have high-strength, lightweight, space spread length big, stretch characteristics such as operation is convenient and simple, truss structure adopts quality matetrial simultaneously, resistance to abrasion is good, repeated usage often can the actv. extending structure life-span.
A kind of scalable truss structure is made up of several truss elements, and truss element comprises three vertical girders, three transverse ribs and three oblique ribs, and vertical girder is a Collapsible structure between the truss element, and oblique rib is two soft high-strength drag-lines.
A kind of scalable truss structure method for making comprises following step:
Step 1:, determine the size of the size of scalable truss structure triangular-section, vertical girder, transverse ribs, oblique rib and all parts according to the requirement of carrying, space size and magnification ratio;
Step 2: the parts that step 1 is determined are handled;
Comprise cutting, polish, clean and drying of rod member, need bonding metal parts carry out phosphoric acid and handle;
Step 2: finish the bonding of vertical girder;
Vertically girder one end connects first telescopic shaft, and the other end connects second telescopic shaft, applies mechanically the 3rd telescopic shaft on second telescopic shaft, coupling bush is put between first telescopic shaft and second telescopic shaft before bonding;
Step 3: finish the bonding of transverse ribs;
At the bonding bulkhead joint of the two ends of transverse ribs difference;
Step 4: finish the making of oblique rib, there is connecting bore at the drag-line two ends;
Step 5: with step and in bonding vertical girder arrange according to daring internal diameter order from small to large, carry out the connection of vertical girder by the assembling of the 3rd telescopic shaft;
Step 6: the three corresponding coupling bush of vertical girder place peace transverse ribs;
Step 7: the oblique drag-line that two diagonal angles are installed on each transverse ribs cross section;
Step 8: after all component installation, carry out the debugging of whole truss structure.
The invention has the advantages that:
The whole flexible operating process of this scalable novel truss structure is simple and convenient, and manpower requirement is few, and efficient height, actv. have solved huge aerostatics truss structure because the problems such as detail assembly, storage and transportation that enormous size is brought.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of truss element in the flexible truss of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of the vertical girder of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the structural representation of the present invention's first telescopic shaft;
Fig. 4 is the structural representation of the present invention's second telescopic shaft;
Fig. 5 is the structural representation of the present invention's the 3rd telescopic shaft;
Fig. 6 is the present invention's first telescopic shaft, second telescopic shaft, the 3rd telescopic shaft assembling scheme drawing;
Fig. 7 is the structural representation of coupling bush of the present invention;
Fig. 8 is the structural representation of transverse ribs of the present invention;
Fig. 9 is the structural representation of bulkhead joint of the present invention;
Figure 10 is a method flow diagram of the present invention;
Figure 11 is that scheme drawing is finished in truss structure assembling of the present invention.
Among the figure:
The oblique rib of the vertical girder 2-of 1-transverse ribs 3-
The 101-first telescopic shaft 102-second telescopic shaft 103-the 3rd sleeve
104-coupling bush 201-bulkhead joint
1011-front-end A 1012-rear end B 1013-middle-end C
1022-rear end D 1021-front end E
The specific embodiment
The present invention is described in further detail below in conjunction with drawings and Examples.
A kind of scalable truss structure of the present invention as shown in Figure 1, is made up of several truss elements, and truss element comprises three vertical girders (mobile jib), 1, three transverse ribs (bulkhead bar) 2 and three oblique ribs (brace) 3.
As shown in Figure 2, vertically an end of girder 1 connects first telescopic shaft 101, the other end connects second telescopic shaft 102, (two ends of scalable truss structure can not be provided with telescopic shaft according to specific requirement) first telescopic shaft 101 as shown in Figure 3, the external diameter of front-end A 1011 is than the little 0.2-0.3mm of internal diameter of vertical girder 1, front-end A 1011 is bonded in the inwall of vertical girder 1, the external diameter of rear end B1012 is than the little 0.05-0.1mm of internal diameter of the coupled vertical girder 1 of other truss elements, middle-end C1013 is tapered, with second telescopic shaft 102, the 3rd sleeve 103 is used, and plays position-limiting action.Second telescopic shaft 102 as shown in Figure 4, the internal diameter of rear end D1022 is greater than the vertical external diameter 0.2-0.3mm of girder 1, rear end D1022 is bonding with the other end of vertical girder 1, bonding length is 30-60mm, front end E1021 periphery is provided with conical external screw thread.
In truss element vertically first telescopic shaft 101 of girder 1 be positioned at second telescopic shaft 102 of the vertical girder 1 of connected other truss elements, the 3rd telescopic shaft 103 as shown in Figure 5, inside is provided with conical internal thread, first telescopic shaft 101, second telescopic shaft 102, the matching relationship of the 3rd telescopic shaft 103 as shown in Figure 6, the rear end B1012 of first telescopic shaft 101 is positioned at second telescopic shaft, 102 inside, the 3rd telescopic shaft 103 is positioned at the periphery of second telescopic shaft 102, position by tapered thread, in the scalable truss structure that truss element is formed, vertically the external diameter of girder 1 increases successively, when scalable truss structure shortens, the 3rd telescopic shaft 103 unclamps, be in relaxed state, vertical girder 1 that external diameter is little in the previous truss element is arranged in big vertical girder 1 inside of a back truss element external diameter, conserve space, be convenient to transportation, when scalable truss structure launches, second telescopic shaft, 102 front end E 1021 shrink owing to its tapering is compressed by the 3rd telescopic shaft 103 screw threads, cooperate with the middle-end C1013 of first telescopic shaft 101, telescopic shaft is in tightening state, realizes truss structure.
Also bonding coupling bush 104 on vertical girder 1, coupling bush 104 as shown in Figure 7, adopt aerolite as material, coupling bush 104 is provided with two rows, three hole auricles, two row's auricle angles are 60 °, the aperture in hole is 3-6mm on the auricle, and middle hole is used to install transverse ribs 2, and two holes on both sides are used to install oblique rib 3.
Transverse ribs 2 as shown in Figure 8, two ends connect bulkhead joint 201, bulkhead joint 201 is fixedly connected on transverse ribs 2 in the interstitial hole of vertical girder 1 coupling bush 104 by bulkhead joint 201 as shown in Figure 9.
Oblique rib 3 is two soft high-strength drag-lines, in two adjacent truss elements, vertically girder 1 and transverse ribs 2 are formed three square sides, soft high-strength drag-line two ends connect the hole in the coupling bush 104 respectively, soft high-strength drag-line is connected on the diagonal line of square sides, and two soft high-strength drag-lines are arranged in a crossed manner.The material of soft high-strength drag-line generally adopts high-strength polyethylene, kevlar (Kev draws) and vectran fibers such as (outstanding Knicks).When truss was in contraction state, soft high-strength drag-line was lax, when truss structure is in extended state, and the tight load of soft high-strength drag-line.Adopt two high-strength drag-lines to substitute rigid oblique rib in the prior art among the present invention, through mechanical analysis and verification experimental verification, the force-bearing property of this kind truss structure and stability all can satisfy operating needs.
In the truss structure elongation process, when soft high-strength drag-line is in tight load state, the vertical vertical girder 1 of the 3rd telescopic shaft 103 lockings of girder 1, after the 3rd telescopic shaft 103 of all truss elements all lock, truss structure expansion end; In the truss structure contraction process, remove the locking of the 3rd telescopic shaft 103 earlier, shrink truss then to the shortest, truss shrinks and finishes.
The method for making of a kind of scalable truss structure of the present invention by changing the length ratio of telescopic shaft and rod member, can be adjusted the magnification ratio of truss structure.Flow process comprises following step as shown in figure 10:
Step 1:, determine the size of the size of scalable truss structure triangular-section, vertical girder 1, transverse ribs 2, oblique rib 3 and all parts according to the requirement of carrying, space size and magnification ratio.
Step 2: the parts that step 1 is determined are handled.
Comprise cutting, polish, clean and drying of rod member, need bonding metal parts carry out phosphoric acid and handle.
Step 2: finish the bonding of vertical girder 1.
Vertically girder 1 one ends connect first telescopic shaft 101, and the other end connects second telescopic shaft 102, applies mechanically the 3rd telescopic shaft 103 on second telescopic shaft 102, coupling bush 104 are put between first telescopic shaft 101 and second telescopic shaft 102 before bonding.
Step 3: finish the bonding of transverse ribs 2.
At the bonding bulkhead joint 201 of the two ends of transverse ribs 2 difference.
Step 4: finish the making of oblique rib 3, there is connecting bore at the drag-line two ends.
Step 5: with step and in bonding vertical girder 1 arrange according to daring internal diameter order from small to large, carry out the connection of vertical girder 1 by the assembling of the 3rd telescopic shaft 103.
Step 6: three vertical girder 1 corresponding coupling bush 104 places peace transverse ribs 2.
Step 7: the oblique drag-line that two diagonal angles are installed on each transverse ribs 2 cross section.
Step 8: after all component installation, carry out the debugging of whole truss structure, obtain scalable truss structure at last as shown in figure 11.
A kind of scalable truss structure extends operation, is specially:
1) unclamps all the 3rd telescopic shafts 103, thin vertical girder 1 is pulled outwardly in thick vertical girder 1, pull out 3 the 3rd telescopic shafts 103 tightening this joint after one section, carry out vertical girder 1 locking.
2), can finish the elongation operation of whole truss structure according to the above-mentioned steps repetitive operation.
3) every section elongation is identical with shortening amount, can extend operation accordingly according to different needs.
A kind of scalable truss structure shortens operation, is specially:
1) unclamps 3 the 3rd telescopic shafts 103 on 1 same section transverse ribs of 3 vertical girders 2.
2) thin vertical girder 1 is advanced thick vertical girder 1 the inside respectively, this joint shortens operation to be finished.
3) repeat above step, the continuous indentation of whole truss structure.
4) can be according to different needs, truss structure is carried out in various degree shortening, the minimum shortening amount that shortens unit for a bulkhead of operation, all the other shortening amounts are the integral multiple of a bulkhead shortening amount of operation.
Embodiment:
Among the embodiment, truss structure maximum elongation length is 10130mm, and minimum shortening length is 3110mm, and the cross section is an equilateral triangle, and transverse ribs 2 length are 1000mm.
A kind of scalable truss structure as shown in figure 11, is made up of ten truss elements, and transverse ribs 2 is mainly played and supported and interconnect function by the machine-shaping of high-strength light carbon fiber composite material, and the pipe fitting internal diameter is 23.8mm, and external diameter is 25mm, and length is 857mm.
Vertically girder 1 is mainly played and is supported and interconnect function by the machine-shaping of high-strength light carbon fiber composite material, and the concrete specification of each pipe fitting is as shown in table 1.
Table 1 mobile jib specification
First telescopic shaft 101, second telescopic shaft 102, the 3rd telescopic shaft 103, coupling bush 104, bulkhead joint 201 all adopt aerolite as material.
It is material that the soft high-strength drag-lines of two of oblique rib 3 adopt ultra-strong polythenes, and transverse ribs 2 is provided with drag-line termination connecting bore, is used for fixing soft high-strength drag-line, and the distance between two drag-line termination connecting bores is 1295mm.
The method for making of scalable truss structure comprises following step:
Step 1:, determine the size of the size of scalable truss structure triangular-section, vertical girder 1, transverse ribs 2, oblique rib 3 and all parts according to the requirement of carrying, space size and magnification ratio.
Step 2: the parts that step 1 is determined are handled.
Comprise cutting, polish, clean and drying of rod member, need bonding metal parts carry out phosphoric acid and handle.
Step 2: finish the bonding of vertical girder 1.
(1) makes carbon fibre reinforced pipe spare according to the specification requirement of the vertical girder 1 of table 1.
(2) vertical girder 1 one end outside faces and other end inside face are polished respectively, length is 55-60mm.
(3) with alcoholic dedusting paper wiping pipe fitting abrasive end three times.
(4) pipe fitting is put into baking oven and dry, temperature is 50-60 ℃, and the time is 15-20 minute.
(5) inwall with the rear end D1022 of the outer wall of vertical girder 1 and second telescopic shaft 102 carries out bonding, front-end A 1011 outer walls of vertical girder 1 other end inwall and first telescopic shaft 101 are carried out bondingly, vertical girder 1 is 50-52mm with the splicing length of joint when bonding again.
(6) be heating and curing, room temperature is heated to 70 ℃, and the temperature rise time is 30 minutes, 70 ℃ of constant temperature, and the time is 4 hours, naturally cools to room temperature then, bonding finishing.
(7) finish the bonding of all the other mobile jibs according to above-mentioned steps, 3 every section, totally 30.
Step 3: finish the bonding of transverse ribs 2.
(1) preparing internal diameter is 23.8mm, and external diameter is 25mm, and length is the carbon fibre reinforced pipe spare of 857mm.
(2) pipe fitting two ends outer wall sand papering, polishing length is 30～35mm.
(3) with alcoholic dedusting paper wiping pipe fitting abrasive end three times.
(4) pipe fitting is put into baking oven and dry, temperature is 50-60 ℃, and the time is 15-20 minute.
(5) transverse ribs 2 two ends are bonding with bulkhead joint 201 respectively.
(6) check and correction two hole sites on the frock of 887mm make two auricle planes on same horizontal surface and guarantee pitch of holes 887 ± 0.2mm.
(7) be heating and curing behind bonding the finishing, room temperature is heated to 70 ℃, and the temperature rise time is 30 minutes; 70 ℃ of constant temperature, the time is 4 hours, naturally cools to room temperature then, bonding finishing.
(8) finish the making of all the other bulkhead bars by above-mentioned steps, totally 33.
Step 4: finish the making of oblique rib 3, there is connecting bore at the drag-line two ends.
Adopting high-strength polyethylene is the drag-line of 1295mm for material length, and this length is the distance between the connecting bore center, drag-line two ends, totally 60.
Step 5: with step and in bonding vertical girder 1 arrange according to daring internal diameter order from small to large, carry out the connection of vertical girder 1 by the assembling of the 3rd telescopic shaft 103.
Bonding intact mobile jib is linked and packed in order successively, vertically girder 1 installation step:
(1) vertical girder 1 is arranged in order according to specification.
(2) the 3rd telescopic shaft 103 and coupling bush 104 are penetrated in the pipe fitting that is complementary.
(3) first telescopic shaft, 101 rear end B1012 are inserted second telescopic shaft, 102 inside of adjacent vertical girder 1, the position of the middle-end C1013 position of first telescopic shaft 101 and second telescopic shaft, 102 middle-end E1021 overlaps substantially.
(4) the front end E1021 outside thread of second telescopic shaft 102 of the inner cone screw thread of the 3rd telescopic shaft 103 and adjacent vertical girder 1 is tightened, both can not be moved.
(5) finish the fixing of vertical girder 1 each telescopic joint successively by above-mentioned steps, the mobile jib assembling finishes.
Step 6: three vertical girder 1 corresponding coupling bush 104 places peace transverse ribs 2.
Step 7: the oblique drag-line that two diagonal angles are installed on each transverse ribs 2 cross section.
Step 8: after all component installation, carry out the debugging of whole truss structure, obtain scalable truss structure at last as shown in figure 11.
Claims (8)
1. scalable truss structure, be made up of several truss elements, truss element comprises three vertical girders, three transverse ribs and three oblique ribs, it is characterized in that, vertical girder is a Collapsible structure between the truss element, and oblique rib is two soft high-strength drag-lines.
2. a kind of scalable truss structure according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, one end of described vertical girder connects first telescopic shaft, the other end connects second telescopic shaft, and the external diameter of the first telescopic shaft front-end A is littler than the internal diameter of vertical girder, and front-end A is bonded in the inwall of vertical girder, the external diameter of rear end B is littler than the internal diameter of the coupled vertical girder of other truss elements, middle-end C is tapered, cooperates with second telescopic shaft, the 3rd sleeve, plays position-limiting action; The internal diameter of the second telescopic shaft rear end D is greater than the external diameter of vertical girder, and rear end D is bonding with the other end of vertical girder, and front end E periphery is provided with conical external screw thread; First telescopic shaft of vertical girder is positioned at second telescopic shaft of the vertical girder of connected other truss elements in the truss element, the 3rd telescopic shaft inside is provided with conical internal thread, the rear end B of first telescopic shaft is positioned at the second telescopic shaft inside, the 3rd telescopic shaft is positioned at the periphery of second telescopic shaft, positions by tapered thread; Vertically also bonding coupling bush on the girder is used to install transverse ribs and is used to install oblique rib.
3. a kind of scalable truss structure according to claim 2, it is characterized in that, the external diameter of the described first telescopic shaft front-end A is than the little 0.2-0.3mm of internal diameter of vertical girder, the external diameter of rear end B is than the little 0.05-0.1mm of internal diameter of the coupled vertical girder of other truss elements, the internal diameter of the second telescopic shaft rear end D is greater than the external diameter 0.2-0.3mm of vertical girder, rear end D is bonding with the other end of vertical girder, bonding length is 30-60mm, front end E periphery is provided with conical external screw thread, coupling bush is provided with two rows, three hole auricles, two row's auricle angles are 60 °, the aperture in hole is 3-6mm on the auricle, middle hole is used to install transverse ribs, and two holes on both sides are used to install oblique rib.
4. a kind of scalable truss structure according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described transverse ribs two ends connect the bulkhead joint, by the bulkhead joint transverse ribs are fixedly connected on vertical girder coupling bush.
5. according to claim 2,3 or 4 described a kind of scalable truss structures, it is characterized in that the material of described first telescopic shaft, second telescopic shaft, the 3rd telescopic shaft, coupling bush, bulkhead joint all adopts aerolite.
6. a kind of scalable truss structure according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described oblique rib is two soft high-strength drag-lines, in two adjacent truss elements, vertically girder and transverse ribs are formed three square sides, soft high-strength drag-line two ends connect coupling bush respectively, and soft high-strength drag-line is connected on the diagonal line of square sides, and two soft high-strength drag-lines are arranged in a crossed manner.
7. a kind of scalable truss structure according to claim 6 is characterized in that, the material of described soft high-strength drag-line adopts high-strength polyethylene, kevlar or vectran fiber.
8. the method for making of a scalable truss structure is characterized in that, comprises following step:
Step 1:, determine the size of the size of scalable truss structure triangular-section, vertical girder, transverse ribs, oblique rib and all parts according to the requirement of carrying, space size and magnification ratio;
Step 2: the parts that step 1 is determined are handled;
Comprise cutting, polish, clean and drying of rod member, need bonding metal parts carry out phosphoric acid and handle;
Step 2: finish the bonding of vertical girder;
Vertically girder one end connects first telescopic shaft, and the other end connects second telescopic shaft, applies mechanically the 3rd telescopic shaft on second telescopic shaft, coupling bush is put between first telescopic shaft and second telescopic shaft before bonding;
Step 3: finish the bonding of transverse ribs;
At the bonding bulkhead joint of the two ends of transverse ribs difference;
Step 4: finish the making of oblique rib, there is connecting bore at the drag-line two ends;
Step 5: with step and in bonding vertical girder arrange according to daring internal diameter order from small to large, carry out the connection of vertical girder by the assembling of the 3rd telescopic shaft;
Step 6: the three corresponding coupling bush of vertical girder place peace transverse ribs;
Step 7: the oblique drag-line that two diagonal angles are installed on each transverse ribs cross section;
Step 8: after all component installation, carry out the debugging of whole truss structure.
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| CN102877595A (en) * | 2012-10-30 | 2013-01-16 | 中国二十二冶集团有限公司 | Method for manufacturing large-size and large-span steel truss |
| CN103437492A (en) * | 2013-08-19 | 2013-12-11 | 重庆建工第九建设有限公司 | Plane truss for parallel chords |
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| CN104554700A (en) * | 2015-01-28 | 2015-04-29 | 张伟 | Upper beam, helicopter airframe adopting same and helicopter |
| CN104821141A (en) * | 2015-05-27 | 2015-08-05 | 中冶建工集团有限公司 | Truss assembly and advertisement truss assembled by applying truss assembly |
| CN105966619A (en) * | 2016-05-03 | 2016-09-28 | 北京京东尚科信息技术有限公司 | Unmanned aerial vehicle |
| CN106743146A (en) * | 2017-03-16 | 2017-05-31 | 长沙理工大学 | A kind of Rotatruder modular truss track-type facilities and its installation method |
| CN109098276A (en) * | 2018-10-11 | 2018-12-28 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | The molding in-orbit building system of truss and in-orbit method of construction are connected based on component |
| CN110397667A (en) * | 2019-08-06 | 2019-11-01 | 北京航空航天大学 | A kind of truss member structure design |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102877595A (en) * | 2012-10-30 | 2013-01-16 | 中国二十二冶集团有限公司 | Method for manufacturing large-size and large-span steel truss |
| CN103437492A (en) * | 2013-08-19 | 2013-12-11 | 重庆建工第九建设有限公司 | Plane truss for parallel chords |
| CN103437492B (en) * | 2013-08-19 | 2016-09-28 | 重庆建工第九建设有限公司 | Parallel chords plane girder |
| CN103466075A (en) * | 2013-08-23 | 2013-12-25 | 中国航空工业集团公司西安飞机设计研究所 | Weight reduction design method of structural band plate |
| CN104554700A (en) * | 2015-01-28 | 2015-04-29 | 张伟 | Upper beam, helicopter airframe adopting same and helicopter |
| CN104821141A (en) * | 2015-05-27 | 2015-08-05 | 中冶建工集团有限公司 | Truss assembly and advertisement truss assembled by applying truss assembly |
| CN105966619A (en) * | 2016-05-03 | 2016-09-28 | 北京京东尚科信息技术有限公司 | Unmanned aerial vehicle |
| CN106743146A (en) * | 2017-03-16 | 2017-05-31 | 长沙理工大学 | A kind of Rotatruder modular truss track-type facilities and its installation method |
| CN109098276A (en) * | 2018-10-11 | 2018-12-28 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | The molding in-orbit building system of truss and in-orbit method of construction are connected based on component |
| CN110397667A (en) * | 2019-08-06 | 2019-11-01 | 北京航空航天大学 | A kind of truss member structure design |
| CN110397667B (en) * | 2019-08-06 | 2021-10-15 | 北京航空航天大学 | Structural design of truss rod system |
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Application publication date: 20111228 |