CN102273291A - Paging method,mobility management network element and communication system - Google Patents
Paging method,mobility management network element and communication system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN102273291A CN102273291A CN2011800004257A CN201180000425A CN102273291A CN 102273291 A CN102273291 A CN 102273291A CN 2011800004257 A CN2011800004257 A CN 2011800004257A CN 201180000425 A CN201180000425 A CN 201180000425A CN 102273291 A CN102273291 A CN 102273291A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- user equipment
- subregion
- paging
- upper strata
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W68/00—User notification, e.g. alerting and paging, for incoming communication, change of service or the like
- H04W68/04—User notification, e.g. alerting and paging, for incoming communication, change of service or the like multi-step notification using statistical or historical mobility data
Abstract
The embodiments of the present invention provide a paging method, mobility management network element and communication system. The method includes the following steps: obtaining a residence time correlation measurement value of a User Equipment (UE) within a sub region of a first layer, wherein, the residence time correlation measurement value is a measurement value of residence time of the UE; if the residence time correlation measurement value within the sub region of the first layer is less than a preset threshold, then paging the UE within a sub region of the upper layer of the first layer, wherein, both the first layer and the upper layer of the first layer belong to a registration region of the UE, and the coverage area of the upper layer of the first layer is larger than that of the first layer.
Description
Paging method, mobile management network element and communication system
Technical field
The present invention relates to communication technical field, more particularly to a kind of paging method, mobile management network element and communication system.Background technology
In mobile communication system, in order to save Radio Resource and user equipment power saving, for a period of time after no signaling and data transfer, user equipment can go to idle condition.In an idle state, the location of user equipment known to network is a larger wireless coverage area being made up of several cells, referred to as registration area.When network needs to send signaling or data to user equipment, network side is in the user equipment under idle condition by paging technique cell paging all in the registration area of user equipment, user equipment responds paging after the beep-page message for issuing oneself is received, the communication with network side is set up, connection status is gone to.The registration area of one user equipment is often made up of tens of up to a hundred cells, the defined location that at a time can be only resided in registration area due to user equipment（Cell）, therefore, if cell paging user equipment all in user equipment registration region, although ensure that Quick Paging to user equipment, but very high paging load can be produced.
The method of existing layering paging, it is assumed that most of user equipmenies are in majority all in substantially static state.The registration area of user equipment is layered according to the granularity of distinct coverage region size, granularity is smaller, then the subregion quantity divided in registration area is more, single subregion area coverage is smaller；Conversely, granularity is bigger, then the subregion quantity divided in registration area is fewer, and single subregion area coverage is bigger.By taking EPS as an example, layering granularity can be from small to large cell-<The eNodeB areas of coverage-<Tracking area TA-<Tracking area list TA List.The granularity and the less subregion of area coverage that we divide are called lower region, and granularity of division and larger subregion are top area, and such as cell and tracking area compare, and the area of cell is smaller, then cell is lower region, and tracking area is top area.
Therefore, using existing hierarchical paging method, when paging is initiated, selection one first is less
Lower region carries out paging, if paging failure（It is not received by page response）, then expanded scope, the larger top area continuation paging of selection one, until paging is successful, or are finally expanded to paging in the whole registration area of user equipment.
On each hierarchy of layer, paging can be carried out by certain sub-regions of algorithms selection one.The subregion that can generally select the user equipment that network is recorded finally to be resident when being most recently connected state, for example：In the layering granularity of cell, the cell that selection user equipment is finally accessed under the last connected state；In the layering granularity of the eNodeB areas of coverage, the area of coverage for the eNodeB that selection user equipment is accessed recently；In the layering granularity of tracking area, the tracking area that selection user equipment is finally accessed under the last connected state；The superiors, i.e. user equipment registration area in itself, then do not need selection process and directly the paging in the range of whole registration area.
Due to switching to the Idle (free time when user equipment）Moved after state in whole registration area and network need not be notified, therefore in existing hierarchical paging method, if user is in mobile status, other subregions being then moved to possibly off currently resident subregion in registration area, so as to cause calling user device in the range of the subregion being resident in the last time can not receive page response, now expand paging domain and carry out paging in top area, paging resource can be wasted, and increase the time delay of business foundation.The content of the invention
The embodiments of the invention provide a kind of paging method, mobile management network element and communication system, the problem of setting up the time delay of communication to solve prior art increase user device responsive paging and network side, and waste paging resource.
The embodiment of the present invention provides a kind of paging method, including：
Residence time correlation measure of the user equipment in first layer subregion is obtained, the residence time correlation measure is the measured value of the user equipment residence time；
If the residence time correlation measure in the first layer subregion is less than setting thresholding, the then user equipment described in paging in the subregion on the first layer upper strata, the first layer and the first layer upper strata belong to the registration area of the user equipment, the covering on the first layer upper strata
Scope is more than the coverage of the first layer.
The embodiment of the present invention also provides a kind of mobile management network element, including：
Acquisition module, for obtaining residence time correlation measure of the user equipment in first layer subregion, the residence time correlation measure is the measured value of the user equipment residence time；Calling module, if being less than setting thresholding for the residence time correlation measure in the first layer subregion, the then user equipment described in paging in the subregion on the first layer upper strata, the upper strata of the first layer and the first layer belongs to the registration area of the user equipment, and the coverage on the first layer upper strata is more than the coverage of the first layer.
The embodiment of the present invention additionally provides a kind of communication system, including above-mentioned mobile management network element.Paging method provided in an embodiment of the present invention, mobile management network element and communication system, resident duration correlation measure of the user equipment in smaller area is obtained by mobile management network element and judges whether the calling party in the smaller area, if measured value is less than setting thresholding, then skip the smaller area, enlarged area scope calling user.Calling user device in the relatively low subregion of paging success rate is abandoned by introducing temporal correlation measurement, so as to realize Quick Paging user equipment, user equipment access network is reduced and the time delay of communication is set up with network side, save paging resource.The accompanying drawing used required in brief description of the drawings embodiment or description of the prior art is briefly described, apparently, drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, for those of ordinary skill in the art, without having to pay creative labor, other accompanying drawings can also be obtained according to these accompanying drawings.
The flow chart for the paging method first embodiment that Fig. 1 provides for the present invention；
The flow chart for the paging method second embodiment that Fig. 2 provides for the present invention；
The flow chart for the paging method 3rd embodiment that Fig. 3 provides for the present invention；
The structural representation for the mobile management network element first embodiment that Fig. 4 provides for the present invention.
Embodiment
To make the purpose, technical scheme and advantage of the embodiment of the present invention clearer, below in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in the embodiment of the present invention, technical scheme in the embodiment of the present invention is clearly and completely described, obviously, described embodiment is a part of embodiment of the invention, rather than whole embodiments.Based on the embodiment in the present invention, the every other embodiment that those of ordinary skill in the art are obtained under the premise of creative work is not made belongs to the scope of protection of the invention.
Fig. 1 show the flow chart for the paging method first embodiment that the present invention is provided, as shown in figure 1, this method includes：
The residence time correlation measure of S101, acquisition user equipment in first layer subregion, the residence time correlation measure is the measured value of user equipment residence time；
If the residence time correlation measure in S102, first layer subregion is less than setting thresholding, the then calling user device in the subregion on first layer upper strata, wherein, the first layer and its upper strata belong to the registration area of user equipment, and the coverage on the first layer upper strata is more than the coverage of first layer.
In another embodiment of the presently claimed invention, this method can also include：
If the residence time correlation measure in first layer subregion is more than or equal to setting thresholding, the calling user device in the subregion of the first layer.
In another embodiment of the presently claimed invention, this method can also include：
If the paging user equipment fails in the first layer subregion, the user equipment described in paging in the subregion on first layer upper strata.
In another embodiment of the presently claimed invention, this method can also include：
Paging user equipment in the subregion on first layer upper strata, including：
Obtain residence time correlation measure of the user equipment in the subregion on the first layer upper strata；If the residence time correlation measure in the subregion on first layer upper strata is more than or equal to setting thresholding, paging user equipment in the subregion on first layer upper strata；Or
Paging user equipment directly in the subregion on first layer upper strata.
In another embodiment of the presently claimed invention, residence time correlation measure of the user equipment in first layer subregion is obtained, including：
When being occurred according to paging, the user equipment sets up signaling connection for the first time in the first layer subregion, and time interval of the user equipment between the last release signaling connection of the first layer obtains the residence time correlation measure；In the time interval, user equipment does not set up signaling connection in the other subregions of the first layer.
In another embodiment of the presently claimed invention, residence time correlation measure of the user equipment on the first layer in sub-regions is obtained, including：
When being occurred according to paging, signaling connection is set up in user equipment sub-regions on the first layer for the first time, and time interval of the user equipment between the last release signaling connection in the first layer upper strata obtains the residence time correlation measure；In the time interval, user equipment does not set up signaling connection in the other subregions in first layer upper strata.
In another embodiment of the presently claimed invention, residence time correlation measure of the user equipment in the first layer subregion is obtained, including：
The residence time correlation measure is obtained according to the number of times that mobile management network element and the user equipment set up signaling connection in the first layer subregion；During the statistics user equipment sets up the number of times of signaling connection in the first layer subregion, user equipment does not set up signaling connection in the other subregions of the first layer.
In another embodiment of the presently claimed invention, residence time correlation measure of the user equipment on the first layer in sub-regions is obtained, including：
The residence time correlation measure is obtained according to mobile management network element and the number of times of the built-in vertical signaling connection in user equipment sub-regions on the first layer, during the number of times of the statistics built-in vertical signaling connection in user equipment sub-regions on the first layer, user equipment does not set up signaling connection in the other subregions in first layer upper strata.
Wherein, user equipment does not set up signaling connection in the other subregions of the first layer, namely
User equipment does not set up signaling connection in other first layer subregions outside affiliated first layer subregion, the subregion of the first layer is the subregion for obtaining the user equipment residence time correlation measure, such as first layer is TA layers, so the subregion of first layer can be TA1, TA2... ... TAn, if it is in TA1 regions to obtain residence time correlation measure, then other subregions of the first layer include： TA2... ... TAn.
The executive agent of above step is the mobile management network element of management paging flow, the system (Global System for Mobile communications in the present embodiment;GSM)/enhanced data rates for gsm evolution technology（ Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution;EDGE) wireless access network（GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network;GERAN)/in land radio access web (UMTS Territorial Radio Access Network;UTRAN in), the mobile management network element is serving GPRS support node（Serving GPRS Support Node;) or mobile switching centre (Mobile Switching Center SGSN; MSC ) ；In the UMTS Terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN) of evolution, the mobile management network element is mobility management entity（ Mobility Management Entity；), MME in worldwide interoperability for microwave accesses (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access;WiMax it is) access service node gateway (Access Service Network Gateway in network;), ASN-GW for the mobility management entity in other networks not --- enumerate.
In GPRS/UMTS systems, registration area is Route Area（Routing Area), in the grouping system EPS of evolution, registration area is tracking area list（Tracking Area List ) .
In various types of networks, the registration area of user equipment has a variety of division methods, for example：, can be with division of cells, the eNodeB areas of coverage, four levels of tracking area and tracking area list by lower floor to upper strata by the registration area of user equipment in EPS networks.Wherein, the superiors are the registration area of user equipment, that is to say, that, finally can the paging in the whole registration area of user equipment when failing in lower region calling user device.
It should be noted that generally top area includes the scope of lower region, such as：" user is nearest
The eNodeB areas of coverage of access " include " cell that user accesses recently ", " tracking area that user accesses recently " is included " cell that user accesses recently " etc., but the coverage of a tracking area is generally bigger than eNodeB coverage, so claiming " tracking area that user accesses recently " in the registration area of user equipment to be top area, " the eNodeB coverages that user accesses recently " is lower region, but the tracking area that user accesses recently might not completely include the eNodeB overlay areas that user accesses recently, both are probably the relation of common factor, i.e. in layering paging scheme, what term lower floor and upper strata were represented is from small to large, progressively expand the process of paging range, it is not offered as the lower region that the top area that user equipment finally accesses necessarily finally is accessed comprising user equipment.
Explanation is needed also exist for, is configured according to the difference of operator, the scope in the region of tracking area is likely to be less than the scope that base station is covered, and the scope of tracking area list area is also possible to d, the scope covered in base station.
In embodiments of the present invention, the scope that base station is covered only is less than with the scope of cell, the scope of base station covering is less than the regional extent of tracking area, the regional extent of tracking area is illustrated exemplified by being less than the scope of tracking area list area, if first layer is cell coverage area, first layer upper strata is base station coverage area, tracing area or tracking zone list region；
Or, if first layer be base station coverage area, if first layer upper strata be tracing area or tracking zone list region；
Or if first layer is tracing area, then the upper strata of first layer is tracking zone list region.
In all embodiments that the present invention is provided, residence time correlation measure refers to measured value of the network to user equipment residence time in selected subregion.In a mobile network, in order to save Internet resources and power saving, terminal is after a period of time is without signaling and data transfer, idle condition can be gone to, in an idle state, user equipment need not notify network when being moved in the range of registration area, i.e. network side can not know the accurate location of user equipment, therefore network side actually can not definitely know duration of the user equipment in the range of certain sub-regions, even when user is in idle condition, network side can not know user equipment currently whether in the range of the subregion, therefore, network side can only can be perceived according to itself
Duration length of the information measurement user equipment arrived in the subregion, judges possibility size of the user equipment in the subregion, so as to decide whether the calling user device in the subregion.
Specifically, long range dependent is measured when mobile management network element can use the measuring method and corresponding decision gate limit value of different residence time correlations to resident in the subregion of particular hierarchical level of user equipment.When mobile management network element, which perceives user equipment, enters a new subregion of a certain hierarchy of layer（For example into a new cell）, then mobile management network element the subregion can be designated to the nearest access subregion of the hierarchy of layer, be reset at the residence time correlation measure of the hierarchy of layer, then can according to different measuring methods, add up the measured value.When needing calling user device, mobile management network element can compare current residence time correlation measure with corresponding threshold value, to decide whether the calling user device in the nearest access subregion of the hierarchy of layer.The decision gate limit value of different hierarchies of layer may be different.
It is used as a kind of feasible embodiment, the multiple hierarchies of layer divided for user equipment in registration area, the measurement of residence time correlation can be carried out respectively in each hierarchy of layer, when needing calling user device, can be from lower floor to upper strata, judge whether the residence time correlation measure of each hierarchy of layer is more than or equal to the threshold value that respective hierarchy of layer is set respectively, if greater than equal to setting threshold value, then paging is carried out in the nearest access subregion of the hierarchy of layer, otherwise the hierarchy of layer is skipped, further calling user device is carried out in top area.If in a certain hierarchy of layer paging failure（The page response of user equipment is not received）, then paging is carried out in the subregion on the layering upper strata, until paging success（Receive the page response of user equipment）, or until it is expanded to progress paging in the whole registration area of user equipment.
During by lower floor to upper strata calling user device, in addition to from lower floor to the upper strata step by step mode of paging, in view of business setup delay increase caused by the calling user device failure in lower region, the problems such as wasting paging resource can also carry out across level paging from lower floor to upper strata.For example：Can two levels of a paging cell and tracking area list：The cell accessed recently in user equipment first carries out paging, if paging failure, directly carries out paging in the scope of whole tracking area list；Or can a paging eNodeB area of coverage, three levels of tracking area and tracking area list.Because an eNodeB is generally serviced
Multiple cells, these cells might not belong to the current tracking area list scope of user equipment, therefore in this level of the eNodeB areas of coverage, only can carry out paging in the eNodeB area of coverage and the tracking area list intersection part of user equipment.
Paging method and mobile management network element provided in an embodiment of the present invention, resident duration correlation measure of the user equipment in smaller area is obtained by mobile management network element and judges whether the calling party in the smaller area, if measured value is less than setting thresholding, then skip the smaller area, enlarged area scope calling user.Calling user device in the relatively low subregion of paging success rate is abandoned by introducing temporal correlation measurement, so as to realize Quick Paging user equipment, user equipment access network is reduced and the time delay of communication is set up with network side, save paging resource.
The flow chart for the paging method second embodiment that Fig. 2 provides for the present invention, as shown in Fig. 2 the present embodiment is illustrated with a specific example in EPS：Assuming that using hierarchical paging method by the registration area of user equipment, i.e. tracking area list（Tracking Area List) 3 levels are divided into, it is respectively eNodeB overlay areas, tracking area and tracking area list from lower floor to upper strata.In the present embodiment, residence time correlation is using the measuring method for being resident duration.The mobile management network element that duty pager is controlled is MME.
Except the hierarchy of layer of top（That is tracking area list）It need not measure beyond residence time correlation, MME is on a user device hereinafter to each hierarchy of layer（That is two hierarchies of layer of the eNodeB areas of coverage and tracking area）Safeguard 3 variables：1) sub-district domain identifier is accessed recently；2) subregion timestamp is entered；3) rearmost position acknowledging time is stabbed.
This method is specifically included：
S201, MME receive the user equipment related signalling messages from eNodeB, and the nearest access sub-district domain identifier of user equipment is carried in the user equipment related signalling messages；
From eNodeB user equipment related signalling messages be divided into two classes, it is a kind of be user equipment by being sent to MME with the wireless connection that eNodeB is set up, for example：Attach Request message (Attach Request), tracing section updating request message (Tracking Area Update
Request), the moon good request message (Service Request) etc. of being engaged in, eNodeB receives these
User equipment related signalling messages, MME is sent in the user equipment related signalling messages after some extra information of affix, the nearest access sub-district domain identifier of user equipment is potentially included in these extra information, for example：Cell ID, tracking area identification etc..Another is the signaling message that eNodeB produced and be sent to MME in itself, for example：Path handover request message (Path Switch Request) in Handover flows, handoff notification message (Handover Notify), the position report message in the report stream journey of position（Location Report) etc., eNodeB can also carry the nearest access sub-district domain identifier of user equipment in these message.
Because eNodeB can set up fixed signaling transmission channel with MME, therefore during signaling transmission channel is set up, the eNodeB marks of oneself can be passed to MME by eNodeB, MME preserves the corresponding relation that signaling transmission channel is identified with eNodeB, and no longer needs the eNodeB of all affixs oneself in every message to identify.
S202, MME obtain the nearest access sub-district domain identifier of user equipment from from eNodeB message.
With service request information（Service Request) exemplified by, MME obtains user equipment from message and currently accesses sub-district domain identifier recently, and this accesses sub-district domain identifier recently can be divided into different levels, including：Cell ID, eNodeB marks and tracking area identification etc., eNodeB overlay areas and the sub-regions hierarchy of layer of tracking area two are only used due to being layered paging scheme in the present embodiment, without using cell level, therefore MME only safeguards the residence time correlation measure of two hierarchies of layer of the eNodeB areas of coverage and tracking area.
In each hierarchy of layer, the nearest access sub-district domain identifier of the user equipment of acquisition and the nearest access sub-district domain identifier that is preserved in customer equipment context are compared by MME, if both differ, or the nearest access subregion preserved in customer equipment context is designated sky（It is invalid）Then the nearest access sub-district domain identifier of the user equipment obtained from message is stored in user's context, and will be revised as the current time into subregion timestamp field, i.e. the nearest access sub-district domain identifier of the user equipment obtained from message is stored in the time in user's context by MME.If both are identical, now MME does not measure relevant field to residence time correlation in customer equipment context
Operated.
In the present embodiment, assuming that the current newest eNodeB marks of the user equipment obtained from service request information are changed, but tracking area identification is identical with the nearest access tracking area identification preserved in customer equipment context, then the eNodeB marks of the current newest access of the user equipment obtained from service request information are stored in " accessing eNodeB marks recently " field of customer equipment context by MME, and it is current time to update " enter and access eNodeB timestamps recently "；" recently access tracking area identification " is not changed in customer equipment context, " enter and access tracking area timestamp recently " field.
If the message received is Attach Request message (Attach Request), then MME thinks that user equipment is to access network from new position, therefore MME is always stored in the positional information carried in Attach Request message as the latest position area identification of user equipment in customer equipment context, and it is current time to set into subregion timestamp field, that is, restarts timing.
In the network environment that some multi-access technologies coexist, user terminal may be from a kind of inserting technology networks be switched to another inserting technology networks, when generation is from current access technology network switching to the situation of another inserting technology networks, network side can keep it in the residence time correlation measure of each layering paging zone of current access technology, correlation measure can also be reset, restart statistics when next user equipment switches back into current access technology network.
5203rd, user equipment is interior for a period of time without data or signalling, and eNodeB initiates signaling connection release flow, and user equipment switchs to idle condition.The rearmost position acknowledging time stamp of the hierarchy of layer of each in customer equipment context is both configured to current time by MME.It can be seen that, on each hierarchy of layer, its rearmost position acknowledging time stamp is always later than into subregion timestamp.
5204th, in an idle state, network has signaling or data are sent to user equipment, and MME needs calling user device first.The paging method provided according to embodiments of the present invention, by lower floor to upper strata, judges the residence time correlation measure of each hierarchy of layer.
It should be noted that S204 may be triggered when user equipment is in idle condition, but user equipment can not always trigger paging in idle condition, therefore might not be every time after S203
Step S204 will be performed.
In the present embodiment, residence time correlation judgement is carried out to eNodeB areas of coverage level first, it is assumed that in the residence time correlation measure of eNodeB area of coverage hierarchies of layer（It is resident duration）Set threshold value as 3 minutes, i.e. 180 seconds, if it is 500 seconds that the eNodeB areas of coverage hierarchy of layer " rearmost position acknowledging time stamp " preserved in the upper customer equipment contexts of MME, which subtracts the time interval that " enter subregion timestamp " obtain, more than or equal to setting threshold value, the eNodeB areas of coverage that " accessing eNodeB marks recently " field that then MME is hereinafter preserved on a user device first is preserved carry out paging, as previously described, it can further optimize and only carry out paging in the area of coverage of the eNodeB and the tracking area list intersection part of user equipment.If paging success, paging flow terminates；If user equipment is not responded to, possible user equipment has had moved out " accessing eNodeB marks recently " the corresponding eNodeB preserved in customer equipment context the area of coverage in an idle state.Then MME can expand paging domain, and in eNodeB overlay areas, higher level's hierarchy of layer of level continues paging, that is, performs S205.
If it is 1 10 seconds that two timestamps, which subtract each other obtained time interval, less than setting threshold value, the successful probability of paging is smaller under " accessing eNodeB marks recently " the corresponding eNodeB areas of coverage for then thinking to preserve in user's context, does not carry out paging in the eNodeB areas of coverage.MME expands paging domain, and in eNodeB overlay areas, higher level's hierarchy of layer of level continues paging, that is, performs S205.
S205, layering paging enter tracking area hierarchy of layer.Assuming that " resident duration " measured value in tracking area hierarchy of layer set threshold value as 8 minutes, i.e. 480 seconds, if it is 500 seconds that the tracking area hierarchy of layer " rearmost position acknowledging time stamp " preserved in the upper customer equipment contexts of MME, which subtracts the time interval that " enter subregion timestamp " obtain, more than or equal to setting threshold value, then the corresponding tracking area of " accessing tracking area identification recently " field hereinafter preserved on a user device first carries out paging.If paging success, paging flow terminates；If user equipment is not responded to, possible user equipment has had moved out " accessing tracking area identification recently " the corresponding tracking area scope preserved in customer equipment context in an idle state.MME continues to expand paging domain, in tracking area level
Higher level's hierarchy of layer continues paging, that is, performs S206.
If it is 400 seconds that two timestamps, which subtract each other obtained time interval, less than setting threshold value, then think that " accessing tracking area identification recently " the corresponding successful probability of following range paging preserved in user's context is smaller, do not carry out paging in the tracking area.MME continues to expand paging domain, continues paging in higher level's hierarchy of layer of tracking area level, that is, performs S206.
It should be noted that：If due in lower region paging failure（I.e. without response）And expand paging domain to upper strata paging domain and continue paging, then it can also no longer judge whether terminal is more than setting threshold value in the resident correlation measure of upper strata paging domain.
S206, layering paging enter the superiors region, the paging in the range of the whole tracking area list that the registration area of user equipment, i.e. MME are user equipment distribution.In the superiors region, measurement and judgement without carrying out residence time correlation again, MME calling user devices directly in the range of whole tracking area list.If user device responsive paging, calling user device success, if user equipment is without response, whole paging flow failure.
The flow chart for the paging method 3rd embodiment that Fig. 3 provides for the present invention, as shown in Figure 3, present embodiments provide another method measured to user equipment in the residence time correlation of a certain hierarchy of layer subregion, the number of times for setting up signaling connection by user equipment and mobility management entity is used as measured value, and user equipment may pass through attachment（Attach), service request（Service Request), the flows such as tracing section updating (Tracking Area Update), switching (Handover) and MME set up signaling connection, set up after signaling connection, if a period of time is without signaling and data transfer, then eNodeB can trigger mobility management entity user equipment is switched into idle condition, and this is referred to as " once " signaling connection.
Similar with previous embodiment, mobility management entity obtains the latest position sub-district domain identifier of user equipment, and record on a user device hereinafter when each connection is set up from from eNodeB message in the present embodiment.Difference with previous embodiment is：Each user equipment is connected with mobility management entity when setting up, if the nearest access sub-district domain identifier of the user equipment obtained in the message that mobility management entity is sent from eNodeB is compared with the value preserved in customer equipment context
Do not change, then the signaling connection for corresponding to the sub-district domain identifier of hierarchy of layer sets up number of times and plus 1;If changed, the nearest access sub-district domain identifier of preservation, which is laid equal stress on, newly to be started counting up.When occurring paging, if the signaling connection that the corresponding hierarchy of layer subregion recorded in user's context is initiated sets up number of times accumulated value and is more than or equal to setting thresholding, paging is performed in the subregion；If less than setting threshold value, then think that the probability of success of the calling user device in the subregion is smaller, paging is not carried out in the subregion, expanded scope performs paging in the higher level region of the subregion, until paging success, or until the whole registration area for being expanded to user equipment carries out paging.
User equipment, which is set up after signaling connection, may continue to mobile and removes the band of position where when connection is set up, in the present embodiment, the unchanged measured value as probability of the user equipment in the range of subregion when evaluating generation paging of location of user equipment subregion obtained when connecting and set up by continuous several times, the measured value of the number of times is compared with the threshold value set and determines whether to carry out paging in the subregion, the threshold value of setting is bigger, relative, it is believed that the successful probability of paging is bigger in the subregion.
In this example, it is assumed that layering paging scheme has only divided the registration area of user equipment, i.e. tracking area list the cell level of 2 levels, i.e. lower floor, and the superiors tracking area list level.Residence time correlation sets up the measuring method of number of times using signaling connection.Equally, the mobile management network element that duty pager is controlled is MME.
In the present embodiment, because the registration area of user equipment has only divided two levels, the list of top tracking area need not measure residence time correlation, therefore MME is layered subregion, i.e. cell to unique lower floor and hereinafter safeguards 2 variables on a user device：1) sub-district domain identifier is accessed recently；2) number of times is set up in access subregion signaling connection recently.
This method is specifically included：
S301, user equipment and MME set up signaling connection.
User equipment and MME set up signaling connection and are likely to occur in tracing section updating under attachment, periodicity tracing section updating, idle condition across tracking area list, service request, across MME switching
Etc. (Handover) in flow, user equipment is set up Radio Resource with eNodeB and is connected, and leads to
ENodeB and MME is crossed to set up and keep signaling connection.
Likewise, eNodeB is received after the signaling message from user equipment, MME is sent to after some extra information of affix in the message, the nearest access sub-district domain identifier of user equipment is potentially included in these extra information, for example：Cell ID, tracking area identification etc.
S302, MME obtain the nearest access sub-district domain identifier of user equipment from from eNodeB message.
In the present embodiment, only divided two layers in hierarchical paging method, therefore MME only count lower floor cell layering signaling connection set up number of times, MME obtains cell ID when setting up signaling connection from message, it is compared with " recently access cell ID " field for being preserved in customer equipment context, if it is not the same, or " recently access cell ID " that is preserved in customer equipment context is sky（It is invalid）, then the current newest cell ID of the user equipment obtained from message is stored in " accessing cell ID recently " field of customer equipment context by MME, and it is 1 to set the value of " access cell signaling connection recently and set up number of times ";If both are identical, the value for field of " setting up number of times accessing cell signaling connection recently " in customer equipment context is added 1 by MME.
S303, user equipment are for a period of time without data or signalling, and eNodeB initiates signaling connection release flow, and user equipment switchs to idle condition.
S304, in an idle state, network has signaling or data will be sent to user equipment, and MME needs calling user device first.The hierarchical paging method provided according to embodiments of the present invention, by lower floor to upper strata, MME is judged the residence time correlation measure of each level.
Similar with previous embodiment, might not perform every time can all perform S304 after S303.In the present embodiment, need to access cell signaling connection recently and set up number of times and judged, assuming that " signaling connection sets up number of times " measured value in cell hierarchy of layer sets threshold value as 3 times, if " access cell signaling connection recently and set up number of times " that is preserved in the upper customer equipment contexts of MME is more than or equal to setting threshold value, the cell range that " accessing cell ID recently " field then hereinafter preserved on a user device first is preserved carries out paging, if paging success, paging flow terminates；If user equipment is not responded to, possible user equipment has had moved out the cell in an idle state.
MME expands paging domain, continues paging in higher level's delamination area of cell hierarchy of layer, that is, performs S305.
S305, in the present embodiment, because the registration area of user equipment has only been divided two layers, the upper strata delamination area of cell hierarchy of layer only has the registration area of top, i.e. user equipment, namely MME is the tracking area list that user equipment is distributed.The MME directly calling user devices in the range of whole tracking area list.If user device responsive paging, calling user device success, if user equipment is without response, whole paging flow failure.
The paging method first embodiment and second embodiment that the present invention is provided each provide two kinds of measuring methods to layering subregion residence time correlation measurement.But not in this, as limitation of the present invention, layering subregion residence time correlation can also be measured using other measuring methods, for example：The measuring method that embodiment two and embodiment three can be provided is combined, MME measures resident duration of the user equipment in a certain layering subregion, signaling connection sets up number of times and respectively reaches the threshold value each set, just carries out paging etc. in the layering subregion.Herein no longer it is bad to each measuring method ' J lift.
One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that realizing all or part of flow in above-described embodiment method, computer program is can be by instruct the hardware of correlation to complete, described program can be stored in a computer read/write memory medium, the program is upon execution, it may include such as the flow of the embodiment of above-mentioned each method.Wherein, described storage medium can be magnetic disc, CD, read-only memory
(Read-Only Memory, ROM) or the random person of depositing i oneself recall body（Random Access Memory, RAM) etc..
The structural representation for the mobile management network element first embodiment that Fig. 4 provides for the present invention, as shown in figure 4, the mobile management network element includes：Acquisition module 11 and paging module 13;Wherein：Acquisition module 11, for obtaining residence time correlation measure of the user equipment in first layer subregion, the residence time correlation measure is the measured value of the user equipment residence time；
Paging module 13, if for the residence time correlation measurement in the first layer subregion
Value is less than setting thresholding, the then user equipment described in paging in the subregion on the first layer upper strata, the upper strata of the first layer and the first layer belongs to the registration area of the user equipment, and the coverage on the first layer upper strata is more than the coverage of the first layer.
In another embodiment of the presently claimed invention,
Paging module 13, if being additionally operable to residence time correlation measure of the user equipment in the first layer subregion is more than or equal to setting thresholding, the user equipment described in paging in the first layer subregion.
In another embodiment of the presently claimed invention,
Fail if paging module 13 is additionally operable in the first layer subregion user equipment described in paging, the user equipment described in paging in the subregion on the first layer upper strata.
In another embodiment of the presently claimed invention,
Acquisition module 11 is additionally operable to obtain residence time correlation measure of the user equipment in the subregion on the first layer upper strata；
Paging module 13, if being more than or equal to setting thresholding, the user equipment described in paging in the subregion on the first layer upper strata for the residence time correlation measure in the subregion on the first layer upper strata.
In another embodiment of the presently claimed invention,
Paging module 13, for the user equipment described in paging directly in the subregion on the first layer upper strata.
In another embodiment of the presently claimed invention,
Acquisition module 11, during specifically for being occurred according to paging, the user equipment sets up signaling connection for the first time in the first layer subregion, and time interval of the user equipment between the last release signaling connection of the first layer obtains the residence time correlation measure, in the time interval, the user equipment does not set up signaling connection in the other subregions of the first layer；Or
The acquisition module 11, during specifically for being occurred according to paging, the user equipment is described
Signaling connection is set up in the upper sub-regions of one layering for the first time, and time interval of the user equipment between the last release signaling connection in the first layer upper strata obtains the residence time correlation measure, in the time interval, the user equipment does not set up signaling connection in the other subregions in first layer upper strata.
In another embodiment of the presently claimed invention,
The acquisition module 11, the residence time correlation measure is obtained specifically for the number of times for setting up signaling connection in the first layer subregion according to mobile management network element and the user equipment, during the statistics user equipment sets up the number of times of signaling connection in the first layer subregion, the user equipment does not set up signaling connection in the other subregions of the first layer；
Or
The acquisition module 11, the residence time correlation measure is obtained specifically for the number of times according to mobile management network element and the built-in vertical signaling connection in user equipment sub-regions on the first layer, during the number of times of the statistics built-in vertical signaling connection in user equipment sub-regions on the first layer, the user equipment does not set up signaling connection in the other subregions in first layer upper strata.
In another embodiment of the presently claimed invention,
The first layer is cell coverage area, then the first layer upper strata is base station coverage area, tracing area or tracking zone list region；
Or, the first layer be base station coverage area, then the first layer upper strata be tracing area or tracking zone list region；
Or the first layer is tracing area, then the upper strata of the first layer is tracking zone list region.
In another embodiment of the presently claimed invention, the mobile management network element also includes：Determining module, the subregion on the first layer upper strata is determined for being expanded the coverage area step by step from the first layer；Or, expanded the coverage area from the first layer across level and determine the subregion on the first layer upper strata.
The mobile management network element that the present embodiment is provided is corresponding for paging method provided in an embodiment of the present invention, and to perform the function device of paging method, its specific operation process can be found in foregoing paging method embodiment, will not be repeated here.
The mobile management network element that the present embodiment is provided, resident duration correlation measure of the user equipment in smaller area is obtained by mobile management network element and judges whether the calling party in the smaller area, if measured value is less than setting thresholding, then skip the smaller area, enlarged area scope calling user.Calling user device in the relatively low subregion of paging success rate is abandoned by introducing temporal correlation measurement, so as to realize Quick Paging user equipment, user equipment access network is reduced and the time delay of communication is set up with network side, save paging resource.
The embodiment of the present invention additionally provides a kind of communication system, including the mobile management network element as described in above-mentioned any embodiment.
Finally it should be noted that：The above embodiments are merely illustrative of the technical solutions of the present invention, rather than its limitations；Although the present invention is described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those within the art that：It can still modify to the technical scheme described in foregoing embodiments, or carry out equivalent substitution to which part technical characteristic；And these modifications or replacement, the essence of appropriate technical solution is departed from the spirit and scope of various embodiments of the present invention technical scheme.
Claims (17)
- Claim1st, a kind of paging method, it is characterised in that including：Residence time correlation measure of the user equipment in first layer subregion is obtained, the residence time correlation measure is the measured value of the user equipment residence time；If the residence time correlation measure in the first layer subregion is less than setting thresholding, the then user equipment described in paging in the subregion on the first layer upper strata, the first layer and the first layer upper strata belong to the registration area of the user equipment, and the coverage on the first layer upper strata is more than the coverage of the first layer.2nd, according to the method described in claim 1, it is characterised in that methods described also includes：If residence time correlation measure of the user equipment in the first layer subregion is more than or equal to setting thresholding, the user equipment described in paging in the first layer subregion.3rd, method according to claim 2, it is characterised in that methods described also includes：If user equipment described in paging fails in the first layer subregion, the user equipment described in paging in the subregion on the first layer upper strata.4th, according to the method described in claim 1, it is characterised in that the user equipment described in paging in the subregion on the first layer upper strata, including：Obtain residence time correlation measure of the user equipment in the subregion on the first layer upper strata；If the residence time correlation measure in the subregion on the first layer upper strata is more than or equal to setting thresholding, the user equipment described in paging in the subregion on the first layer upper strata；OrThe user equipment described in paging directly in the subregion on the first layer upper strata.5th, according to any described method of claim 1-4, it is characterised in that residence time correlation measure of the acquisition user equipment in the first layer subregion, including：When being occurred according to paging, the user equipment sets up signaling connection for the first time in the first layer subregion, and time interval of the user equipment between the last release signaling connection of the first layer obtains the residence time correlation measure； In the time interval, the user equipment does not set up signaling connection in the other subregions of the first layer；OrThe residence time correlation measure that the user equipment is obtained on the first layer in sub-regions, including：When being occurred according to paging, signaling connection is set up in user equipment sub-regions on the first layer for the first time, and time interval of the user equipment between the last release signaling connection in the first layer upper strata obtains the residence time correlation measure；In the time interval, the user equipment does not set up signaling connection in the other subregions in first layer upper strata.6th, according to any described method of claim 1-4, it is characterised in that residence time correlation measure of the acquisition user equipment in the first layer subregion, including：The residence time correlation measure is obtained according to the number of times that mobile management network element and the user equipment set up signaling connection in the first layer subregion；During the statistics user equipment sets up the number of times of signaling connection in the first layer subregion, the user equipment does not set up signaling connection in the other subregions of the first layer；OrThe residence time correlation measure that the user equipment is obtained on the first layer in sub-regions, including：The residence time correlation measure is obtained according to mobile management network element and the number of times of the built-in vertical signaling connection in user equipment sub-regions on the first layer；During the number of times of the statistics built-in vertical signaling connection in user equipment sub-regions on the first layer, user equipment does not set up signaling connection in the other subregions in first layer upper strata.7th, the method according to any one of claim 1-4, it is characterised in thatThe first layer is cell coverage area, then the first layer upper strata is base station coverage area, tracing area or tracking zone list region；Or, the first layer be base station coverage area, then the first layer upper strata be tracking area Domain or tracking zone list region；Or the first layer is tracing area, then the upper strata of the first layer is tracking zone list region.8th, the method according to any one of claim 1-4, it is characterised in that described in the subregion on the first layer upper strata before user equipment described in paging, in addition to：Expanded the coverage area step by step from the first layer and determine the subregion on the first layer upper strata；Or, expanded the coverage area from the first layer across level and determine the subregion on the first layer upper strata.9th, a kind of mobile management network element, it is characterised in that including：Acquisition module, for obtaining residence time correlation measure of the user equipment in first layer subregion, the residence time correlation measure is the measured value of the user equipment residence time；Paging module, if being less than setting thresholding for the residence time correlation measure in the first layer subregion, the then user equipment described in paging in the subregion on the first layer upper strata, the upper strata of the first layer and the first layer belongs to the registration area of the user equipment, and the coverage on the first layer upper strata is more than the coverage of the first layer.10th, mobile management network element according to claim 9, it is characterized in that, if the paging module, which is additionally operable to residence time correlation measure of the user equipment in the first layer subregion, is more than or equal to setting thresholding, the user equipment described in paging in the first layer subregion.11, mobile management network element according to claim 10, it is characterized in that, fail if the paging module is additionally operable in the first layer subregion user equipment described in paging, the user equipment described in paging in the subregion on the first layer upper strata.12nd, mobile management network element according to claim 9, it is characterised in that the acquisition module is additionally operable to obtain residence time correlation measure of the user equipment in the subregion on the first layer upper strata； The paging module, if being more than or equal to setting thresholding, the user equipment described in paging in the subregion on the first layer upper strata for the residence time correlation measure in the subregion on the first layer upper strata.13rd, mobile management network element according to claim 9, it is characterised in thatThe paging module, for the user equipment described in paging directly in the subregion on the first layer upper strata.14th, the mobile management network element according to claim any one of 9-13, it is characterized in that, the acquisition module, during specifically for being occurred according to paging, the user equipment sets up signaling connection for the first time in the first layer subregion, and time interval of the user equipment between the last release signaling connection of the first layer obtains the residence time correlation measure, in the time interval, the user equipment does not set up signaling connection in the other subregions of the first layer；OrThe acquisition module, during specifically for being occurred according to paging, the user equipment sets up signaling connection in sub-regions for the first time on the first layer, and time interval of the user equipment between the last release signaling connection in the first layer upper strata obtains the residence time correlation measure, in the time interval, the user equipment does not set up signaling connection in the other subregions in first layer upper strata.15th, the mobile management network element according to claim any one of 9-13, it is characterized in that, the acquisition module, the residence time correlation measure is obtained specifically for the number of times for setting up signaling connection in the first layer subregion according to mobile management network element and the user equipment, during the statistics user equipment sets up the number of times of signaling connection in the first layer subregion, the user equipment does not set up signaling connection in the other subregions of the first layer；OrThe acquisition module, the residence time correlation measure is obtained specifically for the number of times according to mobile management network element and the built-in vertical signaling connection in user equipment sub-regions on the first layer, in the statistics built-in vertical signaling connection in user equipment sub-regions on the first layer During number of times, the user equipment does not set up signaling connection in the other subregions in first layer upper strata.16th, the mobile management network element according to claim any one of 9-13, it is characterised in that the first layer is cell coverage area, then the first layer upper strata is base station coverage area, tracing area or tracking zone list region；Or, the first layer be base station coverage area, then the first layer upper strata be tracing area or tracking zone list region；Or the first layer is tracing area, then the upper strata of the first layer is tracking zone list region.17th, the mobile management network element according to claim any one of 9-13, it is characterised in that also include：Determining module, the subregion on the first layer upper strata is determined for being expanded the coverage area step by step from the first layer；Or, expanded the coverage area from the first layer across level and determine the subregion on the first layer upper strata.18th, a kind of communication system, including the mobile management network element as described in claim 9-17 is any.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410010452.8A CN103781174B (en) | 2011-03-31 | 2011-03-31 | Paging method, mobile management network element and communication system |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/CN2011/072360 WO2011100899A2 (en) | 2011-03-31 | 2011-03-31 | Paging method，mobility management network element and communication system |
Related Child Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410010452.8A Division CN103781174B (en) | 2011-03-31 | 2011-03-31 | Paging method, mobile management network element and communication system |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN102273291A true CN102273291A (en) | 2011-12-07 |
| CN102273291B CN102273291B (en) | 2013-12-18 |
Family
ID=44483369
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201180000425.7A Expired - Fee Related CN102273291B (en) | 2011-03-31 | 2011-03-31 | Paging method, mobility management network element and communication system |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN102273291B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2011100899A2 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107005930A (en) * | 2015-01-12 | 2017-08-01 | 华为技术有限公司 | The method and MME of a kind of calling user device |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103781174B (en) * | 2011-03-31 | 2017-12-05 | 华为技术有限公司 | Paging method, mobile management network element and communication system |
| US10237681B2 (en) * | 2017-02-06 | 2019-03-19 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Registration management method for terminal accessing 5G network on non-3GPP access |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA2219566C (en) * | 1996-12-24 | 2001-12-18 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Improved location based paging for mobile telephone units |
| US20060116124A1 (en) * | 2004-11-30 | 2006-06-01 | Signore Kenneth W D | Method for paging a mobile unit based upon previous cell locations |
| CN101321308A (en) * | 2007-06-04 | 2008-12-10 | 华为技术有限公司 | Paging method and device |
| CN101360258A (en) * | 2007-07-30 | 2009-02-04 | 中兴通讯股份有限公司 | Method for implementing customer terminal calling in wireless communication system |
-
2011
- 2011-03-31 CN CN201180000425.7A patent/CN102273291B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-03-31 WO PCT/CN2011/072360 patent/WO2011100899A2/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA2219566C (en) * | 1996-12-24 | 2001-12-18 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Improved location based paging for mobile telephone units |
| US20060116124A1 (en) * | 2004-11-30 | 2006-06-01 | Signore Kenneth W D | Method for paging a mobile unit based upon previous cell locations |
| CN101321308A (en) * | 2007-06-04 | 2008-12-10 | 华为技术有限公司 | Paging method and device |
| CN101360258A (en) * | 2007-07-30 | 2009-02-04 | 中兴通讯股份有限公司 | Method for implementing customer terminal calling in wireless communication system |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107005930A (en) * | 2015-01-12 | 2017-08-01 | 华为技术有限公司 | The method and MME of a kind of calling user device |
| US20170311247A1 (en) | 2015-01-12 | 2017-10-26 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | User Equipment Paging Method and MME |
| US10499326B2 (en) | 2015-01-12 | 2019-12-03 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | User equipment paging method and MME |
| CN107005930B (en) * | 2015-01-12 | 2020-09-08 | 华为技术有限公司 | Method for paging user equipment and MME |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2011100899A3 (en) | 2012-02-23 |
| CN102273291B (en) | 2013-12-18 |
| WO2011100899A2 (en) | 2011-08-25 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US8761805B2 (en) | Avoiding excessive signaling during wireless terminal toggling | |
| CN103999506B (en) | The reduction of signaling traffic | |
| US8428029B2 (en) | Mobility management in telecommunication systems | |
| CN102131207B (en) | Measurement report method, device and system | |
| JP5158079B2 (en) | Mobile radio communication device and mobile phone mobile radio communication network device | |
| CN101291536B (en) | Switching method for load rebalance of mobility management entity | |
| CN102165809B (en) | Method and arrangement for saving radio resources | |
| US8359025B2 (en) | Determination of a network parameter | |
| CN103781174B (en) | Paging method, mobile management network element and communication system | |
| CN104619023A (en) | Intelligent paging method and intelligent paging equipment | |
| CN102036375B (en) | Method, system and equipment for acquiring terminal position information | |
| EP2863703B1 (en) | Providing cell information for the last N visited cells from a User Equipment to a Network Control Node | |
| CN102027798A (en) | Method and apparatus for providing voice call in mobile communication system and system thereof | |
| US10244448B2 (en) | Method for controlling user equipment to access communications network of high-speed moving vehicle | |
| WO2018036455A1 (en) | Method and apparatus for determining paging area | |
| CN109392083A (en) | Position area management method and core network controller | |
| CN103517316A (en) | Communication method and device based on circuit domain backspacing technology | |
| US9585093B2 (en) | Energy-saving control method and device for cell in heterogeneous system | |
| CN102273291A (en) | Paging method,mobility management network element and communication system | |
| WO2016163112A1 (en) | Device and method for optimization of paging | |
| RU2518412C2 (en) | Wireless access method and mobile station and base station used therein | |
| CN103782629A (en) | Method, device and system for handover to circuit switched domain | |
| CN101971524A (en) | Method, system and user equipment for cell reselection | |
| CN110169152A (en) | A kind of method and apparatus of calling user device | |
| CN101227700B (en) | Method and system for route area to register as well as method and system for updating route area list |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |
Granted publication date: 20131218 Termination date: 20210331 |
|
| CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |