CN102252715A - Europa sensor and flow measurement control system - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a Europa sensor and a flow measurement control system. A flow sensor comprises a sensing probe and a differential pressure transmitter; the sensing probe comprises a high pressure distribution cavity and a low pressure distribution cavity which are integrally designed and mutually isolated; when the Europa sensor is in use, the high pressure distribution cavity serves as the incident flow surface of flow fluid; the width of the high pressure distribution cavity is smaller than that of the low pressure distribution cavity; the high pressure distribution cavity is provided with one or a plurality of high pressure tapping holes which are arranged at the front end of the relatively narrow part of the sensing probe; the low pressure distribution cavity is provided with one or more low pressure tapping holes which are arranged at the two sides of the sensing probe; and the differential pressure transmitter is respectively connected with the high pressure distribution cavity and the low pressure distribution cavity and acquires differential pressure signals between the high pressure distribution cavity and the low pressure distribution cavity. By using the Europa sensor provided by the invention, the measurement accuracy, repeatability, stability, reliability and the like of a primary source reach a brand new level.

Description

Europa sensor, flow measurement control system

Technical field

The invention belongs to technical fields such as sensing technology, measuring equipment, environmental protection and energy saving, processing and manufacturing, relate to a kind of Europa sensor, relate in particular to a kind of sensor that detects physical parameter such as flow; Simultaneously, the invention still further relates to a kind of flow measurement control system.

Background technology

Flow sensor comprises sensing probe, is provided with high pressure distribution cavity, low pressure distribution cavity in the sensing probe; The high pressure distribution cavity is provided with high pressure distribution hole, and high pressure distribution hole is arranged on the front end of sensing probe; The low pressure distribution cavity is provided with low pressure distribution hole, and low pressure distribution hole is arranged on the rear end of sensing probe.

The structure in high and low pressure distribution hole has different forms.Up to the present, normally separately make earlier in high pressure distribution hole and low pressure distribution hole, and then welded together, forms sonde configuration.This traditional manufacture method have a maximum shortcoming be exactly temperature and pressure reach one delimit after, welding portion is with instability, thus sensor probe is unstable, thereby influence measuring accuracy.

In addition, it is circular that the xsect of existing sensing probe is generally, and the high pressure distribution pore volume of fluoran stream surface easily stops up.Simultaneously, form eddy current at the rear portion of sensing probe, granule foreign is concentrated in the rear portion of probe under the effect of vortex street tractive force; The low pressure distribution hole that is arranged on the sensing probe rear end is also stopped up by granule foreign easily, and meanwhile, low pressure distribution hole usually can be because the effect of eddy current, makes air pressure instability in the low pressure distribution cavity, thereby influences measuring accuracy.

Summary of the invention

Technical matters to be solved by this invention is: provide a kind of flow sensor, measuring accuracy height, good reliability, good stability.

In addition, the present invention further provides a kind of flow measurement control system, measuring accuracy height, good reliability, good stability.

For solving the problems of the technologies described above, the present invention adopts following technical scheme:

A kind of Europa sensor comprises: sensing probe, differential pressure transmitter;

Described sensing probe comprises high pressure distribution cavity, low pressure distribution cavity, high pressure distribution cavity, the integrated design of low pressure distribution cavity, and isolate mutually;

During use, described high pressure distribution cavity is as the fluoran stream surface of streaming flow; The width of described high pressure distribution cavity is less than the width of low pressure distribution cavity;

Described high pressure distribution cavity is provided with one or more high pressure pressure ports, and the high pressure pressure port is arranged on the front end at the narrower place of sensing probe; Described low pressure distribution cavity is provided with one or more low pressure pressure ports, and the low pressure pressure port is arranged on the both sides of sensing probe;

Described differential pressure transmitter connects high pressure distribution cavity, low pressure distribution cavity respectively, and obtains the differential pressure signal between high pressure distribution cavity, the low pressure distribution cavity.

As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, described high pressure distribution cavity and low pressure distribution cavity are separated by by a dividing plate, and the two sides of the two sides of high pressure distribution cavity and low pressure distribution cavity respectively at grade.

As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the xsect of described sensing probe is the shape of a hoof or trapezoidal.

As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the high pressure distribution cavity of described sensing probe, low pressure distribution cavity are formed by the etch-proof stainless steel manufacturing of a monoblock.

As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, described sensing probe is packed in the pipeline;

The high pressure distribution cavity of described sensing probe front portion forms the higher-pressure region, and pressure is higher than duct static pressure, stops particle to enter; During bend pipe, fluid enters bend pipe under the duct static pressure effect, forms pressure balance;

After pressure balance formed, fluid no longer entered high pressure distribution hole, and fluid is taken a devious route because of the high pressure of meeting inflow point; Form eddy current at the sensing probe rear portion, granule foreign is concentrated in the rear portion of sensing probe under the effect of vortex street tractive force;

Low pressure distribution hole is in the front portion of both sides, point of flow separation and the tail of sensing probe, and the accumulation of impurities district is avoided in low pressure distribution hole, realizes signal fluctuation anti-blocking and that eddy current produces.

As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, described sensing probe also is connected with ash exhauster, and this ash exhauster comprises installation supporting seat bonnet, packing washer, installation supporting seat, the probe ash discharge outlet plug that connects successively;

Also be provided with set nut on the described probe ash discharge outlet plug; One end of described sensing probe is provided with probe ash discharge outlet screw, cooperates with probe ash discharge outlet plug.

As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, described sensing probe is packed in the pipeline, differential pressure transmitter be installed in pipeline above or below, be connected with three valve groups, blow down valve, connecting pipe between differential pressure transmitter and the sensing probe, the degree of tilt of described connecting pipe was more than or equal to 1: 10;

The junction of described sensing probe and pipeline also is provided with mounting flange, mounting flange.

A kind of flow measurement control system, described system comprise flow sensor, the flow rate calculation instrument that is connected with this flow sensor;

Described flow sensor comprises: sensing probe, differential pressure transmitter;

Described sensing probe comprises high pressure distribution cavity, low pressure distribution cavity, high pressure distribution cavity, the integrated design of low pressure distribution cavity, and isolate mutually;

During use, described high pressure distribution cavity is as the fluoran stream surface of streaming flow; The width of described high pressure distribution cavity is less than the width of low pressure distribution cavity, and the two sides of the two sides of high pressure distribution cavity and low pressure distribution cavity respectively at grade;

Described high pressure distribution cavity is provided with one or more high pressure pressure ports, and the high pressure pressure port is arranged on the front end at the narrower place of sensing probe; Described low pressure distribution cavity is provided with one or more low pressure pressure ports, and the low pressure pressure port is arranged on the both sides of sensing probe;

Described differential pressure transmitter connects high pressure distribution cavity, low pressure distribution cavity respectively, and obtains the differential pressure signal between high pressure distribution cavity, the low pressure distribution cavity.

As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the flow rate calculation formula of described flow rate calculation instrument is as follows:

The volumetric flow rate formula: $Q=0.12645{\mathrm{KY}}_1{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="D"\; filenames="HDA0000055624130000103.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">D</figure-callout>}}^2\sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{\&Delta;P}}{\mathrm{\&rho;}}};$

The mass rate formula: $M=0.12645{\mathrm{KY}}_1{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="D"\; filenames="HDA0000055624130000103.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">D</figure-callout>}}^2\sqrt{\mathrm{\&Delta;P}\&CenterDot;\mathrm{\&rho;}};$

Gas standard volumetric flow rate formula: $Q_{20}=0.36584{\mathrm{KY}}_1{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="D"\; filenames="HDA0000055624130000103.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">D</figure-callout>}}^2\sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{\&Delta;P}}{\mathrm{\&rho;}}}\&CenterDot;\left[\frac{P_a}{T_a}\right];$

Wherein, Q is a duty lower volume flow; M is a mass rate; Q ₂₀Be the volumetric flow rate under the normal state of gas, i.e. the volumetric flow rate of standard state under 20 ℃, 101.325KPa atmospheric pressure; Δ P is a differential pressure; ρ is the density of detected fluid under in working order; K is a coefficient of flow, and its value and sensor construction, fluid flow state, caliber size are relevant, are tried to achieve by experiment; Y ₁Be E, its value compares with gaseous tension, flow velocity, area, the differential pressure size is relevant, is tried to achieve by experiment; P _aBe aero operating pressure; T _aBe working temperature.

Beneficial effect of the present invention is: flow sensor, flow measurement control system that the present invention proposes, be a kind of new plug-in flow measurement instrument that uses differential pressure type principle of work design to produce, also be simultaneously with " environmental protection, energy-conservation, reduce discharging, consumption reduction " be the innovative product of purpose.Flow sensor makes a source reach a new high at aspects such as measuring accuracy, repeatability, stability and reliabilities.Europa flow sensing probe, differential pressure transmitter and flow integrator grade in an imperial examination secondary instrument, can with control system or computer networking, carry out measurement of fluid flow and control.The flow measurement device of intelligent integral is the multivariate signals such as differential pressure, pressure, temperature of measuring channel inner fluid simultaneously, realize that on-the-spot LCD shows and configuration function.Show parameters such as instantaneous integrated flow, differential pressure, temperature, flow velocity simultaneously.Sensor adopts shape of a hoof Cross section Design, meets fluid mechanics principle, can produce accurate, stable differential pressure signal, intensity height, non-leakage, anti-clogging; Have advantages such as measuring accuracy height, good reliability, good stability; Can measure fluid media (medium)s such as all gases, liquid, steam and Korrosionsmedium, be applicable to pipe, the rectangular tube of various sizes, and adapt to the stably measured of special operation condition occasions such as High Temperature High Pressure.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is the chief component synoptic diagram of Europa sensor.

Fig. 2 is Europa working sensor principle and shape of a hoof schematic cross-section.

Fig. 3 is high-low pressure chamber and zone and fluid distribution plan synoptic diagram.

Fig. 4 is an Europa sensor ash discharge equipment synoptic diagram.

Fig. 5-1, Fig. 5-2 is the installation method synoptic diagram of Europa sensor in gasmetry.

Fig. 6-1 is installation method (long pressure pipe) synoptic diagram of Europa sensor in vapour measurement.

Fig. 6-2 is installation method (short pressure pipe, the integrated condenser) synoptic diagram of Europa sensor in vapour measurement.

Fig. 6-3 is installation method (short pressure pipe, the separate type condenser) synoptic diagram of Europa sensor in vapour measurement.

Fig. 7-1 is Europa sensor and manual blowing device synoptic diagram.

Fig. 7-2 is Europa sensor and automatic blowing device synoptic diagram.

Fig. 8-1 is the online scheme of installation of Europa sensor to Fig. 8-8.

Fig. 9-1 is the flange form connection diagram of Europa sensor to Fig. 9-6.

Figure 10-1, Figure 10-2 is the spiral shell Xuan formula connection diagram of Europa sensor.

Figure 11-1 is the duct type scheme of installation of Europa sensor to Figure 11-3.

Figure 12-1, Figure 12-2 Europa sensors are at ducted especially scheme of installation.

Figure 13 is the scheme of installation of Europa sensor under special operating mode.

Figure 14-1 to Figure 14-3 be the Europa sensor greater than the ducted scheme of installation of 3000m.

Embodiment

Describe the preferred embodiments of the present invention in detail below in conjunction with accompanying drawing.

Embodiment one

See also Fig. 1, the present invention has disclosed a kind of flow sensor, and described flow sensor comprises: sensing probe 10, differential pressure transmitter 20.Flow sensing probe of the present invention is named as the Europa flow sensor.

The Europa flow sensor is based on fluid mechanics, physics, aerodynamics, according to the Bernoulli equation principle, the brand-new flow measurement product of developing, be a kind of new plug-in flow measurement instrument that uses differential pressure type principle of work design to produce, also be simultaneously with " environmental protection, energy-conservation, reduce discharging, consumption reduction " be the innovative product of purpose.The Europa flow sensor makes a source reach a new high at aspects such as measuring accuracy, repeatability, stability and reliabilities.Europa flow sensing probe, restriction device, differential pressure transmitter and flow integrator grade in an imperial examination secondary instrument, can with control system or computer networking, carry out measurement of fluid flow and control.The flow measurement device of intelligent integral is the multivariate signals such as differential pressure, pressure, temperature of measuring channel inner fluid simultaneously, realize that on-the-spot LCD shows and configuration function.Show parameters such as instantaneous integrated flow, differential pressure, temperature, flow velocity simultaneously.Sensor adopts shape of a hoof Cross section Design, meets fluid mechanics principle, can produce accurate, stable differential pressure signal, intensity height, non-leakage, anti-clogging; Have advantages such as measuring accuracy height, good reliability, good stability; Can measure fluid media (medium)s such as all gases, liquid, steam and Korrosionsmedium, be applicable to pipe, the rectangular tube of various sizes, and adapt to the stably measured of special operation condition occasions such as High Temperature High Pressure.

Secondary instruments such as Europa flow sensor and differential pressure transmitter, flow integrator constitute the flow measurement control system.When fluid flow through probe, in its high pressure distributive province of anterior generation, the pressure of high pressure distributive province was a little more than the static pressure of pipeline.According to the Bernoulli equation principle, fluid speeds up when flowing through probe, produces a low pressure distributive province at the probe rear portion, and the pressure of low pressure distributive province is a little less than the static pressure of pipeline.Fluid flows through the back from probe and produces partial vacuum at the probe rear portion, and whirlpool occurs in the both sides of probe.

See also Fig. 2, Fig. 3, sensing probe 10 of the present invention comprises high pressure distribution cavity 11, low pressure distribution cavity 12, high pressure distribution cavity 11,12 integrated designs of low pressure distribution cavity, and isolate mutually; During use, described high pressure distribution cavity 11 is as the fluoran stream surface of streaming flow; The width of described high pressure distribution cavity 11 is less than the width of low pressure distribution cavity 12, and the two sides of the two sides of high pressure distribution cavity 11 and low pressure distribution cavity 12 respectively at grade.

Described high pressure distribution cavity 11 is provided with one or more high pressure pressure ports 13, and high pressure pressure port 13 is arranged on the front end at sensing probe 10 narrower places, promptly in face of the fluid that flows; Described low pressure distribution cavity 12 is provided with one or more low pressure pressure ports 14, and low pressure pressure port 14 is arranged on the both sides of sensing probe 10; Described differential pressure transmitter 20 connects high pressure distribution cavity 11, low pressure distribution cavity 12 respectively, and obtains the differential pressure signal between high pressure distribution cavity 11, the low pressure distribution cavity 12.

The xsect of described sensing probe 10 roughly is the shape of a hoof or trapezoidal, can certainly be other shapes.In the present embodiment, Europa flow sensor probe cross section is shape of a hoof design, and the high pressure porose area is a fluoran stream surface, and is narrower; The low pressure hole is at probe both sides, low-pressure cavity broad; The orientation of high pressure distribution cavity 11, low pressure distribution cavity 12 is corresponding with direction of flow.

The high pressure distribution cavity 11 of described sensing probe 10, low pressure distribution cavity 12 are formed by the etch-proof stainless steel manufacturing of a monoblock.Rather than be welded then by two high pressure chests that separate and low-pressure cavity, in the middle of the high-low pressure chamber, there not be the separatrix of welding.

The Europa flow probe has thoroughly solved the susceptible to plugging problem of other plug-in type flow transducer with the anti-blocking design of its uniqueness, makes the anti-blocking level of even speed tube flow probe reach a new height.The fluoran stream surface pressure hole of Europa flow probe can not stop up, and the front portion of probe forms the higher-pressure region, and pressure is higher than duct static pressure, has stoped particle to enter.During bend pipe, fluid enters bend pipe under the duct static pressure effect, the very fast pressure balance that formed.After pressure balance formed, fluid no longer entered pressure hole, and fluid is taken a devious route because of the high pressure of meeting inflow point.Form eddy current at the probe rear portion, granule foreign is concentrated in the rear portion of probe under the effect of vortex street tractive force, as irresistible force, always drop on the lee face of buildings.Because the low pressure hole is in the both sides of probe and the front portion of point of flow separation and tail, the accumulation of impurities district has been avoided in the low pressure hole, has so just realized the essential anti-blocking signal fluctuation that produces with eddy current.Therefore, this unique design is from having prevented obstruction in essence and can having produced a highly stable differential pressure signal.

See also Fig. 4, described sensing probe also is connected with ash exhauster, and this ash exhauster comprises installation supporting seat bonnet 46, packing washer 45, installation supporting seat 44, the probe ash discharge outlet plug 43 that connects successively; Also be provided with set nut 42 on the described probe ash discharge outlet plug; One end of described sensing probe is provided with probe ash discharge outlet screw 41, cooperates with probe ash discharge outlet plug 43.This device using method is as follows: back out the supporting rear cover on the base for supporting earlier, the front end ash exhauster of measuring sonde just reveals, with the spanner set nut that comes loose, lay down probe ash discharge outlet plug, remove the dust stratification in the measuring sonde, the probe ash discharge outlet plug of screwing on after the ash discharge, set nut, the supporting rear cover of screwing on the base for supporting just can normally move, under the low-temp low-pressure operating mode, but online ash removal also.Also can directly sweep after the blowing out, dust be purged clean with the pressurized air blowback.

Shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 5-1, Fig. 5-2, described sensing probe 10 is packed in the pipeline, differential pressure transmitter 20 be installed in pipeline above or below, be connected with three valve groups 31, blow down valve 32, connecting pipe between differential pressure transmitter 20 and the sensing probe 10, the degree of tilt of described connecting pipe was more than or equal to 1: 10; The junction of described sensing probe and pipeline also is provided with mounting flange 33, mounting flange 34.

See also Fig. 6-1, the Europa flow sensor when measuring steam, can be installed in pipeline below, (gauge pipe is longer).Temperature compensation is installed in 5D position behind the Europa with thermal resistance (idol).

See also Fig. 6-2, the Europa flow sensor can be installed in the side of pipeline, (gauge pipe is shorter) when measuring steam.The integrated condenser of temperature compensation is installed in 5D position behind the Europa.

See also Fig. 6-3, the Europa flow sensor can be installed in the side of pipeline, (gauge pipe is shorter) when measuring steam.The split type condenser of temperature compensation is installed in 5D position behind the Europa.

See also Fig. 7-1, Fig. 7-2, when the Europa flow sensor is measured in the more medium of dust, polluter, introduce pressurized air and carry out the mounting means that blowback is swept, can purge automatically or manually purge.

Flow rate calculation

The position of the cross sectional shape of flow probe, rough surface situation and low pressure pressure port is the key factor of decision probe performance.The stability of low-voltage signal and accuracy play a decisive role to the precision and the performance of probe.The Europa flow probe can accurately detect the average differential pressure that average velocity produced by fluid.The Europa flow probe calculates, is arranging by certain criterion many to pressure port through science at high and low nip, pressure port is generally three pairs, measures on the fluid surface every pressure respectively, and meeting the total pressure that flow path direction records fluid in its end is high-voltage value P ₁(comprising that every dynamic pressure claims the mean value of velocity pressure and static pressure again); The pressure port of low-pressure area only records the mean value of the multiple spot static pressure of fluid, i.e. low voltage value P at its sidewall (downbeam) ₂Will be through all pressing the P after handling ₁With P ₂Introduce differential pressure transmitter respectively, measure differential pressure Δ P=P ₁-P ₂So Δ P has reflected fluid average velocity pressure, promptly the size of mean flow rate with this flow that can extrapolate fluid, becomes a reality accurate detection mean flow rate.

The flow rate calculation formula is as follows:

1, volumetric flow rate formula

$Q=0.12645{\mathrm{KY}}_1{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="D"\; filenames="HDA0000055624130000103.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">D</figure-callout>}}^2\sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{\&Delta;P}}{\mathrm{\&rho;}}}---\left(1\right)$

2, mass rate formula

$M=0.12645{\mathrm{KY}}_1{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="D"\; filenames="HDA0000055624130000103.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">D</figure-callout>}}^2\sqrt{\mathrm{\&Delta;P}\&CenterDot;\mathrm{\&rho;}}---\left(2\right)$

3, gas standard volumetric flow rate formula

$Q_{20}=0.36584{\mathrm{KY}}_1{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="D"\; filenames="HDA0000055624130000103.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">D</figure-callout>}}^2\sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{\&Delta;P}}{\mathrm{\&rho;}}}\&CenterDot;\left[\frac{P_a}{T_a}\right]---\left(3\right)$

In the formula: Q-duty lower volume flow, m ³/ h

The M-mass rate, kg/h

Q ₂₀The volumetric flow rate of (20 ℃, standard state under the 101.325KPa atmospheric pressure) under-normal state of gas, Nm ³/ h

Δ P-differential pressure, Kpa

The density of ρ-detected fluid under in working order, kg/m ³

The K-coefficient of flow, its value is relevant with sensor construction, fluid flow state, caliber size etc., is tried to achieve by experiment

Y ₁-E, its value is relevant with gaseous tension, flow velocity, area ratio, differential pressure size etc., is tried to achieve by experiment

P _a-aero operating pressure (absolute pressure), Kpa

T _a-working temperature (exhausted temperature), K

Formula (1), (2), (3) can be reduced to flow and the proportional relation of differential pressure square root:

$Q={\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="C"\; filenames="HDA0000055624130000103.png,HDA0000055624130000104.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">C</figure-callout>}}_1\sqrt{\mathrm{\&Delta;P}}---\left(4\right)$

$M={\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="C"\; filenames="HDA0000055624130000103.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">C</figure-callout>}}_2\sqrt{\mathrm{\&Delta;P}}---\left(5\right)$

$Q_{20}=C_3\sqrt{\mathrm{\&Delta;P}}---\left(6\right)$

In the formula: C ₁-flow coefficient of colligation (corresponding) with duty lower volume flow

${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="C"\; filenames="HDA0000055624130000103.png,HDA0000055624130000104.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">C</figure-callout>}}_1=0.12645{\mathrm{KY}}_1{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="D"\; filenames="HDA0000055624130000103.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">D</figure-callout>}}^2/\sqrt{\mathrm{\&rho;}}$

C ₂-flow coefficient of colligation (corresponding) with mass rate

${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="C"\; filenames="HDA0000055624130000103.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">C</figure-callout>}}_2=0.12645{\mathrm{KY}}_1{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="D"\; filenames="HDA0000055624130000103.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">D</figure-callout>}}^2\&CenterDot;\sqrt{\mathrm{\&rho;}}$

C ₃-flow coefficient of colligation (corresponding) with the gas standard volumetric flow rate

$C_3=0.36584{\mathrm{KY}}_1{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="D"\; filenames="HDA0000055624130000103.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">D</figure-callout>}}^2\&CenterDot;\left[\frac{P_a}{T_a}\right]/\sqrt{\mathrm{\&rho;}}$

From above-mentioned formula as can be known: as D, ρ, K, Y ₁, P _a, T _a, ρ ₂₀When having tried to achieve or having provided, just can extrapolate the flow of detected fluid from the differential pressure Δ P that records.

Processing technology

Fig. 2 has shown the basic functional principle of the sensor that this patent relates to.One group of pressure hole and two groups of low pressure holes are wherein arranged.Fig. 3 has shown that high pressure vestibule and low pressure vestibule as a cross section oblatio shape of a hoof, are one of protection contents of this patent.

The structure in high-low pressure hole has different forms.Up to the present, normally separately make earlier in pressure hole and low pressure hole, and then welded together, forms sonde configuration.This traditional manufacture method have a maximum shortcoming be exactly temperature and pressure reach one delimit after, welding portion is with instability, thus sensor probe is unstable, thereby influence measuring accuracy.The method that this patent is described promptly processes high pressure and low-pressure area with the direct integral body of a monoblock stainless steel material, does not re-use welding method, and raising in serviceable life, the usable range of probe are widened.

The invention still further relates to the hole site of getting of pressure port.As shown in Figure 2, pressure hole is designed to be manufactured on the front of probe, i.e. fluoran stream surface, and the low pressure hole then is distributed in the both sides of probe.This distribution has guaranteed the best distribution of fluid turbulence, has produced blocking-proof result simultaneously.

According to fluid mechanics principle, it is horseshoe-shaped probe that the Europa flow sensor has been taked the cross section, Europa probe has splendid blocking-proof result so in actual applications, makes it have good measuring accuracy in impure media, because anti-blocking and do not need regular cleaning.

Shape of a hoof design of the present invention also has an enormous advantage in piping erection.When the Europa flow sensor is installed, only need open an aperture on pipeline, traditional flowmeter need cut pipeline, thereby causes very big crushing.The little characteristic of this crushing of Europa flow sensor has very high environmental protection and energy saving and is worth.

The Europa flow sensor of this patent protection can be as being used for the measurement of flow in different fluids in gas, liquid, steam and the corrosion media.In various pipelines, no matter big path in the operating mode of all temps and pressure, can use.

In addition, the Europa sensor can also online installation.

Special design

1. shape of a hoof cross section:

Europa flow sensor bullet adopts shape of a hoof Cross section Design, shape of a hoof cross section makes probe can produce the accurate pressure distribution, the integrated two-chamber stainless steel antifriction metal (AFM) structure of once-forming can be avoided the signal seepage, improves sonde configuration intensity, guarantees long-term high precision.The anterior higher-pressure region that forms of probe can prevent that the granule foreign in the fluid from entering the high pressure pressure port, and the low pressure hole is positioned at probe both sides, rear flank, and before the burble point of fluid and probe, this design can reduce the blocked situation in low pressure hole and take place.The anterior metal covering of popping one's head in has adopted the PROCESS FOR TREATMENT mode of similar golf uneven surface and the unique design of twice anti-silt groove, according to aerodynamic principle, fluid flows through uneven surface, can form a stable turbulent boundary layer, the measuring accuracy of the low flow rate regime of favourable like this raising makes fluid when hanging down flow velocity, and probe still can obtain stable and accurate differential pressure signal, thereby extended the lower limit of sensor measurement range, kept the stable of coefficient of flow.

2. anti-blocking design

The Europa flow probe has thoroughly solved the susceptible to plugging problem of other plug-in type flow transducer with the anti-blocking design of its uniqueness, makes the anti-blocking level of even speed tube flow probe reach a new height.

The fluoran stream surface pressure hole of Europa flow probe can not stop up, and the front portion of probe forms the higher-pressure region, and pressure is higher than duct static pressure, has stoped particle to enter.During bend pipe, fluid enters bend pipe under the duct static pressure effect, the very fast pressure balance that formed.After pressure balance formed, fluid no longer entered pressure hole, and fluid is taken a devious route because of the high pressure of meeting inflow point.Form eddy current at the probe rear portion, granule foreign is concentrated in the rear portion of probe under the effect of vortex street tractive force, as irresistible force, always drop on the lee face of buildings.Because the low pressure hole is in the both sides of probe and the front portion of point of flow separation and tail, the accumulation of impurities district has been avoided in the low pressure hole, has so just realized the essential anti-blocking signal fluctuation that produces with eddy current.Therefore, this unique design is from having prevented obstruction in essence and can having produced a highly stable differential pressure signal.See Fig. 3.

3. integrated processing

The integrated probe that processes with stainless steel has guaranteed the stable of high-low pressure chamber in the probe and firmly, from but it guarantees measuring stability and accuracy under the operating mode of High Temperature High Pressure.

The spaced walls in high-low pressure chamber is welded because of non-, is to form with the integrated manufacturing in high-low pressure chamber, thus stable.

Other design feature of 4 Europa sensors:

A. the permanent crushing of pipeline is little: the crushing that orifice plate produced is 60% of a measured differential pressure value, and the permanent crushing of Europa flow sensor only is 3% of a differential pressure value.

B. erected cost is low: the installation of Europa flow sensor only need simply be welded, and does not wait from 4 centimetres to 20 centimetres according to the specification difference of sensor, and is irrelevant with the size of pipe diameter.Only need open an aperture on pipeline during installation, along about 10 centimetres of aperture welding, to fixation of sensor, whole process is no more than 1 hour from perforate, welded and installed seat, and it is more time saving and energy saving to install than traditional orifice plate, and erected cost is 20% of an orifice plate.

C. non-maintaining.

D. can online installation and maintenance:, optionally use online mount type for measuring point and the too much medium of impurity content that part can't stop production and install.Under the situation of flow that sensor allows, temperature, pressure, can be online installing and measuring under the end-of-life state not, and can under end-of-life state not, clear up and safeguard.

E. the measurement range application scenario is extensive: the Europa flow sensor can be used for measuring various one-way fluid media, comprises the full packages flow of gas (air, coal gas, rock gas etc.), steam, liquid (chemical liquid such as aqueous solution) etc.Be suitable for the pipe and the square tube pipeline of various sizes.The sensor design novelty, the integrated 316L metal material two-chamber sub warhead structure of special process guarantees its intensity height, adapts in High Temperature High Pressure corrosivity and the explosion-proof stable accurately measurement that waits dangerous situation.

F. precision height, range ratio is big: precision is generally ± and 1%, repeatability ± 0.1%, range ratio 10: 1, the pipeline connecting-type is after special process is handled, and range ratio can reach 60: 1, and there is not the straight length requirement, under the situation of low flow velocity straight length deficiency, precision can reach ± and 0.5%.

Embodiment two

Present embodiment is the steam application example.

In the present embodiment, use case, the installation method of Europa sensor in the circular pipe that an external diameter is 377mm is special: two condensers are set up and are used for reducing temperature.The design and installation advantage that preamble is mentioned is fully shown, particularly easy installation.

Embodiment three

Present embodiment is the water application example.

In the present embodiment, a special model of Europa sensor: because the less DN50 of pipe diameter of measured fluid is designed to duct type with plug-in type, but keeps same measuring principle and precision.The design and installation advantage that preamble is mentioned is fully shown, particularly very high measuring accuracy.

Embodiment four

Present embodiment is the gas application example

In the present embodiment, the Europa sensor contains the measurement application of the waste gas of pollution in a generating set.The design and installation advantage that preamble is mentioned fully shown, particularly choke preventing function.Compare with traditional measuring method, the Europa sensor uses integrated cleaning method.

Embodiment five

A kind of flow measurement control system, described system comprise flow sensor, the flow rate calculation instrument that is connected with this flow sensor.Described flow sensor comprises: sensing probe, differential pressure transmitter; Described sensing probe comprises high pressure distribution cavity, low pressure distribution cavity, high pressure distribution cavity, the integrated design of low pressure distribution cavity, and isolate mutually; During use, described high pressure distribution cavity is as the fluoran stream surface of streaming flow; The width of described high pressure distribution cavity is less than the width of low pressure distribution cavity, and the two sides of the two sides of high pressure distribution cavity and low pressure distribution cavity respectively at grade; Described high pressure distribution cavity is provided with one or more high pressure pressure ports, and the high pressure pressure port is arranged on the front end at the narrower place of sensing probe, promptly in face of the fluid that flows; Described low pressure distribution cavity is provided with one or more low pressure pressure ports, and the low pressure pressure port is arranged on the both sides of sensing probe; Described differential pressure transmitter connects high pressure distribution cavity, low pressure distribution cavity respectively, and obtains the differential pressure signal between high pressure distribution cavity, the low pressure distribution cavity.

The flow rate calculation formula of described flow rate calculation instrument is as follows:

The volumetric flow rate formula: $Q=0.12645{\mathrm{KY}}_1{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="D"\; filenames="HDA0000055624130000103.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">D</figure-callout>}}^2\sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{\&Delta;P}}{\mathrm{\&rho;}}};$

The mass rate formula: $M=0.12645{\mathrm{KY}}_1{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="D"\; filenames="HDA0000055624130000103.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">D</figure-callout>}}^2\sqrt{\mathrm{\&Delta;P}\&CenterDot;\mathrm{\&rho;}};$

Gas standard volumetric flow rate formula: $Q_{20}=0.36584{\mathrm{KY}}_1{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="D"\; filenames="HDA0000055624130000103.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">D</figure-callout>}}^2\sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{\&Delta;P}}{\mathrm{\&rho;}}}\&CenterDot;\left[\frac{P_a}{T_a}\right];$

Wherein, Q is a duty lower volume flow; M is a mass rate; Q ₂₀Be the volumetric flow rate under the normal state of gas, i.e. the volumetric flow rate of standard state under 20 ℃, 101.325KPa atmospheric pressure; Δ P is a differential pressure; ρ is the density of detected fluid under in working order; K is a coefficient of flow, and its value and sensor construction, fluid flow state, caliber size are relevant, are tried to achieve by experiment; Y ₁Be E, its value compares with gaseous tension, flow velocity, area, the differential pressure size is relevant, is tried to achieve by experiment; P _aBe aero operating pressure; T _aBe working temperature.

Embodiment six

Present embodiment discloses a kind of online field engineering of Europa flow sensor, comprises the steps:

S61, require and measuring media is selected the installation site on the process pipe and determined Europa flow sensor installation direction according to straight length.

S62, the installation site of having determined the Europa flow sensor and direction.

S63, Europa flow sensor welding base is welded to the position of pipeline designated mounting sensor.

S64, on the welding base that welds the pipe laying shutoff valve.

Particularly, see also Fig. 8-1 to Fig. 8-8, described online installation comprises:

Shown in Fig. 8-1, online drilling tool is installed on the pipeline cut-off valve;

Shown in Fig. 8-2, opening conduits shutoff valve, rotary handle make opening bit begin to pierce tube wall, carry out perforate

Shown in Fig. 8-3, make the perforate head bore tube wall fully

Shown in Fig. 8-4, the reverse rotation handle is closed the pipeline shutoff valve after being retracted to drill bit on the pipeline cut-off valve

Shown in Fig. 8-5, Fig. 8-6, take off online drilling tool, the Europa flow sensor is connected on the pipeline cut-off valve, Europa sensor fluoran stream surface is over against flow direction

Shown in Fig. 8-7, Fig. 8-8, after a shutoff valve on the Europa sensor closed, the opening conduits shutoff valve inserted pipeline after require the position by the rotation driving stem with the Europa flow sensor, locked each screw, nut, online installation promptly comes to an end.

Embodiment seven

Present embodiment discloses the flange connection technology of Europa flow sensor, comprises the steps:

Single face supports: see Fig. 9-1 and Fig. 9-2

Europa is popped one's head in fluoran stream surface over against flow direction, with the method for spot welding the lower flange mount pad is welded two points earlier, internal diameter of the pipeline can not be protruded in the bottom of lower flange, top is parallel with pipeline, proofread and correct lower flange mount pad position, require the lower flange axial line by the pipeline center of circle, the whole welding of lower flange mount pad are finished after having proofreaied and correct.(Fig. 9-1)

Gasket seal is placed on the lower flange, and again the whole bottom of inserting of Europa sensor, the turn screw probe top is contacted with inner-walls of duct, and it is consistent with flow direction to adjust Europa probe measurement direction, and set nut gets final product then.(Fig. 9-2)

Double side support: see Fig. 9-3,9-4,9-5 and Fig. 9-6

According to the diplopore of having held successfully, earlier the Europa probe being gone up lower flange tightens with bolt, insert in the hole, require to flow to unanimity, the method for using spot welding earlier is with two points of lower flange mount pad welding, correcting probe guarantees that probe stretches out the center of the outer part of pipeline in following hole, and then put supporting seat spot welding, and unload the bolt on the Europa probe, whether test is inserted and is withdrawed from flexible, after doing suitable correction, again lower flange mount pad and supporting seat are all welded.(Fig. 9-3)

Gasket seal is placed on the lower flange, again Europa sensor integral body is inserted into base for supporting, the turn screw, it is consistent with flow direction to adjust Europa probe measurement direction, and fastening nut gets final product then.Notice that flow direction is consistent with Europa probe measurement direction.(Fig. 9-4)

Double side support Europa probe bottom scheme of installation.(Fig. 9-5)

Band condenser double side support is measured the Europa probe side scheme of installation of steam.(Fig. 9-6)

See also Figure 10-1, Figure 10-2, the screw rod connecting-type field engineering of Europa flow sensor is as follows:

Select the installation site on the process pipe and determine Europa flow sensor installation direction (installation direction synoptic diagram) according to straight length requirement and measuring media.

Behind the installation site and direction of determining good Europa flow sensor, on pipeline, hole.

Single face supports: will descend two points of mount pad welding with the method for spot welding earlier, internal diameter of the pipeline can not be protruded in the bottom of mount pad, and top is parallel with pipeline, proofreaies and correct the mount pad position, require the mount pad axial line by the pipeline center of circle, the whole welding of mount pad are finished after having proofreaied and correct.

With the whole mount pad that screws in of Europa sensor, contact with pipe surface until the probe bottom, and it is consistent with flow direction to adjust Europa probe measurement direction, set nut gets final product then.

Double side support: please refer to Europa flow sensor flange connecting-type double side support installation method.

See also Figure 11-1, Figure 11-2, Figure 11-3, the pipeline connecting-type field engineering of Europa flow sensor is as follows:

Select the installation site on the process pipe and determine Europa flow sensor installation direction (installation direction synoptic diagram) according to straight length requirement and measuring media.

The length of intercepting Europa sensor mounting flange on process pipe.

Europa sensor flange and pipe flange and sealing gasket integral body is good with bolts assemblies.

According to the measuring media difference, select the type of sensor three valve groups.

Sensor and pipeline that integral installation is prepared weld, and require sensor and pipeline coaxial inner conductor.

Embodiment eight

The Europa flow sensor is as follows in the special pipeline field engineering:

Shown in Figure 12-1, can't welded pipe line, the glass inner-lining fiber: pipeline clip mounting means.

Shown in Figure 12-2, concrete duct is reinforced, the square tube of ultra-thin tube wall: additional steel plate mounting means.

Embodiment nine

See also Figure 13, the Europa flow sensor is as follows in special site environment field engineering:

The not enough situation of measuring point pipeline front and back length of straight pipe often appears during reality is measured, the general place of recommending to be installed in choked flow piece or 2 times of internal diameter of the pipeline of elbow outer arc of the common model of Europa flow sensor this moment.Because the fluid flow profile behind choked flow piece or elbow is complicated, need fluid coefficient K is adjusted.After adjusting k-factor, measuring accuracy is ± 3%, and repeatable accuracy is ± 0.3%.

Embodiment ten

The big caliber field engineering of Europa flow sensor more than 3000mm is as follows:

1. single measurement mechanism installation method:

See also Figure 14-1, according to direction, the size of process pipe, the requirement of straight length chooses the installation site before and after the measurement mechanism;

At the center of select location, mounting flange that provides according to product and the size that supporting seat is installed are opened two holes up and down;

With reference to the installation method of other type of front, will go up mounting flange location after, measurement mechanism is inserted in the pipeline, probe inserts the back in the centre position of supporting seat opening, and then the location and installation supporting seat.The angle (over against fluid) of calibration probe is fixed on probe on the mounting flange with screw rod, mounting flange and installation supporting seat is welded again;

The ash discharging hole plug of will popping one's head in is locked, and tightens the lock nut of side; Again gasket seal is packaged, and supporting rear cover will be installed tighten;

Reinforced seat on the probe is moved on to the center of measuring sonde, note not blocking the measured hole of fluoran stream surface, on one side, open Ф 20 mounting holes with the angle bar of two 100x100x150 millimeters,, angle bar is welded on pipeline two walls with reinforced seat screw thread mouth level.Top nut on the support bar and pad are twisted, insert in the circular hole, the other end screws in the internal thread of reinforced seat, screw up with a wrench, the nut of adjustment angle bar outside and pad are to suitable position, the top nut and the pad of twisting are tightened in the angle bar inboard, locked other nut installation so far again.

2. two, three measurement mechanism installation methods:

See also Figure 14-2, Figure 14-3, according to direction, the size of process pipe, the requirement of straight length chooses the installation site before and after the measurement mechanism;

When many measuring sondes were installed side by side, measuring sonde must be on the same cross section of pipeline, the position of opening See Figure.Installation method is with reference to single measurement mechanism installation method;

Reinforced seat on the probe is moved on to the center of measuring sonde, note not blocking the measured hole of fluoran stream surface, use between two measuring sondes with the supporting telescopic supporting rod of product, one end screws in the measuring sonde reinforced seat internal thread, the other end is adjusted size, screws in the interior rib-loop of reinforced seat of another measuring sonde the overcoat of turn simultaneously at leisure, until suitable position and tighten, the installation method between other measuring sonde is identical with said method;

On one side, open Ф 20 mounting holes with the angle bar of two 100x100x150 millimeters,, angle bar is welded on pipeline two walls with reinforced seat screw thread mouth level.Top nut on the support bar and pad are twisted, insert in the circular hole, the other end screws in the internal thread of reinforced seat, screw up with a wrench, the nut of adjustment angle bar outside and pad are to suitable position, the top nut and the pad of twisting are tightened in the angle bar inboard, locked other nut installation so far again.

In sum, flow sensor, flow measurement control system that the present invention proposes, be a kind of new plug-in flow measurement instrument that uses differential pressure type principle of work design to produce, also be simultaneously with " environmental protection, energy-conservation, reduce discharging, consumption reduction " be the innovative product of purpose.Flow sensor makes a source reach a new high at aspects such as measuring accuracy, repeatability, stability and reliabilities.Europa flow sensing probe, restriction device, differential pressure transmitter and flow integrator grade in an imperial examination secondary instrument, can with control system or computer networking, carry out measurement of fluid flow and control.The flow measurement device of intelligent integral is the multivariate signals such as differential pressure, pressure, temperature of measuring channel inner fluid simultaneously, realize that on-the-spot LCD shows and configuration function.Show parameters such as instantaneous integrated flow, differential pressure, temperature, flow velocity simultaneously.Sensor adopts shape of a hoof Cross section Design, meets fluid mechanics principle, can produce accurate, stable differential pressure signal, intensity height, non-leakage, anti-clogging; Advantage such as have measuring accuracy height, good reliability, good stability, erected cost is low, non-maintaining, application industry is extensive.The present invention can measure fluid media (medium)s such as all gases, liquid, steam and Korrosionsmedium, is applicable to pipe, the rectangular tube of various sizes, and adapts to the stably measured of special operation condition occasions such as High Temperature High Pressure.

Here description of the invention and application is illustrative, is not to want with scope restriction of the present invention in the above-described embodiments.Here the distortion of disclosed embodiment and change are possible, and the various parts of the replacement of embodiment and equivalence are known for those those of ordinary skill in the art.Those skilled in the art are noted that under the situation that does not break away from spirit of the present invention or essential characteristic, and the present invention can be with other form, structure, layout, ratio, and realize with other assembly, material and parts.Under the situation that does not break away from the scope of the invention and spirit, can carry out other distortion and change here to disclosed embodiment.

Claims (9)

1. an Europa sensor is characterized in that, described sensor comprises: sensing probe, differential pressure transmitter;

Described sensing probe comprises high pressure distribution cavity, low pressure distribution cavity, high pressure distribution cavity, the integrated design of low pressure distribution cavity, and isolate mutually;

During use, described high pressure distribution cavity is as the fluoran stream surface of streaming flow; The width of described high pressure distribution cavity is less than the width of low pressure distribution cavity;

Described high pressure distribution cavity is provided with one or more high pressure pressure ports, and the high pressure pressure port is arranged on the front end at the narrower place of sensing probe; Described low pressure distribution cavity is provided with one or more low pressure pressure ports, and the low pressure pressure port is arranged on the both sides of sensing probe;

Described differential pressure transmitter connects high pressure distribution cavity, low pressure distribution cavity respectively, and obtains the differential pressure signal between high pressure distribution cavity, the low pressure distribution cavity.

2. Europa sensor according to claim 1 is characterized in that:

Described high pressure distribution cavity and low pressure distribution cavity are separated by by a dividing plate, and the two sides of the two sides of high pressure distribution cavity and low pressure distribution cavity respectively at grade.

3. Europa sensor according to claim 1 is characterized in that:

The xsect of described sensing probe is the shape of a hoof or trapezoidal.

4. Europa sensor according to claim 1 is characterized in that:

The high pressure distribution cavity of described sensing probe, low pressure distribution cavity are formed by the etch-proof stainless steel manufacturing of a monoblock.

5. Europa sensor according to claim 1 is characterized in that:

Described sensing probe is packed in the pipeline;

The high pressure distribution cavity of described sensing probe front portion forms the higher-pressure region, and pressure is higher than duct static pressure, stops particle to enter; During bend pipe, fluid enters bend pipe under the duct static pressure effect, forms pressure balance;

After pressure balance formed, fluid no longer entered high pressure distribution hole, and fluid is taken a devious route because of the high pressure of meeting inflow point; Form eddy current at the sensing probe rear portion, granule foreign is concentrated in the rear portion of sensing probe under the effect of vortex street tractive force;

Low pressure distribution hole is in the front portion of both sides, point of flow separation and the tail of sensing probe, and the accumulation of impurities district is avoided in low pressure distribution hole, realizes signal fluctuation anti-blocking and that eddy current produces.

6. Europa sensor according to claim 1 is characterized in that:

Described sensing probe also is connected with ash exhauster, and this ash exhauster comprises installation supporting seat bonnet, packing washer, installation supporting seat, the probe ash discharge outlet plug that connects successively;

Also be provided with set nut on the described probe ash discharge outlet plug; One end of described sensing probe is provided with probe ash discharge outlet screw, cooperates with probe ash discharge outlet plug.

7. Europa sensor according to claim 1 is characterized in that:

Described sensing probe is packed in the pipeline, differential pressure transmitter be installed in pipeline above or below, be connected with three valve groups, blow down valve, connecting pipe between differential pressure transmitter and the sensing probe, the degree of tilt of described connecting pipe was more than or equal to 1: 10;

The junction of described sensing probe and pipeline also is provided with mounting flange, mounting flange.

8. a flow measurement control system is characterized in that, described system comprises Europa sensor, the flow rate calculation instrument that is connected with the Europa sensor;

Described sensor comprises: sensing probe, differential pressure transmitter;

Described sensing probe comprises high pressure distribution cavity, low pressure distribution cavity, high pressure distribution cavity, the integrated design of low pressure distribution cavity, and isolate mutually;

During use, described high pressure distribution cavity is as the fluoran stream surface of streaming flow; The width of described high pressure distribution cavity is less than the width of low pressure distribution cavity, and the two sides of the two sides of high pressure distribution cavity and low pressure distribution cavity respectively at grade;

Described high pressure distribution cavity is provided with one or more high pressure pressure ports, and the high pressure pressure port is arranged on the front end at the narrower place of sensing probe; Described low pressure distribution cavity is provided with one or more low pressure pressure ports, and the low pressure pressure port is arranged on the both sides of sensing probe;

Described differential pressure transmitter connects high pressure distribution cavity, low pressure distribution cavity respectively, and obtains the differential pressure signal between high pressure distribution cavity, the low pressure distribution cavity.

9. flow measurement control system according to claim 8 is characterized in that:

The flow rate calculation formula of described flow rate calculation instrument is as follows:

The volumetric flow rate formula: $Q=0.12645{\mathrm{KY}}_1{D}^2\sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{\&Delta;P}}{\mathrm{\&rho;}}};$

The mass rate formula: $M=0.12645{\mathrm{KY}}_1{D}^2\sqrt{\mathrm{\&Delta;P}\&CenterDot;\mathrm{\&rho;}};$

Gas standard volumetric flow rate formula: $Q_{20}=0.36584{\mathrm{KY}}_1{D}^2\sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{\&Delta;P}}{\mathrm{\&rho;}}}\&CenterDot;\left[\frac{P_a}{T_a}\right];$

Wherein, Q is a duty lower volume flow; M is a mass rate; Q ₂₀Be the volumetric flow rate under the normal state of gas, i.e. the volumetric flow rate of standard state under 20 ℃, 101.325KPa atmospheric pressure; Δ P is a differential pressure; ρ is the density of detected fluid under in working order; K is a coefficient of flow, and its value and sensor construction, fluid flow state, caliber size are relevant, are tried to achieve by experiment; Y ₁Be E, its value compares with gaseous tension, flow velocity, area, the differential pressure size is relevant, is tried to achieve by experiment; P _aBe aero operating pressure; T _aBe working temperature.

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