CN102239120B - 包括通过直接渗透来处理进料水的冷却塔运作方法 - Google Patents
包括通过直接渗透来处理进料水的冷却塔运作方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102239120B CN102239120B CN200980148883.8A CN200980148883A CN102239120B CN 102239120 B CN102239120 B CN 102239120B CN 200980148883 A CN200980148883 A CN 200980148883A CN 102239120 B CN102239120 B CN 102239120B
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- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 30
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000001728 nano-filtration Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical group [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- -1 inhibiter Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000012465 retentate Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002455 scale inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000003115 biocidal effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003139 biocide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 abstract description 116
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
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- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 9
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- DPDMMXDBJGCCQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Na].[Cl] Chemical compound [Na].[Cl] DPDMMXDBJGCCQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 241000370738 Chlorion Species 0.000 description 4
- FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium cation Chemical compound [Na+] FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 230000003204 osmotic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229920002284 Cellulose triacetate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- NNLVGZFZQQXQNW-ADJNRHBOSA-N [(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5-diacetyloxy-3-[(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5,6-triacetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methyl acetate Chemical compound O([C@@H]1O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H]1OC(C)=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@@H](COC(C)=O)O1)OC(C)=O)COC(=O)C)[C@@H]1[C@@H](COC(C)=O)O[C@@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H]1OC(C)=O NNLVGZFZQQXQNW-ADJNRHBOSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 238000010612 desalination reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
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- WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorite Chemical compound Cl[O-] WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000829 suppository Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005068 transpiration Effects 0.000 description 2
- OVSKIKFHRZPJSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-D Chemical compound OC(=O)COC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl OVSKIKFHRZPJSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanide Chemical compound N#[C-] XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101000995114 Doryteuthis pealeii 70 kDa neurofilament protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Nitrite anion Chemical compound [O-]N=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 102000015863 Nuclear Factor 90 Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010010424 Nuclear Factor 90 Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZGBSOTLWHZQNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Mg].S(O)(O)(=O)=O Chemical compound [Mg].S(O)(O)(=O)=O ZGBSOTLWHZQNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004645 aluminates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004760 aramid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052728 basic metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003818 basic metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SXDBWCPKPHAZSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M bromate Inorganic materials [O-]Br(=O)=O SXDBWCPKPHAZSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- SXDBWCPKPHAZSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromic acid Chemical compound OBr(=O)=O SXDBWCPKPHAZSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLJMAIOERFSOGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M cyanate Chemical compound [O-]C#N XLJMAIOERFSOGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- UQSQSQZYBQSBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorosulfonic acid Chemical class OS(F)(=O)=O UQSQSQZYBQSBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000003 magnesium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YPJKMVATUPSWOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrooxidanyl Chemical compound [O][N+]([O-])=O YPJKMVATUPSWOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M perchlorate Inorganic materials [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical compound OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003016 phosphoric acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfite Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004034 viscosity adjusting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
- C02F1/442—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by nanofiltration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/002—Forward osmosis or direct osmosis
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/002—Forward osmosis or direct osmosis
- B01D61/005—Osmotic agents; Draw solutions
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
- B01D61/027—Nanofiltration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/58—Multistep processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
- C02F1/445—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by forward osmosis
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F27/00—Control arrangements or safety devices specially adapted for heat-exchange or heat-transfer apparatus
- F28F27/003—Control arrangements or safety devices specially adapted for heat-exchange or heat-transfer apparatus specially adapted for cooling towers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2311/00—Details relating to membrane separation process operations and control
- B01D2311/12—Addition of chemical agents
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2311/00—Details relating to membrane separation process operations and control
- B01D2311/25—Recirculation, recycling or bypass, e.g. recirculation of concentrate into the feed
- B01D2311/252—Recirculation of concentrate
- B01D2311/2523—Recirculation of concentrate to feed side
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
- B01D61/025—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/12—Halogens or halogen-containing compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/02—Non-contaminated water, e.g. for industrial water supply
- C02F2103/023—Water in cooling circuits
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/08—Seawater, e.g. for desalination
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/02—Temperature
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/03—Pressure
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2301/00—General aspects of water treatment
- C02F2301/04—Flow arrangements
- C02F2301/046—Recirculation with an external loop
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
- C02F2303/08—Corrosion inhibition
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- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
- C02F2303/20—Prevention of biofouling
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- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
- C02F2303/22—Eliminating or preventing deposits, scale removal, scale prevention
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
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- Y02A20/124—Water desalination
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
Abstract
一种运作冷却塔(10)的方法,所述方法包括:将进料液引入冷却塔中;使溶剂从所述进料液中蒸发以形成浓缩液;取出所述浓缩液的一部分作为泄料;使所述泄料的至少一部分通过纳米过滤单元(14)中的第一膜,以使所述泄料中的至少部分溶质作为浓缩的泄料溶液保留在所述第一膜的渗余物侧;使所述浓缩的泄料溶液(42)的至少一部分与第二膜(12)的一侧接触,并使溶质浓度低于合并的浓缩的泄料溶液和来自所述冷却塔的返回液的溶质浓度的溶液与所述第二膜的另一侧接触,使得溶剂通过直接渗透作用流过所述第二膜从而稀释所述浓缩的泄料溶液;和将被稀释的所述泄料溶液再次引入所述冷却塔中。
Description
本发明涉及运作冷却塔的方法。
热交换器常用于从工业过程中除去多余的热量。典型的热交换器包括管壳式热交换器,这种热交换器具有部分地封闭在外罩或外壳内的一段管路。将携带多余热量的工业工艺流体引入所述管路,同时使例如水等冷却剂通过隔开的入口和出口流经所述外壳。水从所述工艺流体中除去多余的热量。这样,离开所述外壳的水的温度高于进入所述外壳的冷却剂的温度。将被加热的水流在冷却塔中冷却,然后将其再次引入所述外壳。由此可以连续进行除热。
大多数冷却塔中装有称为铺板(decking)的多孔填充材料。将水引入到冷却塔顶部并且使其滴落通过铺板,同时将空气吹过所述铺板,从而使部分水蒸发。蒸发导致的热量损失(蒸发冷却)降低了余下的水的温度。将经冷却的水再循环至热交换器。
随着蒸发的发生,例如溶解的固体等污染物在再循环的水中累积。由于例如生物生长、结垢、腐蚀和/或淤渣沉积,这样的污染物可能引起淤塞。可以通过从该系统中排出一部分再循环水来降低污染物水平。以这种方式进行的排水称为泄料。
为补偿系统的水量损失,将补给水引入冷却塔。已经进行了各种尝试来处理这种补给水以减少淤塞的风险。在WO 2005/120688中,例如,通过在海水与具有比海水更高的溶质浓度的氯化钠清洁溶液之间布置选择性渗透膜来生成补给水。渗透压差使水由所述膜的海水侧流过所述膜从而稀释氯化钠溶液。被稀释的该氯化钠溶液基本上不含通常存在于海水中的生物污染物,可以用抗腐蚀剂、防垢剂和防淤塞剂处理然后作为补给水用于系统。
根据本发明,提供一种运作冷却塔的方法,所述方法包括:
将进料液引入冷却塔中,
使溶剂从所述进料液中蒸发以形成浓缩液,
取出所述浓缩液的一部分作为泄料,
使所述泄料的至少一部分通过第一膜,以使所述泄料中的至少部分溶质作为浓缩的泄料溶液保留在所述第一膜的渗余物侧,
使所述浓缩的泄料溶液的至少一部分与第二膜的一侧接触,并使溶质浓度低于浓缩的泄料溶液的溶质浓度的溶液与所述第二膜的另一侧接触,使得溶剂通过直接渗透作用流过所述第二膜从而稀释所述浓缩的泄料溶液,和
将被稀释的所述泄料溶液再次引入所述冷却塔中。
在优选的实施方式中,所述方法还包括:
在源溶液与具有比所述源溶液更高的溶质浓度的吸取溶液之间布置膜,以致所述源溶液中的溶剂流过该膜而稀释所述吸取溶液,
将被稀释的所述源溶液作为所述进料液引入所述冷却塔中,
使溶剂从所述进料液中蒸发以形成浓缩的进料液,
和可选地将所述浓缩的进料液的至少一部分再次用作所述吸取溶液。
所述源溶液可以是水流。所述水流优选为含有杂质的水流,例如海水、河水、湖水、雨水、微咸水和来自工业过程流的水。合适的工业过程流可以来自例如淡化装置(例如热淡化装置和/或反渗透装置)的含盐残余物。也可以使用含水排出物,例如通常用作传统的冷却塔的补给水的那些。
具有比所述源溶液更高的溶质浓度的任何适宜的溶液都可以用作所述吸取溶液。所述吸取溶液可具有已知的组成。例如,在一个实施方式中,所述吸取溶液是通过将已知量的至少一种溶质引入已知量的溶剂中而形成。因此,所述吸取溶液可以基本上由溶解在所选溶剂(如水)中的所选溶质组成。通过以这种方式形成吸取溶液,可制得基本上清洁的溶液。因此,所述吸取溶液可具有较低浓度的可能导致冷却系统淤塞的悬浮颗粒、生物物质和/或其他成分。在优选的实施方式中,所述吸取溶液基本上不含可能导致冷却系统淤塞的悬浮颗粒、生物物质和/或其他成分。
在一个实施方式中,吸取溶液中包含例如防垢剂、缓蚀剂、抗微生物剂和/或分散剂等添加剂。通过使一部分吸取溶液再循环通过冷却系统,可以重复使用这些添加剂。优选的是,吸取溶液的主体在封闭环路中再循环,以使吸取溶液的大部分成分保留在所述环路中。因此,一旦形成吸取溶液,则可不必向该溶液中连续地添加新溶质和/或添加剂。
所述吸取溶液中的溶质(或渗透剂)优选为水溶性盐。适合的盐包括铵盐和金属盐,例如碱金属(例如,Li、Na、K)和碱土金属(例如,Mg和Ca)盐。所述盐可以是氟化物、氯化物、溴化物、碘化物、硫酸盐、亚硫酸盐、硫化物、碳酸盐、碳酸氢盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氮化物、磷酸盐、铝酸盐、硼酸盐、溴酸盐、碳化物、高氯酸盐、次氯酸盐、铬酸盐、氟硅酸盐、氟硅酸盐、氟硫酸盐、硅酸盐、氰化物和氰酸盐。可以使用一种以上的盐。在一个优选的实施方式中,所述第二溶液的溶质为处于水中的钾盐、镁盐或钠盐。
如上所述,将所述源溶液置于膜的一侧,同时将所述吸取溶液置于所述膜的另一侧。由于溶液间存在渗透压差,溶剂经直接渗透通过所述膜而稀释吸取溶液。流动沿着浓度梯度进行。这样,不需要高压来引起溶剂流动。不过,可以施加跨膜的压力差,以便例如提高溶剂的流量。
直接渗透步骤中可以使用任何适宜的选择性膜。也可以使用膜阵列。适宜的膜包括乙酸纤维素(CA)和三乙酸纤维素(CTA)(例如在McCutcheon et al.,Desalination 174(2005)1-11中描述的那些材料)以及聚酰胺(PA)膜。所述膜可以为平面状或采取管状或中空纤维的形态。特别是当未施加高压以引发溶剂由第一溶液流向第二溶液时,可以采用薄膜。如果需要,可以将所述膜担载在例如网状支撑体等支撑结构上。
在一个实施方式中,可以在外罩或外壳中配置一个或多个管状膜。可以将源溶液导入外罩中,同时可以将吸取溶液导入管路中。由于源溶液的溶剂浓度高于吸取溶液的溶剂浓度,溶剂将透过膜从源溶液扩散进入吸取溶液中。可以由管路内部将稀释的吸取溶液回收,同时可以将浓缩的第一溶液由外罩中移除(或者反之)。
当采用平面膜时,可以将该片材卷绕,使得在截面上形成螺旋状。
膜的孔径可根据需要分离的溶剂分子的大小来选择。可以使用具有允许两种以上不同种类的溶剂分子通过该膜的孔径的膜。膜的孔径优选对于水的通过具有选择性。优选将膜的孔径选择为防止溶质和其他污染物由源溶液流向吸取溶液。典型的孔径为优选如可以使用任何适宜的技术来推断孔径。
溶剂穿过膜的流动通常受热状态的影响。因而,如果需要,可以对膜的任一侧的溶液进行加热或冷却。可以将溶液加热至40℃~90℃的较高的温度,例如60℃~80℃。作为选择,也可以将溶液冷却至-20℃~40℃,例如5℃~20℃。可以对膜一侧的溶液进行加热,同时对另一侧的溶液进行冷却。也可以独立地对每种溶液进行加热或冷却。如果需要,也可以在膜的任一侧进行化学反应。
为提高渗透步骤的效率,可以对吸取溶液和/或源溶液进行处理以减少膜的淤塞和结垢。从而,可以将防垢剂和/或防淤塞剂添加至一种或两种溶液中。尽管并不要求,但可以对膜的第一溶液侧施加压力以增大水通过膜的流速。例如,可以施加1×105Pa~5×105Pa[1bar~5bar]的压力,优选2×105Pa~4×105Pa[2bar~4bar]的压力。另外或作为选择,可以减小膜的第二溶液侧的压力。例如,压力可以小于1×105Pa[1bar],优选小于0.5×105Pa[0.5bar]。
为增大通过膜的流速,也可以改变源溶液和/或吸取溶液的粘度。例如,可以使用粘度调节剂。
本发明的方法还可包括从源溶液中除去污染物(例如悬浮颗粒和生物物质)的预处理步骤。另外或作为选择,可以向第一溶液中添加控制结垢的阈值抑制剂。而且可以采用改变第一溶液pH的预处理步骤。当将海水用作源溶液时,优选使用深海取水,这是因为深海海水通常含有较少的污染物。
在溶剂(例如水)从源溶液流进吸取溶液后,吸取溶液的压力(当水用作溶剂时为渗透压)可能升高。可以使用这种压力来辅助将所述吸取溶液转移到本发明的后续处理步骤。例如,在没有泵或仅有较少的或不够强力的泵时,该压力可足以将吸取溶液转移至冷却塔中。在一个实施方式中,多余的压力被转化为机械功。这样,在所述吸取溶液中产生的压力(例如,渗透压)可以用于减小能耗和/或提高整个过程的传热效率。
在一个实施方式中,被稀释的吸取溶液可以与另外的膜的一侧接触,同时将溶质浓度高于所述被稀释的吸取溶液的另一溶液与该膜的另一侧接触。由于被稀释的吸取溶液的溶剂浓度高于所述另一溶液,所述被稀释的吸取溶液中的溶剂通过直接渗透作用流过所述膜而稀释所述另一溶液。像初始的吸取溶液一样,所述另一溶液可以基本上由溶解在所选溶剂中的所选溶质组成。这样,通过重复该直接渗透步骤一次或多次,可以更好地控制引入冷却塔中的溶液的组成。
来自直接渗透步骤的被稀释的吸取溶液优选用作冷却塔的进料液。所述冷却塔优选包含溶剂(例如水)可以从其上蒸发的载体材料或铺板。所述载体材料优选为多孔的,并且有利的是可以具有大表面积。所述载体材料可以由塑料、金属、陶瓷和诸如木材等天然材料制造。
在使用中,将所述进料液与所述载体材料接触。然后可以使诸如空气等气体通过湿润的载体材料,从而使所述进料液中的溶剂蒸发以形成浓缩的进料液。由于蒸发冷却,可使得所述进料液的温度降低。经冷却的溶液可以用作热交换器中的冷却剂,用以例如从热源移除热量。
浓缩的进料液可再次用作吸取溶液以从源溶液除去溶剂。可选的是,浓缩的进料液可以在一个或多个中间步骤之后再次用作所述吸取溶液。例如,浓缩的吸取溶液可在再次用作吸取溶液之前用于从热源除去热量。作为选择,所述吸取溶液可以在用于在直接渗透步骤中从源溶液中吸取溶剂之后用以从热源除去热量。
随着冷却塔中发生蒸发,进料液变得越来越浓,而且在使用一段时间之后,污染物可能在进料液中累积。这样的污染物可包括在直接渗透步骤中例如逆着渗透梯度流过所述膜的溶质和/或悬浮成分。该溶质的实例包括离子,例如钠、钙、镁、钾、钡、锶、氯、硫酸根、硝酸根、碳酸氢根、碳酸根、溴和氟离子。特别是当以一定浓度以上存在时,该溶质会造成结垢和/或淤塞。因此,为减少结垢和/或淤塞的风险,将浓缩的进料液的一部分作为泄料从冷却塔中取出。
除了有害的污染物和/或溶质之外,所述泄料还可包含所希望的溶质(例如渗透剂)和添加剂,例如防垢剂、缓蚀剂、抗微生物剂和/或分散剂。例如,在一个实施方式中,所述泄料包含所希望的成分,例如硫酸镁,并优选包含添加剂,如防垢剂、缓蚀剂、抗微生物剂和/或分散剂。
通过选择具有适宜特性的膜,可以使这些所希望的成分的至少一部分保留在所述膜的渗余物侧,同时使得诸如钠离子和氯离子等有害成分与溶剂一同通过所述膜作为滤液。例如,在一个实施方式中,所述泄料包含硫酸镁和氯化钠。当使泄料通过所述膜时,硫酸镁在很大程度上被阻止通过所述膜的细孔,而钠离子和氯离子则优先穿过所述膜。滤液因此是氯化钠稀释液(含一些硫酸镁),而渗余物是硫酸镁浓缩液(含一些氯化钠)。
在优选的实施方式中,使用纳米过滤膜以使一部分所希望的组分保留在所述膜的渗余物侧,同时使一部分不需要的成分与一部分溶剂一同通过所述膜成为滤液。
纳米过滤特别适合于使泄料中的大溶质物种与溶液的其余部分分离。
适宜的纳米过滤膜包括交联的聚酰胺膜,例如交联的芳香族聚酰胺膜。所述膜可以在例如由微孔聚合物片材形成的载体顶部浇铸为“表层”。得到的膜具有复合结构(例如,薄膜复合结构)。
通常,所述膜的分离性质受“表层”的孔径和电荷的控制。所述膜可适用于大小为0.01微米~0.001微米、分子量为100mol-1以上(例如200g/mol以上)的成分的分离。
除了根据大小过滤颗粒,纳米过滤膜也根据其静电性质过滤颗粒。例如,在某些实施方式中,纳米过滤膜的表面电荷可以控制为以提供所希望的过滤性质。例如,所述纳米过滤膜的至少一部分孔的内部可以带负电,从而限制或防止阴离子物种,特别是多价阴离子的通过。
适宜的纳米过滤膜的实例包括Desal-5(Desalination System,Escondido,California)、SR90、NF90、NF70、NF50、NF40和NF 40HF膜(FilmTech Corp.,Minneapolis,Minn)、SU600膜(Toray,Japan)和NRT7450和NTR7250膜(Nitto Electric,Japan)。
可以将所述纳米过滤膜包装为膜组件。可以使用例如包封在外壳内的螺旋卷绕膜和管式膜。
作为选择,可以将所述膜设置为板状物或者设置在框架内。
使来自所述膜的渗余物侧的浓缩的泄料溶液与第二膜的一侧接触,同时使溶质浓度低于所述浓缩的泄料溶液的溶质浓度的溶液与所述第二膜的另一侧接触,以使溶剂通过直接渗透作用流过所述第二膜而稀释所述浓缩的泄料溶液。
该直接渗透步骤可以使用用于将源溶液中的溶剂吸取到吸取溶液中的相同的直接渗透单元进行。作为选择,该直接渗透步骤也可以在用于处理泄料流的专用单元中进行。当使用单独的直接渗透单元时,直接渗透膜可具有上述特性。
在本发明的任何一个直接渗透步骤中,溶剂优选以液体形式通过所述膜。
然后将被稀释的泄料溶液引入冷却塔中。
现在将参照附图对本发明的这些方面和其他方面进行说明,所述附图是用于实施本发明的一个实施方式的方法的流程图的示意图。
附图描述了用于实施本发明的一个实施方式的方法的流程图。该流程图描述了冷却塔10、直接渗透单元12、纳米过滤单元14和热交换器16。
附图(图1)中的数字描述以下特征:
30:风吹损失
32:蒸发
34:再循环的渗透剂
36:浓缩的渗透剂
38:来自操控的渗透系统的废料
40:泄料
42:海水或微咸水进料
使海水18与直接渗透单元12中的选择性膜的一侧接触。含有防垢剂的硫酸镁溶液20与所述选择性膜的另一侧接触。硫酸镁溶液20具有的溶质浓度高于海水,这两种溶液之间的渗透压差使得水流过所述膜而稀释硫酸镁溶液。尽管钠离子和氯离子在很大程度上被阻止通过所述膜,但仍有一部分氯化钠通过所述膜,从而污染了硫酸镁溶液20。
被稀释的硫酸镁溶液20用作热交换器16中的冷却剂。随着硫酸镁溶液20从要冷却的系统中除去热量,其温度升高。
然后将热的硫酸镁溶液20引入冷却塔10。在冷却塔10中,使硫酸镁溶液20滴落或喷洒通过铺板(decking),同时使空气吹过所述铺板,由此使水从溶液中蒸发。蒸发降低了硫酸镁溶液20的温度,被冷却的硫酸镁溶液20再循环至直接渗透单元12。随着更多的水从硫酸镁溶液中除去,溶液变得越来越浓。因此,硫酸镁溶液20中的氯化钠的浓度增大,这可能导致系统发生淤塞的风险增加。
为降低淤塞的风险,将浓缩的硫酸镁溶液的一部分作为泄料22从冷却塔10中取出。使所述泄料流通过纳米过滤单元14中的膜。使纳米过滤膜的孔的大小调整为允许钠离子和氯离子作为滤液的一部分通过所述膜。不过,硫酸镁离子和防垢添加剂则因过大而不能通过所述膜的孔,而保留在所述膜的渗余物侧。将该浓缩的渗余物溶液引入直接渗透单元12并用于通过直接渗透作用从海水中吸取水。
将纳米过滤单元14的滤液丢弃。
Claims (6)
1.一种运作冷却塔的方法,所述方法包括:
通过在水中溶解一种或多种水溶性盐来制备吸取溶液,
在源溶液和所述吸取溶液之间布置膜,其中,所述吸取溶液制备为具有比所述源溶液更高的溶质浓度,以使所述源溶液中的溶剂流过所述膜而稀释所述吸取溶液,
将被稀释的所述吸取溶液作为进料液引入所述冷却塔中,
使水从所述进料液中蒸发以形成浓缩液,
取出(i)所述浓缩液的一部分作为泄料,和(ii)所述浓缩液的一部分以返回所述冷却塔,
使所述泄料的至少一部分通过第一膜,以使所述泄料中的部分溶质作为浓缩的泄料溶液保留在所述第一膜的渗余物侧,并且将来自所述第一膜的滤液侧的溶液丢弃或者用于其他方法,
使所述浓缩的泄料溶液的至少一部分与第二膜的一侧接触,并使溶质浓度低于合并的浓缩的泄料溶液和来自所述冷却塔的返回液的溶质浓度的溶液与所述第二膜的另一侧接触,使得水通过直接渗透作用流过所述第二膜从而稀释所述浓缩的泄料溶液,和
将被稀释的所述泄料溶液再次引入所述冷却塔中。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述源溶液包括海水、微咸水、河水、湖水和/或废水。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,所述盐是硫酸镁。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,所述第一膜是纳米过滤膜。
5.如权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,所述吸取溶液中包含选自防垢剂、缓蚀剂、抗微生物剂和/或分散剂的添加剂。
6.如权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,使所述吸取溶液形成为不含导致所述冷却塔淤塞的成分。
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GBGB0822361.2A GB0822361D0 (en) | 2008-12-08 | 2008-12-08 | Cooling tower |
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PCT/GB2009/002842 WO2010067061A1 (en) | 2008-12-08 | 2009-12-08 | Process for operating a cooling tower comprising the treatment of feed water by direct osmosis |
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US20100192575A1 (en) * | 2007-09-20 | 2010-08-05 | Abdulsalam Al-Mayahi | Process and systems |
GB0918916D0 (en) * | 2009-10-28 | 2009-12-16 | Surrey Aquatechnology Ltd | Thermal desalination |
US8221628B2 (en) * | 2010-04-08 | 2012-07-17 | Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. | Method and system to recover waste heat to preheat feed water for a reverse osmosis unit |
US10260761B2 (en) | 2010-05-18 | 2019-04-16 | Energy & Environmental Research Center Foundation | Heat dissipation systems with hygroscopic working fluid |
US10845067B2 (en) | 2010-05-18 | 2020-11-24 | Energy & Enviornmental Research Center | Hygroscopic cooling tower for waste water disposal |
EP2623185B1 (en) * | 2010-09-29 | 2016-08-17 | FUJIFILM Corporation | Forward osmosis apparatus, and forward osmosis process |
DE102012202202A1 (de) * | 2011-02-16 | 2012-08-30 | Ksb Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren und Anlage zur Aufbereitung einer Lösung |
US9315396B2 (en) * | 2011-04-06 | 2016-04-19 | Water Conservation Technology International, Inc. | Water conservation methods combining osmotic membrane processed water for subsequent efficient use in cooling tower applications |
US20130213888A1 (en) * | 2012-02-17 | 2013-08-22 | Tempest Environmental Systems, Inc. | Cooling tower blow-down, groundwater and wastewater re-use process and system |
CN102642944B (zh) * | 2012-05-11 | 2014-06-18 | 唐山三友氯碱有限责任公司 | 环保节能型盐水硫酸根浓缩装置 |
US10308524B1 (en) * | 2019-01-15 | 2019-06-04 | Kuwait Institute For Scientific Research | Pressure-reduced saline water treatment system |
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CN1856447A (zh) * | 2003-07-30 | 2006-11-01 | 萨里大学 | 溶剂去除处理 |
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ES2666348T3 (es) | 2018-05-04 |
AU2009326253A1 (en) | 2011-06-23 |
CN102239120A (zh) | 2011-11-09 |
EP2364274B1 (en) | 2018-02-28 |
WO2010067061A1 (en) | 2010-06-17 |
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