CN102231034B - Light beam adjuster using adjustable photonic crystal auto-collimation effect and application thereof - Google Patents
Light beam adjuster using adjustable photonic crystal auto-collimation effect and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN102231034B CN102231034B CN201110169999.9A CN201110169999A CN102231034B CN 102231034 B CN102231034 B CN 102231034B CN 201110169999 A CN201110169999 A CN 201110169999A CN 102231034 B CN102231034 B CN 102231034B
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Abstract
The invention provides a light beam adjuster using the adjustable photonic crystal auto-collimation effect and application thereof. The light beam adjuster is characterized by having a special light beam control principle in a frequency range of the auto-collimation effect. The dispersion property close to an auto-collimation point is adjusted under the coaction of adjustable medium parameters such as nonlinear polarizability, and a photon energy band structure, so that unique functions such as tunable auto-collimation, continuously adjustable divergence angle, self-locking auto-collimation, special self-induction transparency and the like can be realized. The functions play important roles in optical integration and optical interconnection, and can be used for designing adjustable auto-collimation wave guides, self-locking beam width adjusting wave guides, beam width controllers, adjustable beam expanding lenses, coupling lenses, subpicosecond-grade high-speed optical switches and the like.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of beam adjuster and the application that utilize adjustable photon crystal self-aligning effect, or rather, present invention incorporates the adjustability of photon crystal self-aligning effect and medium, make dispersion relation near photon crystal self-aligning point can manual control, thus realize brand-new optics adjusting function.Belong to optical information technology field.
Background technology
Light integrated technology is at optical communication, optical oomputing, with there is in optical transport potential important application, therefore extensive concern 1. [S.L.Lin is subject to, E.Chow, V.Hietala, P.R.Villeneuve, J.D.Joannopoulos, Experimental Demonstration of Guiding and ending of Electromagnetic Waves in a Photonic Crystal, Science 282, 274 (1998)], 2. [H.Kosaka, T.Kawashima, A.Tomita, M.Notomi, T.Tamamura, T.Sato, and S.Kawakami, Photonic crystals for micro lightwave circuits using wavelengthdependent angular beam steering, Appl.Phys.Lett.74, 1370 (1999)].Photon crystal structure is owing to having high anisotropy and complicated dispersion characteristics, not only there is the optical signal prosessing function of macroscopical optical system, and make it have obviously unique advantage at light integration field due to its small size and feature easy of integration, and existing a lot of application.Wherein, realize the self-guiding of salt free ligands by photon crystal self-aligning propagation and divide wave technology at theoretical 1. [M.Notomi, Theory of light propagation in strongly modulated photonic crystals:Refractionlick behavior in the vicinity of the photonic band gap, Phys.Rev.B 62, 10696 (2000) .], 2. [X.Yu and S.Fan, Bends and splitters for self-collimated beams in photonic crystals, Appl.Phys.Lett.83, 3251 (2003)] and experiment 1. [H.Kosaka, T.Kawashima, A.Tomita, M.Notomi and T.Tamamura, T.Sato and S.Kawakami, Self-collimating phenomena in photonic crystals, Appl.Phys.Lett.74, 1212 (1999)], 2. [D.M.Pustai, S.Shi, C.Chen, A.Sharkawy, and D.W.Prather, Analysis of splitters for self-collimated beams in planar photonic crystals, Opt.Expr.12, 1823 (2004)] confirmation is obtained on, it has the superiority utilizing photon Defect Modes guided wave incomparable.But due to the existence of photonic crystal effect of dispersion, autocollimation and relevant design thereof have very strong frequency dependent, therefore limit application to a great extent.On the other hand, the research of tuneable photonic crystal obtained extensive research in nearly ten years, and realized in the materials such as liquid crystal, semiconductor, organism, colloidal materials and superconductor, but its application is generally limited to modulate Defect Modes.The present invention attempts to combine photon crystal self-aligning and medium adjustability, can dispersion relation near flexible autocollimation point, thus realizes new optics adjusting function.
Summary of the invention
Present invention incorporates the adjustability of photon crystal self-aligning and medium, by can character be with near the adjustability of medium modulation autocollimation point, widen autocollimation scope to a great extent, and achieve the brand-new optics adjusting function such as angle of divergence continuously adjustabe, self-locking and special self-induced transparency, be a kind of multi functional optical device.Below the principle of work and power of this device is described in detail:
Device architecture is as Fig. 1 a, and 2-D air hole square lattice photonic crystal lattice constant is a, airport radius r=0.35a, material linear refractive index n
1=n
1 0=3.46.Incident for horizontal magnetic (TM) polarization state, Fig. 1 b is without equifrequency face figure during modulation, obviously works as ω
0 stime=0.18 (2 π c/a), [11] direction occurs the autocollimation of wide-angle is propagated.Figure 1 shows that the first energy band diagram along Γ-m direction, wherein autocollimation point S is positioned at { ω
0 s, k
0 s, k
0 s=0.537 (2 π/a), the field distribution of this point represents in illustration 1a.In Fig. 1, dotted line gives can be with when introducing refractive index perturbation, and positive perturbation causes autocollimation point S ' red shift (ω
s< ω
0 s), negative perturbation then S " blue shift (ω
s> ω
0 s).The adjustability of photonic crystal is third order optical nonlinearity, and implementation method is: in photon crystal material, mix Kerr dielectric material.So Refractive Index of Material becomes the function of light intensity: n
1=n
0 1+ Δ n=n
0 1+ χ
(3)| E|
2/ n
0 1, wherein Δ n is that the non-linear refractive index caused moves, χ
(3)for third order nonlinear susceptibility, and χ
(3)=1 × 10
-17~ 10
-18m
2/ V
2.
A kind of method utilizing tuneable photonic crystal auto-collimation effect to realize Beam Control that the present invention proposes is characterized in that in photonic bandgap material, mix optics tunable medium or nonlinear material, regulate the refractive index of material, to change the photonic band gap character near autocollimation point.Medium adjustability derives from the electromagnetism of material, temperature and mechanic equivalent should; Described nonlinear material is organic or inorganic material, and as teflon, Ni metal or Cr nanocluster particle, have strong optical nonlinearity Kerr coefficient.
Introduce optical nonlinearity adjustability, autocollimation frequencies omega new after mobile
sbe expressed as:
ω
s＝ω
0 s-αχ
(3)|U
0|
2k
0 s， (1)
ω in formula
0 sbe linear autocollimation frequency, α is and non-linear irrelevant normal number coefficient, χ
(3)for non-linear Kerr coefficient, U
0light beam peak amplitude, k
0 sfor the Bloch wave vector of autocollimation point.Work as χ
(3)> 0, autocollimation point ω
s(ω is moved to low frequency direction
s< ω
0 s); Work as χ
(3)< 0, ω
sto high-frequency mobile (ω
s> ω
0 s).Meeting autocollimatic incident intensity is I
s=(n
1)
2ε
0| U
s|
2c ≈ (ω
0 s-ω) (n
1)
3ε
0c/ α χ
(3)k
0 s.Wherein n
1for the refractive index in concentration of energy region, ε
0permittivity of vacuum and the light velocity is respectively with c.
Know from formula (1): control incident intensity | U
0|
2or nonlinear factor χ
(3), can flexible photonic crystal can be with character.
Can realize New function and its new opplication with the change of character, will be specifically described it below:
(1) frequency-adjustable self-waveguide and beam divergence angle controlling functions: utilize above-mentioned device, Gauss's incident light enters in non-linear photon crystal by waveguide-coupled, then to different incident conditions, can realize the convergence of light beam, disperse and autocollimation.When incident frequencies ω=0.17, (2 π c/a) is slightly less than autocollimation frequencies omega
0 s, to without modulation or weak modulation, will be dispersed by the known light beam of isofrequency map 1b, the upper figure of Fig. 2 a describes this situation; If incident light is enough strong, to such an extent as to autocollimation frequency modulation (PFM) to frequency of operation, i.e. ω
0 s=ω, will produce light beam autocollimation, as shown in Fig. 2 a figure below.The adjustability of autocollimation frequency means that light beam can realize autocollimation in a wider context and propagate.According to formula (1), the light intensity of non-linear adjustable autocollimator beam can approximate representation be:
I
s＝(n
1)
2ε
0|U
s|
2c≈(ω
0 s-ω)(n
1)
3ε
0c/αχ
(3)k
0 s(2)
Adjustability and autocollimatic interaction not only achieve tunable autocollimation waveguide, and also provide the mechanism regulating transmission light-scattering layer angle continuously.By regulating the relation of autocollimation point and frequency of operation, beam divergence angle can be adjusted to convergence continuously from dispersing.Numerical experiment confirms this modulation scheme, the results are shown in Figure 2b.The continuous modulation of the angle of divergence can be used as beam expanding lens or Energy Coupling mirror in micro-integrated optical circuit.
The above results is at Kerr coefficient χ
(3)obtain when > 0, same result also can at χ
(3)< draws for 0 time.
In a word, the adjustable photon crystal wave-guide of this characteristics design is utilized to be by regulating incident intensity I=I
s, make ω=ω
s, realize the self-waveguide of frequency-adjustable; The adjustable beam expanding lens of design, coupling mirror is according to different expanding or decoupling calls, regulates I to make ω < ω
sor ω>=ω
s, realize dispersing, collimate or entirely gathering of light beam, range of adjustment is-1-4 °.
(2) self-locking autocollimation function: for χ
(3), near autocollimation point, there is a special nature in < 0, namely when incident intensity I is more weak, and I < I
s(or comparatively strong, I > I
s), autocollimation point ω
senough modulation could not be obtained, make ω > ω
s(or ω < ω
s), according to the known beams converge of isofrequency map 1b (or dispersing), so light intensity I becomes large (or diminishing).This process makes beams converge (or dispersing) light intensity I become large (or diminishing) until meet I=I
swith ω=ω
s, reach the collimation steady state (SS) of a certain self-locking.Clearly, the physical mechanism of self-locking alignment establishes a kind of degenerative process, makes to depart from ω as beam frequencies ω
stime, reply steady state (SS) by automatically regulating beam size.Therefore self-locking is utilized to realize autocollimation relatively easier.And, utilize self-locking can also the beamwidth d of flexible autocollimator beam.Suppose that light beam total energy flow is W, self-locking alignment beamwidth can have following formula to estimate:
d
SLOC≈W/Is(n
1)
2∝Wχ
(3)/|ω-ω
0 s| (3)
Self-locking alignment evolutionary process as shown in Figure 3.It is important for being self-locking in integrated optical circuit, because it can be used as the adjustable waveguide of beamwidth in micro-system.For positive χ
(3), self-locking exists too, but needs to realize in high-order photonic band gap.Self-locking can be used to design photonic device, such as: the wavefront due to self-locking alignment is flat, so the efficient coupling device of different in width waveguide can be used as, beamwidth regulator or waveguide web member, that utilize is different incident intensity I, realizes the collimation self-locking of different beamwidth.
(3) speed-sensitive switch function: Beam Control character recited above can be used to design Novel photonic devices.As an example, below we utilize adjustable autocollimation to design high-speed optical switch.For ω < ω
ssituation, as incident intensity I < I
s, by the known beam divergence of Fig. 1 b, this causes transmitted light intensity to weaken on the one hand, and on the other hand due to the finite size of photonic crystal, light is at side boundaries generation transmission loss.With the increase of I, beam divergence angle reduces, and side loss also reduces, and transmissivity increases.We consider one
long,
the transmissivity T of wide 2 D photon crystal.Transmissivity is defined as T=J/J
0, J is transmission power, and its detection width is identical with light source, J
0for incident power.In Fig. 4, star line provides the change of transmissivity with nonlinear refractive index, can find out that autocollimation transmissivity (opening) is than nothing modulation situation (pass) about large three times.This can think a kind of novel " self-induced transparency ".For showing its speed-sensitive switch character, we consider wavelength X=1.55 μm electromagnetic switching process, suppose incident light in 0.046ps light intensity by 1.76 × 10
14(V
2/ m
2) change to 4.75 × 10
15(V
2/ m
2), Fig. 4 solid line have recorded the temporal evolution of sensing point light intensity, and visible switching process is very fast, is less than 1ps.So this characteristic can be used as design subpicosecond level high-speed optical switch.
Above-mentioned tunable autocollimation, angle of divergence continuously adjustabe and self-locking be all based on photon crystal self-aligning point near unique dispersion properties.In our numerical experiment, due to by limiting computing time and internal memory, system used is little more than practical systems, for seeing that modulation effect have employed larger nonlinear factor (some situation, relative non-thread refractive index ~ 10
-2magnitude).By optimizing structure, nonlinear factor can reduce a magnitude.In addition, the requirement of high photonic band gap reduction to nonlinear strength can also be utilized.Except there is general autocollimation photonic crystal group velocity is moderate, technological requirement is low feature, non-linear photon crystal autocollimation also has the following advantages: be first can realize autocollimation, even self-locking alignment in larger frequency range, make autocollimation with better function in the system integration; Secondly, angle of divergence continuously adjustabe and self-locking regulate continuously by the controlled parameter in outside, such as, can be controlled by incident light or outside pump power; 3rd, can realize multi-functional on a single chip, such as width adjusting waveguide, so be very suitable for making integrated optical device; 4th, by making the method for line defect, tunable beam deflector and beam splitter can be made.
To sum up, autocollimation and adjustability interact as the integrated New Century Planned Textbook that provides of light, novel interaction provides tuning autocollimation, the new features that angle of divergence continuously adjustabe and self-locking autocollimation etc. are unique and New function, can be used to design adjustable autocollimation waveguide, self-locking beamwidth regulates waveguide, beamwidth controller, mode beam expanding lens, coupling mirror, and subpicosecond level high-speed optical switch.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is along the first photonic band gap figure in Γ-M direction.Solid line represents that refractive index is without modulation situation, n
1=n
1 0=3.46; Dotted line represent respectively refractive index do finely tune downwards and upwards can be with; Autocollimation point is respectively by S, S ' and S " mark.Illustration a is depicted as the field distribution of autocollimation mould S, and darker regions is energy comparatively concentrated position, and circle is airport.When illustration b is depicted as without modulation, the first equifrequency face figure that can be with, autocollimation equifrequency line position is ω=0.18 (2 π c/a).
The field distribution of stable light-beam in Fig. 2 a. non-linear photon crystal, corresponding different average field strength: upper | U
0|=2.6 × 10
7(V/m); Under | U
0|=9.2 × 10
7(V/m).Thick black line represents search coverage.B. beam divergence angle is with incident field change curve, Δ θ=tan
-1(Δ W/L),
be the distance of light source to test surface, Δ W is light beam half-breadth on test surface.
Fig. 3 width of light beam is with the relation curve of propagation distance.Wide incident beam develops into the self-locking alignment light beam having and determine width gradually.Calculating parameter is ω=0.1835 (2 π c/a) > ω
0 s, | U
0|=3.2 × 10
7(V
2/ m
2), χ
(3)=-2.28 × 10
-17(m
2/ V
2).
Fig. 4 star line is that transmissivity is with tunable refractive index Δ n=χ
(3)| U
0|
2change curve.Solid line is after incident Rapid Variable Design, the temporal evolution of transmitted light intensity.The same Fig. 2 of calculating parameter.
Embodiment
In silicon substrate material, add metal nanometer cluster particle by particle method for implanting, such as: Cun, Crn etc., metal nanometer cluster particle has strong optical nonlinearity Kerr coefficient as nonlinear material.Then, the substrate of dopant implant utilizes photoetching process to etch circular hole, makes photonic crystal stand-by.
Embodiment 1: in optical integrated chip, due to size restriction, making collimation lens and guided wave optical fiber are very difficult things, utilize the present invention then the two can be assembled a compact device, as autocollimation wave guide applications.And the waveguide of this autocollimation has wider tuning range, reasonable autocollimation can be realized in the spectral range of wavelength 1.3 ~ 1.55 μm.
Embodiment 2: in optical internet, can utilize the present invention realize the focusing of light beam and disperse, thus replace traditional optical lens, and the angle of divergence can regulate automatically by controlling incident intensity, and range of adjustment is :-1 ° ~ 4 °.So, the present invention can be utilized to make Beam Control and coupled apparatus.
Embodiment 3: in optical storage and optical oomputing, the response time of photoswitch directly determines access time and computing velocity.Utilize the present invention as photoswitch, the response time is picosecond magnitude, improves 1000 times than the speed of current electronic switch, and switches transmit rate ratio reaches 3: 1, has higher contrast.
Claims (4)
1. one kind utilizes the application of the beam adjuster of adjustable photon crystal self-aligning effect, it is characterized in that controlling incident intensity or non-linear Kerr coefficient χ (3), regulate being with of photonic crystal, autocollimation is realized in the spectral range of wavelength 1.3-1.55 μm, the adjustability of photonic crystal is third order optical nonlinearity, for designing adjustable autocollimation waveguide, self-locking photonic crystal beamwidth controller or subpicosecond level speed-sensitive switch.
2., by the application of beam adjuster according to claim 1, it is characterized in that for adjustable autocollimation waveguide be by regulating incident intensity I=Is, making ω=ω s realize; Adjustable beam expanding lens, coupling mirror are according to different expanding or decoupling calls, and regulate I to make ω < ω s or ω >=ω s, realize dispersing, collimate or entirely gathering of light beam, range of adjustment is-1-4 °; In formula, ω s is mobile rear new autocollimation frequency, and ω is incident frequencies, and Is is autocollimatic incident intensity.
3., by the application of beam adjuster according to claim 1, it is characterized in that self-locking photonic crystal beamwidth controller utilizes different incident intensity I, realize the collimation self-locking of different beamwidth.
4., by the application of beam adjuster according to claim 1, it is characterized in that described subpicosecond level high-speed optical switch autocollimation transmissivity is than without during modulation large three times, namely switches transmit rate ratio reaches 3: 1, improves 1000 times than the speed of electronic switch.
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| CN104678491B (en) * | 2013-11-27 | 2018-11-09 | 中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所 | The photonic crystal and design method of support high-frequency susceptibility auto-collimation phenomenon and application |
| CN103675993B (en) * | 2013-12-31 | 2016-02-24 | 中国科学院半导体研究所 | Based on the accessible site light quantum walking device of photon crystal self-aligning effect |
| RU2620026C1 (en) * | 2015-12-01 | 2017-05-22 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова" (МГУ) | Method for modulation of electromagnetic radiation intensity using magnetoplasmonic crystal |
| CN106842371B (en) * | 2017-01-08 | 2019-05-31 | 复旦大学 | A kind of focal length substantially adjustable photonic crystal lens and its design method |
| CN107219625A (en) * | 2017-06-24 | 2017-09-29 | 复旦大学 | A kind of design method for the photonic crystal panel for supporting frequency sensitive auto-collimation phenomenon |
| CN109100308B (en) * | 2018-08-23 | 2020-07-31 | 江苏大学 | Porous silicon biosensor based on Bloch surface wave and design method thereof |
| CN116067543B (en) * | 2022-11-08 | 2023-12-05 | 湖北科技学院 | Static pressure sensor based on superconducting material and defect photonic crystal |
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