CN102225336A - Nickel doped titanium based inverse opal structure material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Nickel doped titanium based inverse opal structure material and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a nickel doped titanium based inverse opal structure material and a preparation method thereof, belongs to the field of porous inorganic material. The material comprises titanium dioxide and a doped component of Ni2O3, and has an inverse opal structure, wherein a molar percentage of the Ni to the Ti is less than 40%. The preparation method is characterized by: preparing a polystyrene colloid crystal template; adding water-soluble chelated titanium to deionized water in a dropwise manner to form a colorless transparent solution, followed by adding a nickel dopant, sealing through freshness-keeping plastic film and storing in dark place; immersing the substrate with the polystyrene colloid crystal template to the precursor solution to soak for 2-6 hours, followed by slowly and vertically raising the substrate, then placing the substrate in air and drying overnight; calcining the substrate in a muffle furnace, wherein the calcination temperature is 400-550 DEG C, and heating mode of the calcination process is temperature programming or direct heating. The nickel doped titanium based inverse opal structure material provided by the present invention has visible light activity and magnetism, simple process, strong controllability and easy industrialization.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the porous inorganic material field, particularly a kind of nickel doped titanium-base counter opal structure material and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
In the past twenty years, counter opal structure material (Inverse Opal) particularly is that the titanium base counter opal structure material of main component has been subjected to paying close attention to widely with titanium dioxide.This have the nano material of three-dimensional ordered macroporous structure with its peculiar multiple Scattering effect, the sub-effect of slower rays, reach character such as high-specific surface area, the chemical property that is possessed in conjunction with titanium base material itself is stable, advantages such as catalytic activity height and cost are lower have application promise in clinical practice in fields such as photochemical catalyst, photoelectric conversion material, catalyst carrier, sensors.For further improving it to the utilization ratio of luminous energy and expand its application, it is found that it is a kind of respond well adopting the small amount of impurities element that titanium base counter opal structure material is carried out doping vario-property, is easy to preparation and lower-cost method.For example, (Wang C.H., Geng A.F., Guo Y.H., et al.J.Colloid ﹠amp such as Wang; Interface Sci., 2006,301,216) be the titanium source with isopropyl titanate (TTIP), Zr (n-OC
4H
9)
4With Ta ° of Cl
5Be doping component, the polystyrene colloid crystal is a template, by Prepared by Sol Gel Method the titanium base counter opal structure material that mixes of Zr and Ta, and point out that the introducing of Zr and Ta makes material photocatalytic properties obtain significant raising.China also has patent that this is reported, as publication number be: CN1478756A, patent name is ferroelectric/metal oxide counter opal structure hydridization photonic crystal and manufacture method thereof, also announced a kind of technology of preparing of doping vario-property titanium base counter opal structure material, its doping component is BaTiO
3And PbTiO
3This material is expected to high index of refraction and refractive index electric field response two specific characters are integrated in one by introducing ferroelectric, thereby makes its range of application obtain expanding.Recently, the titanium-based nano material of nickel doping has caused people's attention.On the one hand, nickel doped Ti O
2Doped energy-band be positioned at the centre position, forbidden band and become intermediate level, can absorb less photon energy and realize indirect transition, its visible light catalytic ability is promoted to some extent; On the other hand, the doping of nickel can be given unique photoelectricity of titanium base material and magnetic behavior, expands its application.The advantage of counter opal structure properties of materials and nickel doping is coupled, and nickel doping vario-property titanium base counter opal structure material is expected to become a kind of novel semi-conducting material that has visible light activity and magnetic concurrently, has certain application prospect.Yet up to the present, the relevant report at this composite functional material preparation is very few.
Aspect the preparation method, early stage counter opal structure material (based on photonic crystal) obtains by photoetch method, this method is very high to raw-material requirement, and apparatus expensive, trivial operations, manufacturing cycle is long, has limited its application aspect preparation doping vario-property counter opal structure material.And then people have developed the sol-gal process of association colloid crystal mould plate technique, and this method is with monodispersed SiO
2, polystyrene or polymethyl methacrylate colloid micro ball be immersed in the precursor solution that contains doping component through the colloidal crystal template that forms after the self assembly, through infiltration, hydrolysis, dry, advantages such as calcining and other processes obtains target product, has processing ease, and is low for equipment requirements.In the bibliographical information that adopts Prepared by Sol Gel Method counter opal structure material, adopt the solvent of absolute ethyl alcohol usually as precursor solution, its objective is in the protection precursor solution to have extremely strong water-disintegrable titanium source.Yet because the volatility of ethanol is stronger at normal temperatures, the concentration of its precursor solution is wayward.And some comparatively desirable doping components are (as noble metal salt and HIO
3Deng) be insoluble to ethanol solution, thus can't form uniform dispersion with titanium, also can influence the effect of its doping.Therefore, explore, will expand the scope of application of the synthetic titanium base counter opal structure material of sol-gal process, and make a series of being proved to be to improve TiO with the sol-gel system of water as solvent
2The doping component of visible light catalysis activity or other performances can be coupled with the peculiar advantage of counter opal material, obtains novel titanium base counter opal structure material.
Summary of the invention
The problem to be solved in the present invention is to provide a kind of nickel doped titanium-base counter opal structure material and a kind of aqueous solvent system to prepare the method for nickel doped titanium-base counter opal structure material.
A kind of nickel doped titanium-base counter opal structure material, this material comprises titanium dioxide and doping component Ni
2O
3, structure is a counter opal structure, wherein, the Ni of doping and Ti molar percentage are less than 40%.
Above-mentioned a kind of nickel doped titanium-base counter opal structure preparation methods is characterized in that, may further comprise the steps:
Step 1: the preparation of polystyrene colloid crystal template;
Step 2: the preparation of precursor solution
Water-soluble chelating titanium is added drop-wise in the deionized water, and wherein every 5-10ml chelating titanium is dissolved in the 100ml water, stirs to form colourless transparent solution, amount according to the doping component adds the nickel adulterant then, obtain the yellow green clear solution after the dissolving, keep in Dark Place with the preservative film sealing, standby.
Step 3: the preparation of nickel doped titanium-base counter opal structure material
The substrate that will have polystyrene colloid crystal template is immersed in step 2) preparation precursor solution in, soak after 2～6 hours, slowly vertically mention with the speed of 1.5 μ m/s, place air drying to spend the night.After the air dry sample is put into Muffle furnace and calcine, its calcining heat is 400～550 ℃, and calcination process is temperature programming or directly heats up.Can obtain the sample of nickel doped titanium-base counter opal structure material after the calcining.
Described water-soluble chelating titanium is the ammonium lactate titanium, its English chemistry titanium (IV) bis (ammonium lactato) by name-dihydroxide, and molecular formula is [CH
3CH (O
-) CO
2NH
4]
2Ti (OH)
2
Described nickel adulterant is the inorganic salts of water-soluble nickel, as nickel nitrate, and nickel chloride.
Described temperature programming calcination process is specially: at first be rapidly heated 285 ℃ from room temperature, heating rate is 10 ℃/min.Then be warmed up to 305 ℃ at a slow speed, 0.1 ℃/min of heating rate from 285 ℃.Be warming up to calcining heat from 305 ℃ at last, heating rate is 10 ℃/min, and is incubated 2 hours.
Polystyrene colloid crystal template be prepared as this area conventional method, as adopting following method:
1) the polystyrene colloid microballoon is synthetic
The polystyrene colloid microballoon adopts emulsion polymerization synthetic.At first the styrene monomer of being purchased is carried out decompression distillation, to remove contained polymerization inhibitor in the commercially available prod.Subsequently deionized water is joined and have condenser pipe, in thermometer and the churned mechanically reactor, and water-bath is heated to 75～85 ℃.In reaction system, feed the nitrogen deoxygenation behind the temperature stabilization, in water, add the 10ml styrene monomer of purifying subsequently, and add 0.03-0.1g (preferred 0.05g) emulsifying agent dodecyl sodium sulfate or lauryl sodium sulfate simultaneously, stir.Speed of agitator is controlled at about 100～400 rev/mins, and speed can suitably increase to strengthen mixed effect, and giving birth to foam with the little volume production of emulsifying agent is standard.0.35g initiator potassium persulfate or azodiisobutyronitrile are dissolved in deionized water, evenly are added drop-wise in the reaction solution, keep nitrogen to feed, till bleaching to solution.Constant temperature stirs after 3～7 hours and opens system, and reaction finishes.It is standby that resulting polystyrene colloid microballoon is put into reservoir, and the particle diameter of polystyrene colloid microballoon is 100～400 nanometers.
2) preparation of polystyrene colloid crystal template
Preparation polystyrene colloid crystal template adopts vertical czochralski method.Before preparation, need earlier substrate to be inserted soaked overnight in the solution that volume contains 30% hydrogen peroxide and 70% concentrated sulfuric acid, the substrate after the immersion dries up the back use to improve its surperficial hydrophily through deionized water rinsing and nitrogen.The substrate that to handle vertically is immersed in reservoir then, leaves standstill 15 minutes, and employing is carried film balance it is pulled out liquid level lentamente, and dry 15 minutes again, 2～6 times so repeatedly.Then, with substrate 70～90 ℃ of down oven dry, to strengthen crosslinked between the microballoon.Can obtain polystyrene colloid crystal template.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has following beneficial effect:
1) to have technology comparatively simple for the aqueous solvent system provided by the invention method for preparing the titanium base counter opal structure material of doping vario-property, controllability is strong, be easy to characteristics such as industrialization, and can be used as the scope of application of the synthetic titanium base counter opal structure material of the existing sol-gal process of additional expansion of alcohol solvent method.
2) the nickel doped titanium-base counter opal structure material of the present invention's preparation is expected to become a kind of novel semi-conducting material that has visible light activity and magnetic concurrently, has a good application prospect.
Description of drawings
The electron scanning micrograph of Fig. 1 polystyrene colloid crystal template;
The electron scanning micrograph of prepared nickel doped titanium-base counter opal structure material among Fig. 2 embodiment 1;
The electron scanning micrograph of prepared nickel doped titanium-base counter opal structure material in Fig. 3 Comparative Examples 1;
The electron spectroscopy analysis figure of prepared nickel doped titanium-base counter opal structure material among Fig. 4 embodiment 1.
The specific embodiment
The invention will be further described below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and example.
Wherein adopt emulsion polymerization and vertical czochralski method to prepare polystyrene colloid crystal template:
1) the polystyrene colloid microballoon is synthetic
The polystyrene colloid microballoon adopts emulsion polymerization synthetic.At first the styrene monomer of being purchased is carried out decompression distillation, to remove contained polymerization inhibitor in the commercially available prod.Subsequently deionized water is joined and have condenser pipe, in thermometer and the churned mechanically reactor, and water-bath is heated to 75～85 ℃.In reaction system, feed the nitrogen deoxygenation behind the temperature stabilization, in water, add the 10ml styrene monomer of purifying subsequently, and add 0.03-0.1g (preferred 0.05g) emulsifying agent dodecyl sodium sulfate or lauryl sodium sulfate simultaneously, stir.Speed of agitator is controlled at about 100～400 rev/mins, and speed can suitably increase to strengthen mixed effect, and giving birth to foam with the little volume production of emulsifying agent is standard.0.35g initiator potassium persulfate or azodiisobutyronitrile are dissolved in deionized water, evenly are added drop-wise in the reaction solution, keep nitrogen to feed, till bleaching to solution.Constant temperature stirs after 3～7 hours and opens system, and reaction finishes.It is standby that resulting polystyrene colloid microballoon is put into reservoir, and the particle diameter of polystyrene colloid microballoon is 100～400 nanometers.
2) preparation of polystyrene colloid crystal template
Preparation polystyrene colloid crystal template adopts vertical czochralski method.Before preparation, need earlier substrate to be inserted soaked overnight in the solution that volume contains 30% hydrogen peroxide and 70% concentrated sulfuric acid, the substrate after the immersion dries up the back use to improve its surperficial hydrophily through deionized water rinsing and nitrogen.The substrate that to handle vertically is immersed in reservoir then, leaves standstill 15 minutes, and employing is carried film balance it is pulled out liquid level lentamente, and dry 15 minutes again, 2～6 times so repeatedly.Then, with substrate 70～90 ℃ of down oven dry, to strengthen crosslinked between the microballoon.Can obtain polystyrene colloid crystal template, see Fig. 1.
Embodiment 1
At first adopt emulsion polymerization and vertical czochralski method to prepare polystyrene colloid crystal template.Prepare precursor solution then, 5mL ammonium lactate titanium is added drop-wise in the 100mL secondary deionized water, adopt the magnetic stirring apparatus vigorous stirring to form colourless transparent solution.The back adds the 0.23g nickel nitrate, obtains the yellow green clear solution after the dissolving, keeps in Dark Place with the preservative film sealing, and is standby.At last, the substrate that will have polystyrene colloid crystal template is immersed in the precursor solution, soaks and slowly vertically mentions after 4 hours, places air drying to spend the night.After the air dry sample is put into Muffle furnace and calcine, its calcination process is temperature programming: at first be rapidly heated 285 ℃ from room temperature, heating rate is 10 ℃/min.Then be warmed up to 305 ℃ at a slow speed, 0.1 ℃/min of heating rate from 285 ℃.Be warming up to 500 ℃ of calcining heats from 305 ℃ at last, heating rate is 10 ℃/min and is incubated 2 hours.Can obtain after the calcining mixing than the sample that is 10% nickel doped titanium-base counter opal structure material.
The electron scanning micrograph of resulting polystyrene colloid crystal template as shown in Figure 1, microsphere diameter is about 200 nanometers, arranges in order.The pattern of nickel doped titanium-base counter opal structure material sample as shown in Figure 2, sample is the macroporous structure material characteristics of orderly arrangement.The hole be distributed as center of area tetragonal, be communicated with by wicket between the macropore, constituted three-dimensional cross-linked pore canal system, the aperture is about 110 nanometers, skeleton is made up of little particle, even compact comparatively, its skeleton width is about 20 nanometers.Electron spectroscopy analysis shows (see figure 4); (carbon comes from the impurity in the electron spectroscopy analysis to sample by titanium, oxygen, carbon; it or not the element of product itself; regular meeting brings the impurity of carbon in the electron spectroscopy analysis; those skilled in the art know better), element such as nickel forms; wherein the binding energy of Ni 2p3 is 855.6eV, with the Ni of bibliographical information
2O
3Characteristic peaks the most approaching.Calculate according to sxemiquantitative, the atomic percent value of Ni and Ti is about 9.4% in the sample, and is very approaching with the molar percentage of Ni and Ti in the initial precursor solution.
Embodiment 2
At first adopt emulsion polymerization and vertical czochralski method to prepare polystyrene colloid crystal template.Prepare precursor solution then, 10mL ammonium lactate titanium is added drop-wise in the 100mL secondary deionized water, adopt the magnetic stirring apparatus vigorous stirring to form colourless transparent solution.The back adds the 0.23g nickel nitrate, obtains the yellow green clear solution after the dissolving, keeps in Dark Place with the preservative film sealing, and is standby.At last, the substrate that will have polystyrene colloid crystal template is immersed in the precursor solution, soaked 4 hours, after slowly vertically mention, place air drying to spend the night.After the air dry sample is put into Muffle furnace and calcine, its calcination process is temperature programming: at first be rapidly heated 285 ℃ from room temperature, heating rate is 10 ℃/min.Then be warmed up to 305 ℃ at a slow speed, 0.1 ℃/min of heating rate from 285 ℃.Be rapidly heated to 400 ℃ of calcining heats from 305 ℃ at last, and be incubated 2 hours.The mol ratio that can obtain Ni and Ti after the calcining is the sample of 10% nickel doped titanium-base counter opal structure material.Electron spectroscopy analysis shows that the binding energy of Ni 2p3 is 855.6eV, with the Ni of bibliographical information
2O
3Characteristic peaks the most approaching.
Embodiment 3
At first adopt emulsion polymerization and vertical czochralski method to prepare polystyrene colloid crystal template.Prepare precursor solution then, 5mL ammonium lactate titanium is added drop-wise in the 100mL secondary deionized water, adopt the magnetic stirring apparatus vigorous stirring to form colourless transparent solution.The back adds the 0.12g nickel nitrate, obtains the yellow green clear solution after the dissolving, keeps in Dark Place with the preservative film sealing, and is standby.At last, the substrate that will have polystyrene colloid crystal template is immersed in the precursor solution, soaked 4 hours, after slowly vertically mention, place air drying to spend the night.After the air dry sample is put into Muffle furnace and calcine, its calcination process is temperature programming: at first be rapidly heated 285 ℃ from room temperature, heating rate is 10 ℃/min.Then be warmed up to 305 ℃ at a slow speed, 0.1 ℃/min of heating rate from 285 ℃.Be rapidly heated to 550 ℃ of calcining heats from 305 ℃ at last, and be incubated 2 hours.The mol ratio that can obtain Ni and Ti after the calcining is the sample of 5% nickel doped titanium-base counter opal structure material.Electron spectroscopy analysis shows that the binding energy of Ni 2p3 is 855.6eV, with the Ni of bibliographical information
2O
3Characteristic peaks the most approaching.
Embodiment 4
At first adopt emulsion polymerization and vertical czochralski method to prepare polystyrene colloid crystal template.Prepare precursor solution then, 5mL ammonium lactate titanium is added drop-wise in the 100mL secondary deionized water, adopt the magnetic stirring apparatus vigorous stirring to form colourless transparent solution.The back adds the 0.23g nickel nitrate, obtains the yellow green clear solution after the dissolving, keeps in Dark Place with the preservative film sealing, and is standby.At last, the substrate that will have polystyrene colloid crystal template is immersed in the precursor solution, soaked 4 hours, after slowly vertically mention, place air drying to spend the night.After the air dry sample is put into Muffle furnace and calcine, its calcination process is directly to heat up, and be room temperature to 450 ℃ between heating zone, and heating rate is 10 ℃/min, and is incubated 2 hours under 450 ℃ of temperature.The mol ratio that can obtain Ni and Ti after the calcining is the sample of 10% nickel doped titanium-base counter opal structure material.Electron spectroscopy analysis shows that the binding energy of Ni 2p3 is 855.6eV, with the Ni of bibliographical information
2O
3Characteristic peaks the most approaching.
Comparative Examples 1
At first adopt emulsion polymerization and vertical czochralski method to prepare polystyrene colloid crystal template.Prepare precursor solution then, just the 10mL butyl titanate is added drop-wise in the 100mL absolute ethyl alcohol, adopts the magnetic stirring apparatus vigorous stirring to form shallow yellow transparent solution.Add the 0.23g nickel nitrate subsequently, obtain the yellow green clear solution after the dissolving, keep in Dark Place with the preservative film sealing, standby.At last, the substrate that will have polystyrene colloid crystal template is immersed in the precursor solution, soaked 4 hours, after slowly vertically mention, place air drying to spend the night.After the air dry sample is put into Muffle furnace and calcine, its calcination process is temperature programming: at first be rapidly heated 285 ℃ from room temperature, heating rate is 10 ℃/min.Then be warmed up to 305 ℃ at a slow speed, 0.1 ℃/min of heating rate from 285 ℃.Be warming up to 550 ℃ of calcining heats from 305 ℃ at last, heating rate is 10 ℃/min, and is incubated 2 hours.The mol ratio that can obtain Ni and Ti after the calcining is the sample of 10% nickel doped titanium-base counter opal structure material.
Adopt the alcohol solvent legal system to be equipped with nickel doped titanium-base counter opal structure material sample as shown in Figure 4, sample is the macroporous structure material characteristics that sample is orderly arrangement, and its aperture is about 130 nanometers, and the skeleton width is about 40 nanometers.Compare with the sample of aqueous solvent method, the nickel doped titanium-base counter opal structure material that obtains by the alcohol solvent method has bigger aperture and skeleton width, and the edge of skeleton is comparatively coarse.
Claims (6)
1. a nickel doped titanium-base counter opal structure material is characterized in that this material comprises titanium dioxide and doping component Ni
2O
3, structure is a counter opal structure, wherein, Ni doped and Ti molar percentage are less than 40%.
2. according to a kind of nickel doped titanium-base counter opal structure preparation methods of claim 1, it is characterized in that, may further comprise the steps:
1) preparation of polystyrene colloid crystal template;
2) preparation of precursor solution
Water-soluble chelating titanium is added drop-wise in the deionized water, and wherein every 5-10ml chelating titanium is dissolved in the 100ml water, stirs to form colourless transparent solution, amount according to the doping component adds the nickel adulterant then, obtain the yellow green clear solution after the dissolving, keep in Dark Place with the preservative film sealing, standby;
3) preparation of nickel doped titanium-base counter opal structure material
The substrate that will have polystyrene colloid crystal template is immersed in step 2) preparation precursor solution in, soak after 2～6 hours, slowly vertically mention with the speed of 1.5 μ m/s, place air drying to spend the night; After the air dry sample is put into Muffle furnace and calcine, its calcining heat is 400～550 ℃, and calcination process is temperature programming or directly heats up, can obtain the sample of nickel doped titanium-base counter opal structure material after the calcining.
3. according to the method for claim 2, it is characterized in that described water-soluble chelating titanium is the ammonium lactate titanium, molecular formula is [CH
3CH (O
-) CO
2NH
+ 4]
2Ti (OH)
2
4. according to the method for claim 2, it is characterized in that described nickel adulterant is the inorganic salts of water-soluble nickel.
5. according to the method for claim 4, it is characterized in that the inorganic salts of nickel are nickel nitrate, nickel chloride.
6. according to the method for claim 1, it is characterized in that described temperature programming calcination process is specially:
At first be rapidly heated 285 ℃ from room temperature, heating rate is 10 ℃/min, is warmed up to 305 ℃ at a slow speed from 285 ℃ then, and 0.1 ℃/min of heating rate is warming up to calcining heat from 305 ℃ at last, and heating rate is 10 ℃/min, and is incubated 2 hours.
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103143379A (en) * | 2013-03-06 | 2013-06-12 | 北京化工大学 | Method for preparing nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide inverse opal thin-film photocatalyst by using one-step method |
| CN104128179A (en) * | 2014-06-04 | 2014-11-05 | 任文祥 | Preparation of Ag loaded TiO2-ZnO inverse opal photonic crystal photocatalytic material |
| RU2551401C2 (en) * | 2011-12-01 | 2015-05-20 | Общество с Ограниченной Ответственностью "Фабрика новых материалов" | Method of amplifying magneto-optic kerr effect using photonic crystal structures |
| US11319639B2 (en) | 2020-01-30 | 2022-05-03 | Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. | Methods for forming a flat surface MIO structure |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1478756A (en) * | 2003-03-14 | 2004-03-03 | 天津大学 | Ferroelectric/metal oxide counter opal structure hybrid photon crystal and its manufacturing method |
| CN101367042A (en) * | 2008-09-24 | 2009-02-18 | 华东师范大学 | Preparation method for titanium dioxide doping photocatalyst |
-
2011
- 2011-04-14 CN CN 201110093784 patent/CN102225336A/en active Pending
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| CN1478756A (en) * | 2003-03-14 | 2004-03-03 | 天津大学 | Ferroelectric/metal oxide counter opal structure hybrid photon crystal and its manufacturing method |
| CN101367042A (en) * | 2008-09-24 | 2009-02-18 | 华东师范大学 | Preparation method for titanium dioxide doping photocatalyst |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
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| 《Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects》 20100909 Yi Ma et al Transition metal-doped titania inverse opals: Fabrication and characterization 129-135 第370卷, * |
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2551401C2 (en) * | 2011-12-01 | 2015-05-20 | Общество с Ограниченной Ответственностью "Фабрика новых материалов" | Method of amplifying magneto-optic kerr effect using photonic crystal structures |
| CN103143379A (en) * | 2013-03-06 | 2013-06-12 | 北京化工大学 | Method for preparing nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide inverse opal thin-film photocatalyst by using one-step method |
| CN104128179A (en) * | 2014-06-04 | 2014-11-05 | 任文祥 | Preparation of Ag loaded TiO2-ZnO inverse opal photonic crystal photocatalytic material |
| US11319639B2 (en) | 2020-01-30 | 2022-05-03 | Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. | Methods for forming a flat surface MIO structure |
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