CN102099628B - Fuel staging in burner - Google Patents
Fuel staging in burner Download PDFInfo
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- CN102099628B CN102099628B CN200980111287.2A CN200980111287A CN102099628B CN 102099628 B CN102099628 B CN 102099628B CN 200980111287 A CN200980111287 A CN 200980111287A CN 102099628 B CN102099628 B CN 102099628B
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
- F23R3/00—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
- F23R3/28—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the fuel supply
- F23R3/34—Feeding into different combustion zones
- F23R3/343—Pilot flames, i.e. fuel nozzles or injectors using only a very small proportion of the total fuel to insure continuous combustion
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
- F23R3/00—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
- F23R3/28—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the fuel supply
- F23R3/34—Feeding into different combustion zones
- F23R3/346—Feeding into different combustion zones for staged combustion
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23D—BURNERS
- F23D2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for burners using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in a carrier gas
- F23D2900/00015—Pilot burners specially adapted for low load or transient conditions, e.g. for increasing stability
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for staging operation at start up of a burner for a gas turbine engine combustor. It is one object of the invention to stabilize the combustion of a lean-rich partially premixed low emission burner for a gas turbine combustor at all engine load conditions. The method includes the steps of : adding fuel (23) mixed with air (24) to the pilot combustor (5); igniting the mixture utilizing an ignitor (34) provided at an upstream end of the pilot combustor (5) for initiating a lean flame (35) inside the pilot combustor (5) and for providing a flow of said radicals (32) and heat; imparting a swirl of fuel (30b) and air (27) at an outside at the exit (6) of the pilot combustor (5) at an upstream end of a combustion room for creating and sustaining a main lean flame (7); gradually adding a swirl of air (12) and fuel (14) for establishing a full load stage to at least one channel (10, 11).
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to preferably be used in the burner in gas-turbine unit, relate more specifically to be suitable for making the fuel staging of the stable burner of engine combustion, and further relate to guiding combustion chamber (pilot combustor) and provide combustion product so that the fuel staging in main lean premixed combustion stablized burner.
Background technology
Gas-turbine unit is used in the various application that comprise generating, military commercial aviation, pipeline transportation and sea-freight.In the gas-turbine unit with LPP work pattern, fuel and air are provided for combustion chamber, and after this mixes by flame ignition, thereby take fire.Except the suitable mixing of the thermal efficiency, fuel and air, the control of the subject matter relevant with the combustion process of gas-turbine unit and flame stabilization, pulsation and noise elimination and pollutant effulent is relevant, particularly with nitrogen oxide (NO
x), CO, UHC, cigarette be relevant with particle emission.
Patent application EP 1 659 339 A1 disclose a kind of starting method of burner of preferred burn synthesis gas, and the operation that provides the cyclone of fuel and air mixture nozzle center place that diffusion flame pilot combustor is set is provided.United States Patent (USP) 5,321,948A1 discloses the low NO of a kind of premix dry type
xfuel-staged combustion chamber, comprise staggered at least two concentric cylinders, between two cylinders, form passage so that the mixture of fuel and air is provided to combustion zone.
Industrial gas turbine engine, when with LPP work pattern, is to reduce flame temperature by adding the more air of air more required than combustion process itself.The unnecessary air not reacting must be heated in combustion process, and consequently the flame temperature of combustion process is lowered (lower than stoichiometric point (or claiming stoichiometric point)), from about 2300K, is reduced to 1800K, even lower.Requiring to reduce flame temperature is in order significantly to reduce NO
xemission.Be proved to be to reduce NO
xthe most successful method of emission is to make combustion process oil-poor (lean), thereby the temperature of flame is reduced to lower than making divalence nitrogen-atoms and oxygen atom (N
2and O
2) separated and recombine into NO and NO
2temperature.Swirl stabilized combustion circulation is commonly used in industrial gas turbine engine, to produce the adverse current (recirculating zone that eddy flow causes by passing through of pointing out around at center line above, Swirl InducedRecirculating Zone), thus adverse current is returned to heat and free radical in the mixture of the unburned fuel that enters and air makes flameholding.Need to start with heat and the free radical of the fuel reacting before and air (make fuel-pyrolysis, start chain lock branching process) and maintain fresh unreacted fuel and the smooth combustion of air mixture.The combustion product that smooth combustion in gas-turbine unit requires circulating combustion process to produce transports go back to upstream with the process of taking fire.Flame front is stabilized in the shear layer of the recirculating zone that eddy flow causes.In shear layer, " the local turbulence flame speed of air/fuel mixture " must be higher than " local air/fuel mixture speed ", thereby flame front/combustion process can be stablized.
It is as follows that lean premixed burning is not so good as the combustion stablized immanent cause of diffusion flame:
1. flame temperature being reduced to the required air capacity of 1700-1800K from 2300K is approximately the twice of stoichiometric(al) combustion required air quantity.Overall like this fuel/air mixture approaches (0.5 left and right or lower than 0.5 very much than (Ф); Ф >=0.5) the fuel/air mixture ratio or when being similar to premixed flame and occurring oil-poor extinguishing.Under these conditions, flame in a periodic manner part extinguishes, then restrikes.
2., while approaching oil-poor extinction limit, the flame speed of oil-poor local premixed flame is very responsive for equivalent proportion fluctuation.The fluctuation of flame speed can cause the space wave/motion of flame front (recirculating zone that eddy flow causes).The more unsettled flame front that is easy to move of premixed flame causes periodic rate of heat release, and this can cause again the development of flame movement, unsettled hydrodynamic process and thermodynamics-acoustic instability.
3. equivalent proportion fluctuation may be that unsettled heat is discharged and the unsettled pressure vibration the most common joining mechanism that is coupled.
4. in order to make sufficient combustion oil-poor, in order significantly to reduce NO
xdischarge, the nearly all air using in engine all must be by injector and fuel premixed.Therefore, the possibility that should respond of all fuel flows in burner, and require that point taking fire to fix.
5. when the required heat that reacts is that stability limit is because of the period of the day from 11 p.m. to 1 a.m, the very little erratical fluctuations of fuel/air mixture equivalent proportion (may be caused by the vibration of fuel, or caused by the Air Flow by burner/injector) can make flame part extinguish, restrike.
6. the another very important reason that premixed flame stability reduces is that the sharp gradient that fuel and air mix can be eliminated from combustion process.This makes pre-mixed flow be enough to aitiogenic in temperature is all combustible Anywhere.When flame can be easier to occur in a plurality of positions, can become more unstable.The unique method that makes premixed flame be stabilized in fixed position mixes produced thermograde (when temperature is too low, there will not be flame) based on unburned premixed fuel and air with the hot product of burning.This thermal gradient that generation, radiation, diffusion and the convection current of heat are produced becomes a kind of method that makes premixed flame stable.The radiation heating of fluid can not produce steep gradient; Therefore, stability certainly by heat generation, spread and be by convection into pre-reaction zone and cause.Diffusion only can produce precipitous gradient in laminar flow, and can in turbulent flow, not produce, and only makes convection current and power generation produce the required sharp gradient of flame stabilization, and this is actually thermal gradient and free radiation gradient.Thermal gradient and free radiation gradient are same mechanism generation, diffusion and convection current by backflow combustion product in the recirculating zone by causing at eddy flow.
7. in pre-mixed flow and diffuse flow, cause that separated rapid expanding and eddy flow reflux to be usually used to produce thermal gradient and free radical in the fuel of pre-reaction and air.
Document WO 2005/040682A2 described a kind of burner for gas-turbine unit, use guiding flame to help maintain combustion process and make the solution that combustion process is stable.
The same while being placed in external reflux district in the burner of igniter and prior art, the fuel/air mixture that enters this region must be made into rich oil conventionally, to make enough heat of flame temperature, thereby maintains the smooth combustion in this region.In main premixed fuel and air stream become enough rich oils, enough heat, and before having the free radical of q.s, flame can not propagate into main recirculating zone conventionally, and these are to occur under higher fuel flow rate.When flame can not propagate into internal main recirculating zone from external reflux district soon after igniting, must, when engine speed starts to increase, make flame with higher pressure propagation.Only after chamber pressure starts to rise, main flame starts can cause free radical more fast to low equilibrium level rebalancing from the propagation in external reflux district, this is less desirable characteristic, and for light the situation of flame in the front stationary point of main recirculating zone for, it is reactive.Until guide is while being elevated to certain level by bulk temperature (bulk temperature), just can light a fire in main recirculating zone, wherein, at described certain level place, in the free radical of carrying secretly in main recirculating zone and premixed fuel and air, add the equilibrium level of the product of free radical to be enough to light main recirculating zone.The process that makes flame from external communication to main recirculating zone, a large amount of fuel does not burn and just with unlit main premixed fuel and air mixture, leaves engine.If flame is to transfer to main recirculating zone before other burners in same engine in certain burner, will go wrong so, reason is because all fuel is all burned, thereby flame is stabilized in inner burner and can burns get Geng Re.This causes burner different from the temperature between burner, and this may damage engine pack.
Summary of the invention
As example, this paper describes the various schemes according to fuel staging of the present invention, together with for gas turbine combustion chamber oil-poor-the partly-premixed low emission combustor of rich oil, it all provides stable ignition and combustion process under all engine load conditions.This burner is according to following principle work, that is: by the free radical of heat and high concentration from the floss hole of guiding combustion chamber (pilot combustor) " supply " to the main flame burning in lean premixed air/fuel swirl, thereby the fast and stable that maintains main lean premixed flame burns.Guiding combustion chamber supply heat, and the free radical of high concentration is directly added to the shear layer of the recirculating zone that front stationary point and main cyclone cause, main lean premixed stream mixes at this with the hot combustion gas product of guiding combustion chamber and providing.This allows the more oil-poor mixing of main premix air/fuel swirl flow combustion and lower temperature, and not so under the operating mode of burner, it can not be in swirl stabilized backflow from maintaining.
According to a first aspect of the invention, a kind of method for fuel staging that feature by claim 1 characterizes has been proposed herein.
Other side of the present invention embodies in the dependent claims.
Burner adopts:
By radial swirler, produce-be imparted to the eddy flow of the air/fuel in fuel flow, swirling number S
nbe that more than 0.7 (it is greater than critical value S
n=0.6);
Near front stationary point d/d active matter-non-equilibrium free radical,
The burner geometry with the specific type of a plurality of combustion duct devices, and
Fuel in burner and inside air classification make the combustion process under all combustion gas turbine operating modes stable.
In brief, under all engine load conditions, disclosed burner all provides stable ignition and combustion process.Some key characters relevant with burner of the present invention are:
The geometrical orientation of burner element;
Fuel and air capacity at burner internal classification;
The minimum of the required active matter-Ji producing under different engine/burner operating modes;
Fuel attribute;
The mixing of fuel and air under working conditions of different engines;
The eddy flow level of giving (imparted level of swirl);
A plurality of (minimum is double burning way) combustion road layout.
In order to reach alap emission level, target of the present invention is that the outlet at lean premixed passage has consistent mixing attribute.The disclosure covers following situation: in burner, have two different combustion zones, in these two combustion zones, fuel is burning simultaneously always.Two combustion zones are all swirl stabilized, and fuel and air are pre-mixed before combustion process.Surpass 90% fuel all burned main combustion process be oil-poor.It is inner that supportive combustion process occurs in little guiding combustion chamber, wherein has at most 1% total fuel flow to be consumed, and this process can be oil-poor, stoichiometric (or claim stoichiometric) and (equivalent proportion Ф=1.4 or higher) of rich oil.
An important difference between the burner providing in disclosed burner and prior art document is: because the present invention uses the free base flow that do not put out guiding along the center line downstream of guiding combustion chamber from the combustion zone of guiding combustion chamber, so do not need bluff in guiding combustion chamber, described free radical stream is released in the outlet of guiding combustion chamber by the standard-sized sheet region of the larynx shape portion of guiding combustion chamber.
Supportive combustion process in little guiding combustion chamber can be oil-poor, stoichiometric or rich oil, and under all engine load conditions, can provide the main cause of stable ignition and combustion process relevant with efficiency of combustion.Because high surface area causes guiding the fray-out of flame on chamber wall, so the combustion process efficiency occurring in small combustion chamber guide is low.No matter be oil-poor, stoichiometric or rich oil condition, inefficient combustion process can produce a large amount of active matters--free radical, need these active matters to improve the stability of main oil-poor flame, and they are useful (notes: the flame occurring in the oil-poor air/fuel mixture of premix is known as oil-poor flame in this article) for the successful work of the design/invention of this burner.
Maintain and (but misfire, reason is that little guiding combustion chamber can be used as torch igniter) shear layer of main recirculating zone is at oil-poor extinguishing (the Lean Blow Off lower than main oil-poor flame, abbreviation LBO) under the limit, (be roughly T > 1350K
) burning may be very difficult.Engine, when the LBO submaximal work lower than main oil-poor flame, in this burner design, uses/provides " classification (staging) " of additional small combustion chamber guide.Being used for the air (clashing into and convection current is cooling carries out by combination) of cooling little guiding Inner Wall of Combustion Chamber accounts for about 5-8% of the total air that flows through burner, its before arriving cyclone with fuel premixed.Relatively large fuel quantity can be joined in the cooling-air of little guiding combustion chamber, this correspondence very the equivalent proportion of rich oil (
).Eddy flow cooling-air, fuel and the hot combustion product of guiding from childhood combustion chamber can maintain main oil-poor flame very effectively lower than, burning while being in, being greater than the LBO limit.Combustion process is highly stable, effective, and its reason is heat and active matter (free radical) to be offered to the front stationary point of main flame recirculating zone with the premixed hot combustion product of fuel and very hot cooling-air (being greater than 750 ℃).In this combustion process, with premixed the little guiding combustion chamber of the very hot cooling-air of fuel (being greater than 750 ℃) combination served as flameless burner, herein, reactant (oxygen and fuel) and combustion product premixed, and the front stationary point of the recirculating zone causing at eddy flow produces dispersed flame.
In order to make in the application the stable operation that can work of disclosed burner, the gentle swirling number of cyclone water that requirement is given is greater than critical value and (is not less than 0.6, be not more than 0.8), at this critical value place vortex, disintegrate--recirculating zone can form, and can be fixedly located in Duo Ran road layout.Front stationary point P should be positioned at combustion road, and the exit in guiding combustion chamber.The main cause of this requirement is:
If the eddy flow level of giving is low and the swirling number that produces lower than 0.6,, for the geometry of most of burner, can form weak recirculating zone, thereby occur unsettled burning.
Need to there is strong inverse flow district from the fuel of burning before and air, towards flame front direction, to pass heat and free radical back upstream.Need certain strong inverse flow district that shear layer region is provided, in this shear layer region, turbulent flame speed can " be mated " or is in direct ratio with local fuel/air mixture, and can set up stable flame.The flame front of setting up in the shear layer of main recirculating zone must be stable, and flame front there will not be periodic motion or movement.The swirling number of giving can be high, but should be higher than 0.8, and reason is, if 0.8 or higher than 0.8, the fuel flow that surpasses so total fuel flow 80% can reflux back.The further growth of swirling number can not make the amount of combustion product reflux increase again again, and the flame in the shear layer of recirculating zone can run into high turbulent flow and tension force, and this may cause fray-out of flame, part extinguish and restrike.The disclosure covers following situation: the rotational flow generator of any type--radially, axial, axial-radially--can be used in this burner.In the disclosure, what illustrate is radial swirler configuration.
Burner has utilized the aerodynamics stability of flame, in Bing Duoran road layout, flame is confined to stable region--recirculating zone.Duo Ran road layout is a key character of burner design provided by the invention, and its reason is as follows.Gai Ran road (or being called diffuser):
The flame front (main recirculating zone) in precalculated position, space by flame stabilization (anchor) is provided, and do not need flame stabilization on the surface of solids/bluff body, so just avoided high thermic load and the problem relevant with burner mechanical integrity;
Geometry (combustion road half-angle α and length L) is important for the size and shape of controlling the recirculating zone associated with swirling number.The length of recirculating zone is in direct ratio with 2-2.5 Bei Ran road length roughly;
The order of magnitude L/D=1 of optimum length L (diameter of D Shi Ran road larynx shape portion).The minimum length in combustion road should be not little than L/D=0.5, and be not more than L/D=2;
Best half-angle α should not be less than 20 degree, and is not more than 25 degree, compares like this with the flame front more not limiting to, and allow had lower eddy flow before stability reduces; And
The expansion of the hot gas causing due to burning reduces the transmission time of free radical in recirculating zone, and therefore most important task is exactly to control the size and shape of recirculating zone.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the cross-sectional view of simplifying, and it schematically shows the burner in shell that is encapsulated in of according to the present invention each side, but the detail how burner is configured in described enclosure is not shown in this figure.
Fig. 2 is the cross-sectional view of burner, and it schematically shows the section on symmetry axis, and around the rotary body that rotates to form of symmetry axis, it has shown the layout of burner.
Fig. 3 shows the diagram of the flame stabilization limit that flame changes with swirling number, the gentle equivalent proportion of the cyclone water given.
Fig. 4 a shows the aerodynamic diagram near field, combustion chamber.
Fig. 4 b shows the aerodynamic diagram near field, combustion chamber.
Fig. 5 shows the diagram of turbulence intensity.
Fig. 6 shows the diagram that the relaxation time (relaxation time) changes with combustion pressure.
The specific embodiment
Below, with reference to disclosed accompanying drawing, a plurality of embodiment are described in further detail.
In Fig. 1, with the burner 1 with shell 2, burner is described, shell 2 has encapsulated burner assembly.
For clarity sake, Fig. 2 shows the cross-sectional view of the burner on rotation axes of symmetry.The major part of burner is radial swirler 3, a plurality of combustions road 4a, 4b, 4c and guiding combustion chamber 5.
Foregoing, burner 1 is the following principle work of basis, that is: by the free radical of heat and high concentration from guiding combustion chamber 5 floss hole 6 " supply " to the main flame 7 burning lean premixed air/fuel swirl, thereby maintain the fast and stable burning of main lean premixed flame 7, wherein lean premixed air/fuel swirl comes from the second outlet 9 of first outlet the 8 and second lean premixed passage 11 of the first lean premixed path 10.Described the first lean premixed path 10 is formed by wall 4a and the 4b in a plurality of combustions road, and between between the two.The wall 4b in the second lean premixed passage 11You Duoran road and 4c form, and between between the two.The outmost Rotational Symmetry wall 4c in Duo Ran road is equipped with extension 4c1, so that the optimum length of Duo Ran road layout to be provided.The first lean premixed path 10 and the second lean premixed passage 11 are equipped with the cyclone wing, form cyclone 3, so that rotation is applied in the air/fuel mixture through passage.
When the burning of lean premixed air/fuel flow, produce main flame 7.Flame 7 (is below sometimes also abbreviated as RZ) in main recirculating zone 20 and forms conical Rotational Symmetry shear layer 18 around.In this example combustion road 4c, flame 7 is enclosed in the inside of the extension 4c1 in outermost combustion road.
Guiding combustion chamber 5 supply heats, and the free radical of high concentration is directly added in the shear layer 18 of front stationary point P and the recirculating zone 20 of introducing main cyclone, main lean premixed stream mixes with the hot gaseous product that guiding combustion chamber 5 provides at this.
Guiding combustion chamber 5 is equipped with wall 21, and wall 21 surrounds for guiding between the burning of combustion zone 22.Air is supplied between burning by fuel channel 23 and air duct 24.Around the wall 21 of guiding combustion chamber 5, there is distribution plate 25, porose on the plate face of distribution plate.Described distribution plate 25 keeps at a certain distance away with described wall 21, forms cooling space layer 25a.Cooling-air 26 is inhaled into by cooling entrance 27, and comes the outside of described distribution plate 25, and when the time comes, cooling-air 26 is distributed on the wall 21 of guiding combustion chamber, with wall described in effective cooling 21.Through described cooling after, the guiding combustion road 29 of cooling-air 26 by being arranged on guiding combustion chamber 5 the second cyclone 28 around discharges.By giving in the pipe 30 that is arranged at cooling space layer 25a exterior circumferential, supply fuel, other fuel can be added in the oil-poor flame 7 of master of burning.Then described other fuel out, enter into the second cyclone 28, and at this, the cooling-air 26 of positive heat and the fuel adding by pipe 30 are effectively mixed at present.
Relatively a large amount of fuel can be joined in 5 cooling-airs of little guiding combustion chamber, this correspondence very the equivalent proportion of rich oil (
).Guide from childhood the eddy flow cooling-air, fuel of combustion chamber and the combustion product of heat can very effectively maintain main oil-poor flame 7 lower than, be in, be greater than the burning under LBO limiting case.Combustion process is highly stable, effective, and its reason is: heat combustion product and heat and active matter (free radical) are offered to the front stationary point P of main flame recirculating zone 20 with the premixed very hot cooling-air of fuel (being greater than 750 ℃).In this combustion process, with premixed the little guiding combustion chamber 5 of the very hot cooling-air of fuel (being greater than 750 ℃) combination served as flameless burner, reactant (oxygen and fuel) is in this and combustion product premixed, and the front stationary point P of the recirculating zone 20 causing at eddy flow produces the flame disperseing.
In order to make in the application the operation of normally stably working of disclosed burner 1, the gentle swirling number of cyclone water that requirement is given is greater than critical value and (is not less than 0.6, be not more than 0.8, referring to Fig. 3), at described critical value place, vortex can be disintegrated--and recirculating zone 20 can form and can be fixedly located in Duo Ran road 4a, and 4b, in 4c layout.Front stationary point P should be positioned at combustion road 4a, 4b, outlet 6 places of guiding combustion chamber 5 in 4c.Some main causes of this requirement were partly mentioned at summary of the invention.Other reason is:
If swirling number is greater than 0.8, eddy flow can extend to the outlet of combustion chamber, and this may cause steam turbine guide vane subsequently overheated.
Below provide the general introduction that the gentle swirling number of cyclone water to giving requires.Referring to Fig. 4 a and 4b.
The eddy flow level of giving (ratio between tangential moment and axial moment) must be higher than critical level (0.4-0.6), thereby makes it possible to form stable recirculating zone, center 20.Critical swirling number S
nalso the geometry with burner becomes, this reason that namely it changes between 0.4 and 0.6.If the swirling number of giving is less than or equal to 0.4, or in the scope of 0.4-0.6, main recirculating zone 20 can not form, or can periodically form, disappear under low frequency (lower than 150Hz), the aerodynamics producing may be very unsettled, can cause the combustion process of transition.
In the shear layer 18 of stable, constant recirculating zone 20, if any strong velocity gradient and turbulent flow level, flame can be stablized under the following conditions:
The local speed (UF/A) of turbulent flame speed (ST) > fuel/air mixture.
Backflow product is thermal source and the active matter (indicating by arrow 1a and 1b) that is positioned at recirculating zone 20, at the mixing section downstream space of burner 1 with must be static on the time, with the fuel and air mixture of can pyrolytic coming in.If stable combustion process is not occupied an leading position, there will be so calorifics-acoustic instability.
The length of swirl stabilized flame is shortly to reach 1/5th of jet flames, and has the obviously comparatively oil-poor blowing-out limit.
Premix or Turbulence Diffusion Combustion eddy flow provide a kind of effective fuel and air pre-mixing to close mode.
Carry the fuel/air mixture of the shear layer that enters recirculating zone 20 and the intensity of recirculating zone, swirling number and feature recirculating zone speed URZ secretly proportional.
This feature recirculating zone speed URZ can be expressed as:
URZ＝UF/A?f(MR，dF/A，cent/dF/A，S
N)，
MR=rcent (UF/A, cent) 2/rF/A (UF/A) 2 wherein
Experiment (Driscoll1990, Whitelaw1991) shows
The exp-1/2 (dF/A/dF/A, cent) of RZ intensity=(MR) (URZ/UF/A)
(b/dF/A)，
And MR should < 1.
(dF/A/dF/A, cent) is only important for turbulent diffusion flame.
The size/length of recirculating zone is " fixing ", proportional with 2-2.5dF/A.
At S
non=0.8, no matter S
nhow be highly increased to, being approximately no more than 80% material mass can reflux again.
Burner larynx shape subordinate, swim increase combustion road-dispersion wall and improved backflow (Balchelor 67, and Hallet 87, and Lauckel 70, and Whitelow 90); Lauckel 70 shows that best geometric shape parameters is: °-25 °, α=20; L/dF/A, min=1 or higher.
This means dquarl/dF/A=2-3, but flame holding shows for the value that approaches 2, can reach the more oil-poor oil-poor blowing-out limit (Whitelaw 90).
Experiment and practical experience also show owing to there being backfire risk, thereby for premixed flame, UF/A should be higher than 30-50m/s (Proctor 85).
If exit, Ran road arranges back side step (backfacing step), form outside RZ.The length L ERZ of outside RZ is generally 2/3hERZ.
Active matter--free radical
In swirl stabilized combustion, by upstream sending heat and free radical 31 back to flame front 7 from the fuel of burning before and air, combustion process is started and reach stable.If combustion process is very oil-poor, as the situation in oil-poor partly-premixed combustion system, will cause so ignition temperature low, the equilibrium level of free radical is also very low.Equally, under high-engine pressure, the free radical being produced by combustion process is very fast loose to (or weigh the newly equilibrate to) equilibrium level corresponding with the temperature of combustion product, referring to Fig. 6.This is because the loose speed to equilibrium state of this free radical is that increase along with pressure is exponential and increases, and on the other hand, the equilibrium level of free radical is along with the reduction of temperature, to be exponential reduction.For making the level of the free radical that burning starts higher, combustion process will be more fast, more stable.Under elevated pressures, when the burner in modern gas turbine engines is worked under oil-poor partly-premixed pattern, the relaxation time of free radical compare that free radical produces the shear layer 18 of main recirculating zone 20 from it that is back upstream short possibly towards required " transporting " time of the front stationary point P of flame front 7 and main recirculating zone 20 convection current downstream (representing with arrow 31).Result, when the stream of the free radical 31 of main recirculating zone 20 interior reverse flow is sent free radical 31 back to flame front 7 by the time, and when free radical start with the oil-poor fuel and air mixture of " fresh " premix entering from first passage 10 and second channel 11 stationary point P while mixing to light/maintain combustion process, free radical 31 may reach low equilibrium level.
The present invention utilizes the horizontal Lai Shizhu of the high imbalance poor oil firing 7 of free radical 32 stable.In the present invention, the size of little guiding combustion chamber 5 is retained little, and most fuel combustion occurs in lean premixed main chamber (7 and 18 place), rather than in little guiding combustion chamber 5.Little guiding combustion chamber 5 can be retained small size, and reason is that free radical 32 is d/d at the P place, front stationary point near main recirculating zone 20.This is normally fed to extra heat and free radical the most effectively position (7) of swirl stabilized combustion.Because the outlet 6 of little guiding combustion chamber 5 is positioned at the front stationary point P of main oil-poor backflow 20, so extinguish and utilize the time scale between free radical 32 very short, do not allow free radical 32 loose to low equilibrium level.The front stationary point P of main oil-poor recirculating zone 20 is maintained, and the outlet 6 in little guiding combustion chamber 5 is on aerodynamics and is stable in combustion road section 4a.In order to guarantee in little guiding combustion chamber 5 short as far as possible and direct apart from discrete time with oil-poor, stoichiometry or fuel-rich combustion (region 22), the position of the outlet of little guiding combustion chamber 5 is positioned in larynx shape portion 33 places of little guiding combustion chamber 5 on center line.5 larynx shape portion 33 places, little guiding combustion chamber on center line, in Ran road section 4a, free radical 32 mixes with the product 31 of abundant pre-warmed fuel and air mixture poor oil firing from pipe 30 and space 25a, mixes subsequently with premixed fuel 14 and air 12 in the shear layer 18 of oil-poor main recirculating zone 20 again.This high pressure gas-turbine unit for original the most serious intrinsic thermodynamics acoustic instability is very favorable.Equally, because free radical and the heat that produced by little guiding combustion chamber 5 are used effectively, so its size can be less, and do not need extinguishing process.Keep the little possibility of guiding combustion chamber 5 sizes to there is beneficial effect for discharge.
The burner geometry with Duo Ran road layout
Described burner has utilized the aerodynamics stability of flame, and by flame stabilization region--recirculating zone 5 is defined in a plurality of combustions road layout (4a, 4b and 4c).The reason of a key character why Duo Ran road layout becomes disclosed burner design is as follows.Combustion road (or being sometimes called diffuser):
Flame front 7 is provided, and (in the situation that not needing flame stabilization at the surface of solids/bluff body, making main recirculating zone 20 stay fixed), has avoided high thermic load and the problem relevant with burner mechanical integrity like this,
Geometry (combustion road half-angle α and length L) is combined with swirling number, for the size and shape of controlling recirculating zone 20, is important.The length of recirculating zone 20 is in direct ratio with 2-2.5 Bei Ran road length L roughly,
The order of magnitude L/D=1 of optimum length (diameter of D Shi Ran road larynx shape portion).The minimum length in combustion road should not be less than 0.5, and should not be greater than 2 (list of references 1:The influence of BurnerGeometry and Flow Rates on the Stability and Symmetry of Swirl-StabilizedNonpremixed Flames; The people such as V.Milosavljevic; Combustion and Flame 80, the 196-208 pages, 1990),
Best half-angle α (list of references 1) should not be less than 20 degree, and is not more than 25 degree,
Compare with the flame front more not limiting to, before stability reduces, can have lower swirling number,
Due to the expansion that burning causes, importantly control the size and shape of recirculating zone, reduce the transmission time of free radical in recirculating zone.
The convergent-divergent of burner
For different burner rating ，Ran roads (or diffuser) and the eddy flow given, provide the possibility of the physical dimension ratio of the disclosed burner of convergent-divergent simply.
Scaled burner (example):
Passage 11 should be removed, and therefore the housing that forms combustion road section 4c should replace forming before the housing of combustion road section 4b, and this housing is removed; Combustion road section 4c geometry should with exist before the geometry of Ran road section 4b the same,
It is identical that swirling number in path 10 should keep,
All other burner parts should be identical; Fuel at burner internal classification should keep identical or similar.
Amplify in proportion burner:
Combustion road section 4c should be designed to He Ran road section 4b the same (being shaped to thin demarcation strip),
New third channel (supposition is herein called 11b, unexposed) should be arranged on outside, and second channel 11 around ，Xin Ran road section 4d (not shown) is arranged on around outside second channel 11; Form thus the outer wall of third channel; The shape of Xin Ran road section 4d should be similar with the shape of previous outmost combustion road section 4c.
Swirling number in passage should be S
n, 10 > S
n, 11 > S
n, 11b, but should be greater than S
n=0.6, but be not more than 0.8
All other burner parts should be identical
It is identical or similar that the fuel of operation of combustors and burner internal classification should keep.
Fuel staging and operation of combustors
The present invention also allows to light main burning 7 at the P place, front stationary point of main recirculating zone 20.Most of gas-turbine units must use external reflux district (referring to Fig. 4 b) as the position of spark or torch igniter ignition engine.If can also there is smooth combustion, can light a fire; Otherwise can be blown out immediately after igniting.As in the present invention, inner or main recirculating zone 20 is conventionally more successful aspect stabilizing the flame, and reason is that the gas 31 refluxing is transported back, focuses on the zonule at the P place, front stationary point of main recirculating zone 20 from the heat of the combustion product of reflux gas 31.Combustion flame leading edge 7 also from stationary point P before this with cone shape to external expansion, as shown in Figure 2.The taper shape in downstream expands and makes the heat of upstream generation and the burning that free radical 32 can maintain downstream, and flame front 7 is widened when moving downstream.Compare with the swirl stabilized combustion of not firing, it is how from essence the shape of flame being become more to circular cone and not half nodularization so that the road of Duo Ran shown in Fig. 2 (4a, 4b, 4c) demonstrates combustion road.The flame front of circular cone makes hot point source can effectively start the burning in whole flow field more.
In the present invention, the combustion process in burner 1 is classification.In the first order,, in starter, by adding the fuel 23 mixing with air 24, and utilize 34 burning mixts of igniter, in little guiding combustion chamber 5, produce oil-poor flame 35.After igniting, the equivalent proportion of little guiding combustion chamber 5 Flames 35 is adjusted to oil-poor state (lower than equivalent proportion 1, being approximately 0.8 equivalent proportion) or rich oil state (be greater than equivalent proportion 1, equivalent proportion is approximately between 1.4 and 1.6).The reason of the rich oil condition between 1.4 and 1.6 in scope of the equivalent proportion in little guiding combustion chamber 5 is emission level.In stoichiometry situation, (equivalent proportion is 1), can operate and maintain the flame 35 in little guiding combustion chamber 5, but owing to may causing high emission level, thermic load that wall 21 is higher, so do not advise doing like this.The flame 35 that operates and maintain in little guiding combustion chamber is that the emission of generation and the thermic load of wall 21 are low in benefit oil-poor or rich oil condition.
At next stage,, in the second low load stage, fuel is added to cooling-air 26 by pipe 30, and is endowed swirling motion in cyclone 28.Can effectively maintain so main oil-poor flame 7 lower than, in or burning during higher than the LB0 limit.The fuel quantity that can add hot cooling-air (through pre-warmed, temperature is much higher than 750 ℃) to can be corresponding to equivalent proportion > 3.
At the next stage of operation of combustors, third part and full load level fuel 15a are added to air 12 gradually, and this is the main air flow that arrives main flame 7.
Claims (6)
1. the method for carrying out fuel staging operation when the burner in the combustion chamber for gas-turbine unit starts, combustion chamber comprises the burner housing (2) of sealing burner (1), and burner (1) has axially relative end, upstream and downstream end and the guiding combustion chamber (5) that is positioned at described burner (1) upstream extremity; Described guiding combustion chamber (5) is supplied to fuel and air, with the described fuel that burns, thereby from guiding combustion zone (22), produce free radical (32) stream and heat that not reaching nonequilibrium state extinguished concentration, they are guided downstream by the center line along guiding combustion chamber (5), the larynx shape portion locating through the outlet (6) of guiding combustion chamber (5); Described burner (1) is further equipped with outlet (6) the downstream Ran road (4a by described guiding combustion chamber (5), 4b, 4c) wall limit for holding between the main burning of main oil-poor flame (7), with for the main recirculating zone (20) of the unburned base (31) that refluxes; Said method comprising the steps of:
The mixture of air (24) and fuel (23) is joined to guiding combustion chamber (5);
The igniter (34) that the upstream extremity of use in guiding combustion chamber (5) provides is to mixture ignition, to start the oil-poor flame (35) in guiding combustion chamber (5), and the stream of described free radical (32) and heat are offered between described main burning;
The outside that the outlet (6) of upstream extremity between described main burning guiding combustion chamber (5) is located applies the eddy flow of the first fuel combination and air, with produce and maintain between described main burning in the oil-poor flame of master (7);
From the outlet (8) of the first lean premixed passage (10) in described guiding combustor exit (6) downstream and the eddy flow that produces the second mixing air (12) and fuel (14) from the outlet (9) of the second lean premixed passage (11) in described outlet (8) downstream of described the first lean premixed passage
Increase gradually the eddy flow of described the second mixing air (12) and fuel (14), so that at least one the Path Setup full load level in described the first lean premixed passage (10) and described the second lean premixed passage (11), thereby utilize the eddy flow of described the second mixing air (12) and fuel (14) to maintain the fast and stable burning of the oil-poor flame of described master (7).
2. method according to claim 1, further comprising the steps:
After igniting, the flame (35) in guiding combustion chamber is adjusted to the oil-poor flame that equivalent proportion is less than 1.
3. method according to claim 1, further comprising the steps:
After igniting, the flame (35) in guiding combustion chamber is adjusted to equivalent proportion and is approximately 0.8 oil-poor flame.
4. method according to claim 1, further comprising the steps:
After igniting, the flame (35) in guiding combustion chamber is adjusted to the rich oil flame that equivalent proportion is greater than 1.
5. method according to claim 1, further comprising the steps:
After igniting, the flame (35) in guiding combustion chamber is adjusted to the rich oil flame of equivalent proportion between 1.4 and 1.6.
6. according to the method described in any one in claim 2-5, further comprising the steps:
Cooling-air (26) is provided, with the wall (21) of cooling guiding combustion chamber (5),
By cooling described wall (21), described cooling-air (26) is preheating to the temperature that surpasses 750 ℃,
In described cooling-air, add fuel, the fuel quantity adding is corresponding to the equivalent proportion up to being greater than 3, for generation of the eddy flow of described the first fuel combination and air.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP08006661.6 | 2008-04-01 | ||
| EP08006661A EP2107313A1 (en) | 2008-04-01 | 2008-04-01 | Fuel staging in a burner |
| PCT/EP2009/053562 WO2009121779A1 (en) | 2008-04-01 | 2009-03-26 | Fuel staging in a burner |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN102099628A CN102099628A (en) | 2011-06-15 |
| CN102099628B true CN102099628B (en) | 2014-02-05 |
Family
ID=39865686
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN200980111287.2A Expired - Fee Related CN102099628B (en) | 2008-04-01 | 2009-03-26 | Fuel staging in burner |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20110033806A1 (en) |
| EP (2) | EP2107313A1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN102099628B (en) |
| RU (1) | RU2468298C2 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2009121779A1 (en) |
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| EP2312215A1 (en) | 2008-10-01 | 2011-04-20 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Burner and Method for Operating a Burner |
| IT1397215B1 (en) * | 2009-12-29 | 2013-01-04 | Ansaldo Energia Spa | BURNER ASSEMBLY FOR A GAS TURBINE SYSTEM AND A GAS TURBINE SYSTEM INCLUDING THE BURNER ASSEMBLY |
| EP2434221A1 (en) * | 2010-09-22 | 2012-03-28 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Method and arrangement for injecting an emulsion into a flame |
| US20150159877A1 (en) * | 2013-12-06 | 2015-06-11 | General Electric Company | Late lean injection manifold mixing system |
| EP2894405B1 (en) | 2014-01-10 | 2016-11-23 | General Electric Technology GmbH | Sequential combustion arrangement with dilution gas |
| US20150285502A1 (en) * | 2014-04-08 | 2015-10-08 | General Electric Company | Fuel nozzle shroud and method of manufacturing the shroud |
| EP3056814A1 (en) * | 2015-02-13 | 2016-08-17 | General Electric Technology GmbH | Method of controlling the fuel distribution among different stages of a gas turbine combustion chamber |
| US10815893B2 (en) * | 2018-01-04 | 2020-10-27 | Woodward, Inc. | Combustor assembly with primary and auxiliary injector fuel control |
| US11156164B2 (en) | 2019-05-21 | 2021-10-26 | General Electric Company | System and method for high frequency accoustic dampers with caps |
| US11174792B2 (en) | 2019-05-21 | 2021-11-16 | General Electric Company | System and method for high frequency acoustic dampers with baffles |
| CN111594875B (en) * | 2020-04-21 | 2021-08-06 | 南京航空航天大学 | Intelligent control system for head multipoint fuel injection of combustion chamber and working method |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20110033806A1 (en) | 2011-02-10 |
| EP2107313A1 (en) | 2009-10-07 |
| CN102099628A (en) | 2011-06-15 |
| RU2468298C2 (en) | 2012-11-27 |
| EP2263045A1 (en) | 2010-12-22 |
| WO2009121779A1 (en) | 2009-10-08 |
| RU2010144537A (en) | 2012-05-10 |
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