CN102091516A - De-scaling and anti-scaling device by using smoke - Google Patents
De-scaling and anti-scaling device by using smoke Download PDFInfo
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- CN102091516A CN102091516A CN2010105742298A CN201010574229A CN102091516A CN 102091516 A CN102091516 A CN 102091516A CN 2010105742298 A CN2010105742298 A CN 2010105742298A CN 201010574229 A CN201010574229 A CN 201010574229A CN 102091516 A CN102091516 A CN 102091516A
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Abstract
The invention relates to the desulphurization and circulating water treatment in the energy-saving and environmental-protection field. The desulphurization and circulating water treatment are performed in a same system. By using a de-scaling and anti-scaling device by using smoke, the problems that the environment is polluted by directly discharging the smoke into atmosphere and the equipment is influenced by the scale of circulating water are solved. The technical scheme is that the smoke enters from an original flue and the smoke is discharged from a purified smoke flue after being sprayed and desulphurized. The circulating water is introduced to an absorber through a water pump from a condenser outlet, so as to absorb the sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide in the original smoke. The circulating water returns to a cooled water tower after being adjusted in a water pool. The de-scaling and anti-scaling device used for de-scaling has the following advantages: 1) the SO2, CO2 and NOx discharged to the atmosphere are reduced; 2) the drugs added into the circulating water are reduced; 3) the electric charge is reduced; 4) the costs for purchasing, storing and transporting lime are reduced and the pollution is also reduced; 5) the pollution source is utilized when the pollution source is generated, so almost no environmental pollution is caused; and 6) a large number of pollutions are turned into a large number of resources.
Description
Technical field:
Belong to desulfurization and circulating water treatment in the energy-conserving and environment-protective, desulfurization and circulating water treatment coexist to belong in the system and break through.
Background technology:
The method of circulating water treatment:
One, mechanical descaling's method:
Mechanical descaling's method is to utilize mechanical means to remove or prevent to produce the dirt layer.The operating mode of heat-transfer equipment during according to descaling and antiscaling (stop work or go into operation), mechanical descaling's scale inhibition method can be divided into off-line mechanical descaling scale inhibition method and online mechanical descaling scale inhibition method.
Two, magnetic field scale inhibiting method:
The nucleus equipment of magnetic field scale inhibiting is a magnetizer, and it is made up of device and pending solution channel two parts of producing magnetic field, and solution magnetizes by one or more magnetic circuits gap in passage successively with certain flow velocity.
Three, electric field scale inhibition method
The electric field scale inhibition mainly is by setting up electrostatic field in recirculated cooling water, reaching the antiscale scale inhibition effect by electrostatic field in recirculated cooling water.Water is a kind of dipole molecule, and under strong electrostatic field, the dipole moment of hydrone increases, and by positive and negative order proper alignment.At this moment, the positive and negative ion that is dissolved in salt in the water is surrounded by several dipole hydrones on every side, so these positive and negative ion also enter in the dipole moisture subgroup with positive and negative order, their movement velocitys and effective collision to each other greatly reduce, thereby make the incrustation scale on the wall be difficult for generating.
Four, chemical scale-inhibiting method:
The chemical scale-inhibiting method is meant the method that adopts chemical method to prevent or remove dirt, mainly comprises the antisludging agent method, adds acid system, carbon dioxide process, ion exchange softening method and lime softening method.Here emphasis is summarized antisludging agent method and antisludging agent.Adding acid system is to add sulfuric acid in cooling water, make Ca (HCO3) 2 and Mg (HCO3) 2 in the supplementing water be converted into CaSO4 and MgSO4, because the solubility of CaSO4 and MgSO4 is far longer than CaCO3 and MgCO3, so add acid owing to generated CaSO4 and MgSO4, thereby controlled the generation of incrustation scale in the cooling water.It is low to add the acid system cost, but controls the improper system's corrosion that causes easily.Carbon dioxide process is to utilize to feed carbon dioxide in recirculated water, makes that carbonate eqrilibrium moves to the heavy carbonate direction in the recirculated water, and the heavy carbonate in the stabilize water effectively stops the formation of calcium dirt.Ca (HCO3) 2=CaCO3+H2O+CO2 carbon dioxide process safety, but the carbon dioxide in the water is overflowed easily and was lost efficacy.The ion exchange softening method usually adopts the softening former water of handling of sodium ion exchange to make supplementing water, with the fouling in the control cooling water system in recirculated cooling water is handled.Its principle be with former water by sodium type cationic ion-exchange resin RNa, incrustation ion Ca2+ in the water and Mg2+ (hardness) and Na+ on the ion exchange resin RNa are exchanged.During exchange, the Ca2+ in the water, Mg2+ are adsorbed on the resin, generate R2Ca and R2Mg, and the Na+ on the resin RNa then enters in the water, thereby one-tenth dirt cation Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentration in the water are reduced, and water is softened and is not easy fouling.The scale inhibition effect of ion exchange softening method is good and reliable, but investment is bigger, and the production cost height is only applicable to small-sized cooling water system.Hardness was to utilize reactions such as carbon dioxide in calcium hydroxide and the water, calcium bicarbonate, magnesium bicarbonate during lime softening method removed and to anhydrate, generate the CaCO3 and Mg (OH) 2 precipitations of indissoluble, and from water, separate out, thereby before Yuan Shui enters cooling water system, in advance from wherein removing calcium, magnesium ion reaches the effect of scale inhibition.The features high scale-removing effect of lime softening method is applicable to the former water that hardness is high, but the investment of construction sedimentation basin is big, and floor space is many, and workman's working condition is poor.The antisludging agent method is by add chemical scale-inhibiting agent organic phospho acid PBTCA (2-phosphonic acid butane-1 in recirculated cooling water, 2, the 4-tricarboxylic acids), deposits such as calcium carbonate in can disperse water of polycarboxylic acid acrylic acid/2-methyl-2-acrylamido propyl sulfonic acid copolymer (AA/AMPS), poly-aspartate, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, iron oxide, clay, titanium dioxide, zinc hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, manganese oxide.Reach the scale inhibition antiscaling effect.Chemical scale-inhibiting agent cycle of treatment cooling water scaling method equipment is simple, convenient operation and management, and effective, cost is lower, thereby has obtained extensive use in the processing of recirculated cooling water.China's water treatment field is started late, but development is very fast.
The method of desulfurization
One, Desulfurization Technology of Coal is mainly the coal washing desulfurization before the burning, promptly before burning coal is purified, and removes part sulphur content and ash content in the raw coal.Be divided into physics method, chemical method and microbial method etc.1, physics method: mainly refer to gravity concentration, utilize in the coal density variation of organic and troilite and they are separated.The influence factor of this method mainly contains the particle size after cracking of coal and the state of sulphur etc.Main method has superseded coal separation, heavy media coal separation, wind method etc.2, chemical method: can be divided into physical-chemical process and pure chemistry method.Physical-chemical process is flotation; Chemical method comprises alkali desulphurization again, gas sweetening, pyrolysis and hydro-desulfurization, oxidation desulfurization etc.3, microbial method: on the basis of bacterium leaching metal, be applied to a bioengineering new technology of coal industry, can remove organic sulfur and inorganic sulfur in the coal.It is lower that the current coal of China goes into to wash rate, and greatly about about 20%, and the U.S. is 42%, and Britain is 94.9%, and France is 88.7%, and Japan is 98.2%.The rate of washing of going into that improves coal is expected to significantly improve coal-fired sulfur dioxide pollution.Yet physics choosing is washed and only can be removed 80% of inorganic sulfur in the coal, accounts for 15%～30% of sulphur total content in the coal, can't satisfy coal-fired sulfur dioxide pollution control requirement, so can only be as a kind of supplementary means of coal desulfurization.
Two, add lime stone or white clouds masonry desulfurizing agent in the burning in the Desulfurization Technology of Coal coal combustion process, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate decomposes generate calcium oxide, magnesia, with the sulfur dioxide in flue gas reacting generating salt, discharge with ash content., desulfurization in the combustion process.The technology of desulfurization mainly contains two kinds in the combustion process that China adopts: capturing sulfur briquette and fluidized bed combustion desulfur technology.1, capturing sulfur briquette technology: with the coal blending by a certain percentage after screening of different raw materials, pulverize the back with mixing through pretreated binding agent and sulphur-fixing agent, through plant equipment extrusion modling and drying, can obtain having the finished product industry solid sulphur formed coal of certain intensity and shape.Sulphur-fixing agent mainly contains lime stone, marble, carbide slag etc., and its addition is decided on sulfur content.Burning briquette can reduce sulfur dioxide in flue gas, carbon monoxide and dust concentration greatly, saves coal, and economic benefit and environmental benefit are considerable, puts out problems such as stove but should solve the moulded coal cutoff that hysteresis, misoperation can cause of catching fire in the industrial practical application.2, fluidized bed combustion desulfur technology: coal and adsorbent are added in the bed of combustion chamber, from the furnace bottom air blast bed is suspended and carry out fluidized bed combustion, formed turbulent flow mixing condition, prolonged the time of staying, thereby improved efficiency of combustion.Its course of reaction is that combustion of sulfur generates sulfur dioxide in the coal, and limestone calcination is decomposed into the cellular calcium oxide simultaneously, and sulfur dioxide arrives adsorbent surface and reaction, thereby reaches desulfurized effect.The major influence factors of fluidized bed combustion desulfurization has calcium sulfur ratio, calcining heat, the particle size pore structure of desulfurizing agent and desulfurizing agent kind etc.
[1]For improving desulfuration efficiency, can adopt following method: (1) improves the design and service condition (2) desulfurizing agent precalcining (3) the utilization additive of combustion system, as sodium carbonate, and potash etc. (4) development of new desulfurizing agent.
Three, the basic principle of burning back flue gas desulfurization technique flue gas desulfurization is the acid-base neutralization reaction.Sulfur in smoke is acidic materials, by reacting with alkaline matter, generates sulphite or sulfate, thereby sulfur in smoke is removed.The most frequently used alkaline matter is lime stone, quick lime and white lime, other alkaline matters such as also available ammonia and seawater.Be divided into and be wet process of FGD technology, dry flue gas desulphurization technology, semi-dry process flue gas desulphurization technology three classes, be described below respectively: 1, wet process of FGD technology wet process of FGD technology is meant that absorbent is liquid or slurries.Since be gas liquid reaction, so reaction speed is fast, efficient height, sorbent utilization height.The major defect of this method is the desulfurization wastewater secondary pollution; The easy fouling of system, corrosion; Desulphurization plant initial investment expense is big; Operating cost is more high.(1) lime stone-this technology of gypsum method flue gas desulfurization technology with lime stone slurry as desulfurizing agent, in the absorption tower, flue gas is carried out spray washing, make the sulfur in smoke reaction generate calcium sulfite, simultaneously in the slurries on absorption tower, blast air, pressure makes calcium sulfite be converted into calcium sulfate, and the byproduct of desulfurizing agent is a gypsum.This system comprises flue gas heat exchange system, absorption tower desulphurization system, desulfurizer slurry preparation system, gypsum dehydration and Waste Water Treatment.Because the lime stone low price is easy to transportation and preservation, thereby has become the main desulfurizing agent in the wet fuel gas desulfurizing technology, lime stone-gypsum method flue gas desulfurization technology becomes the wet fuel gas desulfurizing technology of preferential selection.This method desulfuration efficiency height (greater than 95%), the functional reliability height, but this method is easily stopped up corrosion, and desulfurization wastewater is more difficult.(2) this ratio juris of ammonia type flue gas desulfurizing technology is to adopt ammoniacal liquor as desulfurization absorbent, ammoniacal liquor contacts mixing with flue gas in the absorption tower, sulfur in smoke and ammoniacal liquor reaction generate sulfurous acid ammonia, generate sulfate of ammoniac solution after the oxidation, after crystallization, dehydration, drying, can make sulfate of ammoniac (fertilizer).The reaction speed of this method is more faster than lime stone-gypsum method, and does not have structure and clogging.In addition, also have sodium method, two alkali doctor treatment and flue gas desulfurization with seawater method etc. in the wet process of FGD technology, should be according to the source of absorbent, the concrete condition of locality and actual the selecting for use of market of byproduct.2, the semi-dry process flue gas desulphurization technology is mainly introduced the rotary spraying and drying method.This method is the technology that the U.S. and Denmark's joint research and development go out.Characteristics such as this method is compared with wet fuel gas desulfurizing technology, and it is simple to have equipment, and investment and operating cost are low, and floor space is little, and flue gas desulphuization rate reaches 75%-90%.This method is utilized spray-dired principle, and the absorbent slurry atomizing is sprayed into the absorption tower.In the absorption tower, absorbent with sulfur in smoke generation chemical reaction in, absorb heat in the flue gas and make water evaporates drying in the absorbent, the waste residue of finishing behind the desulphurization reaction is discharged with the dry state form.This method comprises four in step: the 1) preparation of absorbent; 2) absorbent slurry atomizing; 3) droplet mixes with flue gas, and absorption sulfur dioxide also is dried; 4) desuifurized discharge.This method is generally made absorbent with quick lime.Quick lime becomes the white lime with sound response ability through slaking, the white lime slurries are injected into uniform droplet through the high speed rotary atomizer up to 15000～20000r/min, its mist particle diameter can be less than 100 microns, has very big surface area, droplet is once contacting with flue gas, strong heat exchange and chemical reaction just take place, and with the most of moisture evaporation, produce water content solid slag seldom rapidly.
List of references:
[1] Xia Daohong, Su Yixun etc. the light oil products deodorizing catalyst research makes progress [J] both at home and abroad. University of Petroleum's journal, 1995,9 (3): 102～109
[2] Yang Hongyun, Zhao Dezhi etc. desulfurizing oil technology and development trend thereof [J]. petrochemical industry Journal of Chinese Universities, 2001,14 (3): 26～31
[3] Xia Daohong, Su Yixun etc. the separation of sulfur in gasoline alcohol and structure, composition analysis [J]. oil refining design, 1995,25 (1): 46～49
[4] Guo Ronghua. methyl alcohol-alkali lye double solvents extraction improves the research [J] of catalytic cracking diesel oil stability. oil refining design, 1999,29 (6): 23～25
[5] Li Chengyue, Zhang Jinchang etc. gasoline and diesel oil take off technical progress [J]. petrochemical technology and application, 2002,20 (5): 293～295
[6] Xu Zhida, Chen Bing etc. NACF is used for the dynamically absorption [J] of research (II) of demercaptaning for gasoline. petroleum refining and chemical industry, 2000,31 (5): 42～45
[7] Zhang Xiaojing, Qin Ruyi etc. adsorbing and desulfurizing catalytic cracking gasoline technical study [J]. oil refining design, 2001,31 (6): 44～47
[8] Zhang Jinchang, Wang Yanhui etc. the research [J] of sulfide in the load type active carbon catalytic eliminating oil product. petrochemical technology and application, 2002,20 (3): 149～151
[9] Zhu Liangfu, Wang Yuexia. clean fuel oil and production new technique [J]. natural gas and oil, 2001,19 (4): 25～29
Summary of the invention:
One, technological process: (accompanying drawing 1)
Boiler → dedusting → recirculated water spray absorption → sedimentation basin → adjustment → scale removal
Advantage:
1, reduce SO2, CO2, NOx etc. are to the discharging of atmosphere.
2, reduce to the recirculated water dosing.
3, reduce electricity charge expenditure.
4, reduce the expense of purchasing, store up, transporting and the pollution of lime.
5, pollution sources promptly produce promptly and utilize, and environmental pollution is almost nil.
6, a large amount of pollution becomes ample resources.
The principles of chemistry:
Calcium carbonate+carbon dioxide+water generates calcium bicarbonate
CaCO
3+CO
2+H
2O→Ca(HCO
3)
2
Sulfur dioxide+oxygen generates
2SO
2+O
2→2SO
3
Calcium carbonate+sulfuric acid generates calcium sulfate+carbon dioxide+water
CaCO
3+H
2SO
4→CaSO
4+CO
2+H
2O
Two, interface.(accompanying drawing 2)
Three, the recirculated water desulfurizing tower designs separately.(accompanying drawing 3)
Four, former desulfurizing tower transformation.(accompanying drawing 4)
Five, directly flue gas is introduced cooling tower with blower fan.(accompanying drawing 5)
Description of drawings:
Accompanying drawing one,
Flue gas enters through the spray desulfurization from former flue and discharges from clean flue.Recirculated water is introduced the absorption tower from the condenser outlet by water pump, absorbs sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide in the former cigarette, and nitrogen oxide etc. return cooling tower again after the adjustment of pond.Be used for descaling and antiscaling.
Accompanying drawing two,
Open the hole of an adjustable size on former flue, how many flue gases recirculated water just takes out with how many flue gases.
Accompanying drawing three,
If a flue gas few quantity of circulating water in year somewhere is big, or this structure of desulfurizing tower of joining for recirculated water specially.
Accompanying drawing four,
Desulfurizing tower is designed to two parts; A part is used the lime stone slurry desulfurization, and gypsum slurries is from following outflow; Another part recirculated water desulfurization, the recirculated water after the desulfurization returns circulation after adjusting.How many flue gases recirculated water just takes out with how many flue gases.
Accompanying drawing five,
When cooling tower basicity, hardness are just directly introduced cooling tower with flue gas during greater than flue gas acidity.
The specific embodiment:
One, technological process: flue gas is used for scale removal, the antiscale of recirculated water, and sterilization, algae removal directly are used for circulating water treatment with sulfur dioxide.
Two, interface is directly in the air channel upper shed of former blower fan, with valve regulated wind direction, air quantity.
Three, separately design is good for the recirculated water desulfurizing tower, and it is good to transform former desulfurizing tower, and it is good directly flue gas to be introduced cooling tower, how much sulfur dioxide of recirculated water in a word, and how much sulfur dioxide sulfur trioxide nitrogen oxide etc. just takes out, sulfur trioxide nitrogen oxide etc.
Claims (5)
1. process flow, accompanying drawing: 1
Flue gas enters through the spray desulfurization from former flue and discharges from clean flue; Recirculated water is introduced the absorption tower from the condenser outlet by water pump, absorbs sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide in the former cigarette, and nitrogen oxide etc. return cooling tower again after the adjustment of pond, be used for descaling and antiscaling; Advantage:
A, minimizing SO2, CO2, NOx etc. are to the discharging of atmosphere;
B, minimizing are to the recirculated water dosing;
C, minimizing electricity charge expenditure;
The expense of purchasing, store up, transporting and the pollution of d, minimizing lime;
E, pollution sources promptly produce promptly and utilize, and environmental pollution is almost nil;
F, a large amount of pollution become ample resources.
The principles of chemistry:
Calcium carbonate+carbon dioxide+water generates calcium bicarbonate
CaCO
3+CO
2+H
2O→Ca(HCO
3)
2
Sulfur dioxide+oxygen generates
2SO
2+O
2→2SO
3
Calcium carbonate+sulfuric acid generates calcium sulfate+carbon dioxide+water.
2. interface (former flue gas introducing interface), accompanying drawing: 2
Open the hole of an adjustable size on former flue, how many flue gases recirculated water just takes out with how many flue gases.
3. the recirculated water desulfurizing tower designs separately, accompanying drawing: 3
If when the few quantity of circulating water of flue gas big, or this structure of desulfurizing tower of joining for recirculated water specially.
4. the recirculated water design of part of smoke, accompanying drawing: 4
Desulfurizing tower is designed to two parts; A part is used the lime stone slurry desulfurization, and gypsum slurries is from following outflow; Another part recirculated water desulfurization, the recirculated water after the desulfurization returns circulation after adjusting, and how many flue gases recirculated water just takes out with how many flue gases.
5. directly flue gas is introduced cooling tower with blower fan, accompanying drawing: 5
When cooling tower basicity, hardness are just directly introduced cooling tower with flue gas during greater than flue gas acidity.
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| CN2010105742298A CN102091516A (en) | 2010-12-06 | 2010-12-06 | De-scaling and anti-scaling device by using smoke |
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|---|---|---|---|
| CN2010105742298A CN102091516A (en) | 2010-12-06 | 2010-12-06 | De-scaling and anti-scaling device by using smoke |
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Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103553246A (en) * | 2013-11-21 | 2014-02-05 | 武汉森泰环保工程有限公司 | Device and method for softening hard water by using carbon dioxide in flue gas |
| CN103570144A (en) * | 2012-12-28 | 2014-02-12 | 青岛啤酒股份有限公司 | Method for inhibiting bottle washing machine from scaling by using carbon dioxide discharged by wine filling machine |
| CN104291452A (en) * | 2014-07-02 | 2015-01-21 | 中国石油天然气集团公司 | Flue gas hardness reducing apparatus and use method thereof |
| CN105967253A (en) * | 2016-05-23 | 2016-09-28 | 南京奥能科技有限公司 | Evaporation process and device of desulfurized wastewater cooling tower |
| CN107051151A (en) * | 2016-12-13 | 2017-08-18 | 广西红润化工科技有限公司 | Combined type multi-stage falling-film absorption tower for exhaust-gas treatment |
| CN107185381A (en) * | 2017-07-24 | 2017-09-22 | 丁武轩 | A kind of desulfurizer |
| WO2018014769A1 (en) * | 2016-07-22 | 2018-01-25 | 京能（锡林郭勒）发电有限公司 | Flue gas condensation water extraction system |
| CN108314196A (en) * | 2018-02-08 | 2018-07-24 | 河北利源环保科技有限公司 | The system and method for scale control treatments is carried out to recirculated cooling water using stove cigarette |
| CN110152488A (en) * | 2019-04-28 | 2019-08-23 | 昆明理工大学 | SO in a kind of dry removal coke oven flue gas2Method |
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| CN101157504A (en) * | 2007-09-19 | 2008-04-09 | 中南大学 | Process for softening hardwater by employing SO2 and CO2 in exhaust gas |
| CN201208542Y (en) * | 2008-05-29 | 2009-03-18 | 武汉凯迪电力环保有限公司 | Desulfuration spray tower with load regulation and flue gas flow equalizing function |
| CN101642667A (en) * | 2009-09-03 | 2010-02-10 | 浙江天蓝环保技术有限公司 | Method for using cooling-tower circulating water as water used by flue gas desulfurization system |
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| CN101157504A (en) * | 2007-09-19 | 2008-04-09 | 中南大学 | Process for softening hardwater by employing SO2 and CO2 in exhaust gas |
| CN201208542Y (en) * | 2008-05-29 | 2009-03-18 | 武汉凯迪电力环保有限公司 | Desulfuration spray tower with load regulation and flue gas flow equalizing function |
| CN101642667A (en) * | 2009-09-03 | 2010-02-10 | 浙江天蓝环保技术有限公司 | Method for using cooling-tower circulating water as water used by flue gas desulfurization system |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103570144A (en) * | 2012-12-28 | 2014-02-12 | 青岛啤酒股份有限公司 | Method for inhibiting bottle washing machine from scaling by using carbon dioxide discharged by wine filling machine |
| CN103570144B (en) * | 2012-12-28 | 2015-09-23 | 青岛啤酒股份有限公司 | The carbonic acid gas utilizing dress wine machine to arrange outward stops the method for bottle washing machine fouling |
| CN103553246A (en) * | 2013-11-21 | 2014-02-05 | 武汉森泰环保工程有限公司 | Device and method for softening hard water by using carbon dioxide in flue gas |
| CN104291452A (en) * | 2014-07-02 | 2015-01-21 | 中国石油天然气集团公司 | Flue gas hardness reducing apparatus and use method thereof |
| CN105967253A (en) * | 2016-05-23 | 2016-09-28 | 南京奥能科技有限公司 | Evaporation process and device of desulfurized wastewater cooling tower |
| WO2018014769A1 (en) * | 2016-07-22 | 2018-01-25 | 京能（锡林郭勒）发电有限公司 | Flue gas condensation water extraction system |
| CN107051151A (en) * | 2016-12-13 | 2017-08-18 | 广西红润化工科技有限公司 | Combined type multi-stage falling-film absorption tower for exhaust-gas treatment |
| CN107185381A (en) * | 2017-07-24 | 2017-09-22 | 丁武轩 | A kind of desulfurizer |
| CN108314196A (en) * | 2018-02-08 | 2018-07-24 | 河北利源环保科技有限公司 | The system and method for scale control treatments is carried out to recirculated cooling water using stove cigarette |
| CN110152488A (en) * | 2019-04-28 | 2019-08-23 | 昆明理工大学 | SO in a kind of dry removal coke oven flue gas2Method |
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Application publication date: 20110615 |