CN102080937A - I-shaped tree type cross flow heat exchanger - Google Patents
I-shaped tree type cross flow heat exchanger Download PDFInfo
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- CN102080937A CN102080937A CN 201110030424 CN201110030424A CN102080937A CN 102080937 A CN102080937 A CN 102080937A CN 201110030424 CN201110030424 CN 201110030424 CN 201110030424 A CN201110030424 A CN 201110030424A CN 102080937 A CN102080937 A CN 102080937A
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Abstract
The invention discloses an I-shaped tree type cross flow heat exchanger which comprises a heat exchange tube bundle, a shell, a tube box and a tube plate, wherein the tube box and the tube plate are positioned at two sides of the shell; two ends of the heat exchange tube bundle are fixed on the tube plate, and are communicated with the tube box after penetrating through the tube plate; the heat exchange tube bundle is of the I-shaped tree structure; the I-shaped tree structure at least comprises one tree unit structure, wherein each tree unit structure comprises heat exchange tube bundles with two layers of tree structures and tail end communicating pipelines, and the last stage branch ports of the heat exchange tube bundles of the two layers of tree structures are communicated by the tail end communicating pipelines. According to the invention, the shell space is fully utilized, the heat exchange area required by the heat exchange of fluid is increased greatly, the path optimization functions of fluid transportation and energy transmission are realized, the power consumption of a fluid flow pump can be decreased effectively, and the flow heat exchange can be intensified, and the aim of efficient heat exchange and energy conservation is achieved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of heat-exchanger rig, what be specifically related to is a kind of for strengthening the tree-shaped formula cross-current of " worker " shape heat exchanger with " worker " shape tree feature heat-exchanging tube bundle mobile and that the heat exchange combination property designs.
Background technology
The cross-current heat exchanger is a kind of main pattern of dividing wall type heat exchanger, have characteristics such as heat transfer efficiency height, compact conformation, good economy performance, be widely used in fields such as machine power, refrigeration low-temperature, automobile, aeronautics and space, be mainly used in the heat transmission and the reaction of the heat transfer in the reactor that solve single-phase flow and multiphase flow.
Bundled tube heat exchange surface structure is a kind of mode commonly used in the cross-current design of heat exchanger.Bundled tube cross-current heat exchanger is normally arranged many bundle of parallel tubes in a housing, cold and hot two kinds of fluids carry out exchange heat by parallel heat-exchanging tube bundle.Be to improve the heat convection efficient of bundled tube cross-current heat exchanger, the augmentation of heat transfer means of taking at present mainly contain: (1) has carried out thread-shaped, various ways design such as corrugated to the surfaces externally and internally of tube bank; (2) carry out the structural design of baffle plate type in the fluid space outside tube bank.These optimal design means are by produce the local dip that continues in the fluid interchange zone, improved Hydrodynamic turbulence energy intensity, realized regenerating of heat transfer boundary layer, and then improved and restrained inside and outside cold fluid and hot fluid heat transfer property, meanwhile, also cause the increase of flow resistance, promptly increased the consumption of pump merit.And the design of existing heat-exchanging tube bundle lacks for the optimization of fluid transport path to be considered, has on structural design that heat-exchanging tube bundle inner fluid transport path is unreasonable, the consumption of pump merit and a unmatched problem of heat transfer property.
For this reason, press for and carry out in the heat exchanger heat-exchanging tube bundle Optimal Structure Designing to realize high efficient heat exchanging.Edified by the thought of the tree-shaped bifurcation structure of occurring in nature (for example: trees, blood vessel etc.), the present invention is arranged to " worker " shape tree feature with the heat-exchanging tube bundle in the cross-current heat exchanger, such heat exchanger flows and the combination property of heat exchange to improve, promptly improve the hot validity (heat exchange amount/pump merit) of heat exchanger to greatest extent, and then reach high efficient heat exchanging and energy-conservation purpose.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is that the heat-exchanging tube bundle inner fluid transport path that exists of existing bundled tube cross-current heat exchanger is unreasonable on structural design, the consumption of pump merit and the unmatched problem of heat transfer property.
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, the technical solution used in the present invention is: the tree-shaped formula cross-current of a kind of " worker " shape heat exchanger, comprise heat-exchanging tube bundle, housing, bobbin carriage and tube sheet, described bobbin carriage and tube sheet are positioned at the both sides of housing, the two ends of described heat-exchanging tube bundle are fixed on the tube sheet, and pass described tube sheet and be communicated with bobbin carriage, described heat-exchanging tube bundle is " worker " shape tree, described " worker " shape tree comprises a tree-shaped cellular construction at least, described tree-shaped cellular construction comprises two-layer tree heat-exchanging tube bundle and terminal connecting pipe, is connected by terminal connecting pipe between the final stage branch port of two-layer tree heat-exchanging tube bundle.Described " worker " shape tree heat-exchanging tube bundle has the peptizaiton of fluid flow, its structure is similar to optimization disperser/collector that fluid flows, can make each unit fluid dispersion flows, realize that fluid by the optimal path conveying of putting body, has reduced mobile distance greatly.
Every layer of tree heat-exchanging tube bundle of above-mentioned tree-shaped cellular construction constitutes by main connecting pipe and " worker " shape lateral, sprawl with planar fashion and to come, every layer of tree heat-exchanging tube bundle has 2 grades of branches at least, and every grade of pipeline all has two bifurcateds, i.e. bifurcated number at next stage
N=2, and angle of forking is 180 degree;
The cross sectional shape of heat-exchanging tube bundle of the present invention is rectangle, circle, trapezoidal or triangle.
As the preferred technical solution of the present invention, the array element structure of described " worker " shape tree for constituting by two described tree-shaped cellular construction series connection at least, two main connecting pipes (4) direction of tree-shaped cellular construction is opposite, directly be connected between each tree-shaped cellular construction, and all tree heat-exchanging tube bundles are positioned on two parallel planes respectively by main connecting pipe (4); Described " worker " shape tree is the heat-exchanging tube bundle arranged in arrays structure that described array element structure constitutes along described housing square array cloth postpone; The superior and the subordinate's branched bottom length ratio of described " worker " shape tree branch is
N -1/
d , the length fractal dimension
dGet greater than 1 and smaller or equal to 3 real number; The superior and the subordinate's branched bottom diameter ratio of described " worker " shape tree branch is
N -1/
D ' , the diameter fractal dimension
D 'Get more than or equal to 7/3 and smaller or equal to 3 real number.
The present invention has made up multilayer " worker " shape tree heat-exchanging tube bundle, described " worker " shape tree heat-exchanging tube bundle produces increasing branch by bifurcated, and increase along with bifurcated progression, the pipe range and the caliber of each branch all reduce gradually, so not only significantly increased the tube side heat exchange area, the reduction of passage yardstick simultaneously also can significantly improve the coefficient of heat transfer; Bifurcated can also help the formation of secondary stream, and promptly fluid produces near bifurcation and refluxes and the phenomenon of separating.This secondary stream is flowing of disturbance heat-exchanging tube bundle inner fluid effectively, promotes that the near wall fluid mixes with the mutual of intermediate layer fluid in the runner, and be attended by fluid and wash away the runner wall action at crotch, thus the reinforcement fluid interchange.Described " worker " shape tree heat-exchanging tube bundle has the peptizaiton of fluid flow, its structure is similar to optimization disperser/collector that fluid flows, can make each unit fluid dispersion flows, realize that fluid by the optimal path conveying of putting body, has reduced mobile distance greatly.The vast scale of length of flow shortens has not only effectively offset the crushing increase that the reduction of bifurcated and yardstick is caused, and can also effectively reduce the fluid-flow pressure drop in the tree heat-exchanging tube bundle, reduces the consumption of pump merit.Described " worker " shape tree heat-exchanging tube bundle is along planar development and be arranged in arrays and made full use of shell space and arrange that more heat-exchanging tube bundle is to increase heat exchange area, strengthen fluid interchange, the heat-exchanging tube bundle that is the tree network structure distribution simultaneously can make the Temperature Distribution of heat exchanger inner fluid more even, also can improve fluid interchange efficient.Meanwhile, flow for the fluid in the shell side, with respect to the structural design of baffle plate type, fluid flows more unimpeded, and the consumption of pump merit also will reduce.Therefore, described " worker " shape tree heat-exchanging tube bundle can effectively improve the fluid interchange performance, also can effectively fall low pump work consumption, promptly improves the hot validity (heat exchange amount/pump merit) of heat exchanger to greatest extent, and then reaches high efficient heat exchanging and purpose of energy saving.
The beneficial effect that the present invention produced is: the present invention has made full use of shell space and has arranged " worker " shape tree heat-exchanging tube bundle, has increased hot and cold two kinds of fluids greatly and has carried out the required heat exchange area of heat exchange.And, tree-shaped heat-exchanging tube bundle has been realized path optimization's effect that fluid transport and energy transmit, can effectively reduce the consumption of fluid flow pumps merit and strengthen fluid interchange, and then improve the hot validity (heat exchange amount/pump merit) of heat exchanger greatly, reach high efficient heat exchanging and purpose of energy saving.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the tree-shaped formula cross-current of the present invention " worker " shape heat exchanger structure schematic diagram;
Fig. 2 is the tree-shaped formula cross-current of the present invention " worker " shape heat exchanger front view;
Fig. 3 is the tree-shaped heat-exchanging tube bundle individual layer tree schematic diagram of the tree-shaped formula cross-current of the present invention " worker " shape heat exchanger;
Fig. 4 is the tree-shaped cellular construction schematic diagram of tree-shaped heat-exchanging tube bundle of the tree-shaped formula cross-current of the present invention " worker " shape heat exchanger;
Fig. 5 is the tree-shaped heat-exchanging tube bundle array element structural representation of the tree-shaped formula cross-current of the present invention " worker " shape heat exchanger;
Fig. 6 is the tree-shaped heat-exchanging tube bundle arranged in arrays structural representation of the tree-shaped formula cross-current of the present invention " worker " shape heat exchanger;
Fig. 7 is the operation principle schematic diagram of the tree-shaped formula cross-current of the present invention " worker " shape heat exchanger.
Wherein: 1. left end socket, 2. left pipe box, 3. left tube sheet, 4. main connecting pipe, the 5. tree-shaped heat-exchanging tube bundle of " worker " shape, 6. housing, 7. right tube sheet, 8. right pipe box, 9. right end socket, 10. terminal connecting pipe, 11. " worker " shape lateral, 12. tube side fluid, 13. shell-side fluid.
The specific embodiment
The invention will be further described below in conjunction with accompanying drawing.
Fig. 1, Fig. 2 have provided the structural representation of the tree-shaped formula cross-current of the present invention " worker " shape heat exchanger.A kind of cross-current heat exchanger with " worker " shape tree feature heat-exchanging tube bundle is made up of major parts such as the tree-shaped heat-exchanging tube bundle 5 of " worker " shape, housing 6, bobbin carriage and tube sheets.Housing 6 cross sectional shapes are generally rectangle, bobbin carriage is divided into left pipe box 2 and right pipe box 8, tube sheet is divided into left tube sheet 3 and right tube sheet 7, left pipe box 2, right pipe box 8 and left tube sheet 3, right tube sheet 7 lays respectively at the both sides of housing 6, the tree-shaped heat-exchanging tube bundle of " worker " shape 5 is sprawled with planar fashion and is come, left and right sides tube sheet 3 is fixed and is passed at the two ends that are positioned at the main connecting pipe 4 of the tree-shaped heat-exchanging tube bundle of " worker " shape 5 both sides, 7 respectively with left and right sides bobbin carriage 2,8 are communicated with, the two ends of main connecting pipe 4 respectively with left and right sides tube sheet 3,7 are welded to connect, and the 10 final stage branch port with the tree heat-exchanging tube bundle of terminal connecting pipe between tree heat-exchanging tube bundle layer and layer are welded to connect.Left and right sides end socket 1,9 is connected with left and right sides tube sheet 3,7 respectively, tube side fluid is imported and exported and is positioned on the left and right sides end socket 1,9, shell-side fluid is imported and exported and is positioned on the housing, so, tube sheet just can not only be separated tube side fluid and the interior shell-side fluid of housing in the bobbin carriage, can also enter each tree-shaped heat-exchanging tube bundle by uniform distribution bobbin carriage inner fluid, and seal.
Fig. 3 the has provided tree-shaped heat-exchanging tube bundle individual layer of described " worker " shape tree schematic diagram.Described " worker " shape tree bifurcated passage network has two-stage branch (can increase progression as required, as be designed to 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 grades or the like) at least, and 4 grades of channel networks have only drawn among the figure.Described channel network is sprawled with planar fashion and is come, and is made of main connecting pipe 4 and " worker " shape lateral 11, and channel network has two-stage at least, and every grade of passage all has two branches, i.e. bifurcated number at next stage
N=2, the angle of forking between the bifurcated passages at different levels is 180 degree.The promptly main connecting pipe 4 of the 0th grade of passage of described " worker " shape tree heat-exchanging tube bundle network is the fluid import/export, in order to obtain best fluid interchange effect, the length and the hydraulic diameter of main connecting pipe 4 and " worker " at different levels shape lateral 11 can design based on following rule: the superior and the subordinate's branched bottom length ratio is
N -1/
d (
dBe the length fractal dimension, get greater than 1 and smaller or equal to 3 real number), the ratio of the superior and the subordinate's branched bottom hydraulic diameter is
N -1/
D ' (diameter fractal dimension
D 'Get more than or equal to 7/3 and smaller or equal to 3 real number).The tree-shaped heat-exchanging tube bundle of promptly described " worker " shape
kThe level duct length with
kThe ratio of-1 grade of duct length is
, recursion gets
(
L 0Be initial tract length); The ratio of the hydraulic diameter of " worker " shape arborizations before bifurcated and behind the bifurcated is
, then
(
D 0Be the initial tract hydraulic diameter).Show through the CFD numerical simulation calculation, when
D '=3 o'clock, the hot validity (heat exchange amount/pump merit) of the Laminar Flow heat exchange in the tree-shaped formula cross-current heat exchanger provided by the present invention was the highest; When
D '=7/3 o'clock, the hot validity of the turbulent flow heat exchange in the tree-shaped formula cross-current heat exchanger provided by the present invention was the highest.
The tree-shaped heat-exchanging tube bundle 5 of described " worker " shape comprises a tree-shaped cellular construction at least.Fig. 4 has provided the tree-shaped cellular construction schematic diagram (4 grades of networks have only drawn) that includes two-layer tree heat-exchanging tube bundle and terminal connecting pipe.Every layer of tree heat-exchanging tube bundle of described tree-shaped unit constitutes by main connecting pipe 4 and " worker " shape lateral 11, main connecting pipe 4 is the fluid import/export, for make fluid can freely circulate and the heat exchange effect even, " worker " shape tree heat-exchanging tube bundle of described tree-shaped unit is divided into parallel two-layer, two-layer channel network except the import and export direction on the contrary, other are all identical, and are connected by terminal connecting pipe between the final stage branch port of two-layer tree-shaped heat-exchanging tube bundle.
The tree-shaped heat-exchanging tube bundle 5 of " worker " shape of present embodiment is the heat-exchanging tube bundle arranged in arrays structure that the array element structure constitutes along described housing square array cloth postpone according to shell space, and described array element structure is for being made of two described tree-shaped cellular construction series connection at least.Fig. 5 has provided described array element structural representation.Described array element is made of two (can select as required 3,4,5 or the like) described tree-shaped units in series at least, directly be connected between each tree-shaped unit by main connecting pipe 4, and all tree heat-exchanging tube bundles are positioned on two parallel planes (as shown in Figure 4) respectively, so just can realize tube side fluid circulating in heat-exchanging tube bundle.Described array element just can obtain heat-exchanging tube bundle arranged in arrays structural representation as shown in Figure 6 after square arranged in arrays.The dimension of its square array is at least 2 * 2, can arrange according to actual needs, as 2 * 3,2 * 4,3 * 3 or the like.So just, can make full use of shell space, to realize the purpose of heat exchanger structure compactness and high efficient heat exchanging.The described array element that is made of the series connection of described tree-shaped unit heat-exchanging tube bundle is square arranged in arrays until housing in housing, the housing cross sectional shape is a rectangle.The cross sectional shape of main connecting pipe, " worker " at different levels shape lateral and terminal connecting pipe all can be arbitrary shapes such as rectangle, circle, trapezoidal, triangle.
Fig. 7 has provided operation principle schematic diagram of the present invention.Tube side fluid enters tree-shaped unit heat-exchanging tube bundle from main connecting pipe 4, dispersion train is through " worker " at different levels shape lateral successively, constantly shunt until the final stage branch port in current aspect, arrive another layer heat-exchanging tube bundle by terminal connecting pipe then, fluid converges to main connecting pipe from " worker " at different levels shape lateral in this aspect, flow into next tree-shaped unit through main connecting pipe, each heat-exchanging tube bundle of then flowing through so circularly is finally from main connecting pipe outflow heat exchanger.In this process, tube fluid carries out exchange heat by vertical shell-side fluid of washing away tree-shaped heat-exchanging tube bundle in tree-shaped heat-exchanging tube bundle and the housing, finishes the fluid interchange process.The heat exchange mode of its tube side and shell side can be forced-convection heat transfer, boiling/modes such as condensation phase-change heat-exchange.
A kind of tree-shaped formula cross-current of " worker " shape heat exchanger provided by the invention with " worker " shape tree feature heat-exchanging tube bundle, made full use of shell space and carried out the required heat exchange area of heat exchange to increase hot and cold two kinds of fluids, and realized path optimization's effect that fluid transport and energy transmit, but inside and outside fluid interchange performance of intensified heat exchange tube bundle and effectively reduction fluid flow pumps merit consumption, and then improved the hot validity of heat exchanger greatly, reach high efficient heat exchanging and purpose of energy saving.
Claims (6)
1. the tree-shaped formula cross-current of " worker " shape heat exchanger, comprise heat-exchanging tube bundle, housing (6), bobbin carriage and tube sheet, described bobbin carriage and tube sheet are positioned at the both sides of housing, the two ends of described heat-exchanging tube bundle are fixed on the tube sheet, and pass described tube sheet and be communicated with bobbin carriage, it is characterized in that: described heat-exchanging tube bundle is " worker " shape tree, described " worker " shape tree comprises a tree-shaped cellular construction at least, described tree-shaped cellular construction comprises two-layer tree heat-exchanging tube bundle and terminal connecting pipe (10), is connected by terminal connecting pipe (10) between the final stage branch port of two-layer tree heat-exchanging tube bundle.
2. the tree-shaped formula cross-current of " worker " according to claim 1 shape heat exchanger, it is characterized in that: described every layer of tree heat-exchanging tube bundle constitutes by main connecting pipe (4) and " worker " shape lateral (11), sprawl with planar fashion and to come, have two-stage branch at least, every grade of pipeline is connecting the bifurcated number
N=2 next stage pipeline, and angle of forking is 180 degree.
3. the tree-shaped formula cross-current of " worker " according to claim 1 and 2 shape heat exchanger is characterized in that: the cross sectional shape of described heat-exchanging tube bundle is rectangle, circle, trapezoidal or triangle.
4. the tree-shaped formula cross-current of " worker " according to claim 1 shape heat exchanger, it is characterized in that: the array element structure of described " worker " shape tree for constituting by two described tree-shaped cellular construction series connection at least, two main connecting pipes (4) direction of tree-shaped cellular construction is opposite, directly be connected between each tree-shaped cellular construction, and all tree heat-exchanging tube bundles are positioned on two parallel planes respectively by main connecting pipe (4).
5. the tree-shaped formula cross-current of " worker " according to claim 1 shape heat exchanger is characterized in that: described " worker " shape tree is the heat-exchanging tube bundle arranged in arrays structure that described array element structure constitutes along the postpone of described housing (6) square array cloth.
6. the tree-shaped formula cross-current of " worker " according to claim 1 shape heat exchanger is characterized in that: the superior and the subordinate's branched bottom length ratio of described " worker " shape tree branch is
N -1/
d , the length fractal dimension
dGet greater than 1 and smaller or equal to 3 real number; The superior and the subordinate's branched bottom diameter ratio of described " worker " shape tree branch is
N -1/
D ' , the diameter fractal dimension
D 'Get more than or equal to 7/3 and smaller or equal to 3 real number.
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| CN 201110030424 CN102080937A (en) | 2011-01-28 | 2011-01-28 | I-shaped tree type cross flow heat exchanger |
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|---|---|---|---|
| CN 201110030424 CN102080937A (en) | 2011-01-28 | 2011-01-28 | I-shaped tree type cross flow heat exchanger |
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Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102434931A (en) * | 2011-12-23 | 2012-05-02 | 东南大学 | Heat exchange system of outdoor air and underground constant zone of subsurface temperature |
| CN103017418A (en) * | 2012-12-14 | 2013-04-03 | 上海交通大学 | Inflation-type compound-channel evaporator for solar direct-expansion heat pump water heater |
| CN105258533A (en) * | 2015-11-17 | 2016-01-20 | 中国科学院上海高等研究院 | Shell-and-tube heat exchanger of fractal structure |
| CN106767018A (en) * | 2016-11-30 | 2017-05-31 | 中国科学院上海高等研究院 | Couple the fractal fork structure heat exchanger of jacket type |
| CN107146938A (en) * | 2017-06-19 | 2017-09-08 | 电子科技大学 | A kind of microchannel cold plates structure |
| CN109579575A (en) * | 2018-11-16 | 2019-04-05 | 大连海事大学 | Divide shape channel printed circuit sheet heat exchanger |
| CN109751903A (en) * | 2017-11-08 | 2019-05-14 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | It is a kind of based on the Thermal Performance of Micro Channels device of hollow foam material and its application |
| CN111336724A (en) * | 2020-03-09 | 2020-06-26 | 云南师范大学 | Confluence device for immersion type static ice-making micro-tube evaporator |
| CN111351165A (en) * | 2016-08-17 | 2020-06-30 | 东南大学 | Compartment fractal ice storage tank |
| CN114136124A (en) * | 2021-12-08 | 2022-03-04 | 浙江微流纳米生物技术有限公司 | Sanitary-grade microporous heat exchanger based on 3D printing |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102434931A (en) * | 2011-12-23 | 2012-05-02 | 东南大学 | Heat exchange system of outdoor air and underground constant zone of subsurface temperature |
| CN103017418A (en) * | 2012-12-14 | 2013-04-03 | 上海交通大学 | Inflation-type compound-channel evaporator for solar direct-expansion heat pump water heater |
| CN103017418B (en) * | 2012-12-14 | 2015-05-20 | 上海交通大学 | Inflation-type compound-channel evaporator for solar direct-expansion heat pump water heater |
| CN105258533A (en) * | 2015-11-17 | 2016-01-20 | 中国科学院上海高等研究院 | Shell-and-tube heat exchanger of fractal structure |
| CN111351165B (en) * | 2016-08-17 | 2021-09-07 | 东南大学 | Compartment fractal ice storage tank |
| CN111351165A (en) * | 2016-08-17 | 2020-06-30 | 东南大学 | Compartment fractal ice storage tank |
| CN106767018B (en) * | 2016-11-30 | 2019-03-22 | 上海簇睿低碳能源技术有限公司 | The fractal for coupling jacket type pitches structure heat exchanger |
| CN106767018A (en) * | 2016-11-30 | 2017-05-31 | 中国科学院上海高等研究院 | Couple the fractal fork structure heat exchanger of jacket type |
| CN107146938A (en) * | 2017-06-19 | 2017-09-08 | 电子科技大学 | A kind of microchannel cold plates structure |
| CN109751903A (en) * | 2017-11-08 | 2019-05-14 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | It is a kind of based on the Thermal Performance of Micro Channels device of hollow foam material and its application |
| CN109751903B (en) * | 2017-11-08 | 2020-05-15 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | Micro-channel heat exchange device based on hollow foam material and application thereof |
| CN109579575A (en) * | 2018-11-16 | 2019-04-05 | 大连海事大学 | Divide shape channel printed circuit sheet heat exchanger |
| CN109579575B (en) * | 2018-11-16 | 2023-09-19 | 大连海事大学 | Fractal Channel Printed Circuit Board Heat Exchanger |
| CN111336724A (en) * | 2020-03-09 | 2020-06-26 | 云南师范大学 | Confluence device for immersion type static ice-making micro-tube evaporator |
| CN114136124A (en) * | 2021-12-08 | 2022-03-04 | 浙江微流纳米生物技术有限公司 | Sanitary-grade microporous heat exchanger based on 3D printing |
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Application publication date: 20110601 |