CN102022147A

CN102022147A - Cam and internal combustion engine gas distribution mechanism containing cam

Info

Publication number: CN102022147A
Application number: CN2009100934532A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 陆子平; 武凤荣; 胡国锐; 刘永亮; 苏方旭
Original assignee: Beiqi Foton Motor Co Ltd
Current assignee: Beiqi Foton Motor Co Ltd
Priority date: 2009-09-21
Filing date: 2009-09-21
Publication date: 2011-04-20
Anticipated expiration: 2029-09-21
Also published as: CN102022147B

Abstract

The present invention discloses a cam, a profile line of which comprises an arc which belongs to a basic circle and a stroke curve connecting two end points of the arc. The stroke curve comprises a rise portion and a return portion, wherein a rise angle corresponding to the rise portion is smaller than a return angle corresponding to the return portion. The present invention also discloses an internal combustion engine gas distribution mechanism, which comprises a camshaft and a valve stem assembly. The valve stem assembly comprises a valve stem and a resilient device. The resilient device is connected with the valve stem and exerts the elastic force on the valve stem for the purpose of compacting the valve stem on the camshaft. The camshaft comprises a main camshaft body and the cam installed on the main camshaft body. The camshaft drives the valve stem via the cam to make linear movement. The cam on the camshaft is the cam provided in the present invention. According to the technical scheme provided by the invention, the valve seating is delayed, so that the interference to detonation sensors can be avoided, even if the valve stem is seated ahead of time due to the adoption of the variable timing technology.

Description

A kind of cam and the I. C engine distribution mechanism that comprises this cam

Technical field

The I. C engine distribution mechanism that the present invention relates to a kind of cam and comprise this cam.

Background technique

As everyone knows, in field of internal combustion engine, firing angle is the one of the main reasons that causes pinking too in advance.This be because, in order to make piston after compression top center finishes, one enters power stroke can obtain power immediately, usually all can reach the budc premature ignition at piston, and the igniting of too doing sth. in advance can make piston also when compression stroke, most of oil gas burns, and this moment, unburned oil gas can bear great pressure spontaneous combustion, and caused pinking.

Therefore, in order in time to monitor the situation that pinking takes place in the internal combustion engine operation process, the cylinder body of motor is provided with detonation sensor usually, by gathering the oscillating signal of cylinder body, determines whether internal-combustion engine phenomenon of detonation occurs.This detonation sensor is electrically connected with ECU, gives ECU with the electrical signal transfer of gathering, thereby the igniting by ECU control spark plug so that excessive ignition advance angle is adjusted, thereby prevents the generation of pinking.Detonation sensor is gathered the time zone of oscillating signal usually in expansion stroke.

Fig. 1 represents the schematic representation of the valve stem of the intake valve of a cylinder (as 3 cylinders) in the motor with the displacement of camshaft rotation.In system of coordinates shown in Figure 1, abscissa is represented the angle of swing of camshaft, and y coordinate is represented the displacement S of the valve stem of intake valve, wherein, the angle of swing of camshaft is 0 when spending, and the valve stem displacement S maximum of intake valve (promptly, intake valve is opened fully, and this cylinder is in the aspirating stroke).Curve D is represented the change procedure by the displacement of the valve stem of the intake valve of conventional camshaft-actuated.

For this cylinder, after finishing aspirating stroke, intake valve need be closed, to carry out compression stroke.As shown in Figure 1, the displacement when straight line L represents that valve stem is taken a seat is S0, and the distance between this moment valve stem and the valve seat is the valve clearance.The intersection point G of straight line L and curve D (dotted line is represented) is illustrated in this intersection point G place valve stem and moves to the position that stroke is S0 (being that valve stem is taken a seat at a G).

Meanwhile, because motor has multi-cylinder usually, a cylinder (as 3 cylinders) is when carrying out aspirating stroke therein, and another cylinder (as 1 cylinder, the ignition order of motor is 1-3-4-2) probably can be in the expansion stroke.In order to obtain the signal of pinking exactly, detonation sensor carries out in the expansion stroke process vibration signal to cylinder block at each cylinder respectively usually and gathers.For example, as shown in Figure 1, in that to carry out the zone that pinking surveys be regional F (this moment, 1 cylinder carried out expansion stroke) to being in 1 cylinder in the expansion stroke, in the F of this zone, 3 cylinders are carrying out aspirating stroke.

Can clearly be seen that in Fig. 1 generally, the point that the designer takes a seat valve stem is designed to: in a cylinder (as 3 cylinders), the some G that the valve stem of appearance is taken a seat does not fall into the search coverage F of detonation sensor to another cylinder (as 1 cylinder).This is in order to prevent vibration influence detonation sensor that taking a seat of valve stem in the cylinder (as 3 cylinders) the produced detection accuracy to another cylinder (as 1 cylinder).

Yet,,,, adopted Variable Valve Timing more and more in the motor at present to obtain desirable power and moment of torsion for motor is in time adjusted to intake valve according to working condition along with development of technology.Adjust the working state of motor by the moment that changes IC Intake Valve Closes.Specifically, can the retarded admission door close, thereby when high rotating speed, increase charging efficiency, helping the raising of peak output, but then unfavorable to low speed and middling speed performance; Can also shift to an earlier date closing of intake valve, thereby can prevent that gas is pushed back suction tude, help improving Maximum Torque, but reduced peak output.

Therefore, under some operating mode, intake valve can be closed in advance.As shown in Figure 1, curve E (dotted line is represented) expression intake valve is closed the schematic representation of the displacement of valve stem under the situation in advance.In this case, a cylinder (as 3 cylinders) of motor is closed intake valve in advance, promptly takes a seat at the intersection point H place of curve E and straight line L intake valve.But detonation sensor remains unchanged usually to the search coverage of another cylinder (as 1 cylinder).Thereby can produce such problem: in the cylinder (as 3 cylinders) of motor during the taking a seat of valve stem (some H as shown in fig. 1) fall in the search coverage (regional F as shown in fig. 1) of detonation sensor to another cylinder (as 1 cylinder), the interference of the vibrations that produce thereby detonation sensor can be subjected to taking a seat, cause detonation sensor not survey the pinking situation of motor exactly, and then influence the proper functioning of motor, even cause violent pinking.

Therefore, for the motor that adopts the variable timing technology, need a kind of technical measures that can avoid detonation sensor is caused interference.

Summary of the invention

The objective of the invention is to overcome in the conventional engines and may cause the defective of interference, and a kind of I. C engine distribution mechanism of in the conventional engines detonation sensor being caused the cam of interference and comprises this cam can avoided is provided detonation sensor.

According to an aspect of the present invention, a kind of cam is provided, the stroke curve that the wide molded lines of this cam comprises the arc that belongs to basic circle and connects two end points of this arc, the trip curve comprises lift part and backhaul part, wherein, the lift angle of described lift part correspondence is less than described backhaul part corresponding return angle.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a kind of I. C engine distribution mechanism also is provided, this distribution device comprises camshaft and valve bar assembly, described valve stem assembly comprises valve stem and elastic device, this elastic device is connected with described valve stem and described valve stem is applied the elastic force that this valve stem is pressed in described camshaft, described camshaft comprises camshaft main body and the cam that is installed on this camshaft main body, described camshaft is done linear moving by the described valve stem of this cam drive, and the cam of described camshaft is an above-mentioned cam provided by the present invention.

The present inventor finds that the cam that is used for the distribution device of available engine mostly has the wide molded lines of symmetry, thereby the time of lift process was equated with the time of backhaul process.When adopting the variable timing technology, the moment that (as mentioned above) can make valve stem take a seat under some operating mode carries out in advance, and the moment that the valve stem that makes a cylinder in the motor is taken a seat falls in the search coverage F of detonation engine to another cylinder, thereby causes the interference to detonation sensor.

According to cam provided by the present invention and the I. C engine distribution mechanism that comprises this cam, because the backhaul angle is greater than the lift angle in the cam contour molded lines, and the lift process is valve stem is opened valve (as intake valve or exhaust valve) away from the basic circle center of circle a process, the backhaul process is valve stem is closed valve near the basic circle center of circle a process, therefore by making the lift angle less than the backhaul angle, can make valve from be closed to fully time of opening fully less than valve from opening and turn back to the time of closing fully fully.Therefore, compare with traditional distribution device, because valve is prolonged from being opened to the time of closing fully fully, the taking a seat constantly of valve stem in advance even if adopt the variable timing technology also can make the moment that valve stem is taken a seat in the cylinder (as 3 cylinders) of motor avoid the search coverage F of detonation sensor to another cylinder (as 1 cylinder).Thereby the I. C engine distribution mechanism that utilizes cam provided by the present invention and comprise this cam can be avoided the interference to detonation sensor.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is the valve stem of the intake valve of a cylinder in the expression motor schematic representation with the displacement of camshaft rotation, represented that also detonation sensor is to the relativeness between the displacement of the search coverage F of another cylinder and valve stem;

Fig. 2 is the planimetric map of wide molded lines of the cam of a preferred embodiment of the invention;

Fig. 3 is the schematic representation of displacement of the driven member of cam according to an embodiment of the present; And

Fig. 4 is the structural representation according to the I. C engine distribution mechanism of one embodiment of the present invention.

Embodiment

Below with reference to accompanying drawing the present invention is described in detail.

Stroke curve C ' the AC that the wide molded lines of cam provided by the present invention comprises the arc C ' A ' C that belongs to basic circle and connects two end points of this arc C ' A ' C, the trip curve C ' AC comprise the lift portion C ' B ' A and backhaul part A BC, wherein, described lift portion C ' the lift angle ∠ C ' OA of B ' A correspondence is less than described backhaul part A BC corresponding return angle ∠ AOC.

As shown in Figure 2, the wide molded lines of cam provided by the present invention comprises the stroke curve C ' AC that arc C ' A ' C and two end points C ' with this arc C ' A ' C are connected with C.Arc C ' A ' C belongs to basic circle (being represented by dotted lines) in Fig. 2, be a part of circular arc of this basic circle.When driven member (as push rod, perhaps that valve stem etc. in the distribution device) when contacting with arc C ' A ' C, this driven member can be along with the rotation of cam linear moving, this driven member is near stopping.When driven member contacted with the stroke curve C ' AC of cam, along with the rotation of cam, driven member can be done linear moving under the driving of this cam, will finish lift process and backhaul process at least.

The lift angle ∠ C ' OA of B ' A correspondence that stroke curve C ' AC comprises the lift portion C ' B ' A and backhaul part A BC, wherein, described lift portion C ' is less than described backhaul part A BC corresponding return angle ∠ AOC.

That is to say, when driven member and lift portion C ' when B ' A contacted, driven member can carry out lift process (also can be described as rise) along with the rotation of cam, and in the lift process, driven member is more and more far away apart from the distance of basic circle centre point O.After driven member was finished the lift process, driven member apart from the distance of the centre point O of basic circle farthest.When driven member contacted with backhaul part A BC, driven member can carry out the backhaul process along with the rotation of cam, and in the backhaul process, driven member was near more originally apart from the distance of basic circle centre point O, contacted with arc C ' A ' C up to driven member and entered near stopping.

Though expression lift portion C among Fig. 2 ' B ' A is connected by putting an A with backhaul part A BC, but this A also can be replaced by a circular arc, this circular arc is the center of circle with the center of circle O of basic circle, therefore, under driven member and situation that this circular arc contacts, when cam rotated, it is motionless that this driven member keeps, and promptly is in far away stopping.

The wide molded lines of cam provided by the present invention mainly is with respect to the improvement of the conventional cam that is used for motor: the lift portion C ' the lift angle ∠ C ' OA of B ' A correspondence is less than backhaul part A BC corresponding return angle ∠ AOC.Therefore, when this cam is applied to control the valve of motor, can make valve from be closed to fully the asynchronism(-nization) of opening fully in valve from opening and return to the time of closing fully fully.Thereby, valve is prolonged from being opened to the time of closing fully fully, the taking a seat constantly of valve stem in advance even if adopt the variable timing technology also can make the moment that valve stem is taken a seat in the cylinder (as 3 cylinders) of motor avoid the search coverage F of detonation sensor to another cylinder (as 1 cylinder).

Preferably, lift portion C ' the lift angle ∠ C ' OA of B ' A correspondence be 80 degree to 100 degree, help reducing the exhaust gas recirculation of (when intake valve and exhaust valve are in opening state simultaneously) when valve is folded to be opened, thereby improve the performance of motor.Preferably, backhaul part A BC corresponding return angle ∠ AOC is that 100 degree are to 120 degree, the vibration that produces in the time of can avoiding air valve drop by the bigger backhaul angle of employing causes adverse effect to the pinking judgement of other cylinders, guarantee that adopting the variable timing technology intake valve being taken a seat the situation that pinking is disturbed can not occur yet when shifting to an earlier date, thereby can judge pinking effectively, improve engine efficiency to take bigger ignition advance angle.

Preferably, described lift portion C ' B ' A correspondence lift angle ∠ C ' OA than described backhaul part A BC corresponding return angle ∠ AOC little 20 the degree to 30 the degree.

Further preferably, described lift portion C ' the lift angle ∠ C ' OA of B ' A correspondence is 90 degree, described backhaul part A BC corresponding return angle ∠ AOC is 110 degree.Therefore, when valve stem during as driven member, this valve stem (is opened) needed time ratio valve stem and (is closed) the needed time from opening fully and returning to fully will lack the backhaul process from being closed to fully fully in the lift process, thereby in the motor that adopts the variable timing technology, make the moment that valve stem is taken a seat in the cylinder (as 3 cylinders) of motor avoid the search coverage F of detonation sensor to another cylinder (as 1 cylinder).

Preferably, as shown in Figure 2, lift portion C ' B ' A comprise first curve C ' B ' and second curve B ' A, backhaul part A BC comprises the 3rd curve A B and the 4th curve B C, described first curve C ' B ', second curve B ' A, the 3rd curve A B is connected successively with the 4th curve B C, in the distance of the center of circle O of the arbitrfary point of described stroke curve C ' AC and described basic circle, at least the second curve B ' distance of the tie point A of A and the 3rd curve A B and the center of circle O of basic circle (allowing driven member to exist under the situation of stopping state far away farthest, second curve B ' A can link together with the concentric circular arc of basic circle by one section, in this case, tie point A be in this circular arc a bit), second curve B ' A be mutually symmetrical and second curve B with respect to the line of described center of circle O and tie point A with the 3rd curve A B ' lift that A is corresponding equates with the 3rd curve A B corresponding return.In this exterior feature molded lines, because second curve B ' A is mutually symmetrical with respect to the line of described center of circle O and tie point A with the 3rd curve A B, makes a part among the stroke curve C ' AC for symmetrical, thus be convenient to the manufacturing of cam.

And, ' A be mutually symmetrical and second curve B with the 3rd curve A B ' lift that A is corresponding equates with the 3rd curve A B corresponding return because second curve B, therefore, when this cam is applied to air-intake of combustion engine mechanism, valve stem as driven member can in time return from the position of opening fully, the aperture of guaranteeing valve (as intake valve) is in suitable degree, in order to avoid influence the carrying out of follow-up stroke (as compression stroke).

In addition, in order to satisfy in the cam of the present invention the backhaul angle, preferably, first curve C greater than the requirement at lift angle ' central angle alpha of the described basic circle that B ' is corresponding is less than the central angle β of the described basic circle of the 4th curve B C correspondence.As shown in Figure 2, first curve C ' B ' have the first end points C ' and second terminal B ', the 4th curve B C has the 3rd terminal B and the 4th end points C, said first curve C here ' central angle alpha of the described basic circle that B ' is corresponding is meant the angle of straight line OC ' and straight line OB ', i.e. ∠ C ' OB '; The central angle β of the described basic circle of the 4th curve B C correspondence is meant the angle of straight line OC and straight line OB, i.e. ∠ BOC.

That is to say, by making first curve C ' central angle alpha of the described basic circle that B ' is corresponding realizes the requirement of backhaul angle greater than the lift angle less than the central angle β of the described basic circle of the 4th curve B C correspondence.Specifically can be with reference to figure 2, in Fig. 2, backhaul angle ∠ AOC=∠ AOB+ β; Lift angle ∠ C ' OA=∠ AOB '+α.Because second curve B ' A and the 3rd curve A B are mutually symmetrical with respect to the line of described center of circle O and tie point A, so ∠ AOB=∠ AOB '.Therefore, by making β＞α, can satisfy the condition of backhaul angle ∠ AOC＞∠ C ' OA.

Preferably, first curve C ' central angle alpha of the described basic circle that B ' is corresponding is that 20 degree are to 40 degree.Preferably, the central angle β of the described basic circle of the 4th curve B C correspondence is that 50 degree are to 70 degree.

Further preferably, first curve C ' central angle alpha of the described basic circle that B ' is corresponding is 30 degree, the central angle β of the described basic circle of the 4th curve B C correspondence is 60 degree.

Figure 3 shows that the schematic representation of displacement of the driven member of cam according to an embodiment of the invention, wherein, with the A point of cam contour molded lines and driven member (as valve stem) when contacting (the stroke maximum of the driven member of cam at this moment) be 0 degree of cam angle of swing.By this Fig. 3 as can be seen, the parameter of cam contour molded lines is: the lift of driven member is 20mm, the lift angle is 90 degree, the backhaul angle is that (the present invention is not limited to this concrete parameter to 110 degree, the lift of driven member, lift angle, backhaul angle can be according to concrete operating mode and design alternative in addition only exemplarily be illustrated here).Can find out significantly that by this Fig. 3 the backhaul angle is than big 20 degree in lift angle, therefore, driven member carries out the required time of lift process less than carrying out the required time of backhaul process.

When cam provided by the present invention is applied to the gas distribution system of internal-combustion engine, postponed as moment of taking a seat of the valve stem of this cam follower, specifically as shown in Figure 1.In system of coordinates shown in Figure 1, abscissa is represented the angle of swing of camshaft, y coordinate is represented the stroke S of the valve stem of intake valve, wherein, the angle of swing of camshaft be 0 when spending (at this moment, valve stem contacts with A point in the cam contour molded lines), the displacement S maximum (that is, intake valve is opened fully) of the valve stem of intake valve.Curve D ' expression is by the change procedure of the displacement of the valve stem of the intake valve of the camshaft actuated with cam provided by the present invention.

As mentioned above, curve D is represented the change procedure by the displacement of the valve stem of the intake valve of conventional camshaft-actuated.Curve D can be known and finds out in Fig. 1, for the valve stem by conventional camshaft-actuated, valve stem is that zero position (the camshaft angle of swing is 90 degree) need rotate through 90 degree (being that the backhaul angle is 90 degree) from position (the camshaft angle of swing is 0 degree) the arrival displacement that valve stem has maximum displacement.And reference curve D ' as can be known, for valve stem, because valve stem is that zero position (the camshaft angle of swing is 110 degree) need rotate through 110 degree (being that the backhaul angle is 110 degree) from position (the camshaft angle of swing is 0 degree) the arrival displacement that valve stem has maximum displacement by camshaft actuated with cam provided by the invention.

Obviously,, thereby the backhaul angle of driven member is prolonged, make as the valve stem of driven member longer to the time of recovering complete closing state again from the state of opening fully by the wide molded lines of change cam.

Therefore, when adopting the variable timing technology, make closing in advance of valve (as intake valve), shown in curve E ', this curve E ' expression intake valve is closed under the situation in advance, adopts the displacement diagram of valve stem of the camshaft of cam of the present invention.In this case, a cylinder (as 3 cylinders) of motor is closed intake valve in advance, promptly locates intake valve at the intersection point H ' of curve E ' and straight line L and takes a seat.

Since prolonged valve stem from full open position to the time of recovering complete closing state again, therefore, intersection point H ' does not fall in the search coverage of detonation sensor to another cylinder, thereby can not make detonation sensor be subjected to that valve stem is taken a seat and the interference of the vibrations that produce.

More than to the wide molded lines of cam provided by the present invention, and how to overcome the defective that exists in traditional motor when cam of the present invention is applied to valve stem and describe in detail.Below the I. C engine distribution mechanism of above-mentioned cam that comprises provided by the invention is described in detail.

I. C engine distribution mechanism provided by the present invention comprises camshaft 100 and valve stem assembly 200, described valve stem assembly 200 comprises valve stem 201 and elastic device, this elastic device is connected with described valve stem 201 and described valve stem 201 is applied the elastic force that this valve stem 201 is pressed in described camshaft 100, described camshaft 100 comprises camshaft main body and the cam 101 that is installed on this camshaft main body, described camshaft 100 is done linear moving by the described valve stem 201 of this cam drive, and the cam 101 of described camshaft 100 is an above-mentioned cam provided by the present invention.

This I. C engine distribution mechanism improvements main with respect to traditional I. C engine distribution mechanism are the improvement of the cam 101 of camshaft 100, above-mentioned feature about cam of the present invention can be combined in the camshaft of I. C engine distribution mechanism in any way, to realize that I. C engine distribution mechanism is according to the change of different operating modes to the displacement of valve stem.Therefore, except needs adopted cam provided by the invention, the miscellaneous part of the I. C engine distribution mechanism here and annexation thereof can be with reference to the distribution devices in traditional motor.Below describe in detail, just repeat no more here to the wide molded lines of cam and to the influence of driven member displacement.

Though in above description, be incorporated into mainly that valve sets forth principle of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to this, above-mentioned cam provided by the present invention and I. C engine distribution mechanism both can be applicable to intake valve, also can be applicable to exhaust valve, those skilled in the art can be according to the requirements of actual conditions and are selected.

Though above the specific embodiment of the present invention is described in detail; but those skilled in the art should be understood that; the present invention is not limited to this; above-mentioned each feature can be used with the any-mode of independent and/or combination in the zone of reasonableness that those skilled in the art understand, and protection scope of the present invention is limited by claims.

Claims

1. cam, the wide molded lines of this cam comprises the arc that belongs to basic circle (C ' A ' C) and connects the stroke curve of two end points of this arc (C ' A ' C) (C ' AC), the trip curve (C ' AC) comprises lift part (C ' B ' A) and backhaul partly (ABC), it is characterized in that the corresponding lift angle (∠ C ' OA) of described lift part (C ' B ' A) is less than described backhaul part (ABC) corresponding return angle (∠ AOC).

2. cam according to claim 1, wherein, the corresponding lift angle (∠ C ' OA) of described lift part (C ' B ' A) is that 80 degree are to 100 degree.

3. cam according to claim 2, wherein, described backhaul part (ABC) corresponding return angle (∠ AOC) is that 100 degree are to 120 degree.

4. cam according to claim 3 is characterized in that, the corresponding lift angle (∠ C ' OA) of described lift part (C ' B ' A) than little 20 degree in described backhaul part (ABC) corresponding return angle (∠ AOC) to 30 degree.

5. cam according to claim 3, wherein, the corresponding lift angle (∠ C ' OA) of described lift part (C ' B ' A) is 90 degree, described backhaul part (ABC) corresponding return angle (∠ AOC) is 110 degree.

6. according to any described cam among the claim 1-4, wherein, described lift part (C ' B ' A) comprises first curve (C ' B ') and second curve (B ' A), described backhaul part (ABC) comprises the 3rd curve (AB) and the 4th curve (BC), described first curve (C ' B '), second curve (B ' A), the 3rd curve (AB) is connected successively with the 4th curve (BC), in the distance in the center of circle (O) of the arbitrfary point of described stroke curve (C ' AC) and described basic circle, the tie point (A) of described at least second curve (B ' A) and described the 3rd curve (AB) and the distance in the center of circle (O) of described basic circle farthest, described second curve (B ' A) and the 3rd curve (AB) are mutually symmetrical with respect to the line of the described center of circle (O) and tie point (A) and the corresponding lift of described second curve (B ' A) equates with the 3rd curve (AB) corresponding return.

7. cam according to claim 6, wherein, the central angle (α) of the described basic circle that described first curve (C ' B ') is corresponding is that 20 degree are to 40 degree.

8. cam according to claim 7, wherein, the central angle (β) of the described basic circle that described the 4th curve (BC) is corresponding is that 50 degree are to 70 degree.

9. cam according to claim 8, wherein, the central angle (α) of the described basic circle that described first curve (C ' B ') is corresponding is 30 degree, the central angle (β) of the described basic circle that described the 4th curve (BC) is corresponding is 60 degree.

10. the distribution device of an internal-combustion engine, this distribution device comprises camshaft (100) and valve stem assembly (200), described valve stem assembly (200) comprises valve stem (201) and elastic device, this elastic device is connected with described valve stem (201) and described valve stem (201) is applied the elastic force that this valve stem (201) is pressed in described camshaft (100), described camshaft (100) comprises camshaft main body and the cam (101) that is installed on this camshaft main body, described camshaft (100) is done linear moving by the described valve stem of this cam drive (201), it is characterized in that the cam (101) of described camshaft (100) is any described cam among the claim 1-9.