CN102002611B - Free-cutting white brass alloy and manufacture method thereof - Google Patents
Free-cutting white brass alloy and manufacture method thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN102002611B CN102002611B CN 201010511166 CN201010511166A CN102002611B CN 102002611 B CN102002611 B CN 102002611B CN 201010511166 CN201010511166 CN 201010511166 CN 201010511166 A CN201010511166 A CN 201010511166A CN 102002611 B CN102002611 B CN 102002611B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- copper
- alloy
- bismuth
- manganese
- percent
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Landscapes
- Adornments (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a free-cutting white brass alloy prepared from the following main elements in percentage by weight: 58-68 percent of copper, 0.5-2.5 percent of bismuth, 8.0-15 percent of manganese, 0.1-2.0 percent of aluminum and the balance of zinc and inevitable impurities which are not larger than 0.5 percent by weight. The selective elements comprise one or two of iron and tin, and the total content of iron and tin is not larger than 0.5 percent by weight. The manufacture method comprises the following steps of: adding electrolytic copper, copper bismuth alloy, aluminum wires and the selective elements of iron and tin to an industrial frequency electric furnace at 1030-1080 DEG C and melting; adding pure manganese when the furnace temperature is increased to above 1150-1160 DEG C and adding the copper-bismuth alloy and the electrolytic zinc when the furnace temperature is decreased to 1050-1080 DEG C; fully stirring for 10min after the materials are fully molten; and transferring the melt to a holding furnace at 1050-1100 DEG C to be horizontally and continuously cast into a copper-nickel alloy cast ingot. In the invention the copper is regulated into white by manganese, the cutting performance of the copper alloy is improved by bismuth, the erosion resistance of the alloy is improved by aluminum, therefore, the alloy is lead-free and nickel-free and avoids damaging environment and injuring human beings in the electroplating process.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of white brass alloys and manufacture method thereof, particularly a kind of easy cutting white brass alloys and manufacture method thereof.
Background technology
Existing key blank, electric connector and some Meter Parts all are as raw material with brass or copper-nickel alloy.When take brass as raw material, often need to electroplate one deck nickel or tin, guarantee that above product has silvery white beautiful outward appearance, and coating can improve the corrosion resistance nature of these products.But this Production Flow Chart is longer, and the consumption energy and resource are more, and the electroplate liquid in the electroplating process is unfavorable to environment protection and health of human body, in addition, after the coating wearing and tearing, the easy rust corrosion of these products.When take copper-nickel alloy as raw material, Production Flow Chart is shorter, need not carry out electroplating processes.But copper-nickel alloy contains part of nickel, and material cost is high, and nickel element has sensitivity response and carcinogenic tendency to human body.Thereby in the alloy material that developed countries has limited with human body contacts nickel content and appeal to cancel the use of the nickeliferous product that directly contacts with human body.
Not nickeliferous silvery white copper alloy has all been invented by Germany, Japan, China at present, disclosed a kind of patent of invention " alloy in Chinese patent application number 97114874.0 specification sheetss for example wherein, in particular for making the alloy of the things such as frame, jewellery ", the a kind of without the Alpaka material of German Bel Ken Huofu company invention, its manufacture method is: Zn 3.0-7.0%, Mn 8.0-13.0%, Fe 0.5-3.5%, Al 4.5-8.0%, the Cu surplus.And for example disclosed a kind of patent of invention " white copper alloy without nickel " in application number 00106848.2 specification sheets is a kind of white copper alloy without nickel of Japanese YKK Co., Ltd invention, is a kind of by general formula Cu
aZn
bMn
cAl
dOr Cu
aZn
bMn
cAl
dX
eThe white copper alloy without nickel of expression, wherein X is selected from least a element of Si, Ti and Cr.B, c, d and e represent that respectively scope is as follows, 0.5≤b＜5,7≤c≤17, and 0.5≤d≤4,0＜e≤0.3, and a represents surplus.
Below not nickeliferous copper alloy can make copper alloy reach silvery white, but these alloys Cu content is higher, and material cost is still higher, and these alloy cutting abilities are relatively poor, can not adapt to the high speed machine processing conditions, and cutting surface is crude simultaneously.Therefore, a kind of low cost, silvery white, free machining copper alloy Substitute For Partial copper-nickel alloy and brass are developed in an urgent demand both at home and abroad.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to provide for the above-mentioned state of the art a kind of low-cost and easy-to cutting white copper alloy and manufacture method thereof of environmental protection.
Technical scheme of the present invention is:
A kind of easy cutting white brass alloys, it comprises principal element and selective elements, it is characterized in that principal element group composition and ratio 58～68wt% copper, 0.5～2.5wt% bismuth, 8.0～15wt% manganese, 0.1～2.0wt% aluminium, surplus is zinc and inevitable impurity, inevitably total impurities is not more than 0.5wt%, selective elements comprises a kind or 2 kinds in iron, the tin, and the selective elements total content is not more than 0.5wt%.
A kind of manufacture method of easy cutting white brass alloys, its feature may further comprise the steps:
A, by designing weight percent with electrolytic copper, aluminium wire and selective elements iron and tin, add temperature melting in 1030～1080 ℃ of main frequency furnaces, furnace temperature adds pure manganese when being increased to more than 1150～1160 ℃, add Guillaume metal and electrolytic zinc when furnace temperature is down to 1050～1080 ℃ after pure manganese melting fully, after material all melts, fully stirred 10 minutes;
B, melt changed over to be incubated that horizontal casting becomes the copper-nickel alloy alloy cast ingot in 1050～1100 ℃ holding furnace;
C, the above-mentioned copper-nickel alloy alloy cast ingot that has cooled off is heated to 570～700 ℃ carries out hot extrusion;
D, product drawn, stress relief annealing, aligning, polishing after will pushing become finished product.
As improvement, a kind of easy cutting white brass alloys composition and ratio can be preferably 60～65wt% copper, 1.0～2.0wt% bismuth, 8.0～15.0wt% manganese, 0.1～2.0wt% aluminium, surplus is zinc and inevitable impurity, inevitably total impurities is not more than 0.5wt%, selective elements comprises a kind or 2 kinds in iron, the tin, and the selective elements total content is not more than 0.5wt%.
Improve again, a kind of easy cutting white brass alloys composition and ratio can be preferably 60～65wt% copper, 1.5～2.2wt% bismuth, 10.0～15.0wt% manganese, 0.1～2.0wt% aluminium, surplus is zinc and inevitable impurity, inevitably total impurities is not more than 0.5wt%, selective elements comprises a kind or 2 kinds in iron, the tin, and the selective elements total content is 0.5～2.0wt% of this alloy.
Improve, the pure manganese of described adding is laminar electrolytic manganese again, so that rapidly fusing.
Improve, described extrusion processing rate should be not less than 80%, to reach Grain Refinement Effect again.
Improve, described stress relief annealing temperature is 300～400 ℃ again.
The copper content 58～68wt% of a kind of easy cutting white brass alloys of the present invention.Copper content is silvery white in color when being lower than 58wt%, but cold-forming property is poor, easily fracture in the drawing process, and the unit elongation of finished product is low, and practical value is low.Copper content is little yellow when being higher than 68wt%, the β phase content is low, and hot workability is not good, and cutting ability reduces, and manufacturing cost increases.
Bismuth is the important factor that improves the alloy cutting ability, and the solid solubility of bismuth in copper is extremely low, and solid-state lower, bismuth is distributed on the matrix with second phase particles.Bismuth is crisp and fusing point is low, in alloy, form fine particle crisp, soft, disperse, therefore the existence of the bismuth short space that can be considered as producing in the alloy substrate, thus the continuity of having cut off matrix becomes stress raiser, in working angles, make the easy breaking releasing of smear metal, bismuth just has a large amount of soft bismuth particles to exist on the contact surface of blade during cutting, is equivalent to reduce the cutting lay area, so that tool wear reduces, cutting temperature and cutting force reduce, and reach free machining purpose.When bi content was lower than 0.5wt%, smear metal was longer, and lathe tool cutting force is larger, did not reach free machining purpose.When bi content was higher than 2.5wt%, cutting ability did not improve, and falling on the contrary low-alloyed processing characteristics increases production cost.
Manganese and copper can form displaced type sosoloid, and manganese does not change the tissue of brass basically, but can the intensity of brass and hardness be improved by solution strengthening, and significantly promote the solidity to corrosion to seawater, muriate and superheated vapour.Along with the increase of manganese content, color is yellow, white by xanthochromia by red stain gradually in the brass.When manganese content was lower than 8wt%, the alloy color was partially yellow, does not reach white level.When manganese content is higher than 15wt%, occur too much rich manganese phase in the alloy, hardness sharply raises, and causes
Processing difficulties.
The effect of aluminium is: form the stable oxide film of one deck at alloy surface, thereby improve Alloy Anti stress corrosion cracking performance.Simultaneously, aluminium also has solution strengthening, improves the effect of alloy mechanical characteristics.When aluminium is lower than 0.1wt%, to improving anti-stress corrosion performance and solid solution strengthening effect is not obvious; When aluminium during greater than 2.0wt%, form a large amount of β phases in the alloy, even the γ phase, worsen
Processing characteristics.
Iron mainly has been crystal grain thinning, the effect that stops grain growth, can improve softening temperature, gains in strength, and improves
Hot workability.Iron level can reduce corrosion resisting property during greater than 0.5wt%, and forms the hard point in alloy, the heavy wear lathe tool.
Tin can be solid-solubilized in the brass on a small quantity, separates out at crystal boundary and phase boundary place at process of setting tin, stops dendrite, promotes grain refining.Simultaneously it can also improve the state of bismuth in alloy, increases the infiltration angle of bismuth particle, impels bismuth to be converted into by the film attitude spherical, and distributes more that disperse all has.Owing to having improved form and the distribution of bismuth particle, and then make alloy in machining, easily form short chip breaking point, reduce the bonding of cutter head and workpiece and weldering and, have better cutting ability.In addition, a small amount of tin can be put forward heavy alloyed intensity and hardness, suppresses dezincification of brass, carries heavy alloyed anti-corrosion capability.When tin content is higher than 0.5wt%, fall on the contrary low-alloyed cutting ability, increase simultaneously material cost.
It is white by xanthochromia that the present invention regulates the brass color by manganese, puies forward heavy alloyed cutting ability with bismuth, improves the Alloy Anti stress corrosion performance with aluminium.The present invention does not compare with leaded brass, and color is white, can remove rear road electroplating work procedure, reduces Production Flow Chart, and is leaded and reduce electroplating process to the harm of environment and human body.The present invention compares with Alpaka, and cost is lower, and cutting ability is excellent, and not nickeliferous, has reduced the harm of nickel to health of human body.This alloy production technique is simple, can utilize the production unit manufacturing of existing brass alloys, does not need to increase new equipment.
Embodiment
Electrolytic copper, electrolytic zinc, fine aluminium silk and pure manganese are commercially available industrial raw material, and Guillaume metal can be made by oneself.
Below in conjunction with embodiment the present invention is elaborated.
At first press 58～68wt% copper, 8.0～15.0wt% manganese, 0.5～2.5wt% bismuth, 0.1～2.0wt% aluminium, a kind or 2 kinds in selective elements iron, the tin is up to 0.5wt%, and all the other are zinc and can not keep away
Impurity can not be kept away
Total impurities be not more than the composition proportion of 0.5wt%.At first preparing Guillaume metal, is 14% weight by bismuth, and surplus is copper and can not keeps away
Impurity, 1080～1100 ℃ of vacuum tightnesss less than the 1Pa vacuum oven in melting copper and bismuth, be cast into Guillaume metal at 1030～1050 ℃.
Electrolytic copper, bismuth, aluminium wire and selective elements add temperature at 1030～1080 ℃ line frequency furnace, add electrolytic manganese when furnace temperature is increased to 1150 ℃.Add copper bismuth master alloy and electrolytic zinc when temperature is down to 1050～1080 ℃, after material all melts, fully stirred 10 minutes.Then
Melt changes over to and is incubated horizontal casting in 1050～1100 ℃ holding furnace, prepares Φ 145mm copper-nickel alloy alloy cast ingot.
Afterwards
The copper-nickel alloy alloy cast ingot is heated to 570～700 ℃ and carries out hot extrusion, and the extrusion processing rate should be not less than 80%.Become finished product after work in-process drawn after the extruding, stress relief annealing, aligning, the polishing.Wherein the stress relief annealing temperature is 300～400 ℃.Alloy extruding specification Φ 8.8mm of the present invention, final finished specification Φ 8.0mm.Brass alloys ingot casting and the comparative example chemical composition of the present invention's preparation are as shown in table 1.
The comparative example alloy is chosen HPb59-1 and two trades mark of BZn15-21-1.8.According to copper, principle that lead content is close,
Embodiment and comparative example compare.
The chemical composition of table 1 embodiment of the invention alloy and comparative example alloy (wt%)
Wherein embodiment 1 and comparative example 1 (HPb59-1), embodiment 2 and comparative example 2 (BZn15-21-1.8),, copper, bismuth and lead content approach, and have comparability.
Embodiment of the invention alloy and comparative example alloy test performance are as follows:
1, mechanical property
Table 2 is tensile strength, unit elongation and the vickers hardness number of embodiment of the invention alloy and comparative example alloy.
The tensile strength of table 2 embodiment and comparative example alloy, unit elongation and vickers hardness number
| Material number | Tensile strength/MPa | Unit elongation/% | Vickers' hardness |
| Embodiment 1 | 600～650 | 7～11 | 195～215 |
| Embodiment 2 | 585～630 | 10～13 | 190～210 |
| Embodiment 3 | 580～620 | 10～14 | 185～200 |
| Embodiment 4 | 550～600 | 15～19 | 180～195 |
| Embodiment 5 | 500～550 | 18～25 | 150～175 |
| Comparative example 1 | 460～480 | 9～13 | 155～165 |
| Comparative example 2 | 580～620 | 7～12 | 170～190 |
The embodiment of the invention 1 tensile strength and hardness are apparently higher than comparative example 1 alloy, and embodiment 2 tensile strength and hardness are suitable with comparative example 2.
2, alloy color
The color of table 3 inventive embodiments and comparative example alloy
| Comparative example 2 | In vain |
The embodiment of the invention 1 is whiter than comparative example 1 alloy color, and embodiment 2 is silvery white with comparative example 2 alloy colors, and color is basic identical.Embodiment 4 and 5 is
Yellow and little Huang is that copper content is higher and manganese content is on the low side, and the content of visible manganese is lower than 10wt% just makes copper alloy be little yellow color.
3, cutting ability
The experiment concrete grammar of estimating cutting ability by turning is as follows:
Under identical mechanical workout condition, adopt the cutting force tester to record the suffered reactive force of lathe tool in the turning process.And calculate thus embodiment alloy and comparative example alloy phase for the cutting index of HPb59-1,
The cutting ability of HPb59-1 thinks 100%.
Testing installation is the horizontal engine lathe of CA-6140, cutter material Ys8, and the lathe parameter is speed of mainshaft 500r/min, speed of feed 0.2mm/r, cutting-in 0.5mm.The cutting ability that records invention example and comparative example alloy is as shown in table 4.
The cutting ability of table 4 invention example and comparative example alloy
| Material number | Machinability index/% |
| Embodiment 1 | 96 |
| Embodiment 2 | 98 |
| Embodiment 3 | 106 |
| Embodiment 4 | 85 |
| Embodiment 5 | 92 |
| Comparative example 1 | 100 |
| Comparative example 2 | 62 |
The embodiment of the invention 1 is suitable with comparative example 1 alloy cutting ability, and embodiment 2 cutting abilities obviously are better than comparative example 2 alloys.
Claims (3)
1. easy cutting white brass alloys, it is comprised of principal element and selective elements, it is characterized in that Major element proportioning 63.51～68wt% copper, 0.5～1.83wt% bismuth, 11.7～14.3wt% manganese, 0.1～0.15wt% aluminium, surplus is zinc and inevitable impurity, inevitably total impurities is not more than 0.5wt%, selective elements is a kind or 2 kinds in iron, the tin, and the selective elements total content is not more than 0.5wt%.
2. the manufacture method of a kind of easy cutting white brass alloys according to claim 1, its feature may further comprise the steps:
A, be 14 wt% by bismuth, surplus is that copper and inevitable impurity prepare copper bismuth master alloy, 1080～1100 ℃ of vacuum tightnesss less than the 1Pa vacuum oven in melting copper and bismuth, be cast into copper bismuth master alloy at 1030～1050 ℃;
B, by designing weight percent with electrolytic copper, aluminium wire and selective elements iron and tin, add temperature melting in 1030～1080 ℃ of main frequency furnaces, furnace temperature adds pure manganese when being increased to 1150～1160 ℃, after pure manganese melting fully, when being down to 1050～1080 ℃, furnace temperature adds Guillaume metal and electrolytic zinc, after material all melts, fully stirred 10 minutes;
C, melt changed over to be incubated in 1050～1100 ℃ holding furnace, horizontal casting becomes white brass alloys ingot casting;
D, the white brass alloys ingot casting that will cool off are heated to 570～700 ℃ and carry out hot extrusion;
E, product drawn, stress relief annealing, aligning, polishing after the hot extrusion are become finished product.
3. the manufacture method of a kind of easy cutting white brass alloys according to claim 2, the pure manganese that it is characterized in that described adding is laminar electrolytic manganese.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 201010511166 CN102002611B (en) | 2010-10-15 | 2010-10-15 | Free-cutting white brass alloy and manufacture method thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 201010511166 CN102002611B (en) | 2010-10-15 | 2010-10-15 | Free-cutting white brass alloy and manufacture method thereof |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN102002611A CN102002611A (en) | 2011-04-06 |
| CN102002611B true CN102002611B (en) | 2013-04-03 |
Family
ID=43810315
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 201010511166 Active CN102002611B (en) | 2010-10-15 | 2010-10-15 | Free-cutting white brass alloy and manufacture method thereof |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN102002611B (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102864329B (en) * | 2012-09-14 | 2014-07-16 | 浙江天河铜业股份有限公司 | Easily cut and easily hot-forged brass alloy suitable for horizontal continuous casting |
| CN104018047B (en) * | 2014-06-24 | 2016-04-06 | 长沙学院 | A kind of bismuth manganese aluminium cerium additive for lead-free free-cutting Bi brass and preparation method |
| CN104099492A (en) * | 2014-08-06 | 2014-10-15 | 长沙学院 | Manganese-bismuth-copper intermediate alloy for lead-free brass and preparation method thereof |
| CN104404291B (en) * | 2014-11-14 | 2017-03-08 | 宁波杭桥铜业有限公司 | A kind of unleaded Bi brass and its processing technology |
| CN104831116B (en) * | 2015-05-16 | 2017-08-25 | 四川鑫炬矿业资源开发股份有限公司 | A kind of environment-protective free-cutting thermal crack resistant selenium Bi brass material and its preparation technology |
| CN105715113A (en) * | 2016-01-20 | 2016-06-29 | 广西丛欣实业有限公司 | Iron alloy key |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1219598A (en) * | 1997-10-21 | 1999-06-16 | Ykk株式会社 | Nickel-free copper alloy |
| CN1334352A (en) * | 2001-07-31 | 2002-02-06 | 上海第一铜棒厂 | Anticorrosion white Cu-Mn alloy and method for making its wire material |
| CN101343704A (en) * | 2008-09-03 | 2009-01-14 | 浙江天申铜业有限公司 | Leadless environment friendly bismuth brass alloy material suitable for gravity force cast and manufacture method thereof |
| CN101440445A (en) * | 2008-12-23 | 2009-05-27 | 路达(厦门)工业有限公司 | Leadless free-cutting aluminum yellow brass alloy and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN101768683A (en) * | 2010-03-12 | 2010-07-07 | 宁波金田铜业(集团)股份有限公司 | High-strength corrosion-resistant free-machining brass alloy and manufacturing method thereof |
-
2010
- 2010-10-15 CN CN 201010511166 patent/CN102002611B/en active Active
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1219598A (en) * | 1997-10-21 | 1999-06-16 | Ykk株式会社 | Nickel-free copper alloy |
| CN1334352A (en) * | 2001-07-31 | 2002-02-06 | 上海第一铜棒厂 | Anticorrosion white Cu-Mn alloy and method for making its wire material |
| CN101343704A (en) * | 2008-09-03 | 2009-01-14 | 浙江天申铜业有限公司 | Leadless environment friendly bismuth brass alloy material suitable for gravity force cast and manufacture method thereof |
| CN101440445A (en) * | 2008-12-23 | 2009-05-27 | 路达(厦门)工业有限公司 | Leadless free-cutting aluminum yellow brass alloy and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN101768683A (en) * | 2010-03-12 | 2010-07-07 | 宁波金田铜业(集团)股份有限公司 | High-strength corrosion-resistant free-machining brass alloy and manufacturing method thereof |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN102002611A (en) | 2011-04-06 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN101440445B (en) | Leadless free-cutting aluminum yellow brass alloy and manufacturing method thereof | |
| CN102002611B (en) | Free-cutting white brass alloy and manufacture method thereof | |
| CN101787463B (en) | Environmentally-friendly lead-free free-machining zinc white copper and preparation method thereof | |
| CN101768683B (en) | High-strength corrosion-resistant free-machining brass alloy and manufacturing method thereof | |
| CN101619404B (en) | Easy-cutting lead-free brass alloy for forging and preparation method thereof | |
| CN100425717C (en) | Copper alloy for lead-wire frame and its production | |
| CN101445885B (en) | Easily-cut silicon brass alloy and preparation method thereof | |
| CN104073686B (en) | A kind of deformation dilute copper alloy material riveted and application thereof | |
| CN101701304B (en) | Manufacturing method of low-cost corrosion-resistant lead-free easy-cutting brass | |
| WO2006136065A1 (en) | A novel ecological environment-protecting lead-free free-cutting brass alloy which is low in antimony and bismuth and its preparation | |
| CN101440443A (en) | Dezincification corrosion resistant low-stibium aluminum yellow brass alloy and manufacturing method thereof | |
| CN102242292A (en) | Highly color change resistant, environment-friendly and easily cut white copper alloy and preparation method thereof | |
| CN100540700C (en) | A kind of rare earth titanium-copper alloy and manufacture method thereof | |
| CN102828064A (en) | Lead-free free-cutting brass alloy and preparation method thereof | |
| CN104831115A (en) | Manganese-containing brass alloy and preparation method thereof | |
| CN103911550A (en) | Environment-friendly low-carbon high-sulfur and bismuth free-cutting steel with excellent thermoplasticity | |
| CN111118336B (en) | Corrosion-resistant high-elasticity copper alloy plug bush material and preparation method thereof | |
| CN101664861B (en) | Sn-Cu based lead-free solder alloy with improved solder joint creep property and preparation technology thereof | |
| CN101492780A (en) | Trace lead brass alloy and producing method | |
| CN113564411A (en) | Novel high-corrosion-resistance anti-tarnishing imitation gold copper alloy and preparation method thereof | |
| CA2688994C (en) | Lead-free free-cutting aluminum brass alloy and its manufacturing method | |
| CN110952019A (en) | Free-cutting zinc white copper and preparation method and application thereof | |
| CN103421980B (en) | A kind of high-strength elastic brass and preparation method thereof | |
| CN101805841B (en) | Rare earth oxide unleaded free-cutting brass and preparation method thereof | |
| CN101921926B (en) | Low-calcium and easy-cutting silicon brass alloy and preparation method thereof |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |