CN101976930B - Concentric three-driving shaft micro stepping motor - Google Patents

Concentric three-driving shaft micro stepping motor Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101976930B
CN101976930B CN2010102996131A CN201010299613A CN101976930B CN 101976930 B CN101976930 B CN 101976930B CN 2010102996131 A CN2010102996131 A CN 2010102996131A CN 201010299613 A CN201010299613 A CN 201010299613A CN 101976930 B CN101976930 B CN 101976930B
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China
Prior art keywords
driving mechanism
axis
shaft
outer shaft
cover
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Expired - Fee Related
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CN2010102996131A
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Chinese (zh)
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CN101976930A (en
Inventor
彭希南
管于球
荀庆来
卢文波
谢稳
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Abstract

The invention relates to a concentric three-driving shaft micro stepping motor which comprises a face cover, a bottom case, a shaft assembly, a shaft driving mechanism assembly, a fixing plate and a shield enclosure, wherein the shaft assembly comprises three output shafts, namely an inner shaft, a middle shaft and an outer shaft, the inner shaft is a cylindrical solid shaft, the middle shaft and the outer shaft are cylindrical plastic sleeves, the inner shaft, the middle shaft and the outer shaft are coaxially nested, the middle shaft is sheathed outside the inner shaft, the outer shaft is sheathed outside the middle shaft, and all the shafts are out of contact with each other; the shaft driving mechanism assembly comprises an inner shaft driving mechanism, a middle shaft driving mechanism and an outer shaft driving mechanism, and the inner shaft driving mechanism, the middle shaft driving mechanism and the outer shaft driving mechanism are mounted on the front side and the back side of the fixing plate in two groups and are superposed in the vertical direction; and the closed end surface of the shield enclosure is attached to the back side of the fixing plate. The invention overcomes the mutual interference among adjacent magnetic fields, structurally realizes that the three concentric driving shafts can control and drive three independent pointers to make circular deflection motions and can be widely used for digital pointer instruments required for simultaneously indicating three physical quantities.

Description

Concentric three driving shaft micro-step motors
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of micro-stepping motor for instruments, particularly a kind of micro-stepping motor for instruments with three driving shafts of concentric structure.
Background technology
Known instrument is a kind of electromechanical component that electric impulse signal is converted to angular displacement with stepping motor; Pulse signal of the every reception of stepping motor; Its rotating shaft just commentaries on classics moves a step, and the angular displacement of rotating shaft is directly proportional with umber of pulse, and rotating speed is directly proportional with pulse frequency; Utilize rotation axis to drive gauge pointer, have good characteristics such as response speed is fast, open loop control is simple, no accumulated error, long service life.Known instrument has two types of single drive shaft and double driving shafts with stepping motor; But in the middle of the application of reality; But usually need the instrument of concentric three driving shafts to use stepping motor; For example digital pointer clock need telltable clock simultaneously, minute and the pointer in second; The digital instrumentation of some multi-parameters, the temperature, humidity and the pressure parameter that also need indication simultaneously to record in real time, visible micro-step motor with three driving shafts of concentric structure is used quite extensive in digital pointer instrument field.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem
Mainly there is following problem in existing instrument with stepping motor:
1, known instrument generally comprises one or two driving shaft with stepping motor; But do not possess the hand motion control ability more than two yuan; Compatible relatively poor between the indicating members, level of integrated system is low, only is suitable for simply indicating the instrument of monodrome physical quantity or indication diadic physical quantity.
2, existing twin shaft stepping motor comprises two drive units, adopts parallel mode to place between the drive unit, will cause instrument to strengthen with stepping motor housing volume, is inappropriate for being applied on the miniature instrument with strict spatial constraints.
3, introduced in the background information; The multiaxis instrument that surpasses two driving shafts is used very extensive with stepping motor; Yet, because a kind of concentric three driving shaft micro-step motors with characteristic according to the invention did not still appear in layout so far on the cross influence of magnetic circuit and the structure.
Technical scheme
In view of the above, the present invention proposes a kind of embodiment that adopts three driving shaft micro-step motors of concentric structure:
Described concentric three driving shaft micro-step motors comprise cover, drain pan, rotation axis group, rotating shaft driving mechanism group, fixed head, radome, and its rotation axis group comprises interior axle, axis, three output shafts of outer shaft; Axle driving mechanism, axis driving mechanism, outer shaft driving mechanism in its rotating shaft driving mechanism group comprises, axle, axis and outer shaft in driving respectively, axle is the cylindrical, massive axle in it; Said axis and outer shaft are the cylindrical plastic sleeve; Axle in said, axis is nested with the outer shaft concentric, stretches out with one heart from the cover axis hole, and bottom bracket axle is in the outside of interior axle; Outer shaft is in the outside of axis; Interior shaft extension goes out the extension elongation of the length of axis hole greater than axis, and axis stretches out the extension elongation of the length of axis hole greater than outer shaft, and each driving shaft has identical axle center and do not contact mutually.
Described concentric three driving shaft micro-step motors; Its fixed head is a plastic plate; Interior axle driving mechanism and axis driving mechanism are installed in the back side one side of fixed head, and the outer shaft driving mechanism is installed in the front of fixed head, and interior axle driving mechanism and axis driving mechanism are installed in the horizontal direction in opposite directions; Outer shaft driving mechanism and interior axle driving mechanism and axis driving mechanism are that quadrature is installed in the horizontal direction; Interior axle and axis pass the central axis hole of fixed head by the rear side of fixed head, stretch out to the cover boss place of cover axis hole, and outer shaft is just stretched out towards the cover boss place of cover axis hole by fixed head.
Described concentric three driving shaft micro-step motors; Axle driving mechanism in it, axis driving mechanism, outer shaft driving mechanism structure are identical, comprise stator core, p-m rotor, compound gear, output gear, coil rack, and coil rack is fixed on the stator core; Draw the control pin that is connected with two phase coils on the coil rack; It is outside that the control pin passes drain pan to stepping motor, p-m rotor and compound gear interlock, compound gear and output gear interlock; Rotation axis is installed on the output gear, with the output gear fluid-tight engagement.
Described concentric three driving shaft micro-step motors; Its radome is the cross section metal cap identical with the fixed head shape, has four radome screw holes on the radome, has axis hole on its Closed End and fits tightly with the back side of fixed head; Radome and drain pan mutually combine and have formed an enclosure space; Interior axle driving mechanism and axis driving mechanism are installed in the enclosure space, are close to the radome Closed End and fix, and interior axle and axis successively pass radome axis hole and fixed head axis hole.
Described concentric three driving shaft micro-step motors; Have four fixed head screw holes on its fixed head; Have four radome screw holes on the radome; The drain pan inner surface is provided with four screw seats, and wherein the position of fixed head screw hole, radome screw hole and drain pan screw seat is relative, and fixed head, radome and drain pan three are fixed together through screw.
Described concentric three driving shaft micro-step motors, the arranged outside of its cover axis hole an annular cover boss that is used to protect the rotation axis group, do not contact mutually between cover boss and interior axle, axis, the outer shaft rotation axis group.
Described concentric three driving shaft micro-step motors; Lower surface of the output gear of axle driving mechanism is provided with axle spacing block set in it; The inner surface of drain pan is provided with a drain pan positive stop, and the inner surface center of drain pan is provided with a drain pan spacing hole, and interior axle spacing block set and drain pan positive stop are installed in the same horizontal circumference; Insert in the drain pan spacing hole bottom of interior axle; The fixed-site of drain pan positive stop and drain pan spacing hole, interior axle spacing block set rotates with output gear, drain pan positive stop and drain pan spacing hole restriction output gear and the interior rotational angle that engages.
Described concentric three driving shaft micro-step motors; The upper surface of its outer shaft driving mechanism output gear is provided with an outer shaft spacing block set; The inner surface of cover is provided with the cover stopper slot of a cover positive stop and an annular; The positive stop of outer shaft spacing block set cover is stuck in the cover stopper slot of annular; The fixed-site of cover positive stop and cover stopper slot, the outer shaft spacing block set rotates with output gear, the cover stopper slot restriction output gear of cover positive stop and annular and the rotational angle of the outer shaft that engages.
Technique effect
The concentric three driving shaft micro-step motors of concentric structure proposed by the invention have following beneficial effect:
1, the present invention makes full use of the locus in the instrument stepping motor; The mode that employing stacks same stepping motor inner integrated three driving mechanisms; Broken through the limitation of the single drive shaft of traditional stepping motor; Realized that concentric three pointers are done the yaw motion control of garden week in the small scale space, had high integration, be applicable to the digitlization pointer instrument that needs three physical quantitys of indication.
2, ingenious part of the present invention is; Make full use of the locus in the instrument stepping motor; Separate three independent pointer driving mechanisms through the metallic shield cover structure, disturb effect mutually between the driving mechanism magnetic field, overcome the phase mutual interference between the adjacent magnetic field thereby shielded effectively; And with the stacked on top of one another mode in the both sides of fixed head integrated three rotating shaft driving mechanisms independently, structurally realized the three hand motions control of concentric three driving shafts output.
3, concentric three driving shaft micro-step motors of the present invention are particularly suitable for three concentric pointer instrument drive, can be widely used in the pointer digital control instrument of measuring multiple parameters.
Description of drawings
The concentric three driving shaft micro-step motor outside drawings of Fig. 1;
The concentric three driving shaft micro-step motor forward exploded views of Fig. 2;
The concentric three driving shaft micro-step motor forward sides of Fig. 3 are torn figure open;
The concentric three driving shaft micro-step motors of Fig. 4 are inverted exploded view;
The concentric three driving shaft micro-step motor driving mechanism top views of Fig. 5;
The concentric three driving shaft micro-step motor driving mechanism bottom views of Fig. 6;
The concentric three driving shaft micro-step motor driving mechanism end views of Fig. 7;
The concentric three driving shaft micro-step motor driving mechanism Organization Charts of Fig. 8;
The concentric three driving shaft micro-step motor driving mechanism bottom views of Fig. 9;
The concentric three driving shaft micro-step motor shell internal views of Figure 10.
Label declaration:
1 cover, 2 drain pans
3 fixed heads, 4 radomes
A driving mechanism 6 axis driving mechanisms in 5
Axle in the 7 outer shaft driving mechanisms 8
9 axis, 10 outer shafts
11 cover boss, 12 stator cores
13 p-m rotors, 14 compound gears
15 output gears, 16 coil racks
17 control pin 2A screw seats
3A fixed head screw hole 4A radome screw hole
Axle spacing block set 10A outer shaft spacing block set in the 8A
8B drain pan positive stop 10B cover positive stop
8C drain pan spacing hole 10C cover stopper slot
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with description of drawings embodiment of the present invention.
The outward appearance of the concentric three driving shaft micro-step motors of the present invention is as shown in Figure 1; Comprise cover 1, drain pan 2, rotation axis group, rotating shaft driving mechanism group, fixed head 3, radome 4, axle 8, axis 9,10 3 output shafts of outer shaft in its rotation axis group comprises, axle driving mechanism 5, axis driving mechanism 6, outer shaft driving mechanism 7 in its rotating shaft driving mechanism group comprises; Axle 8, axis 9 and outer shaft 10 in driving respectively; Axle 8 be the cylindrical, massive axle in it, and axis 9 be the cylindrical plastic sleeve with outer shaft 10, and said interior 8, axis 9 are nested with outer shaft 10 concentrics; From stretching out with one heart of cover 1 axis hole; The outside of axle 8 in axis 9 is enclosed within, outer shaft 10 is enclosed within the outside of axis 9, and interior axle 8 stretches out the extension elongation of the length of axis hole greater than axis 9; Axis 9 stretches out the extension elongation of the length of axis hole greater than outer shaft 10, and each driving shaft has identical axle center and do not contact mutually.
Described concentric three driving shaft micro-step motors; Its fixed head 3 is a plastic plate; Interior axle driving mechanism 5 and axis driving mechanism 6 are installed in the back side one side of fixed head 3, and outer shaft driving mechanism 7 is installed in the front of fixed head 3, interior axle driving mechanism 5 and axis driving mechanism 6 installation in opposite directions in the horizontal direction; Outer shaft driving mechanism 7 is that quadrature is installed with interior axle driving mechanism 5 and axis driving mechanism 6 in the horizontal direction; In axle 8 and axis 9 pass the axis hole of fixed head 3 central authorities by the rear side of fixed head 3, stretch out to cover boss 11 places of cover 1 axis hole, outer shaft 10 is just stretched out towards cover boss 11 places of cover 1 axis hole by fixed head 3.
The cover 1 and the drain pan 2 of described concentric three driving shaft micro-step motors combine with the snap close mode, constitute the housing of micro-step motor, have an axis hole on the cover 1, and the rotation axis group is stretched out from the cover boss 11 of axis hole.Rotation axis is used to drive pointer indication physical quantity, and the rotation axis group can drive three pointers simultaneously, indicates three different physical quantitys respectively.The axis hole place of cover 1 is provided with an annular cover boss 11, and cover boss 11 does not contact with the rotation axis group mutually, is used to protect the rotation axis group not to be damaged.A plurality of control pins 17 that are connected with each controlling organization coil have been drawn in the outside of drain pan 2, and control pin 17 is mainly used in the received pulse signal to control the operation of each rotating shaft driving mechanism.Drain pan 2 outsides also are provided with four cylindrical angles, are used to install and fix stepping motor.
The internal structure of the concentric three driving shaft micro-step motors of the present invention also comprises axle driving mechanism 5, axis driving mechanism 6 and outer shaft driving mechanism 7 in fixed head 3, radome 4 and the control rotation axis group.In axle driving mechanism 5, axis driving mechanism 6 identical with the structure of outer shaft driving mechanism 7; Its mounting means such as Fig. 5 are to shown in Figure 9; Interior axle driving mechanism 5 and axis driving mechanism 6 are installed in the rear side of fixed head 3; Outer shaft driving mechanism 7 is installed in the front of fixed head 3, and interior axle driving mechanism 5 is consistent with the horizontal direction of axis driving mechanism 6, the horizontal direction quadrature of the horizontal direction of outer shaft driving mechanism 7 and interior axle driving mechanism 5 and axis driving mechanism 6.
Said identical driving mechanism comprises stator core 12, p-m rotor 13, compound gear 14, output gear 15, coil rack 16; P-m rotor 13 and compound gear 14 interlocks; Compound gear 14 and output gear 15 interlocks, rotation axis is installed on the output gear 15, with output gear 15 fluid-tight engagement; Coil rack 16 is fixed on the stator core 12; Draw the control pin (17) that is connected with two phase coils on the coil rack 16, each control pin (17) passes drain pan (2), extend out to the micro-step motor outside.
Said radome 4 is cross section and the identical metal cap of fixed head 3 shapes; Have four radome screw hole 4A on the radome 4; Have axis hole on its Closed End and fit tightly with the back side of fixed head 3, radome 4 mutually combines with drain pan 2 and has formed an enclosure space, and interior axle driving mechanism 5 is installed in the enclosure space with axis driving mechanism 6; Be close to radome 4 Closed Ends and fix, interior axle 8 successively passes radome 4 axis holes and fixed head 3 axis holes with axis 9.Fixed head 3 is provided with four fixed head screw hole 3A; Radome 4 is provided with four radome screw hole 4A; Drain pan 2 inner surfaces are provided with four screw seat 2A; Fixed head screw hole 3A, radome screw hole 4A and drain pan screw seat 2A three's position is relative, and fixed head 3, radome 4 and drain pan 2 threes are fixed together through screw.
Cover 1 is shown in figure 10 with the interior TV structure of drain pan 2; The lower surface of the output gear 15 of axle driving mechanism is provided with axle spacing block set 8A in said; The inner surface of drain pan 2 is provided with a drain pan positive stop 8B; The inner surface center of drain pan 2 is provided with a drain pan spacing hole 8C, and interior axle spacing block set 8A and drain pan positive stop 8B are installed in the same horizontal circumference, and insert in the drain pan spacing hole 8C bottom of interior axle 8; The fixed-site of drain pan positive stop 8B and drain pan spacing hole 8C; Interior axle spacing block set 8A rotates with output gear 15, interior 8 the rotational angle that drain pan positive stop 8B and drain pan spacing hole 8C limit output gear 15 and engage, and axle 8 can not 360 ° of rotations round and round in promptly limiting.
The position limiting structure of cover 1 is similar with drain pan 2; The upper surface of said outer shaft driving mechanism output gear 15 is provided with an outer shaft spacing block set 10A; The inner surface of cover 1 is provided with the cover stopper slot 10C of a cover positive stop 10B and an annular; Outer shaft spacing block set 10A and cover positive stop 10B are stuck in the cover stopper slot 10C of annular, the fixed-site of cover positive stop 10B and cover stopper slot 10C, and outer shaft spacing block set 10A rotates with output gear 15; The cover stopper slot 10C restriction output gear 15 of cover positive stop 10B and annular and the rotational angle of the outer shaft 10 that engages, promptly limiting outer shaft 10 can not 360 ° of rotation round and round.
The rotating shaft driving mechanism mainly utilizes electromagnetic principle work, and two phase coils of each rotating shaft driving mechanism are the electrical current carriers of generation cycle variation magnetic field, and the magnetic field that the cycle changes can promote p-m rotor 13 and rotate, and then promotes whole driving mechanism operation.In, in, the outer shaft driving mechanism is installed in two sides of fixed head 3 by range upon range of mode, and isolates with radome 4, disturb mutually in the magnetic field that this mounting means has reduced between each driving mechanism effectively, has improved the motion control precision of rotation axis.
In sum; The present invention proposes a kind of micro-step motor with concentric three driving shafts, the ingenious part of this micro-step motor is to have made full use of the inner small space position of micro-step motor; Interior, domestic and abroad driving mechanism divides two groups of front and back sides of being installed in fixed head; Install with the stacked on top of one another mode, separate three independent pointer driving mechanisms, shielded the phase mutual interference between each driving mechanism magnetic field effectively through the metallic shield cover structure; Structurally realized the three pointer gardens week deflection control of concentric three driving shafts output; Its advantages of small volume, integrated level is high, can be widely used in need indicating simultaneously the digitlization pointer instrument of three physical quantitys.

Claims (6)

1. concentric three driving shaft micro-step motors comprise cover (1), drain pan (2), rotation axis group, rotating shaft driving mechanism group, fixed head (3), radome (4), and its rotation axis group comprises interior axle (8), axis (9), (10) three output shafts of outer shaft; Axle driving mechanism (5), axis driving mechanism (6), outer shaft driving mechanism (7) in its rotating shaft driving mechanism group comprises; Axle (8), axis (9) and outer shaft (10) in driving respectively is characterized in that: axle (8) is the cylindrical, massive axle in said, and said axis (9) and outer shaft (10) are the cylindrical plastic sleeve; Said interior spool (8), axis (9) are nested with outer shaft (10) concentric; Stretch out with one heart from cover (1) axis hole, axis (9) is enclosed within the outside of interior axle (8), and outer shaft (10) is enclosed within the outside of axis (9); Interior axle (8) stretches out the extension elongation of the length of axis hole greater than axis (9); Axis (9) stretches out the extension elongation of the length of axis hole greater than outer shaft (10), and each driving shaft has identical axle center and do not contact mutually, and described fixed head (3) is a plastic plate; Interior axle driving mechanism (5) and axis driving mechanism (6) are installed in the back side one side of fixed head (3); Outer shaft driving mechanism (7) is installed in the front of fixed head (3), and interior axle driving mechanism (5) is installed with axis driving mechanism (6) in the horizontal direction in opposite directions, and outer shaft driving mechanism (7) is that quadrature is installed with interior axle driving mechanism (5) and axis driving mechanism (6) in the horizontal direction; Interior axle (8) and axis (9) are passed the axis hole of fixed head (3) central authorities by the rear side of fixed head (3); Cover boss (11) to cover (1) axis hole is located to stretch out, and outer shaft (10) is just located to stretch out towards the cover boss (11) of cover (1) axis hole by fixed head (3), and said radome (4) is cross section and the identical metal cap of fixed head (3) shape; Have four radome screw holes (4A) on the radome (4); Have axis hole on its Closed End and fit tightly with the back side of fixed head (3), radome (4) mutually combines with drain pan (2) and has formed an enclosure space, and interior axle driving mechanism (5) and axis driving mechanism (6) are installed in the enclosure space; Be close to radome (4) Closed End and fix, interior axle (8) and axis (9) successively pass radome (4) axis hole and fixed head (3) axis hole.
2. concentric three driving shaft micro-step motors according to claim 1; It is characterized in that: axle driving mechanism (5), axis driving mechanism (6) in said, outer shaft driving mechanism (7) structure are identical; Include stator core (12), p-m rotor (13), compound gear (14), output gear (15), coil rack (16), its coil rack (16) is fixed on the stator core (12), draws the control pin (17) that is connected with two phase coils on the coil rack (16); Control pin (17) passes drain pan (2); Extend the stepping motor outside, p-m rotor (13) and compound gear (14) interlock, compound gear (14) and output gear (15) interlock; Rotation axis is installed on the output gear (15), with output gear (15) fluid-tight engagement.
3. concentric three driving shaft micro-step motors according to claim 1; It is characterized in that: have four fixed head screw holes (3A) on the said fixed head (3); Drain pan (2) inner surface is provided with four screw seats (2A); Wherein the position of fixed head screw hole (3A), radome screw hole (4A) and drain pan screw seat (2A) is relative, and fixed head (3), radome (4) and drain pan (2) three are fixed together through screw.
4. concentric three driving shaft micro-step motors according to claim 1; It is characterized in that: the arranged outside of said cover (1) axis hole an annular cover boss (11) that is used to protect the rotation axis group, cover boss (11) does not contact between (10) with interior axle (8), axis (9), outer shaft mutually.
5. concentric three driving shaft micro-step motors according to claim 1; It is characterized in that: the lower surface of the output gear (15) of axle driving mechanism is provided with axle spacing block set (8A) in said; The inner surface of drain pan (2) is provided with a drain pan positive stop (8B); The inner surface center of drain pan (2) is provided with a drain pan spacing hole (8C); An interior axle spacing block set (8A) is installed in the same horizontal circumference with drain pan positive stop (8B), and insert in the drain pan spacing hole (8C) bottom of interior axle (8), the fixed-site of drain pan positive stop (8B) and drain pan spacing hole (8C); In an axle spacing block set (8A) rotate the rotational angle of drain pan positive stop (8B) and drain pan spacing hole (8C) restriction output gear (15) and interior (8) engaging with output gear (15).
6. concentric three driving shaft micro-step motors according to claim 1; It is characterized in that: the upper surface of said outer shaft driving mechanism output gear (15) is provided with an outer shaft spacing block set (10A); The inner surface of cover (1) is provided with the cover stopper slot (10C) of a cover positive stop (10B) and an annular; Outer shaft spacing block set (10A) is stuck in the cover stopper slot (10C) of annular with cover positive stop (10B); The fixed-site of cover positive stop (10B) and cover stopper slot (10C); Outer shaft spacing block set (10A) rotates with output gear (15), the rotational angle of cover stopper slot (10C) the restriction output gear (15) of cover positive stop (10B) and annular and the outer shaft (10) that engages.
CN2010102996131A 2010-10-08 2010-10-08 Concentric three-driving shaft micro stepping motor Expired - Fee Related CN101976930B (en)

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CN2010102996131A CN101976930B (en) 2010-10-08 2010-10-08 Concentric three-driving shaft micro stepping motor

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN2010102996131A CN101976930B (en) 2010-10-08 2010-10-08 Concentric three-driving shaft micro stepping motor

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CN101976930B true CN101976930B (en) 2012-07-25

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102842745A (en) * 2011-06-22 2012-12-26 鸿富锦精密工业(深圳)有限公司 Antenna support
CN105207444A (en) * 2015-10-30 2015-12-30 东莞市维斗电子有限公司 Flat stepping motor
CN108631527A (en) * 2017-03-25 2018-10-09 黄江安 Stepper motor cover axle sleeve casing automatic assembling mechanism

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CN201536314U (en) * 2009-09-29 2010-07-28 彭希南 Concentric double-driving-shaft step motor
CN201813301U (en) * 2010-10-08 2011-04-27 彭希南 Micro stepper motor with three concentric driving shafts

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JP2002272189A (en) * 2001-03-08 2002-09-20 Tdk Corp Microstep drive apparatus and its drive method, and stepping motor apparatus using the same

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101728926A (en) * 2008-10-14 2010-06-09 彭希南 Micro step motor with double driving shafts
CN201536314U (en) * 2009-09-29 2010-07-28 彭希南 Concentric double-driving-shaft step motor
CN201813301U (en) * 2010-10-08 2011-04-27 彭希南 Micro stepper motor with three concentric driving shafts

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