CN101953237B - Methods for diagnosing and automatically controlling the operation of a particle accelerator - Google Patents
Methods for diagnosing and automatically controlling the operation of a particle accelerator Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101953237B CN101953237B CN200980103439.4A CN200980103439A CN101953237B CN 101953237 B CN101953237 B CN 101953237B CN 200980103439 A CN200980103439 A CN 200980103439A CN 101953237 B CN101953237 B CN 101953237B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- accelerator
- measurement
- successfully
- particle beams
- current
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H7/00—Details of devices of the types covered by groups H05H9/00, H05H11/00, H05H13/00
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H7/00—Details of devices of the types covered by groups H05H9/00, H05H11/00, H05H13/00
- H05H7/001—Arrangements for beam delivery or irradiation
- H05H2007/008—Arrangements for beam delivery or irradiation for measuring beam parameters
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Particle Accelerators (AREA)
Abstract
Methods are described wherein the signals from various sensors that monitor parameters such as beam position, beam intensity at each turn, number of turns, extracted current, extracted beam profile in space and energy are used to determine the effect of the variation of different parameters that control the operation of an accelerator. The diagnostic measurements and adjustments may be based upon measuring and evaluating parameters as a function of turn, and are part of an automated feedback loop for achieving the proper automated operation. The methods can be used to establish proper operating values for the accelerator parameters for optimum beam operation. By the use of feedback the operation of the accelerator can be automatically controlled in real time.
Description
The cross reference of related application
The application requires to be submitted to and be attached to by reference on January 30th, 2008 by William Bertozzi and Robert J.Ledoux priority and the rights and interests of the U.S. Provisional Patent Application sequence number 61/024640 that is entitled as " Methods for Diagnosing and Automatically Controlling the Operation of a Particle Accelerator " of this paper.The application also requires to be submitted to and also be attached to by reference on January 9th, 2009 by William Bertozzi, Stephen E.Korbly and Robert J.Ledoux priority and the rights and interests of the u.s. patent application serial number 12/351234 that is entitled as " Methods And Systems For Accelerating Particles Using Induction To Generate An Electric Field With A Localized Curl " of this paper.The application also requires to be submitted to and also be attached to by reference on January 9th, 2009 by William Bertozzi and Robert J.Ledoux priority and the rights and interests of the u.s. patent application serial number 12/351241 that is entitled as " Diagnostic Methods And Apparatus For An Accelerator Using Induction To Generate An Electric Field With A Localized Curl " of this paper.
Technical field
Available control action that the feedback of using based on the transducer input changes particle accelerator is disclosed with the method for the Automatic Optimal of carrying out the particle accelerator performance.
Background technology
Usually the basic conception according to particle accelerator is grouped into different classifications with it:
1) uses those of permanent electrostatic field such as Van de Graaff accelerator etc.;
2) utilize along those of the radio-frequency cavity of straight line such as linear accelerator etc.;
3) use the electric field of being inducted by time-varying magnetic field to make those that particle accelerates such as betatron (betatron) etc.; And
4) such as cyclotron, synchrotron, microtron, runway microtron or Rhodotron
TMDeng make particle beams circulation by radio-frequency cavity reach the expectation energy ringotron.
The various combination of the concept of having described the represented thought of these classifications with different titles and having represented is favourable because have recognized that it in different application.Such as M.S.Livingston and J.P.Blewett at McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, " Particle Accelerators " that shows in 1962 etc. is about having carried out many discussion in the book of accelerator design.Basic electromagnetic field equations in its whole applying a magnetic fields and the electric field and particle dynamics are accelerated particle and are formed accelerated beam.
At the u.s. patent application serial number co-pending 12/351234 of William Bertozzi, Stephen E.Korbly and Robert J.Ledoux, be entitled as and described the new arrangement that is used for the beam of particles accelerator in " Methods And Systems For Accelerating Particles Using Induction To Generate An Electric Field With A Localized Curl ".Accelerator can have the annular of being shaped as or toroidal and serve as the vacuum chamber of accelerator beamline (beamline).The non-conducting portion that beamline has current-carrying part and serves as accelerating gap.Be present in the beam motion in the magnetic field control vacuum chamber in the zone of vacuum chamber.Accelerator has two distinct electromagnetic field zones.One is inner at vacuum chamber/beamline, wherein, except the magnetic guide field, only exist by the generation of the accelerating potential in the zone of non-conductive accelerating gap those and by those of the beam charge inducing on the inwall of the current-carrying part of vacuum chamber/beamline.Another electromagnetic field zone is in vacuum chamber/beamline outside, and wherein, excitation (exciting) electric current is advanced along the outer surface of the current-carrying part of vacuum chamber/beamline.These two zones are only via non-conductive accelerating gap coupling.Hereinafter this accelerator is called " local curl accelerator (localized curl accelerator) ".
Most of particle accelerator with complexity to a certain degree needs the method and system of the beam of its generation of for monitoring and controlling.Usually this type systematic is called diagnostic system or is called simply " diagnosis ", and usually this type of control system is called " control ".
The u.s. patent application serial number co-pending 12/351241 of William Bertozzi and Robert J.Ledoux " Diagnostic Methods And Apparatus For An Accelerator Using Induction To Generate An Electric Field With A Localized Curl " has been described method and system, it comprises various beam condition transducers, is used to provide the master data of assessing and controlling for beam for local curl accelerator.In these method and systems some can also be applied to the accelerator of other type.
In the situation that local curl accelerator and dependent diagnostic and/or transducer, the particular characteristics of accelerator is introduced the unique requirement to the process of monitoring and controlling beam, can be by adopting exemplary diagnosis as herein described and/or transducer and by adopting method disclosed herein to satisfy this requirement.In these methods some also is suitable for for other accelerator type.
Summary of the invention
Disclose the method for the operation of control particle accelerator, having comprised: the particle beams is injected in the accelerator; Carry out at least one and inject the stage diagnostic measurement; Based on described at least one injection stage diagnostic measurement, determine whether the particle beams is successfully injected; When not yet successfully injecting the particle beams, change at least one and inject the stage control action, and repeat this process; When successfully injecting the particle beams, carry out at least one boost phase diagnostic measurement; Based on described at least one boost phase diagnostic measurement, determine whether the particle beams is successfully accelerated; When the particle beams is not yet successfully accelerated, change at least one boost phase control action, and repeat this process; When the particle beams is successfully accelerated, carry out at least one operational phase diagnostic measurement; Based on described at least one operational phase diagnostic measurement, determine whether the particle beams is successfully used; When the particle beams is not yet successfully used, change at least one operational phase control action, and repeat this process; And when the particle beams is successfully used, further operate accelerator.
Described particle accelerator can electron accelerator, and described particle accelerator can be local curl accelerator, and the described particle beams can be injected by electron gun.
Can after a circle or multi-turn, determine whether the particle beams is successfully injected.At least one injects the number of turns that the stage diagnostic measurement can comprise measurement beam.The number of turns of measurement beam can comprise the pulse of measuring in the signal that passes through corresponding to beam.Can measure this pulse with conductive electrode or current sensor.At least one injects the stage diagnostic measurement can comprise measurement beam intensity or position.At least one diagnostic measurement can comprise conductive electrode measurement or current sensor measurement.Described current sensor measurement can comprise the measurement of source current.Can determine by beam intensity and position whether the particle beams has successfully been injected or successfully acceleration at least in part.
The use of the particle beams can comprise extraction or the interior target of beam collision of beam.
Can apply electric field to disturb its track to beam by apply voltage at least one pair of internal electrode two ends.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 illustrates an embodiment of system, and it illustrates to have and is arranged on for the details of certain diagnostic method disclosed herein with the accelerator of the power supply at the two ends, non-conductive gap of the vacuum chamber of device;
Fig. 2 illustrates the approximate equivalent circuit of the accelerator of Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 A illustrates the system that is similar to Fig. 1 and has a embodiment with the system of the vacuum chamber of rectangular cross section;
Fig. 3 B illustrates the cross-sectional view of a part of the system of Fig. 3 A, illustrates the embodiment of diagnostic device;
Fig. 4 illustrates another embodiment of the accelerator with diagnostic device, and it comprises the current sensor for detection of the electric current in the power supply lead wire;
Fig. 4 B is the schematic diagram of the circuit of current sensor; And
Fig. 5 is the flow chart that the embodiment of Accelerator control method disclosed herein is shown.
Embodiment
Method disclosed herein is applicable to many accelerating systems and method, but this paper exemplary open via the accelerator to the coupling of electric field to the particle transferring energy (for example is used for, local curl accelerator), described electric field has in the curl of vector of gap location and the image charge that flows in conductive wall.Person of skill in the art will appreciate that it to the applicability of other accelerator form, and this type of form intention covered in the scope of the present disclosure.
Above the exemplary local curl accelerator of reference in novel method, use Maxwell equation the pipe limit gauge then, this novel method is different from the method that being commonly used to of discussing on this problem accelerate particle (referring to for example: M.S.Livingston and J.P.Blewett in standard textbook, " Particle Accelerators ", McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1962).Primary element is:
1.) magnetic core becomes the B field when it can hold;
2.) power supply, it can provide suitable voltage.
3.) conductive vacuum chamber, the part of its wounded core also has non-conductive gap (non-conducting gap); And
4.) magnetic guide field is being constant aspect the time accelerating cycle period, its when particle obtains energy in stable orbit at the inner periphery guiding particle of vacuum chamber.
In order to monitor the operation of accelerator, can make the dynamic behaviour of diagnostic element and accelerator and electricity thereof and magnetic characteristic and the character of the particle that is accelerated coupling.The success of injecting, catch and accelerate to final beam energy may require to monitor and control accelerator a plurality of stages the place beam parameter.The supervision method can be indicated the quality of the beam parameters such as energy and intensity during the different phase of this process.Therefore, can design diagnostic element according to the character of those elements of accelerator itself and its assembly and the operation of assembly thereof.
Fig. 1 is signal Figure 100 of the embodiment of exemplary local curl accelerator, for disclosed diagnostic techniques in the u.s. patent application serial number 12/351241 " Diagnostic Methods And Apparatus For An Accelerator Using Induction To Generate An Electric Field With A Localized Curl " of William Bertozzi and Robert J.Ledoux.Vacuum chamber 104 serves as beamline and has current-carrying part 106 and will be called the non-conducting portion in non-conductive gap 108.The cross section of vacuum chamber 104 can be tubulose (circle or rectangle or other cross section) usually, and shape can be toroidal, all as directed toroidals perhaps can have other closed path connection that allows beam to pass through at inner loop/circulation.Profile (cutaway) 114 is provided at the view of the charged particle beam 116 of advancing in the vacuum chamber 104.Beam 116 is (but being not limited to) electron beams for example, and has the one or more electronics that for example move along the indicated direction of arrow.Section Figure 114 only is for illustrative purpose and does not represent actual aperture in the vacuum chamber 104.Non-conductive gap 108 has gap length d 110.The current-carrying part 106 of vacuum chamber 104 has wall thickness w112.Magnetic guide field 134 is that B field and the beam particle in closed circulation Route guiding beam 116 pass through vacuum chamber 104.Magnetic guide field 134 only is schematically indicated and is the single line of flux, but will be appreciated that the magnetic guide field can be complicated, can be produced and can be by a plurality of of vacuum chamber 104 or all parts effectively to guide and/or concentrated beam 116 by a plurality of magnetic element (not shown).Vacuum chamber 104 is around the part of insulation core (induction core) 102.The current-carrying part 106 of vacuum chamber 104 has by non-conductive gap 108 separated two ends 118,120.Seal the junction point (joint) between the end 118 and 120 of current-carrying part 106 and non-conducting portion 108 with the traditional vacuum Sealing Technology.Electrical lead 128 is connected to power supply 122 with end 118 and 120.It can be plus end and the first terminal 124 that is connected to end 120 that power supply 122 has.It can be negative terminal and the second terminal 126 that is connected to end 118 that power supply 122 has.Power supply 122 provides voltage V, time variant voltage when it can be, and can be with the form of square wave or with other suitable wave period ground vibration and make polarity inversion.
Auxiliary as the operation of understanding the accelerator among the embodiment 1 temporarily considered idealized situation, wherein the current-carrying part 106 of vacuum chamber 104 is considered as the perfect conductor in the circular path around the part of insulation core 102.Think that temporarily power supply 122 is to be characterized as being to have the zero idealized voltage source that inputs or outputs impedance.When the end 118 and 120 of the current-carrying part 106 that power supply is connected to vacuum chamber 104 (therefore also crossing over the non-conductive gap 108 of vacuum chamber 104), the electric current that is provided by dIo/dt=V/L flows in current-carrying part 106, wherein, determine L by the magnetic properties of insulation core 102 components with such as the geometric aspects of the inductance such as cross-sectional area of insulation core 102, the inductance of a circle circuit (one-turn circuit) that is namely formed by current-carrying part 106.The boundary condition that is applied by Maxwell equation requires electric current I o 130 by current-carrying part 106 on the outer surface of the current-carrying part 106 of vacuum chamber 104.In vacuum chamber 104, except the zone in non-conductive gap 108, because the voltage V that applies or electric current I o and do not have electric field or magnetic field, wherein, electric field E
GBe given as approximate V/d by geometry, wherein, d is the gap length d 110 in non-conductive gap 108.The effect of insulation core 102 provides the limited inductive impedance that is coupled to power supply 122, comes Limited Current Io 130 with dIo/dt=V/L.
Still consider idealized situation, the charged particle (electric charge q) that passes the non-conductive gap 108 in (traverse) vacuum chamber 104 will be accelerated.Around the insulation core 102 of vacuum chamber 104 inside, guide this particle by suitable magnetic guide field 134.This particle does not experience decelerating field (retarding field) in vacuum chamber 104 because except inducted at wall by the electric charge of particle itself those, all (except the magnetostatic guide field of hereinafter discussing) are zero.Along with particle is advanced around insulation core 102, it reenters and passes the non-conductive gap 108 in the vacuum chamber 104, and its energy increases gain qV again.If it finishes the n circle (in this article, term " circle (one or more) " means complete loops, circulation or the revolution of vacuum chamber when relating to beam or Particles Moving) of vacuum chamber 104, it obtains gross energy nqV.The path integral (path integral) of vacuum chamber 104 inner periphery of the Edl in fullpath is V.Here, E is that electric field in the vacuum chamber 104 and d1 represent the path differential (differential) (representing vector with the runic amount) for course of the beam.E is zero in current-carrying part 106 and equals E in non-conductive gap 108
GWill be appreciated that E
GThe complex function of the position in the zone in non-conductive gap, rather than such as approximation relation formula E
GThe constant that=V/d hints.For simplifying the purpose of discussing, at length be not described in this article.Yet, regardless of this complicated variation, most E
GThe path integral that is arranged in the Edl of near the of non-conductive gap and a fullpath strictly is V.That is to say, this electric field has the curl for its vector character.Its integration with the Edl around this electric field and the closed path is that zero electrostatic field differentiates.According to the well-known technology of those skilled in the art, adopt the conventional method (not shown) to inject in the vacuum chamber 104 and/or extract beams 116 from vacuum chamber 104.
Therefore, in this idealized situation, there are two distinct electromagnetic field zones.One in vacuum chamber 104 inside, wherein, only have those that are produced by the V in the zone in non-conductive gap 108, those of being inducted by the particle charging q on the inwall of the current-carrying part 106 of vacuum chamber 104 and form those of magnetic guide field.Other place is in current-carrying part 106 outsides of vacuum chamber 104, wherein, advances along the outer surface of current-carrying part 106 from the electric current I o 130 of dIo/dt=V/L.These two zones are only via 108 couplings of non-conductive gap.
Still consider idealized situation, the image charge of inducting at the inner surface of the current-carrying part 106 of vacuum chamber 104 forms electric current I
I132 and advance along inner surface along the direction identical with the path of one or more particles in the beam 116.Electric current I
I132 equal flow velocity and the opposite in sign of the electric charge of one or more particles in amplitude.When one or more particles are for example during one or more electronics, this image charge is positive.When the one or more particles in the beam 116 arrived the end 118 of current-carrying part 106 at 108 places, non-conductive gap, it only passed the non-conductive gap 108 in the vacuum chamber and obtains energy qV.Yet, the image charge of inducting (and electric current I therefore
I132) have to come the outer surface of current-carrying part 106.When arriving the outer surface at terminal 118 places, electric current I
I132 pass electrical lead 128 and pass through power supply 122, and it has desirable zero impedance.Therefore, in this example, the electric current I that obtains from image charge
I132 flow through power supply 122, electrical lead 128, and 120 places enter the inwall of the current-carrying part 106 of vacuum chamber 104 endways, contiguous non-conductive gap 108 with voltage+V, and (be zero at described inwall place voltage) is left at the 118 inwall places that are in current-carrying part 106 endways, and turn back to power supply 122.Image charge stream provides the extra current I that flows into the electric current that equals beam 116 in the power supply
I132.Image charge stream is image current.Therefore, power supply provides power with excitation insulation core 102, and in addition, it provides power via this coupling with image charge or image current to beam 116.
Up to the present, under discussion, current-carrying part 106 has been considered as not having the ideal situation of resistive impedance.In true (imperfectization) situation, must consider limited resistance.In the many papers about electromagnetic theory, process well this situation.The book (" Classical Electrodynamics ", Third Edition, the John Wiley ﹠amp that show with reference to J.D.Jackson; Sons, 1999), discussed this theme in many places.Especially, in the 5th and 8 chapters, it shows that the main effect of limited conductance is to make electric current and field be confined to be called the zone on the surface of " epidermal thickness (skin thickness) ".This means that the field that disappears in the surface of idealized perfect conductor penetrates the true conductor of this work accelerator now, but along with e
-x/ δAnd disappear, wherein, distance and δ that x is perpendicular to the surface are epidermal thicknesses.The value of δ depends on the resistivity of current-carrying part 106 of vacuum chamber 104 and the frequency of the outside associated electromagnetic field considered.For example, under the 2kHz for copper, δ is about 1.5mm.Wall thickness w 112 by guaranteeing current-carrying part 106 still carries out the Electromagnetic Solution lotus root to the inside and outside zone of vacuum chamber effectively to a great extent greater than δ.Yet the image charge electric current I is still impelled in non-conductive gap 108
I132 from power supply 122+inner surface and the image charge electric current I of the current-carrying part 106 of V side inflow vacuum chamber 104
I132 inner surfaces from current-carrying part 106 flow out to the low potential side of power supply 122.Under truth, electric current I
I132 in the current-carrying part 106 no longer had been zero (as discussed above ideally the same) with the Ohmic resistance that flows of electric current I o 130, but can be in the situation of CURRENT DISTRIBUTION in the epidermal thickness of aforesaid inner surface and outer surface the usefulness reference representation that flows through the electric current of the medium with resistivity p assess.Usually, for such as the good conductor of copper and for the δ value under the frequency that geometry and this paper consider, it may be low that these losses are compared with the power consumption of other element.
Can not represent with standard permanent circuit parameter the coupling of the power supply 122 realized by the image charge that flows into vacuum chambers 104 at 108 places, non-conductive gap via the end 118 of current-carrying part 106,120 beam 116 in the vacuum chamber 104.Yet, can construct equivalent electric circuit so that functional behavior as herein described to be described.This is shown in Figure 2.
Fig. 2 is approximate equivalent circuit signal Figure 200 of local curl accelerator shown in Figure 1.With reference to Fig. 1 and 2, in signal Figure 200, represent the inductance of the circle coil that the current-carrying part 106 by insulation core 102 vacuum chamber 104 on every side forms with symbol L.The energy dissipation that in signal Figure 200, represents the outer surface currents Io 130 that the limited conductivity owing to current-carrying part 106 causes with the electric current I o that flows through resistance R o.Decide this electric current I o by equation 1:
V-LdI
O/ dt-I
OR
O=0 (equation 1)
Use symbol R with flowing through in signal Figure 200
IThe electric current I of the resistance that provides
IThe image current I that inducts that represents current-carrying part inside
I132 energy dissipation.Symbol CBP represents that beam 116 is via the image current I that inducts of current-carrying part 106 inside
IThe 132 beam couplings to power supply 122.This image current of inducting is by I
I=I
BProvide, wherein, I
BIt is circulation (circulating) beam current of vacuum chamber 104 inside that cause owing to beam 116.Provide image current I by non-conductive gap 108 via beam coupling CBP by power supply 122
I132.General supply 122 electric currents are:
I=Io+I
I=Io+I
B(equation 2)
Therefore, the total current from power supply 122 is the electric current I o 130 and the electric current I that causes owing to beam 116 of the magnetic flux in the excitation insulation core 102
BAnd.Power supply 122 provides energy to magnetic field and the beam 116 in the insulation core 102.If there is no beam 116, and magnetic energy then only is provided.By P=V (Io+I
B) provide the power that power supply 122 provides.Under any actual conditions, because Ro and R
IDissipation and the loss that causes is little with comparing owing to the dissipation in sluggish and the magnetic insulation fuse 102 that internal current causes, so can ignore ohmic loss.Dissipation among the RI causes the decline of the energy gain of circulation beam 116.Usually, this reduces more much smaller than the qV beam energy gain that is used for every circle, and except the final particle energy of assessment, again can ignore aspect the beam dynamics.
Referring again to Fig. 1, a kind of exemplary configurations of above-mentioned local curl accelerator is shown.Insulation core 102 forms complete magnetic circuit.Vacuum chamber 104 provides the vacuum-pumping type district with around insulation core 102 circulation for beam 116.The magnetic guide field 134 of beam 116 restrained all beam trajectory guides to the boundary (confine) that is positioned at vacuum chamber 104.Vacuum chamber (although not necessarily round-shaped) 104 is around insulation core 102.Electric current I o 130 flows at the outer surface of the current-carrying part 106 of vacuum chamber 104.Non-conductive gap 108 has the power supply 122 that is connected across it and connects.Electric current I o 130 and I
B=electric current I
I132 flow out the first terminal 124 (plus end) of power supplys 122 and flow into the second terminal 126 (negative terminal) of power supply 122.In Fig. 1, what power supply 122 was as discussed above provides voltage V at its terminal 124,126 two ends like that, and the first terminal 125 conducts+sign and 126 conducts of the second terminal-sign only mean as V when being positive ,+be in and be higher than-current potential of terminal.
For the accelerator (Fig. 1) that is similar to system 100, monitor that the process of injecting, catch, accelerate to final beam energy and extraction separates but individual challenge owing to the electromagnetism in the inside and outside zone of vacuum chamber.A kind of mode that monitors beam is to use the interception beam retainer at the diverse location place that is positioned at beam trajectory.This technology can require to adopt the vacuum seal movable coupler in order to operate from the outside the movable probe of internal vacuum chamber.For fear of the interception of beam, can adopt non-interception transducing (transducing) element to observe and pass on signal from the association phase of beam production process.These elements can obtain magnetic induction and electric induction signal and can comprise fixed and movable vacuum seal coupler.
The process of injecting and catching is crucial for the success of accelerator.For example, electron gun may reside in the inner radial place and can produce a bundle of particle, and its (1) and voltage V apply synchronously to the non-conductive gap of accelerating cavity, and (2) its continue by definite duration of current application.In one embodiment, it can be the short burst (burst) of particle so that this burst ahead of the curve (leading edge) finish before finishing a loop of vacuum chamber.In another embodiment, it can be that wherein, Bc is the maximum field in the insulation core as long as insulation core is swept to+the long burst of the particle that Bc just continues from-Bc; In some cases, may expect that Bc can approach or to reach core saturated.
The critical period of be used for injecting and catching can comprise the several to tens loops or circle of the vacuum chamber that injects beam, if so that (negotiate) those loops that successfully circulated then think to capture beam; If the loop of unrealized this number, then important will be to understand where to inject beam and when lose.
When capturing, beam is front and then accelerate to all-round.Yet because the pattern of guiding magnetic field and the defective of design parameter thereof, the part of beam or whole beam may be lost in it obtains the way of final energy.When and where know that this loses occurs for diagnosis problem and adjusts to alleviate or revise this situation and be absolutely necessary.
All can under the extraction of beam also may require to apply special magnetic and/or the signal of telecommunication to beam and be extracted system so that it is kicked out of stable orbit and catch.Similarly, if beam uses rather than is extracted with interior target, know that then it may be important when initiating this process.Therefore, have definite beam and reached all-round one or more signal no less importants.
During the routine operation of accelerator, beam specification may be subject to being permitted multivariable impact, includes but not limited to temperature and voltage fluctuation, environmental change and accident.
Have for monitoring and diagnose the method for beam specification to be important in all operations stage.Method is disclosed in the u.s. patent application serial number 12/351241 " Diagnostic Methods And Apparatus For An Accelerator Using Induction To Generate An Electric Field With A Localized Curl " of William Bertozzi and Robert J.Ledoux, thus, allow to determine the various attributes of the beam in the accelerator from the signal of non-interception inverting element, such as:
1.) the part of the beam number of turns of in vacuum chamber, having passed;
2.) the energy of the beam of interested each position;
3.) the intensity of the beam of each loop or circle and position;
4.) beam is around the motion of its equilibrium orbit;
5.) position and the time that beam is lost occurs;
6.) space charge is on the impact of beam intensity and orbital motion;
7. the impact on beam intensity and orbital motion that the ion that) produces owing to the collision of the residual gas in beam and the vacuum chamber causes;
8.) the operational quality of accelerator and be used for the effect of the mitigation strategy of perturbation; And
9.) extract or the effective duty cycle of the beam that uses in inside.
These and other embodiment as herein described be for the technology disclosed herein that monitors charged particle in the accelerating period can applicable example.Although in the application to the local curl accelerator of several particular exemplary type, lectured embodiment, will be appreciated that it has widely applicability.Those skilled in the art will be appreciated that expansion, modification and other layout that has disclosed critical elements, and it can be realized and its intention is encompassed in the scope of the present disclosure.
In one embodiment, inverting element is comprised of the conductive electrode of not tackling beam, and it is arranged in the diverse location place of the chamber outside the particle beam path.This type of exemplary embodiment is shown in Fig. 3 A and the 3B.
Fig. 3 A be illustrate except the cross section of vacuum chamber 304 for (such as but not limited to) the rectangle in structure and operation with the schematic diagram 300A of the system 300 of similar exemplary local curl accelerator shown in Figure 1.Vacuum chamber 304 serves as beamline and has current-carrying part 306 and non-conducting portion (being called non-conductive gap) 308.The current-carrying part 306 of vacuum chamber 304 has two ends 318,320 that separated by the non-conductive gap 308 that is used as accelerating gap.Seal the junction point between the end 318 and 320 in current-carrying part 306 and non-conductive gap 308 with the traditional vacuum Sealing Technology.Restriction is along the current-carrying part 306 of the imaginary cutting plane 330 indication cutting vacuum chambers 304 of the position of the cross-sectional view of direction A-A.Accelerator has inductance fuse (inductive core) 102.
Fig. 3 B illustrates the current-carrying part 306 of vacuum chamber 304 and the unshowned additional detail of Fig. 3 A is shown at the cross-sectional view 300B of the part of the system 300 of Fig. 3 A of cutting plane 330 (Fig. 3 A) intercepting of seeing along (Fig. 3 A) direction A-A.
With reference to Fig. 3 B, the beam 316 that the current-carrying part 306 of vacuum chamber 304 impales in the plane that advances to paper and indicated by its cross section section (for example, ellipse) in this view.One or more conductive electrodes 336 are installed in the current-carrying part 306 of vacuum chamber 304.Wall electricity isolation and the wall by chamber of conductive electrode 336 by traditional means (not shown) and the current-carrying part 306 of vacuum chamber 304 provides outside and is connected.Conductive electrode 336 can be a plurality of and can be arranged to another pattern that regular array (as shown) maybe may be expected, and can be arranged in a side or many sides of beam 316.Each conductive electrode 336 has for the electrical lead that connects.Each lead-in wire can pass the current-carrying part 306 of vacuum chamber 304 by single lead-in wire sealed feed-through 338 as the lead-in wire of locating for the top of current-carrying part 306 is indicated.In this case, lead-in wire 342 can be connected to for monitoring and analyzing by the instrument 350 of electrical lead 342 from the signal of conductive electrode 336 transmission.Perhaps, lead-in wire can be tied into the current-carrying part 306 that also as indicated for the lead-in wire of locating in the bottom of current-carrying part 306, passes vacuum chamber 304 in the cable 340 by multilead sealed feed-through 344.In this case, the lead-in wire in the cable 340 can also be connected to for monitoring and analyze instrument 350 from the signal of conductive electrode 336.(certainly, can use single lead-in wire feedthrough, one or more multilead feedthrough or its combination.) this instrument is designed so that conductive electrode 336 each can present height (with respect to other conductive path of system) resistive impedance for electric current.Each conductive electrode 336 will receive the induced potential V that is produced by image charge q from the beam that passes through nearby
IThis V
ITo induct and will depend on q, distributed capacitance and the impedance of circuit according to electromagnetic standard rule.This V
IPresent a certain amount of beam electric charge has arrived the ad-hoc location in the vacuum chamber 304 at special time signal.Instrument 350 can and/or can comprise general microprocessing systems by the configuration of instrument that makes up for specific purpose.
This diagnosis scheme provides the following information about the accelerator performance:
1.) Duration Ratio appears at one or several conductive electrode 336 that is coupled via induced charge for the few beam charge pulse of the time of a circle with (according to electrode position and spacing) as signal.These signals transmit information determining the position of beam 316 when it detours vacuum chamber 304, and when paired pulses is counted, and it can determine the number of the circle (loop of vacuum chamber 304) carried out and from the loss of every circle.Also can determine beam around the amplitude oscillation of equilibrium orbit, and the variation of the orbital position when when the accelerating region at each 308 places, non-conductive gap by vacuum chamber 304, beam being accelerated.By the pulse number of counting in the signal that liner is inducted, determine the number of loop or circle, therefore, can know at any time the energy of beam, because for every circle, energy gain is qV (wherein, the electric charge of particle is q).Similarly, can beam 316 reached all can the time it is determined.Can also use the correlation of energy and conductive electrode 336 positions as diagnostic method.If beam is lost in certain zone of vacuum chamber 304, the amplitude of variation of signal that then can be by successive turn is determined this position, the beginning of losing such as beam is possible.
2.) as by injecting until for first particle that injects, reach all-round till, beam pulse can be than long in these cases.In this case, still can monitor beam 316 advancing by accelerator by sequential and the amplitude of the signal of inducting at conductive electrode 336.This allows to monitor whole accelerator in the situation that accelerating chamber is full of electric charge.Beam 316 will have from injecting until extract or the component under all energy that interior target uses, and different conductive electrodes 336 will have the signal of inducting from the beam component of different-energy.This allows to generate via the space charge effect in the vacuum chamber 304 and ion in the residual gas the interactional effect of the different components of beam is added supervision.
3.) beam pulse can be longer than and be accelerated to the all-round required time, in order to realize higher beam duty ratio.In this case, the signal on the conductive electrode 336 will allow to determine that the operational quality during the full duty ratio also will provide the chance of controlling and adjusting beam quality.
Fig. 4 A be comprise with Fig. 1 in the diagram of system 400 of the similar exemplary local curl accelerator of accelerator, wherein transducer is used for various other beam specifications to the embodiment of current sensor for the electric current of the power supply 122 of accelerator for detection of flowing to.It also comprises the control device for the control accelerator.The accelerator of system 400 is similar to the accelerator of Fig. 1 and Fig. 3 A.Have with Fig. 1,3A and 3B in the project of those identical reference numbers are the projects with identical function.With reference to Fig. 4 A, vacuum chamber 104 can be tubulose (circular cross section shown in Fig. 1 and 4A and the rectangular cross section shown in Fig. 3 A and 3B usually, perhaps has another kind of shape of cross section), and can as illustratedly be annular, perhaps can have permission beam other closed path that circulation/circulation passes through in circular path around the part of insulation core 102 and connect.Section Figure 114 is provided at the view of a branch of charged particle 116 of advancing in the vacuum chamber 104.(section Figure 114 only is for illustrative purpose and does not represent actual aperture in the vacuum chamber 104.) referring again to Fig. 4 A, inverting element can be measured the electric current that flows into power supply 122 from the current-carrying part 106 of vacuum chamber 104.By the arbitrary middle introducing current sensor 402 in the end 118 that power supply 122 is connected to the current-carrying part 106 of vacuum chamber, 120 electrical lead 128, can measure total current I=Io+I
B(referring to circuit shown in Figure 2).Electric current I o 130 and I
B=electric current I
I132 flow out the first terminal 124 (plus end) of power supplys 122 and flow into the second terminal 126 (negative terminal) of power supply 122.Can for example connect current sensor 402 at tie point C with the D place.This current sensor can be the low-impedance resistor in power supply 122 electrical leads 128; The voltage at these resistor two ends will be indicated the electric current by electrical lead 128.(the interior resistance with power supply 122 of suitable connection can be used for identical purpose.) can generate the signal of expression electric current I and send it to instrument 406 by one or more electrical leads 404 by current sensor 402, instrument 406 can be by for the configuration of instrument of specific purpose member and/or can comprise for analyzing electric current I and being used for extracting and processing additional information and for general little processing or other computing system of making decision.
One or more diverse locations place of the characteristic that is used for sensing beam 116 in the current-carrying part 106 of vacuum chamber 104 can comprise that one or more conductive electrodes are (not shown, but be similar to the electrode 336 of Fig. 3 B), and it for example can form one or more conductive electrode arrays (not shown, but be similar to electrode 336 among Fig. 3 B).Conductive electrode in the current-carrying part 106 of vacuum chamber 104 can be by one or more positions (for example, but be not the purpose for restriction) one or more sealed feed-through 344 (as directed two of example, but be not purpose for restriction) and be connected to instrument 350 by cable 340.Instrument 350 and instrument 406 can be connected to controller 410 by cable 408.(be understood that this and other communication that is described in this article by cable is carried out can alternatively be carried out by wireless device.What will also be understood that is easily the required instrument that is illustrated as two locational instruments 350 and 406 here to be deployed on one or more positions.) controller 410 can comprise by the control element that makes up for specific purpose and/or can comprise general little processing or other computing system that carries out the Accelerator control decision-making and carry out the Accelerator control algorithm that is used for Accelerator control.Controller 410 can be via cable 412 (electricity, optics etc.) to control element 414 transfer control orders and can comprise display and other communicator.Control element 414 can comprise power supply (including but not limited to power supply 122), magnet control system (including but not limited to the control for generation of the magnet of guide field 134), actuator (actuator), reach conventional (but Fig. 4 A is not shown) and well-known other Accelerator control element of those skilled in the art of adopting in Accelerator control.Some example of other this type of Accelerator control element can include but not limited to inject and extract for beam element, cooling and the temperature control component of (or use with interior target), guide field magnet, vacuum system controlling organization, adds speed control mechanism, removes the controlling organization of the ion that is produced by beam etc.Control element 414 can have the direct connection (linkage) 416 to the element of accelerator system 400, and this direct connection can include but not limited to electrically connect, magnetic connection, optics connection, mechanical attachment etc.Controller 410 can control system 400 acts on the variation of the motion of a charged particle in the beam 116.
Fig. 4 B is the schematic diagram 450 of the circuit of replacement current sensor 402 embodiment that can adopt in system 400 or similar system.Referring now to Fig. 4 A and 4B, in the present embodiment, current sensor 402 is transformers 452, toroidal transformer for example, the magnetic field that its sensing is caused by the electric current I from power supply 122.Voltage from transformer 502 depends on that the electric current I in the electrical lead 128 arrives the time rate of change of power supply 122.Those skilled in the art will know for other method of current sensor and its intention and be included in the disclosure.
Can provide following diagnostic information from the signal that one of these current sensors (the resistive current sensor of traditional electrical or transformer 452) obtain:
1.) Duration Ratio will appear at power line for few beam charge pulse of time of a circle as current impulse for the revolution (" circle ") of beam.By calculating the number of these pulses, can determine the number of turns of successfully carrying out.Will be by the performed number of turns and the given beam energy of voltage V.By the integral charge (integrated charge) of measuring each pulse, can determine the beam loss of every circle.For short beam charge pulse, can monitor the success of injection process, capture-process, accelerator and extraction or inner use procedure.If there is beam loss, then can determine the number of turns (with beam energy therefore) of executed beam and the beam spot that loss occurs.
2.) can realize that ceiling capacity injects beam in the required time continuously at first particle that is used for injecting.In this case, the electric current from beam increases along with the increase of beam revolution.As time goes on electric current in the power line that causes owing to beam increases.By monitoring the electric current as the function of time, can monitor the beam condition under every circle place, each radial position place and the every kind of energy.
3.) can within the time required greater than the realization ceiling capacity, inject continuously beam.In this case, the electric current from beam increases along with the increase of beam revolution.Electric current when having extracted full accelerated beam (or for example when using the internal beam target) stops to increase.As time goes on electric current in the power line that causes owing to beam increases and reaches stationary value.By monitoring this electric current as the function of time, can monitor the beam condition under every circle place and the every kind of energy.Determine the effective duty cycle of beam.
4.) for all beam duration, signal from electric current in the line to power supply will allow to determine according to position, time and energy the condition of beam, and this correlation will allow to determine the as discussed above same effect from the signal of conductive electrode 336 (Fig. 3 B).
Generally speaking, diagnostic measurement discussed above can detect the particle beams and/or source current I and following cognition can be provided:
D1. source current I and beam current I
B
D2. finishing of one of beam circle, and intensity;
D3. the radial position of the beam after the circle;
D4. the upright position of the beam during any circle;
D5. radial position and the intensity of the beam during any circle;
D6. as the decay of the beam intensity of the function of the number of turns, and the position of beam intensity loss;
D7. the number of turns and the position that disappear of beam;
D8. the energy of the beam relevant with the number of turns;
D9. be stored in the quantity of electric charge in the vacuum chamber to the impact of the beam intensity under any appointment number of turns;
D10. vacuum is on the impact of the beam intensity under any appointment number of turns; And
D11. extract or the inner beam intensity of using.
Certainly, such as known to persons skilled in the art, also can measure other variable.Recognize that importantly these diagnostic measurement allow to know the many beam specifications about the specific circle during the accelerator, and therefore will allow for given circle those characteristics to be compared with expectation or nominal characteristic.
The previous detection method of discussing provides the signal about the beam number of turns that is accelerated, with at the different time in accelerating period and for the condition of the accelerated beam that is in the diverse location place in the accelerator of different beaies intensity.Wherein, can be used for improving and the control action of automatically controlling accelerator operation is comprised of following adjustment:
V1. beam Implantation Energy;
Beam intensity when V2. injecting;
Beam direction when V3. injecting (vertical and level);
Beam spot when V4. injecting (radially, vertical and level);
V5. when injecting, disturb the Electric and magnetic fields element of racetrack;
V6. form guide field and determine CURRENT DISTRIBUTION in the magnetic element of pattern of the magnetic guide field in the guidance field;
V7. the temperature of insulation core;
V8., the temperature of the magnet of guide field is provided;
V9. accelerate the vacuum in the vacuum chamber;
V10. accelerate and extract during or the Electric and magnetic fields element of the interference racetrack that uses with interior target;
V11. be connected to vacuum chamber and be responsible for providing the voltage of the power supply that beam accelerates; And
V12. use the voltage of the element in the vacuum chamber that removes the ion that is produced by beam.
Certainly, such as known to persons skilled in the art, also can adjust other parameter.Will be appreciated that can by come to inner electrode application voltage to beam apply constant or changing electric field disturbing its track, described internal electrode is such as, but not limited to for shown in Fig. 3 B when sensing beam and the characteristic thereof those.
Beam current in the time of can taking these control actions with the proper handling that guarantees accelerator and the successful number of turns of optimizing beam and extraction or other use.It can use individually or in combination.A part that can be used as feedback loop comes the Adjustment System parameter to be extracted to optimize or in beam current and the emission of inside use, perhaps can be in different operating procedures partly or even this system parameters is set fully manually.
As the example of control feedback loop, considering to be used for the following of accelerator may the initial start action sequence.For example, but without limitation, will speed up device is assumed to be such as the electron accelerator of as discussed above design and with the beam injection device and is assumed to be electron gun.
S1. allow operating value to compare the vacuum quality in the vacuum chamber and nominal.
S2. by supply voltage is compared with preset expected value it is checked.
The field of in insulation core, setting up when determining that S3. power supply carried out impulse action (by measure or by the calculating based on L and I) and in the three or more times: the circulation beginning; Intercycle; When finishing with circulation it is compared with preset expected value.
S4. electron gun is carried out the inspection of the suitable heating of filament (filament) and emitter.
S5. in magnet coil, the guide field magnet is supplied power to scheduled current, the guide field pattern of perhaps its power supply being scheduled to foundation in vacuum chamber.
S6. injecting voltage is switched to predetermined value.
S7. measure from the electric current of electron gun emission and with it and compare with predetermined value.
Certainly, such as known to persons skilled in the art, in initiating sequence, also can comprise other step.
In case with situation that the preset value that is used for assembly is compared under control to guarantee the proper handling of each element by system, then accelerator is ready for operation to produce accelerated beam.May determine preset value by the calculating of beam trajectory and/or previous measurement and successful accelerator operation.If any preset value is impossible, then controller can present and has the as a result alarm of summary.
Shown in Figure 5 for exemplary local curl accelerator automatic startup and the flow chart 500 of the embodiment of operating process.(be understood that and can also suitably use the present embodiment with other accelerator design, in case of necessity with the modification that meets the particular-accelerator characteristic, such as skilled in the art will appreciate.) at the automatic startup of the accelerator that uses diagnostic measurement D (j) and control action V (i) shown in the flow chart 500 and the embodiment of operating process.Certainly, also can comprise other diagnostic measurement and control action.Can programme so that some specific location in the vacuum chamber or the beam intensity after the specific number of turns of beam to this sequence (that is, beam current I
B) optimize (although also can optimize other variable), and in the situation of the final optimization pass of beam intensity, then carry out the extraction of beam or use with interior target.Can set up above-mentioned initial tuning predefined parameter with this process.(hereinafter, beam extraction and beam can be referred to as " beam use " with the use of interior target.)
Can be in determination step 506,512 and 518 variation of control action V (i) be compared with the predetermined or calculated value in can being stored in look-up table as a result on the impact of diagnostic measurement D (j), this as a result look-up table be used for determining suitably and the beam intensity of purpose operation or beam and other characteristic of beam current, the number of turns, energy, extraction or inner use.This process can use the pre-defined algorithm that compares in look-up table and related different D (j) and sequence order to adjust.Can be by calculating and modeling and by determining specific operation behavior to be described these algorithms thus from the experiment of actual accelerator operation.Term " optimization " can refer to by increasing or reducing V parameter (i) beam intensity for the relevant position of diagnosis D (j) is maximized.Yet (, making another beam specification optimization may be easily.) may realize wrong local beam intensity maximum (or maximum of another characteristic), and can come this is investigated with the correlation of different D (j) by the change at random for the sequence of V (i).This feature can be the part of pre-defined algorithm.
Disclosed process can comprise start-up course 502 and three different subprocess that are indicated as feedback loop I 524, feedback loop II 526 and feedback loop III 528 successively in the flow chart 500.Start-up course 502 for example comprises the normal initial step such as S1～S7.The initiation of the following operation of the process control of feedback loop I 524: being successfully completed of the first whole circle (in the beam intensity of when the finishing of the first lap of beam, optimizing and the situation of position) that is injected into beam from preparing the first beam.(alternatively, this feedback loop can extend to and comprise the additional number of turns, be enough to guarantee beam is crossed (clear) injection gun or by another kind of like milestone.) the following operation of process control of feedback loop II 526: finish (or finishing from some predetermined larger number of turns) to obtaining satisfied beam character until from the gratifying use first time (being referred to as " for the first time gratifying beam use ") of the first time of accelerator gratifying beam extraction or beam and interior target from the whole circle of the first success of beam.The following operation of the process control of feedback loop III 528: from for the first time gratifying use to the optimization of extracting beam.After the optimization of employed beam, follow by step 522: use the control parameter of being determined by previous process beam stable extraction or that use in inside the continuation operation and use.Be understood that, in each feedback loop, the value of one or more measurement diagnosis quantity can be compared with the expectation or the nominal value that are used for the nominal beam, this nominal beam has been finished the number of turns identical with actual beam or has been in the boost phase identical with actual beam.
Disclosed the first feedback procedure of Fig. 5 is illustrated by first feedback loop (feedback loop I 524) of flow chart.At step 504 place, can carry out some or all diagnostic measurement D1～D4.(hereinafter, should be called " injecting the stage diagnostic measurement " with measuring D1～D4.) at determination step 506 places, can determine whether beam successfully carries out the first lap of accelerator (perhaps alternatively, as discussed above, whether it successfully carries out the additional number of turns).Finishing of success can be based on beam and finish the required number of turns, perhaps can also have the measurement characteristics that satisfies predetermined nominal value or threshold value based on beam.If answering is "No", then at step 508 place, this response can be according to the variation of some or all control action V1～V6 about retuning from institute's predetermined value activation system of the calculating that is used for successful tuning accelerator and/or previous experience.(control action V1～V6 should be called hereinafter, " injecting the stage control action ".) some or all value V1～V6 can change about its preset value successively, until each produces the best (or gratifying) beam intensity of the first lap (or former circle) for accelerator and is used for till the appropriate location in space of this first track.The order that changes can change in random mode to determine optimum operation and the possibility of the local maximum of the optimal cases avoiding not being possible.Can automatically carry out variation according to pre-defined algorithm, perhaps can partly and even fully manually carry out.Be understood that also and can in this operational phase, change other parameter that is different from V1～V6.If process can not successfully stop, then system can produce the alarm (not shown) and/or change V (i) and the history log (not shown) of D (j) as a result.
It should be noted, a purpose that has for a circle or the special-purpose feedback loop I 524 of several circles is to guarantee that it can be the injection device of injection gun that the beam that injects misses.As previously mentioned, beam obtains energy at every circle place.Owing to energy along with every circle increases, so track expands in the average radial position.All continuous tracks were all kept away till the injector until this expansion is enough to, and the betatron oscillation (in vertical and radial position) that system can depend on beam misses injection device to guarantee beam.This may require as adjust injection device position, injection direction, Implantation Energy, beam intensity and guide field value carrying out among V1～V6.
In case satisfy the standard that is successfully completed (that is, answer in case return "Yes" in the inquiry at determination step 506 places) of feedback loop I, then process can proceed to feedback loop II 526.At step 510 place, carry out some or all diagnostic measurement D1～D9.(hereinafter, should be called " boost phase diagnostic measurement " with measuring D1～D9.) at determination step 512 places, determine whether satisfactory beam character is, until till the beam use.If answering is "No", then at step 514 place, be similar to describedly with respect to the action V1～V6 at step 508 place, this response retuning according to the variation activation system of some or all control action V1～V12.(hereinafter, control action V1～V12 can be called " boost phase control action ".) feedback loop II 526 processes the beam that uses to all-round flow control one beam from the end of loop I.May adjust (V7 and V8) such as some of core and magnet temperature monitors possible system change and suitably adjusts coolant flow.Other guide field of adjust processing the energy at beam spot and diverse location place and changing the diverse location place is to avoid losing beam.A kind of possibility that can cause beam loss is the unstable tuning of the guiding magnetic field that carries out according to the position.May run into and make beam with the resonance of certain Radius to the wall deflection of vacuum chamber.These resonance can also impel beam in cross section (profile) to expand fully, thereby cause extracting or the loss of strength when using with interior target or than in the situation that do not lose loss of strength under the little a certain intermediate energy of the employed energy of whole beam.(study and the mode that quantizes these resonance is to disturb track by electric field, apply this electric field by the voltage on the previous electrode of discussing.) be because the collision of beam and residual gas atoms and in residual gas, produce ion about another reason of beam loss aspect.Diagnostic measurement D (j) can detect beam loss and beam spot and adjust V1～V12 and process each in these possibilities and alleviate the beam loss.Make beam reach final energy for use.Can automatically carry out variation V1～V2 according to pre-defined algorithm, perhaps can part and even fully manually execution.Be understood that also and can in this operational phase, change other parameter that is different from V1～V12.If according to predetermined condition, feedback loop II 526 is unsuccessful, then can set up alarm with the history of all adjustment and diagnosis reading.
During feedback loop I 524 and feedback loop II 526, beam can short pulse, and it only covers less than the spatial dimension of a circle or its can cover several circles.After the successful management of this short duration beam that is undertaken by feedback loop II 526, can expand beam by duty ratio, in order to cover complete energy range in vacuum chamber, and every circle is all occupied by beam.This will change ion and produce and the interactional effect of space charge.Beam reaches and all can comprise self-adjusting this part for the management of extracting or use inside.
In case the satisfied standard that is successfully completed for feedback loop II 526 (that is, answer in case return "Yes" in the inquiry at determination step 512 places), then process can proceed to feedback loop III 528.Feedback loop III 528 under all can the beam condition beginning and make the extraction of beam or beam with the use optimization of interior target.At step 516 place, carry out some or all diagnostic measurement D1～D11.(hereinafter, should be called " operational phase diagnostic measurement " with measuring D1～D11.) at determination step 518 places, whether definite beam character of extracting or using in inside is optimized to pre-provisioning request.If answering is "No", then be similar to describedly with respect to the action V1～V6 at step 508 place, at step 520 place, this response retuning according to the variation activation system of some or all control action V1～V12.(hereinafter, control action V1～V12 can be called " operational phase control action ".) feedback loop II 528 have from all can flow control one beam extraction or inner the use to institute extract or at the beam of the optimization of the beam of inside use.This feedback loop is included in the space and the energy aspect obtains suitable beam intensity and beam in cross section.Can realize that this is tuning with short beam, and can use high duty cycle operation at last, wherein, beam is filled whole vacuum chamber from being injected into to use, and occupies all circles and all energy.Can automatically carry out change V1～V2 according to pre-defined algorithm, perhaps can part and even fully manually execution.Be understood that also and can in this operational phase, change other parameter that is different from V1～V12.As the situation of previous feedback loop, fail to satisfy the alarm that preset standard may produce the history with all diagnosis readings and adjustment.
In case the satisfied standard that is successfully completed for feedback loop III 528 (that is, in case returning "Yes" in the inquiry at determination step 518 places answers), then process can proceed to step 522, uses continuation operation and the use of the holding beam that is undertaken by the definite control parameter of previous process.
Embodiment as herein described be the technology disclosed herein accelerated for charged particle can applicable example.Those skilled in the art will be appreciated that expansion, modification and other layout that has disclosed critical elements, and this can be implemented and be included as a part of this disclosure.
Claims (22)
1. method of controlling the operation of particle accelerator comprises:
A) particle beams is injected in the accelerator;
B) carry out at least one and inject the stage diagnostic measurement;
C) based on described at least one injection stage diagnostic measurement, determine whether the particle beams is successfully injected;
D) when not yet successfully injecting the particle beams, change at least one and inject the stage control action, and repeating step a to c);
E) when successfully injecting the particle beams, carry out at least one boost phase diagnostic measurement;
F) based on described at least one boost phase diagnostic measurement, determine whether the particle beams is successfully accelerated;
G) when the particle beams is not yet successfully accelerated, change at least one boost phase control action, and repeating step a) and e) to f);
H) when the particle beams is successfully accelerated, carry out at least one operational phase diagnostic measurement;
I) based on described at least one operational phase diagnostic measurement, determine whether the particle beams is successfully used;
J) when the particle beams is not yet successfully used, change at least one operational phase control action, and repeating step a) and h) to i); And
K) when the particle beams is successfully used, further operate accelerator.
2. the process of claim 1 wherein, described particle accelerator is electron accelerator.
3. the process of claim 1 wherein, described particle accelerator is local curl accelerator.
4. the process of claim 1 wherein, inject the described particle beams by electron gun.
5. the process of claim 1 wherein, after a circle, determine whether the particle beams is successfully injected.
6. the process of claim 1 wherein, determine after multi-turn whether the particle beams is successfully injected.
7. the process of claim 1 wherein, described at least one injection stage diagnostic measurement comprises the number of turns of measurement beam.
8. the method for claim 7, wherein, the number of turns of measurement beam comprises the pulse of measuring in the signal that passes through corresponding to beam.
9. the method for claim 8 wherein, is measured described pulse with conductive electrode.
10. the method for claim 8 wherein, is measured described pulse with current sensor.
11. the method for claim 7, wherein, described at least one injection stage diagnostic measurement comprises measurement beam intensity.
12. the method for claim 7, wherein, described at least one injection stage diagnostic measurement comprises the position of measurement beam.
13. the process of claim 1 wherein, described at least one injection stage diagnostic measurement comprises measurement beam intensity.
14. the process of claim 1 wherein, described at least one injection stage diagnostic measurement comprises the position of measurement beam.
15. the process of claim 1 wherein, at least one inject stage diagnostic measurement, at least one boost phase diagnostic measurement, at least one operational phase diagnostic measurement at least one comprise that conductive electrode measures.
16. the process of claim 1 wherein, at least one inject stage diagnostic measurement, at least one boost phase diagnostic measurement, at least one operational phase diagnostic measurement at least one comprise current sensor measurement.
17. the method for claim 16, wherein, described current sensor measurement comprises the measurement of source current.
18. the process of claim 1 wherein, determine by beam intensity whether the particle beams has successfully been injected or successfully acceleration at least in part.
19. the process of claim 1 wherein, determine by beam spot whether the particle beams has successfully been injected or successfully acceleration at least in part.
20. the process of claim 1 wherein, the use of the particle beams comprises the extraction of beam.
21. the process of claim 1 wherein, the use of the particle beams comprises target in the beam collision.
22. the method for claim 1 also comprises by coming beam is applied electric field to disturb its track at least one pair of internal electrode two ends applied voltage.
Applications Claiming Priority (7)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US2464008P | 2008-01-30 | 2008-01-30 | |
| US61/024640 | 2008-01-30 | ||
| US12/351,241 US8280684B2 (en) | 2008-01-09 | 2009-01-09 | Diagnostic methods and apparatus for an accelerator using induction to generate an electric field with a localized curl |
| US12/351241 | 2009-01-09 | ||
| US12/351234 | 2009-01-09 | ||
| US12/351,234 US8264173B2 (en) | 2008-01-09 | 2009-01-09 | Methods and systems for accelerating particles using induction to generate an electric field with a localized curl |
| PCT/US2009/032651 WO2009097536A1 (en) | 2008-01-30 | 2009-01-30 | Methods for diagnosing and automatically controlling the operation of a particle accelerator |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN101953237A CN101953237A (en) | 2011-01-19 |
| CN101953237B true CN101953237B (en) | 2013-02-06 |
Family
ID=40913273
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN200980103439.4A Expired - Fee Related CN101953237B (en) | 2008-01-30 | 2009-01-30 | Methods for diagnosing and automatically controlling the operation of a particle accelerator |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP2243340A4 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN101953237B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2009097536A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US10340051B2 (en) * | 2016-02-16 | 2019-07-02 | General Electric Company | Radioisotope production system and method for controlling the same |
| US10123406B1 (en) * | 2017-06-07 | 2018-11-06 | General Electric Company | Cyclotron and method for controlling the same |
| CN108318909A (en) * | 2018-02-08 | 2018-07-24 | 中国科学院近代物理研究所 | A kind of beam for ion accelerator damages detector assembly |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3742212A (en) * | 1971-02-16 | 1973-06-26 | Univ Leland Stanford Junior | Method and apparatus for pulsed ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy |
| US4381450A (en) * | 1981-01-22 | 1983-04-26 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Pulsed radiation dosimetry apparatus |
| US5436537A (en) * | 1991-03-19 | 1995-07-25 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Circular accelerator and a method of injecting beams therein |
| EP1073318A2 (en) * | 1999-07-29 | 2001-01-31 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Method and apparatus for controlling circular accelerator |
| US6201851B1 (en) * | 1997-06-10 | 2001-03-13 | Adelphi Technology, Inc. | Internal target radiator using a betatron |
| CN1398505A (en) * | 2000-02-11 | 2003-02-19 | 瓦里安半导体设备联合公司 | Methods and appts. for operating high energy accelerator in low energy mode |
| CN1697587A (en) * | 2004-04-19 | 2005-11-16 | 三菱电机株式会社 | Charged-particle beam accelerator, particle beam radiation therapy system, and method of operating the particle beam radiation therapy system |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3348089A (en) * | 1963-07-29 | 1967-10-17 | Ibm | Cyclotron accelerator having the electrostatic field appearing across a nonlinear gap |
| WO1995008909A1 (en) * | 1993-09-20 | 1995-03-30 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Accelerator operation method, accelerator, and accelerator system |
| JP3307059B2 (en) * | 1994-03-17 | 2002-07-24 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Accelerator, medical device and emission method |
| JP3736343B2 (en) * | 2000-03-09 | 2006-01-18 | 三菱電機株式会社 | DC electron beam accelerator and DC electron beam acceleration method thereof |
| JP4257741B2 (en) * | 2004-04-19 | 2009-04-22 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Charged particle beam accelerator, particle beam irradiation medical system using charged particle beam accelerator, and method of operating particle beam irradiation medical system |
| US7415095B2 (en) * | 2004-10-01 | 2008-08-19 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | System and method utilizing adaptive radiation therapy framework |
-
2009
- 2009-01-30 CN CN200980103439.4A patent/CN101953237B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-01-30 EP EP09706715.1A patent/EP2243340A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-01-30 WO PCT/US2009/032651 patent/WO2009097536A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3742212A (en) * | 1971-02-16 | 1973-06-26 | Univ Leland Stanford Junior | Method and apparatus for pulsed ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy |
| US4381450A (en) * | 1981-01-22 | 1983-04-26 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Pulsed radiation dosimetry apparatus |
| US5436537A (en) * | 1991-03-19 | 1995-07-25 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Circular accelerator and a method of injecting beams therein |
| US6201851B1 (en) * | 1997-06-10 | 2001-03-13 | Adelphi Technology, Inc. | Internal target radiator using a betatron |
| EP1073318A2 (en) * | 1999-07-29 | 2001-01-31 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Method and apparatus for controlling circular accelerator |
| CN1398505A (en) * | 2000-02-11 | 2003-02-19 | 瓦里安半导体设备联合公司 | Methods and appts. for operating high energy accelerator in low energy mode |
| CN1697587A (en) * | 2004-04-19 | 2005-11-16 | 三菱电机株式会社 | Charged-particle beam accelerator, particle beam radiation therapy system, and method of operating the particle beam radiation therapy system |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2243340A4 (en) | 2014-08-20 |
| CN101953237A (en) | 2011-01-19 |
| EP2243340A1 (en) | 2010-10-27 |
| WO2009097536A1 (en) | 2009-08-06 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JP3896420B2 (en) | All ion accelerator and its control method | |
| US8169167B2 (en) | Methods for diagnosing and automatically controlling the operation of a particle accelerator | |
| CN105169572A (en) | Scanning system | |
| Harada et al. | New injection scheme using a pulsed quadrupole magnet in electron storage rings | |
| CN101953237B (en) | Methods for diagnosing and automatically controlling the operation of a particle accelerator | |
| KR20230111236A (en) | Ion implantation systems with resonators, linear accelerator configurations and toroidal resonators | |
| CN101933404B (en) | Diagnostic methods and apparatus for an accelerator using induction to generate an electric field with a localized curl | |
| CN107920412B (en) | Method and system for controlling ion beam pulse extraction | |
| CN114365256A (en) | Apparatus and techniques for ion energy measurement in pulsed ion beams | |
| Henestroza et al. | Design and characterization of a neutralized-transport experiment for heavy-ion fusion | |
| Persichelli | The beam coupling impedance model of CERN Proton Synchrotron | |
| US2465786A (en) | Accelerating apparatus for charged particles | |
| Huang et al. | Design algorithm of a uniform magnetic field transmitter intended for the wireless charging of electric vehicles | |
| KR101551629B1 (en) | Method and system for preparing efficient pulse transformer | |
| Grech | The development and optimisation of the B-train system for the ELENA ring | |
| Nishitani et al. | Irradiation effects on magnetic probes made of mineral insulated cable | |
| Lu et al. | Study of measuring error of rogowski coil | |
| Seletskiy | Attainment of electron beam suitable for medium energy electron cooling | |
| Rehman et al. | Three-dimensional Spiral Injection Scheme Test Experiment | |
| Botman et al. | Beam Position Monitoring and Beam Positioning in the Racetrack Microtron Eindhoven | |
| Apollinari et al. | HINS linac front end focusing system R&D | |
| Fulceri | Measurement of the Spatio-Temporal Development of Plasma Profiles during Magnetic Reconnection | |
| Staff | HEAVY ION FUSION ACCELERATOR RESEARCH (HIFAR) YEAR-END REPORT | |
| CN116577831A (en) | Underwater robot detection method and system based on array coil | |
| Soika et al. | Generation of nondestructive unipolar strong pulsed magnetic fields |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |
Granted publication date: 20130206 Termination date: 20220130 |
|
| CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |