CN101918770A - Composite material compositions, arrangements and methods having enhanced thermal conductivity behavior - Google Patents
Composite material compositions, arrangements and methods having enhanced thermal conductivity behavior Download PDFInfo
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- CN101918770A CN101918770A CN2008801243427A CN200880124342A CN101918770A CN 101918770 A CN101918770 A CN 101918770A CN 2008801243427 A CN2008801243427 A CN 2008801243427A CN 200880124342 A CN200880124342 A CN 200880124342A CN 101918770 A CN101918770 A CN 101918770A
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/052—Cooling means directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. integrated Peltier elements for active cooling or heat sinks directly associated with the PV cells
- H01L31/0521—Cooling means directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. integrated Peltier elements for active cooling or heat sinks directly associated with the PV cells using a gaseous or a liquid coolant, e.g. air flow ventilation, water circulation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
- F24S80/00—Details, accessories or component parts of solar heat collectors not provided for in groups F24S10/00-F24S70/00
- F24S80/10—Materials for heat-exchange conduits
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
- F24S90/00—Solar heat systems not otherwise provided for
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D15/00—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
- F28F21/02—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of carbon, e.g. graphite
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Cooling Or The Like Of Semiconductors Or Solid State Devices (AREA)
Abstract
A system includes a solar energy receiving device and at least one component in thermal communication with the solar energy receiving device, the at least one component formed from a composite material, the composite material may comprise a matrix of carbon-based fibers, the carbon-based fibers comprising one or more of: mesophase carbon, carbon nanotubes, graphite, graphene and pan carbon. There also could be provided a solar energy receiving device comprising a first surface for receiving solar energy incident thereon, and a second opposing surface, the second surface being electrically conductive; at least one heat transport device in direct contact with at least a portion of the second surface, the at least one heat transport device may comprise at least one internal passage and at least one duct; and a heat transport media flowing within the at least one internal passage and at least one duct.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the technical field of composite.The technical field of the present invention relates to the heat transmission, extracting and cool off.The invention still further relates to the heat transmission, extraction, cooling, storage and the management that are used for solar heat, photovoltaic and other solar electrical energy generation, and relate to various types of coolings and heat management including but not limited to general electron trade.
Background technology
In this specification, quote or when discussion paper, behavior or knowledge item, this quote or discuss be not to recognize that this document, behavior or knowledge item or its arbitrarily combination be at priority date, openly can obtain, known to the public, belong to common practise, perhaps otherwise under the applicable law regulation, constitute prior art; Perhaps known relevant with the trial that solves any problem that specification therewith pays close attention to.
Although exist in the prior art and manyly be used for heat transmission, extract and different structure, device and the technology of cooling, exist for the efficient with improvement be used to cool off and improvement structure, device and technology requirement that heat is transmitted.For example, in the cooling of solar heat, photovoltaic and other solar electrical energy generation, nuclear energy power generation and in the field of general electron trade, exist to these improved demands.
The cooling of photovoltaic cell is one of main concern when photovoltaic system is concentrated in design.Because temperature is too high, battery may experience short-term (loss in efficiency) and long-term (irreversible damage) degenerates.Concentrate the feasible ability maximization that obtains the output of other form from solar energy of solar energy.Yet very high heat density often is to be produced by the sun concentration bigger 1000 times than the specified concentration of solar energy.This concentration is called as " 1000 * " sometimes or " 1000 sun (1000suns) ".Some or all parts that are exposed to the device of these heat density levels can be damaged or be become invalid or poor efficiency.Therefore, solar cell on sale indicates them and is not intended to be used for greater than 1000 sun at least some markets.
Cooling System Design considers to comprise the enough abilities of low and uniform battery temperature, system reliability, reply worst-case and the minimum power consumption of system.For example, the solar cell under the high concentration (＞150 sun) typically needs thermal resistance less than 10
-4Km
2The Active Cooling System of/W.
Conventional nuclear energy power generation cooling system typically needs a large amount of water.Thereby the nuclear power station position is usually near the water field of big area in for example lake.Yet because climate change, the severe drought condition that becomes more general can reduce the availability of the enough water that abundant cooling is provided.This can cause the interruption of generating electricity.Thereby, need provide a kind of mode to make it possible to come in the nuclear energy power generation operation, fully to cool off with cooling medium less than the volume of current use.
Summary of the invention
The invention provides the material, device, the system and method that improve efficient at heat transmission, extraction, cooling, storage and management aspect.
The present invention can be used for many potential application, and described potential application is used including but not limited to solar heat, photovoltaic and other solar electrical energy generation.The present invention comprises material, device, the system and method that can use in the application that has by the very high heat density that produces up to for example 10000X sun concentration.
The heat management of solar electrical energy generation relates to high efficiency extraction and transmits the heat of the solar cell generation of the solar energy intensity of concentrating up to the incident of for example 10000X.There are at least two noticeable aspects in this system: cools solar cell and heat transmitted other useful application of walking to be used for hot water for example and/or steam.The heat management of solar energy thermal-power-generating relates to high efficiency extraction and transmits the heat of incident sunshine concentration up to the heat collection device subsystem absorption of for example 10000X.There are at least two noticeable aspects in this system: collect heat and heat transmitted other useful application of walking to be used for hot water for example and/or steam.
According to one aspect of the invention, a kind of device is provided, this device comprises: the solar energy receiving equipment; And with at least one heat transfer device of solar energy receiving equipment thermal communication, this at least one heat transfer device is formed by composite, this composite comprises the matrix of a plurality of carbon fibers, and these a plurality of carbon fibers comprise one or more in following: mesocarbon, CNT, graphite, Graphene and polyacrylonitrile carbon (pan carbon).
According on the other hand, the invention provides a kind of heat transfer device, this heat transfer device comprises: the inner passage; And at least a portion of this inner passage is to be formed by composite, and this composite comprises the matrix of a plurality of carbon fibers, and these a plurality of carbon fibers comprise one or more in following: mesocarbon, CNT, graphite, Graphene and polyacrylonitrile carbon.
According on the other hand, a kind of solar energy receiving equipment is provided, this solar energy receiving equipment comprises: first surface, be used to receive incident solar energy thereon, and the second surface of opposition, this second surface conducts electricity; At least one heat transfer device directly contacts with at least a portion of second surface, and this at least one heat transfer device comprises at least one inner passage and at least one conduit; And heat transport medium, it flows in this at least one inner passage and at least one conduit.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 schematically illustrates for the molecular structure of carbon fiber.
Fig. 2 schematically illustrates for the thermal gradient that exists in the anisotropy fiber.
Fig. 3 A and 3B are for before sintering and the schematically illustrating of plating fiber afterwards.
Fig. 4 schematically illustrates for the part of fibrous matrix, comprises the explanation to hot path and thermal gradient characteristic.
Fig. 5 is for comprising the schematically illustrating of a plurality of layers fundamental construction unit structure of artificial compounded thing (designer composite).
Fig. 6 be anisotropy XY interlacing form, comprise schematically illustrating along the artificial compounded thing of the matrix material of Z direction.
Fig. 7 schematically illustrates for little/millimicro cooling or heat transfer channel device.
Fig. 8 schematically illustrates for some optional details of the device of Fig. 7.
Fig. 9 is the schematic cross-sectional explanation of the device that additional aspect forms according to the present invention.
Figure 10 schematically illustrates for the end-view of the device of Fig. 9.
Figure 11 is schematically illustrating according to the device that comprises solar cell and cooling or heat transfer apparatus of one aspect of the invention formation.
Figure 12 schematically illustrates for the device that comprises solar cell and cooling or heat transfer apparatus that forms according to a further aspect of the invention.
Definition
Unless define separately in the specification remainder herein or below, technology that all use and scientific terminology have the common implication of understanding of those skilled in the art herein.
Before describing the present invention in detail, it should be understood that the term that uses in the specification is used to describe specific embodiment, and not necessarily be intended to be used for restriction.So use in specification and the claims, " " of singulative, " one " and " being somebody's turn to do " do not get rid of a plurality of referents, get rid of a plurality of referents unless content is clearly indicated.
Although can in practice of the present invention, use and need not unnecessary experiment to similar, that change or of equal value many methods, structure and material described herein, describe preferable methods, structure and material herein.Describing and claimed when of the present invention, will use following term according to the definition of hereinafter listing.
As used herein, term " hot joining receiving unit " or " electromagnetic energy receiving equipment " are meant one or more such equipment, it is arranged to be used to receive the electromagnetic energy (for example solar energy, infrared energy, far infrared energy, microwave energy, acoustic energy, phonon energy or radio wave) of one or more forms, and the energy that incident electromagnetic energy thereon might be converted to one or more forms different with incident form thereon.The energy of being changed can adopt the form of electric current, heat, mechanical energy and/or fluid pressure.This hot joining receiving unit is including but not limited to photovoltaic solar cell and passive solar facilities.An example of understandable passive solar facilities is to be used to transmit test tube or other structure that is heated fluid.
As used herein, term " heat transmission medium " is meant steam, single fluid, fluid-mixing or heterogeneous fluid.Heat transmission medium can have comprise equal, less than or be higher than any convenient pressure of the pressure of atmospheric pressure.Heat transmission medium can be including but not limited to a kind of or its combination in following: the particle or the structure of organic fluid, inorganic fluid, biofluid, water, steam, oil and organic and inorganic or biomaterial.When the form with mixture existed, this heat transmission medium can adopt the form of aqueous colloidal dispersion or emulsion.
As used herein, term " conduit " should refer to pass one or more structures of its conduction heat transfer medium.Conduit comprises for example passage, channel, test tube, pipeline, path, tubule and structure capillaceous.Term " conduit " is not limited to any concrete material, cross section geometric or yardstick.For purposes of illustration, conduit can be provided with extremely several centimetres yardstick of about 1nm.
As used herein, term " artificial (designer) " or " artificial material " are meant the physics that is controlled on X, Y, the Z material index and/or the ability of hot attribute.Artificial material has along the one or more custom attributes in three dimensions.
The specific embodiment
Various anisotropic material, compound, film and matrixes with high heat conductance have been developed in some aspect according to the present invention.These materials can use in many different application.For example, as such as following heat transfer device, material of the present invention can be used for providing unexpected excellent results: cooling-part and other cooling-part of solar cell package backing material, micro channel heat transmission equipment and fluid system, parts carrier (mount), connector, thermal interfacial material, heat diffuser, heat sink, heat-exchange tube, vaporium, thermal power unit, nuclear energy power generation operation.
Material of the present invention can be characterized as being artificial material.Generally speaking, conventional compound is to make by the material that mixes different physical attributes simply, does not have special order in the compound, and can only demonstrate the body attribute.By contrast, artificial material of the present invention is demonstrated different physical attributes at the compound different directions with part, i.e. thermal conductivity, and wherein to use for cooling and heat transmission be very important physical attribute to thermal conductivity.Except thermal conductivity, can also adapt (tailor) one or more following attributes: thermal coefficient of expansion (CTE), thermal diffusion coefficient Ke and heat flux etc. warm deformation.
Artificial material of the present invention is anisotropy compound and matrix, and it is thinner, lighter and more strong, and has eccentric thermal diffusion.Eccentricity is the important and main attribute in the artificial material.Can be based on application demand and custom design along the heat diffusion properties of X, Y and Z dimension.In addition, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusion can be custom-designed to even change along X, Y and Z axle.For example, can change with the X value along the hot attribute of directions X and to change, it is along its length.In addition, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusion can be custom-designed to even change along X, Y and Z axle.For example, can change with the X value along the hot attribute of directions X and to change, it is along its length.If the thermal diffusion in the isotropic material can be visualized as a spheroid, then this people's technology for making makes it possible to form the shape of ellipsoid or even randomly shaped arbitrarily.Another kind of visualization mode to the ability of artificial example is the onion (onion) that is made of multilayer, and each in the onion layer can have different hot attributes, and even is different in laminar surface.
Generally speaking, artificial material of the present invention can comprise at least a in anisotropy carbon back fiber component and high heat conductance filler and high heat conductance coating or the coating.
Anisotropy carbon back fiber can comprise following one or more: mesocarbon fiber, CNT (CNT) base carbon fibre, graphene-based carbon fiber, graphite-based carbon fiber and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) base carbon fibre.As known in the art, carbon fiber can derive from pitch.Alternatively, according to alternative embodiment, fiber can be formed by copper, and perhaps available copper coats.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the fiber component of compound comprises the mesocarbon fiber.Many materials that comprise polymer can be in carbonization be converted into structurally ordered anisotropic liquid crystal (phase in the middle of being called) in early days, this centre phase and then can be used for making anisotropic high-quality carbon fiber.
The molecular structure 10 of one of material with carbon element that uses in the compound of the present invention is illustrated in Fig. 1.Hexagonal crystallographic texture 12 in the XY plane has the strong covalent bond 14 of being responsible for the high heat conductance in this plane.Yet, have weak van der waals bond 16 along the adjacent plane of Z direction.This high heat conductance along the XY direction and being combined to form along the remarkable low conductivity of Z direction by the indicated material anisotropy of the indication of relevant hot-fluid 18.
As shown in Figure 2, the thermal conductivity of middle phase base carbon fibre 20 is anisotropic, wherein along directions X or very high along the conductivity of fibre length, and very low along the thermal conductivity of Z direction or thickness or diameter.This specific character by shown in thermoisopleth 24 and thermal gradient 26 indicate.Middle phase base carbon fibre along the thermal conductivity of its length in the scope of 100 watts of every meter Kelvins (W/mK) to 5000 watts of every meter Kelvins.Along the thermal conductivity of thickness direction less than 50 watts of every meter Kelvins.
Anisotropy carbon back fiber can be embedded with isotropism high heat conductance filler material.The appropriate filler material comprises CNT and such as other high conductivity of silver, diamond, aluminium nitride and boron nitride.Boron nitride and aluminium nitride have the specific properties of high heat conductance and do not have electrical conductivity.The amount of embedded filler changes according to desired application and performance objective.For example, filler can exist with the amount of 5 to 50 percents by volume.By embedding these fillers, carbon back can increase to about 2000 watts of every meter Kelvins along the thermal conductivity of its length.As used herein, CNT comprises single wall CNT (SWCNT) and many walls CNT (MWCNT), and their combination.SWCNT has different conductivities and structure attribute with MWCNT, and the selection between the two can be depended on for example factor of the amount of heat waiting for transmission.
No matter whether be embedded with filler, the also available high thermal conductivity material 28 of carbon based fibers applies or coats.Suitable coating compounds or clad material comprise aluminium, copper, silver, boron nitride, diamond and CNT.Coating or coating layer ranges in thickness can change according to application and performance objective and desired compound final densities.For example, coating or coating thickness scope can be 100nm-5 μ m.According to limiting examples, coating layer thickness is about 0.5 μ m.
Anisotropy carbon back fiber can be by weaving (spin) and alignment forming linear matrix, thereby and be heated subsequently with sintering coating or coating material fiber 28 is fused together.Fiber is adhering to each other and draw close and become compactness or dense substrate together.This process makes matrix density increase 5 to 25 times.Under the other factors same case, higher density causes better thermal conductivity.Some other factorses also can influence the density of resulting matrix, fibre diameter for example, density, type and the quality of embedded high conductance filler material, and CNT type (single wall or many walls).When existing, the mode of CNT growth also can be the key factor of resulting base shape of influence and density.
The coating or the coating 28 that are deposited on the anisotropy carbon back fiber 20 can be provided with any suitable thickness t.For example, thus fill hole between the longitudinal fiber to obtain 89.7% the theoretical bulk density of matrix.Shown in Fig. 3 A-3B, the thickness t of the coating 28 that the hole between the filling conpressed fibers 20 is required is for when t=0.0502r.R is the mean radius and the R=r+t of fiber.For greater than 80% bulk density, t=0.055r.The scope of employed fibre diameter can be r=2.0nm-100 μ m alternatively, 10nm to 50 μ m more specifically, and even 2.5 μ m-10 μ m more specifically.Hole filling area A=0.1616r
2
According to alternative embodiment, compound of the present invention can comprise above-mentioned anisotropy carbon back fiber, high heat conductance filler and foamed material.Foam composite be according to the similar mode of all metal foam compound manufactures, by blowing and foaming makes.The foam composite of being made by anisotropy carbon back fiber of the present invention will be lighter than metal foam only made of aluminum.
According to another embodiment, anisotropy carbon back fiber 20 embedded and/or that coat can be woven into various patterns, forms the matrix composite artificial material 31 of braiding thus.A kind of such braiding composite structure is shown among Fig. 4.Fig. 4 is a sectional view, and it illustrates the cross-section hot path 32 and the thermal gradient 34 of passing this special braiding matrix composite 31.For the application that needs thermal diffusion rather than linear thermal conductivity, matrix can be designed to and compare along its Z direction, has very high thermal conductivity along X and Y direction.By selecting such as only X or the only braiding of the assigned direction of Y, can be only along selected direction control or improve this diffusion.When matrix is designed to have along X, Y and the mutually different thermal conductivity of Z direction, thermal diffusion will be different fully, thereby make that thermal diffusion is eccentric.Thermal conductivity in the metal (such as copper and aluminium) that often uses in these are used is identical on all three directions.By comparison, artificial material of the present invention allows along thermal diffusion attribute controlled on the selected direction.
Composite matrix of the present invention can be provided with any suitable dimensions or yardstick.For example, this composite matrix can have 10nm to 1000 μ m, more specifically 10nm to 800nm, the perhaps thickness of 1 μ m to 1000 μ m.According to alternative embodiment, a plurality of layers of composite matrix material can fuse together to make up thicker composite matrix.Fig. 5 illustrates a plurality of layer 42,44,46,48,50 of composite matrix material, and it can be formed for cooling off or the fundamental construction unit of heat transfer component.Each layer of composite matrix material can be provided with different yardsticks, Weaving pattern or orientation and/or constitute, thereby the attribute of expectation is delivered to resulting cooling or the heat transfer component that is formed by it.For example, by changing, can obtain eccentric thermal conductivity profile by its number and type that makes up composite matrix material layer in cooling or the heat transfer components.According to illustrative and limiting examples, each layer thickness T is 20 μ m to 100 μ m.
Composite matrix material and can make by many appropriate technologies or method by its cooling that forms or heat transfer components.Following is the illustrative and the nonrestrictive discussion of these technology and method.
When manufacturing is embedded with the anisotropy carbon back fiber of high heat conductance filler (such as CNT and other millimicro/micro-material) of aforementioned type, keep many points for attention firmly in mind.Carrying out different relevant and related manufacturing, test and quality control processes side by side, is continuous in to minimize total cost of production by making whole manufacturing process, and this can be favourable.Can also minimize related back manufacturing and the transport process of manufacture process common and dispersion.
This manufacture process can be in the middle of the carbon fiber precursor material mutually or liquid crystalline phase, up to and the product line that comprises cooling or heat transfer components be continuous.The different step of this continuous process can comprise following one or more with any particular order.
The for example millimicro of CNT and adamantine one or more high heat conductance and little filler material embed the carbon fiber that mediates mutually in the fiber wire drawing through during fiber wire-drawing die and the fiber spinning jet.The amount of employed filler material depends on the increase of desired thermal conductivity.The amount of filler material and type and the filament diameter that constitutes the carbon fiber of weaving are depended in selected wire drawing hole.If described hole is less than one micron, then when fiber filaments because gravity fall and when other filament from other hole of wire drawing instrument combines, filler material and carbon fiber filament become hundreds of to hundreds of nanometers, thereby obtain thinner textile fabric.If diamond is also higher along the conductivity of Z direction as filler, because diamond has the conductivity more much higher than carbon fiber along all three directions.Because the millimicro and the micro-material of CNT and other embedding, the fiber through weaving has the thermal conductivity more much higher than unfilled carbon fiber.
Following step can comprise by the heating of continuous microwave heating and cooling process, recrystallization and cooling.Depend on desired thermal conductivity, need heating up to middle phase formation temperature.This temperature can be about 2000 ℃ to 3000 ℃.
Can be transmitted preprocessing process coated or that coat through heat treated fiber.For example the various high heat conductivity metal of copper are coated on the fiber.Coating layer thickness can be about 10nm to 5 μ m, and by the speed control of fiber by the plating circulation.
Coated or the fiber that coats as mentioned above sintering together, this allows fiber to lump together or is densified.
Fiber can be wound into the reel array.
Fiber can be transmitted through fiber alignment and braiding process.Fig. 6 illustrates the matrix 52 of interlacing.This process is the process of spool to spool.This process can comprise two steps: braiding in upright arrangement and interlacing.The fiber that is woven can pass through continuous microwave sintering process, coated fibre fusion in this microwave sintering process and form the artificial matrix material of compound of braiding simultaneously.
The composite matrix material can be by continuous roller to roller heating process and layering and fusing together.The type of selection layer and thickness are to limit the thermal conductivity of final artificial matrix.
Artificial compounded thing base layer or film can be wound into transportable reel array, for using when the various coolings of follow-up manufacturing or heat transfer device or the parts.
Some heat transfer components even can make in the subsequent step side by side.Can make cooling or the heat transfer components and the material of complete series at least in part by composite of the present invention.Parts and material comprise thermal interfacial material (TIM), heat sink, heat pipe, micro channel heat transmission part, heat diffuser, reinforcement, encapsulating material, PC plate lamination, backing material, microprocessor lid and other special-purpose encapsulating material.
Composite of the present invention can be used for constructing the disclosed equipment of following patent application, system, apparatus and method: the U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.60/996 that on November 8th, 2007 submitted to, 273; The U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.61/071 that on April 28th, 2008 submitted to, 410; The U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.61/071 that on April 28th, 2008 submitted to, 411; And with sequence number that the application submits to same date be No.____, invention people be being entitled as of KRS Murthy, Robert S.Block and the Allen J.Amaro non-temporary patent application of the U.S. of " SolarConcentration and Cooling Devices, Arrangements and Methods ".Each above-mentioned patent application is incorporated into this by reference in full.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, provide a kind of heat transfer device.Heat transfer device of the present invention can be formed by above-mentioned composite matrix artificial material at least in part.Exemplary hot transmission equipment 60 is shown in Figure 7.What should emphasize is to the invention is not restricted to concrete equipment shown in Figure 7.In an illustrated embodiment, equipment 60 comprises inner passage 62, and this inner passage 62 has one or more conduits 64 alternatively.Conduit 64 can have any suitable yardstick, for example width of 10nm to 5mm.Conduit 64 for example can be designed to have at least 10: 1 or 50: 1 the height H and the high aspect ratio of width W.These one or more conduits 64 of this inner passage 62 of at least a portion and/or at least a portion are formed by artificial compounded thing matrix material.As shown in Figure 8, conduit 64 can be stamped nanometer groove 66 and/or sting 68 to create turbulent flow and therefore to transmit heat from channel surface effectively.Alternatively or additionally, CNT 70 can be coated on one or more inwalls of conduit 64.
Heat transmission medium 72 can be located in the inner passage 62 and with at least one conduit 64 and be communicated with.The particle 74 that heat transmission medium 72 can contain CNT and/or other millimicro or micro-dimension strengthens the advection heat efficiency of transmission to help creating turbulent flow with breaking laminar flow.CNT and/or millimicro or microparticle 74 impinge upon on the wall of conduit 64 and from wall and collect heat, bounce back in the heat transmission medium 72 subsequently and disperse fast and heat is delivered in the heat transmission medium 72, thereby as the hot delivery agent between conduit 64 and the heat transmission medium 72.Particle 74 also breakable layer laminar boundary layer flows and creates or increase the turbulent flow of heat transmission medium 72.These high conductance particles 74 that should only add proper volume to heat transmission medium 72 to minimize any condensing in fluid passage system, valve, filter, film and the pump that can exist in these systems/agglomerating.Replacedly, heat transfer device 60 can comprise the closed system that contains (a set volume of) heat transmission medium 72 of setting volume, if exist really, this heat transmission medium can only circulate in the closed-loop path.Design has suitable bending with the enhance fluid flow turbulence in the conduit 64.The inwall of conduit 64 can be provided with CNT and/or millimicro/microfibre 70 is vertically grown from the surface that is projected in the heat transmission medium.These projections are delivered to the heat that is conducted in the heat transmission medium, oscillate in its stream.
According to additional embodiment of the present invention, the heat transfer device of the above-mentioned type is merged in the device that comprises one or more solar cells, and is used to cools solar cell and/or transmits heat be used for other purposes.Exemplary means 80 is illustrated in Fig. 9.As shown in Figure 9, device 80 comprises solar cell 82.Solar cell 82 comprises first surface 84 and second surface 86.Heat transfer device 60 is set to and solar cell 82 thermal communications, alternatively with at least a portion thermal communication of second surface 86.According to an embodiment, heat transfer device 61 is communicated with the whole second surface 86 of solar cell 82.The artificial compounded material that heat transfer device 61 can be described at least in part from here forms.Heat transfer device 61 can otherwise have any suitable configuration.Thereby heat transfer device 61 for example can be the active cooling device (for example Figure 10) that heat transmission medium circulates therein.Replacedly, heat transfer device 61 can comprise the passive equipment with sealed inside chamber 63.Heat transmission medium can be set in the chamber 63.According to another alternative embodiment, heat transfer device 61 is provided with one or more features of describing in conjunction with heat transfer device 60 herein.Device 80 hot interface 88 materials (TIM) that can comprise between solar cell 82 and heat transfer device 60.Thermal interfacial material 88 be heat conduction, the conduction or these two.A kind of suitable thermal interfacial material is a silver-based material.Solar cell 82 can be directly installed on the heat transfer device 60, and does not use the encapsulation of following solar cell 82.Because solar cell 82 typically is installed on the substrate and with the material with comparison lower thermal conductivity and encapsulates, solar cell is directly installed on the heat transmission that makes it possible on the cooling package maximize from the solar cell to the heat transfer device.
Replacedly, the present invention can directly make up with conventional encapsulation solar battery apparatus, and advantage and the benefit brought because of superior cooling and hot transmission property still are provided, wherein should routine encapsulation solar battery apparatus comprise the standard solar cells that is welded on the thick ceramic substrate of the 15mil which is provided with electric connector.
According to another embodiment, device 80 additionally can comprise optical element or other suitable device 90, is incident on concentrated solar energy 92 on the solar cell 82 in order to generation.The device that forms according to the principle of the invention concentration of sunshine can be amplified up to for example 10000 times to specified solar energy intensity level (10000X).The additional optional feature of this device comprises electrical connection 94 and printed circuit board (PCB) 96.In addition, as shown in figure 10, heat transfer device 60 can additionally comprise inlet 98 and the outlet 100 that is used for the heat transmission medium of portion's circulation within it.At last, it should be understood that this device can comprise the array of solar cell.Single heat transfer device can be related with whole array.Replacedly, each independent battery can be provided with corresponding heat transfer device, perhaps be also contemplated to any modification, the number that the number of wherein independent heat transfer device is less than independent solar cell (promptly, each heat transfer device is related with a plurality of independent solar cells, and the number of described a plurality of independent solar cells is less than the number in the array).
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the heat transfer device of the above-mentioned type is merged in the cooling system of nuclear energy power generation operation.Can utilize above-mentioned heat transmission medium with this heat transfer device or without this heat transfer device alternatively.Compare with conventional equipment, the efficient of the improvement of heat transfer device constructed according to the invention and/or the use of heat transmission medium described herein should provide stronger cooling and need the still less cooling agent of volume.
Device formed in accordance with the principles of the present invention can comprise the combination of heat transfer device and other heat transmission and/or part of cooling system.Figure 11 illustrates device 110, and wherein heat transmission medium flows by manifold 114 and strides across solar cell band 112.An example of heat transmission medium is a water.Heat transmission medium enters manifold 114, by solar cell 112, absorbs heat and carries away the heat that is extracted.Main heat transmission medium inlet 116 is designed to maintain the level that is higher than manifold 114, and the outlet of the heat transmission medium outside the manifold 114 118 is designed to maintain the level that is lower than manifold 114, makes heated medium back not enter solar cell 112.Flow velocity by manifold 114 is based on the amount that is incident on the sunshine on concentrator and the solar cell band 112 and controlled.
Figure 12 illustrates replaceable unit 120.There is the general features identical among this embodiment with embodiment described in Figure 11.Yet in the embodiment of Figure 12, heat transmission medium inlet 122 and heat transmission medium outlet 124 are so constructed makes the direction that fluid flows do not changed significantly by this device.
For example shown in Fig. 9,11 and 12, heat transfer apparatus of the present invention as described herein can be directly connected to solar battery array or band.In other words, cooling of the present invention or heat transfer apparatus can with conventional solar cell tectonic association, but wherein the substrate of this conventional solar battery apparatus and/or installing component are removed, thereby allow direct connection the between solar battery array or solar cell band and cooling of the present invention or the heat transfer apparatus, improve the cooling/heat conveyance performance of whole device thus.Replacedly, the present invention can directly make up with the conventional solar battery apparatus that comprises its standard substrate and/or installation, and advantage and the benefit of bringing because of superior cooling and hot transmission property as described herein still is provided.
The numeral of all expression compositions that use in specification, formation, reaction condition equivalent is interpreted as word in all scenario " approximately " and modifies.Although listed described number range and parameter, the theme of the broad range that herein provides is similar to, and listed number range is as far as possible accurately represented.Their some errors of causing of measuring technique separately yet any numerical value for example may contain inherently were as standard deviation proved by related with it.
Although the present invention is described in conjunction with its preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that under the prerequisite that does not deviate from the spirit and scope of the present invention and can carry out not specifically described interpolation, deletion, change and replacement.The term of Shi Yonging should be according to 35U.S.C. § 112 herein,
6 understand, and " device " is related with it clearly unless term uses.
Claims (31)
1. device comprises:
The solar energy receiving equipment; And
At least one heat transfer device with this solar energy receiving equipment thermal communication, this at least one heat transfer device is formed by composite, this composite comprises the matrix of a plurality of carbon based fibers, and these a plurality of carbon based fibers comprise one or more in following: mesocarbon, CNT, graphite, Graphene and polyacrylonitrile carbon.
2. the device of claim 1, wherein this composite further comprises one or more in following: be included in these a plurality of intrastitial fillers and be arranged in coating on these a plurality of fibers,
This filler comprises one or more in following: CNT, diamond, boron nitride, aluminium nitride and silver, and
This coating comprises one or more in following: aluminium, copper, silver, boron nitride, aluminium nitride, diamond and CNT.
3. the device of claim 2, wherein this composite comprises this filler and this coating.
4. the device of claim 1, wherein this solar energy receiving equipment comprises concentrator, and this concentrator can amplify at least 1000 times with sun intensity, and nearly 10000 times.
5. the device of claim 1, wherein this solar energy receiving equipment comprises solar cell, this solar cell comprises first plane surface that is used to receive incident solar energy thereon, and second plane surface of opposition, this second surface conducts electricity, and wherein this at least one heat transfer device directly contacts with at least a portion of this second surface.
6. the device of claim 5, wherein this second surface comprises the thermal interfacial material of conduction.
7. the device of claim 5, wherein this at least one heat transfer device directly contacts with whole second surface.
8. the device of claim 1, wherein this at least one heat transfer device has along about 100 to 5000W/mK the thermal conductivity of at least one direction.
9. the device of claim 1, wherein this at least one heat transfer device has the anisotropy thermal conductivity.
10. the device of claim 1, at least some in wherein said a plurality of fibers form braided fabrics.
11. the device of claim 1, wherein each described fiber presents the thermal conductivity along x, y and z direction by Kx, Ky and Kz representative, wherein Kx＞Kz and Ky＞Kz.
12. the device of claim 1, wherein this at least one heat transfer device comprises one or more in following: solar cell package material, parts carrier, connector, hot boundary layer, heat diffuser, heat sink, pipeline and vaporium.
13. the device of claim 1, wherein this at least one heat transfer device has at least 80% density.
14. the device of claim 1, wherein this at least one heat transfer device has at least 89% density.
15. the device of claim 1, wherein said a plurality of fibers have the diameter of about 2nm-100 μ m.
16. the device of claim 1, wherein this at least one heat transfer device comprises a plurality of layers.
17. the device of claim 1, wherein this at least one heat transfer device comprises at least one inner passage and at least one conduit.
18. the device of claim 5, wherein this at least one heat transfer device comprises inner passage and at least one conduit, and this at least one heat transfer device directly contacts with this second surface.
19. a heat transfer device comprises:
The inner passage;
At least a portion of this inner passage is formed by composite, and this composite comprises the matrix of a plurality of carbon based fibers, and these a plurality of carbon based fibers comprise one or more in following: mesocarbon, CNT, graphite, Graphene and polyacrylonitrile carbon.
20. the equipment of claim 19 further comprises at least one conduit that is arranged in this passage; And at least one conduit that forms by this composite at least in part.
21. the equipment of claim 19, wherein this composite further comprises one or more in following: the filler that comprises in these a plurality of fibers and be arranged in coating on these a plurality of fibers;
This filler comprises one or more in following: CNT, diamond, boron nitride, aluminium nitride and silver, and
This coating comprises one or more in following: aluminium, copper, silver, boron nitride, aluminium nitride, diamond and CNT.
22. the equipment of claim 21, wherein this composite comprise this filler and this coating the two.
23. the equipment of claim 19, wherein this composite has at least 80% fibre density.
24. the equipment of claim 19, wherein this composite has at least 89% fibre density.
25. the equipment of claim 19, at least some in wherein said a plurality of fibers form braided fabric.
26. the equipment of claim 19, wherein this composite has the anisotropy thermal conductivity.
27. the equipment of claim 19, wherein each described fiber presents the thermal conductivity along x, y and z direction by Kx, Ky and Kz representative, wherein Kx＞Kz and Ky＞Kz.
28. the equipment of claim 19, wherein this at least one conduit has at least 10: 1 height and the width ratio.
29. the equipment of claim 19, wherein this at least one conduit comprises and is arranged in wherein at least a with in a plurality of nanometer grooves that increase the turbulent flow in this at least one conduit, a plurality of nanometer projection and a plurality of CNT.
30. the equipment of claim 19 further comprises the heat transmission medium that is included in this inner passage.
31. the equipment of claim 30, wherein this heat transmission medium comprises at least a in following: a plurality of nanoparticles, a plurality of microparticle and a plurality of CNT.
Applications Claiming Priority (11)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US99627307P | 2007-11-08 | 2007-11-08 | |
| US60/996273 | 2007-11-08 | ||
| US7141208P | 2008-04-28 | 2008-04-28 | |
| US7141108P | 2008-04-28 | 2008-04-28 | |
| US7141008P | 2008-04-28 | 2008-04-28 | |
| US61/071411 | 2008-04-28 | ||
| US61/071412 | 2008-04-28 | ||
| US61/071410 | 2008-04-28 | ||
| US12/257235 | 2008-10-23 | ||
| US12/257,235 US20090173334A1 (en) | 2007-11-08 | 2008-10-23 | Composite material compositions, arrangements and methods having enhanced thermal conductivity behavior |
| PCT/US2008/012611 WO2009061492A1 (en) | 2007-11-08 | 2008-11-07 | Composite material compositions, arrangements and methods having enhanced thermal conductivity behavior |
Publications (1)
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| CN101918770A true CN101918770A (en) | 2010-12-15 |
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| CN2008801243427A Pending CN101918770A (en) | 2007-11-08 | 2008-11-07 | Composite material compositions, arrangements and methods having enhanced thermal conductivity behavior |
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| US (2) | US20090173334A1 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP2217867A1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN101918770A (en) |
| BR (1) | BRPI0820469A2 (en) |
| IL (1) | IL205628A0 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2009061492A1 (en) |
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| CN112005451A (en) * | 2019-03-26 | 2020-11-27 | 古河电气工业株式会社 | Method for producing anisotropic conductive sheet |
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| EP2365491A1 (en) | 2010-03-08 | 2011-09-14 | GT Elektrotechnische Produkte GmbH | Electricity insulating materials with field strength-dependent throughput resistance |
| CN102194623B (en) * | 2010-03-17 | 2013-11-20 | 清华大学 | Preparation method of transmission electron microscope microgrid |
| CN102194633B (en) * | 2010-03-17 | 2013-08-28 | 清华大学 | Microgrid of transmissive electron microscope |
| JP5675138B2 (en) * | 2010-03-25 | 2015-02-25 | 東京エレクトロン株式会社 | Plasma processing equipment |
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- 2008-11-07 BR BRPI0820469A patent/BRPI0820469A2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2008-11-07 CN CN2008801243427A patent/CN101918770A/en active Pending
- 2008-11-07 EP EP08847304A patent/EP2217867A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2008-11-07 WO PCT/US2008/012611 patent/WO2009061492A1/en active Application Filing
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2010
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2011
- 2011-05-24 US US13/114,792 patent/US20110271951A1/en not_active Abandoned
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN112005451A (en) * | 2019-03-26 | 2020-11-27 | 古河电气工业株式会社 | Method for producing anisotropic conductive sheet |
| US11198771B2 (en) | 2019-03-26 | 2021-12-14 | Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. | Method for producing anisotropic conductive sheet |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BRPI0820469A2 (en) | 2017-05-23 |
| EP2217867A1 (en) | 2010-08-18 |
| IL205628A0 (en) | 2011-08-01 |
| WO2009061492A1 (en) | 2009-05-14 |
| US20090173334A1 (en) | 2009-07-09 |
| US20110271951A1 (en) | 2011-11-10 |
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Application publication date: 20101215 |