CN101820343A - Method and system for quantum communication security - Google Patents
Method and system for quantum communication security Download PDFInfo
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- CN101820343A CN101820343A CN201019114026A CN201019114026A CN101820343A CN 101820343 A CN101820343 A CN 101820343A CN 201019114026 A CN201019114026 A CN 201019114026A CN 201019114026 A CN201019114026 A CN 201019114026A CN 101820343 A CN101820343 A CN 101820343A
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method and a system for quantum communication security. An Alice terminal comprises a watchdog detector, an optical attenuator, a phase modulator, a reflector, a controller and a photon emitter; and a Bob terminal comprises a laser, a time division multiplex/demultiplex system, a phase modulator, a single photon detector, a controller, an optical switch and a reflector. The method and the system have the advantages that: (1) the two-way, stable and safe distribution of quantum keys is realized, the polarization and phase change of a single photon can be automatically compensated, and the aim of stable long-distance transmission is achieved; (2) the Alice terminal adopts the watchdog detector, on one hand, Trojan attack and intermediary attack can be detected by measuring the number of weak pulses reaching or leaving the Alice terminal, so that the communication security is improved greatly, and on the other hand, the communication speed and communication distance of the system are improved greatly; and (3) the Alice terminal and the Bob terminal can be adjusted and corrected respectively, can select mu independently without transmitting photons by means of unsafe optical fiber lines so as to ensure the system security.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the special equipment field of the quantum secret communication in the communications field, specifically a kind of method and system thereof of two-way, stable, safe quantum communication security.
Background technology
The quantum communications technology is an important branch of quantum information science; it is as information unit with quantum state; utilize more quantum-mechanical principles to transmit and protection information; usually with the quantum state information carrier communicating pair; utilize principle of quantum mechanics; the throughput subchannel transmission; between the secure communication both sides, set up the method for sharing key; be called quantum-key distribution (Quantum Key Distribution-QKD), its fail safe is reached " the not reproducible theorem of single quantum " or tangles the coherence of particle and Quantum Properties such as non-locality guarantees by " Heisenberg uncertainty relation " in the quantum mechanics.
QKD is the important step of ensuring communication safety property, it can allow communicating pair share a unconditional security key, because quantum mechanical just can guarantee safety, key can after be used for encryption and decryption message once, the fail safe that how to improve the QKD system is the important content of quantum communications technical research to resist extraneous attack.At present, the attack of listener-in Eve can be divided into: (1) wooden horse is attacked, by keeping Bob to hold the Alice end to remain unchanged to the signal of Bob end again, add a detectable signal, in wooden horse is attacked, the listener-in launches a more weak and short timing direct impulse by the tap of quantum channel to the Alice end, make the pulse that its can be only just in time or sends to the Alice end near the Bob end, be added to the moment of the phase information in the pulse and send to the phase-modulator that Alice holds to obtain the Alice end, Bob holds the signal of passing to the Alice end to modulate and pass back the Bob end is not detected effect of signals with regard to maintenance state at the Alice end like this; (2) " go-between " attacks, promptly stopping from Bob holds the Alice end also to change to the signal of Bob end again, in " go-between " attacks, it is one of them that the device that Eve places in the middle of Alice end and Bob end is pretended, and can send the configuration information that weak signal is obtained phase-modulator to the Alice end in suitable frequency with on the time, the copy that Eve makes Alice end modulation signal passes on the optical fiber, and the signal received of Bob termination seems through authenticating like this.In the prior art, the QKD system of employing " plug and play " is arranged abroad, but this system since dorsad Rayleigh scattering limited encryption key distribution speed, the cipher key delivery mode of reciprocation type can't resist also that wooden horse is attacked and man-in-the-middle attack.
Summary of the invention
In view of this, main purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of method and system thereof of two-way, stable, safe quantum communication security.
For achieving the above object, technical scheme of the present invention is achieved in that a kind of quantum communication security system, comprises Alice end and Bob end, and described Alice holds and comprises:
The house dog detector, it links to each other with optical switch, is used to monitor the light signal that leaves or enter the Alice end;
Optical attenuator, it links to each other with optical switch, is used for decaying pulse;
Phase-modulator, it links to each other with optical attenuator, is used for paired pulses and carries out phase modulated;
Speculum is used to reflect the pulses of radiation that come from emission key coding station by phase-modulator;
Controller, itself and phase-modulator are coupled, and are used for activating the phase-modulator modulating pulse to initial gate signal of phase-modulator;
Photon emitters, it links to each other with controller with optical attenuator, is used to launch light pulse.
Described Bob end comprises:
Laser is used to launch light pulse;
Time division multiplexing/demultiplexing system, be used to receive from the pulse of laser emission, and each pulse is divided into two time division multiplexing pulses exports, and receive a pair of time division multiplexing pulse of bringing in from Alice at output, and, export at output with its synthetic pulse;
Phase-modulator, it links to each other with time division multiplexing/demultiplexing system, is used for phase modulated is carried out in light pulse;
Single-photon detector, it links to each other with time division multiplexing/demultiplexing system, is used to monitor the light pulse of leaving or entering the Bob end;
Controller, itself and phase-modulator are coupled, and are used for activating the phase-modulator modulating pulse to initial gate signal of phase-modulator;
Optical switch, it links to each other with phase-modulator;
Speculum, it links to each other with optical switch, is used to reflect the pulses of radiation that come from emission key coding station by phase-modulator.
Described house dog detector is the raising frequency single-photon detector.
Described single-photon detector is Si-APD, Ge-APD or InGaAs-APD.
A kind of quantum communication security method comprises the emission automatic correcting method, is received from bearing calibration and safe verification method, it is characterized in that described emission automatic correcting method may further comprise the steps:
1. be the weak coherent light pulse with laser attenuation;
2. paired pulses carries out phase modulated;
3. paired pulses decays to single quantum state and launches;
4. independent selection average photon number μ proofreaies and correct;
Describedly be received from bearing calibration and may further comprise the steps:
1. receive the light pulse quantized code, and light pulse is divided into the light pulse P that two intensity vary in size
1, P
2Reflect respectively;
Phase difference and the optical path difference of two light pulses in reflection process satisfied:
3. interfere according to the phase characteristic of two light pulses, and according to the entrained signal of result of interference decision photon, when two light pulses have same phase shift, then keep, measurement result is " 0 ", as the π phase difference occurs, and measurement result is " 1 ";
4. set up the sequence 0,1 of random secret as code book according to measurement result;
5. independent selection average photon number μ proofreaies and correct;
Described safe verification method may further comprise the steps:
When 1. the initialization weak pulse dashed exchange during Bob end and Alice end are being set up quantum key, house dog detector statistics passed to the umber of pulse of Alice end and leaves the umber of pulse that Alice holds Bob to hold from the Bob end;
2. umber of pulse and the average photon number μ in each time interval are compared;
If 3. umber of pulse surpasses set point, then concluding has the listener-in to add additional pulse.
The step of described emission automatic correcting method is 4. specific as follows: activate photon emitters by controller, utilize optical switch to be controlled, set up the light path between photon emitters and the house dog detector, outside the Independent B ob house dog detector is proofreaied and correct.
The described step that is received from bearing calibration is 5. specific as follows: Bob by optical switch with pulse-echo to speculum, arrive single-photon detector through phase-modulator again, single-photon detector sends a correction signal that contains the information that single-photon detector proofreaies and correct alone to controller.
Described average photon number μ=0.1.
The present invention has following outstanding substantive distinguishing features and obvious improvement with respect to prior art:
1, realizes two-way, stable, safe quantum key distribution, be better than unidirectional quantum key dispatching system, can the polarization and the phase change of single photon be compensated automatically, reach the transmission destination of stable long distance.
2, the raising frequency single-photon detector is used for Alice end as house dog, on the one hand, by measure arrive or leave the Alice end weak pulse towards number, may detect wooden horse and attack and man-in-the-middle attack, greatly promoted communication security; On the other hand, the traffic rate and the communication distance of system have greatly been promoted.
3, Alice end and Bob end can be adjusted respectively and proofread and correct, and can independently select μ, need not be by propagate photon on dangerous fibre circuit, to guarantee system safety.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is a system construction drawing of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is for using the desirable traffic model of raising frequency detector;
Fig. 3 is the dark counts of raising frequency detector and the variation relation of pumping;
Fig. 4 is the variation relation of raising frequency detective quantum efficiency with pump power.
Embodiment
As shown in Figure 1, quantum communication security of the present invention system comprises Alice end and Bob end, and described Alice end comprises: house dog detector 21, and it links to each other with optical switch 20, is used to monitor leave or enter the light signal that Alice holds; Optical attenuator 24, it links to each other with optical switch 20, is used for decaying pulse; Phase-modulator 23, it links to each other with optical attenuator 24, is used for paired pulses and carries out phase modulated; Speculum 22 is used to reflect the pulses of radiation that come from emission key coding station by phase-modulator 23; Controller 25, itself and phase-modulator 23 are coupled, and are used for activating phase-modulator 23 modulating pulses to 23 1 initial gate signals of phase-modulator; Photon emitters 26, it links to each other with controller 25 with optical attenuator 24, is used to launch light pulse.
Described Bob end comprises: laser 10 is used to launch laser pulse; Time division multiplexing/demultiplexing system 18, be used to receive from the pulse of laser 10 emissions, and each pulse is divided into two time division multiplexing pulses exports, and receive a pair of time division multiplexing pulse of bringing in from Alice at output, and, export at output with its synthetic pulse; Phase-modulator 13, it links to each other with time division multiplexing/demultiplexing system 18, is used for phase modulated is carried out in light pulse; Single-photon detector 15, it links to each other with time division multiplexing/demultiplexing system 18, is used to monitor the light pulse of leaving or entering the Bob end; Controller 16, itself and phase-modulator 13 are coupled, and are used for activating phase-modulator 13 modulating pulses to 13 1 initial gate signals of phase-modulator; Optical switch 12, it links to each other with phase-modulator 13; Speculum 14, it links to each other with optical switch 12, is used to reflect the pulses of radiation that come from emission key coding station by phase-modulator 13.
Laser emission laser, laser is coupled into time division multiplexing/demultiplexing system through input, is divided into the light pulse of two separation, two pulse P
1, P
2The intensity difference enters phase-modulator then, and pulse is passed to the optical attenuator that Alice holds by optical fiber, and optical attenuator can be decayed to signal, and then by phase-modulator, the mirroring that is reflected is again passed back and passed through phase-modulator for the second time; At P
1And P
2During by phase-modulator, P
1Pulse is modulated, and this will send a time gate signal by controller and drive phase-modulator, pulse P in the short time of pulse during by phase-modulator
1And P
2Pass and deflect into the house dog detector back through attenuator; When the initialization weak pulse dashed exchange during Bob end and Alice end are being set up quantum key, the house dog detector was added up from the Bob end and is passed to the umber of pulse of Alice end and leave the umber of pulse that Alice holds Bob to hold, and this counts at phase-modulator modulating pulse P
1Beginning.When optical switch during as optical splitter, pulse P
1And P
210% directly pass to the house dog detector, but arrive the umber of pulse of Alice end in measurement unit's time this moment, in the reality, leave the umber of pulse of Alice end and also write down, like this, the house dog detector can be checked the number of photons of turnover Alice end whether Poisson statistics distributes.
The controller 16 of Bob end is connected by electricity or light with the controller 25 that Alice holds and guarantees bipartite synchronism.As: when key exchanges between both sides, both sides' phase-modulator 13 and 23, single-photon detector 15 and house dog detector 21 are coordinated with controller by a gate signal.Pulse is divided into the light pulse P of two separation by time division multiplexing/demultiplexing system 18
1, P
2Controller 25 by the Alice end is given signal S of phase-modulator
1Modulate P
1Phase place, also give simultaneously 21 1 gate signal S of house dog detector
d, by timing signal S
dDrive house dog detector 21, send Alice duration of work listener-in (Eve) like this and be used for slipping into Alice and obtain mutually and just can be detected by the house dog detector for the weak signal of modulator phase settings information, arrive and leave the umber of pulse of Alice end by measurement unit's time, the average counter of house dog detector 21 relatively as exceeds preset value and concludes that then the listener-in exists in the time interval therewith.For preventing the Eve eavesdropping, require the detector of Bob to carry out overcorrect, the every average pulse number of photons from Alice to Bob of process phase modulated is redefined for 0.1.
House dog detector 21 adopts 1.55 microns raising frequency single-photon detectors, 1.55 the single photon of micron and 1.32 microns heavy pumping interact in period polarized lithium niobate waveguide, interfere accurate phase matched and the Compact Mode restriction that produces on the length at waveguiding structure, converted photons is detected by an avalanche silicon diode (Si-APD) then, when the condition that in waveguide, reaches phase matched, can obtain enough pump energies and reach 100% photon conversion, at this moment just can reach maximum quantum efficiency 0.46, the quantum efficiency of raising frequency detector and the relation of pump power are as follows:
The dark counts and the relation between the pump energy of raising frequency detector are as follows:
D
up(p)＝b
0+b
1p+b
2p
2+b
3p
3+b
4p
4
House dog detector 21 can be protected the Alice end not to be subjected to various possible detections and attack.The controller that sends both sides in the drawings connects when guaranteeing that key exchanges between both sides by electricity or light, and phase-modulator and detector are coordinated.Because listener-in Eve can not change the quantum efficiency and the decay of Alice end " house dog " detector and Bob end detector, but it can directly enter fiber channel, change, stop or substituted for optical fibers on the signal propagated, so the attack of Eve can be divided into: (1) remains unchanged to the signal of Bob to Alice by keeping Bob again, and the wooden horse that adds a detectable signal is attacked; (2) carry out " go-between " and attack, promptly stop from Bob and hold the Alice end again to the signal of Bob end and change it.(3) Eve can also obtain quantum key information with above dual mode simultaneously to greatest extent.For preventing the Eve eavesdropping, this need be through phase modulated hold the pulse of Bob end that the average photon number μ of every pulse is arranged from Alice, its numerical value serves as according to setting in advance with the safety of system, arrive or leave the umber of pulse of Alice end by 21 measurement unit's times of house dog detector, surpassed predetermined value as number of pulses, can conclude has the listener-in to add additional pulse.In fact, because house dog detector 21 can not be differentiated single photon pulses and multi-photon pulse, can find listener-in's existence by the average photon number in each time interval of comparison.
House dog detector 21 of the present invention adopts the raising frequency detector, the characteristics of raising frequency detector are because dark counts is fixed against the bandwidth of waveguide, a very important parameter is the dark counts under each Measuring Time window in quantum key dispatching system, in the ideal communication system of using the raising frequency detector, a matched filter is arranged, as shown in Figure 2, its bandwidth equals bit rate B, and the Measuring Time window width equals 1/B.Signal arrives avalanche silicon diode 103 through optical fiber matched filter 102 backs and surveys from 101 inputs of up-conversion end.In this system, can reach D in theory
Up=6.4 * 10
3s
-1, and the dark counts d of each corresponding time window
UpBe about 1.3 * 10
-7
The dark counts of raising frequency detector for the QKD system, is not raising frequency detector but InGaAs/InP APD as what adopt with the variation relation of the power p of pumping as shown in Figure 3, and its quantum efficiency is generally 0.1, dark counts D
APD=10
4s
-1, d
APD=10
-5/ door, this moment maximum communication distance under the DPS agreement for half of raising frequency detector, traffic rate then than the latter little general two orders of magnitude, this is because the door model operation of InGaAs/InPAPD causes.Fig. 4 has illustrated the quantum efficiency of raising frequency detector with the variation relation of the power of pumping, can draw thus, adopt the raising frequency detector very big advantage to be arranged on traffic rate and communication distance than InGaAs/InP APD, for strengthening the fail safe of quantum key dispatching system, the house dog that 1.55 microns raising frequency single-photon detectors is used for the QKD system, utilize the detectable wooden horse of this detector to attack and " go-between " attack, arrive or leave the weak pulse of reflection end towards number by measurement, obtain from the phase information of the phase-modulator of reflection end, just can guarantee the safety of system.
The above is preferred embodiment of the present invention only, is not to be used to limit protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. a quantum communication security system comprises Alice end and Bob end, it is characterized in that:
Described Alice end comprises:
House dog detector (21), it links to each other with optical switch (20), is used to monitor the light signal that leaves or enter the Alice end;
Optical attenuator (24), it links to each other with optical switch (20), is used for decaying pulse;
Phase-modulator (23), it links to each other with optical attenuator (24), is used for paired pulses and carries out phase modulated;
Speculum (22) is used for the pulses of radiation that reflection comes from emission key coding station by phase-modulator (23);
Controller (25), itself and phase-modulator (23) are coupled, and are used for activating phase-modulator (23) modulating pulse to (23) initial gate signals of phase-modulator;
Photon emitters (26), it links to each other with controller (25) with optical attenuator (24), is used to launch light pulse;
Described Bob end comprises:
Laser (10) is used to launch laser pulse;
Time division multiplexing/demultiplexing system (18), be used for receiving pulse, and each pulse is divided into two time division multiplexing pulses exports, and receive a pair of time division multiplexing pulse of bringing in from Alice at output from laser (10) emission, and, export at output with its synthetic pulse;
Phase-modulator (13), it links to each other with time division multiplexing/demultiplexing system (18), is used for phase modulated is carried out in light pulse;
Single-photon detector (15), it links to each other with time division multiplexing/demultiplexing system (18), is used to monitor the light pulse of leaving or entering the Bob end;
Controller (16), itself and phase-modulator (13) are coupled, and are used for activating phase-modulator (13) modulating pulse to (13) initial gate signals of phase-modulator;
Optical switch (12), it links to each other with phase-modulator (13);
Speculum (14), it links to each other with optical switch (12), is used for the pulses of radiation that reflection comes from emission key coding station by phase-modulator (13).
2. quantum communication security as claimed in claim 1 system, it is characterized in that: described house dog detector (21) is the raising frequency single-photon detector.
3. quantum communication security as claimed in claim 2 system, it is characterized in that: described single-photon detector (15) is Si-APD, Ge-APD or InGaAs-APD.
4. a quantum communication security method that adopts the described system of claim 1 is characterized in that comprising the emission automatic correcting method, is received from bearing calibration and safe verification method, it is characterized in that described emission automatic correcting method may further comprise the steps:
1. be the weak coherent light pulse with laser attenuation;
2. paired pulses carries out phase modulated;
3. paired pulses decays to single quantum state and launches;
4. independent selection average photon number μ proofreaies and correct;
Describedly be received from bearing calibration and may further comprise the steps:
1. receive the light pulse quantized code, and light pulse is divided into the light pulse P that two intensity vary in size
1, P
2Reflect respectively;
Phase difference and the optical path difference of two light pulses in reflection process satisfied:
3. interfere according to the phase characteristic of two light pulses, and according to the entrained signal of result of interference decision photon, when two light pulses have same phase shift, then keep, measurement result is " 0 ", as the π phase difference occurs, and measurement result is " 1 ";
4. set up the sequence 0,1 of random secret as code book according to measurement result;
5. independent selection average photon number μ proofreaies and correct;
Described safe verification method may further comprise the steps:
When 1. the initialization weak pulse dashed exchange during Bob end and Alice end are being set up quantum key, house dog detector (21) statistics passed to the umber of pulse of Alice end and leaves the umber of pulse that Alice holds Bob to hold from the Bob end;
2. umber of pulse and the average photon number μ in each time interval are compared;
If 3. umber of pulse surpasses set point, then concluding has the listener-in to add additional pulse.
5. quantum communication security method as claimed in claim 4, it is characterized in that: the step of described emission automatic correcting method is 4. specific as follows: activate photon emitters (26) by controller (25), utilize optical switch (20) to be controlled, set up the light path between photon emitters (25) and the house dog detector (21), outside the Independent B ob house dog detector (21) is proofreaied and correct.
6. quantum communication security method as claimed in claim 4, it is characterized in that: the described step that is received from bearing calibration is 5. specific as follows: Bob by optical switch (12) with pulse-echo to speculum (14), arrive single-photon detector (15) through phase-modulator (13) again, single-photon detector (15) sends a correction signal that contains the information that single-photon detector (15) proofreaies and correct alone for controller (16).
7. as claim 4,5 or 6 described quantum communication security methods, it is characterized in that described average photon number μ=0.1.
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