CN101808036B - Flow control system, device and method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention is applicable to the field of network technology and provides a flow control system, a device and a method, which comprises a flow optimization device and a flow control device. The flow control device comprises a pre-reducing flow control device and a post-reducing flow device; the pre-reducing flow control device comprises a compression end and a decompression end, the compressionend comprises a first pre-reducing flow control module front end and a first pre-reducing flow control module rear end; and the decompression end comprises a second pre-reducing flow control module rear end and a second pre-reducing flow control module front end. The flow control system provided by the invention can simultaneously control the pre-reducing flow and the post-reducing flow through the network, not only can accurately control the utilized bandwidth of the end user, but also can maximize the utilization ratio of the bandwidth, flexibly meet the requirement of the user, and satisfythe requirement of the user for accurate control of the bandwidth as far as possible.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to networking technology area, relate in particular to a kind of flow control system, Apparatus and method for.
Background technology
At present, increasing enterprise, mechanism handle official business and commence business by network, and also more and more higher to the quality requirement of network.The data volume that day by day increases causes enterprise, mechanism input cost in the network facilities more and more higher.In order to satisfy the response speed of all kinds of important service system, network optimization equipment is adopted by increasing enterprise, mechanism.
Network optimization equipment mainly contains three classes to the optimization of network traffics:
1. shutoff.The unwanted flow of shutoff is such as the flow of BT, a sudden peal of thunder.
2. control.Traffic management and control is carried out in non-critical application, it both can be used, be unlikely to again to take too many bandwidth.
3. optimize.Include but not limited to the functions such as compression, buffer memory, harmless reduction occupied bandwidth.
Wherein 2 and 3 exist certain cooperation problem.Because 3 functions can be cut down the bandwidth of use, before cutting down with reduction after bandwidth occupancy be different.Therefore, where do flow control two kinds of methods arranged again:
1. do flow control to cutting down rear bandwidth
The deployment diagram of this mode as shown in Figure 1, flow optimization equipment and flow-control equipment can be two two equipment physically, also can be two modules of same equipment, wherein flow-control equipment (module) possibility needn't be paired, and flow optimization equipment is in pairs essential.The thinking of this method is the flow on the final network of control.Can take full advantage of the network bandwidth.But for the actual bandwidth that uses of user, then can't control accurately.As guaranteeing video 300K, restriction HTTP downloads 50K etc.
2. the bandwidth before cutting down is done flow control
The deployment of this control as shown in Figure 2, basic ideas are flows of observing of control user, accomplish the accurate bandwidth control to the user.Set is exactly the bandwidth that the user finally can use.Because the reduction of flow optimization device for flow amount, actual bandwidth usage has just been fallen.
Every kind of flow control mode can be done different differentiations, control to flow according to strategy.As: limiting bandwidth 5M, wherein HTTP uses 1M, and FTP uses 1M, and other is used and uses remaining bandwidth.The differentiation of strategy can be according to the source destination address, and port etc. also can be distinguished according to packet content as differentiation.
These two kinds of methods are certain ample scope for abilities all, but also all has some limitation.
Suppose that the user has the 6M bandwidth, mainly need FTP and network neighbor to pass design drawing.The compression energy of flow optimization equipment factors two to the virtual bandwidth of twice, i.e. 12M-18M.The user wishes that FTP only stays the bandwidth of 1M, and other bandwidth is used for accelerating as far as possible the Transmission Design drawing.
Use the defective of the scheme existence of cutting down front flow control as shown in Figure 3: because the compression ratio of flow optimization equipment is uncertain, virtual bandwidth can extend to 12M-18M, the network neighbor uses the bandwidth that may waste when being assigned as 11M, when being assigned as 17M, can cause again congested.
Use the defective of the scheme existence of cutting down rear flow control as shown in Figure 4: the 1M bandwidth of FTP, may be taken residue 5M bandwidth by the virtual 2-3M of being expanded to network neighbor, can expand to 10-15M, do not reach the 11-17M of expectation.
In sum, in the prior art, flow-control module is as a standalone module, all be in the work of the position of an appointment, or in the data porch, or in the data exit, and after having introduced the quantity curtailment module, may have different network traffics in the different position of network.After introducing flow optimization equipment carried out quantity curtailment, data were through overcompression, and rate of discharge can less than inlet flow rate, therefore, can't be realized bandwidth is accurately controlled.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of flow control system, being intended to solve flow control system that prior art provides can't be to the accurate problem of control of bandwidth.
The present invention is achieved in that a kind of flow control system, and described system comprises compression end reconciliation pressure side, and compression end is conciliate pressure side and included flow-control equipment and flow optimization equipment;
Described flow-control equipment comprises:
Flow-control equipment after flow-control equipment and the reduction before cutting down;
Flow-control equipment comprises before the reduction of compression end:
Flow optimization equipment connection with compression end, be used for to use with the rule and policy of Data Matching rule and policy coupling the flow of network controlled, and the process information of the data of record is exported to described compression end flow optimization equipment first cut down before Flow Control module front end;
Flow optimization equipment connection with described compression end, the flow optimization equipment that is used for receiving described compression end carries out process information behind the flow optimization to data, find out the process information of the data before the flow optimization, and the bandwidth that takies according to the process information statistics of the data behind the flow optimization that receives first cut down before the flow-control module rear end;
The front flow-control equipment of reduction of separating pressure side comprises:
Second cut down before the flow-control module rear end, the bandwidth that is used for taking according to the Information Statistics data of decompress(ion) not, the process information of the described data of record also export the flow optimization equipment of separating pressure side to;
Flow optimization equipment connection with described solution pressure side, for the data after the flow optimization equipment decompression that receives described solution pressure side, and search the process information of the front data of decompression, use the front Flow Control module front end of the second reduction of the flow of network being controlled with the rule and policy of Data Matching rule and policy coupling;
Flow-control equipment after the reduction of compression end comprises:
With the flow optimization equipment connection of compression end, be used for using the rule and policy that mates with the Data Matching rule and policy that the flow of network is controlled to the data behind the flow optimization equipment flow optimization of described compression end,
And Output rusults to the first is cut down the rear Flow Control module front end of the first reduction of rear Flow Control module rear end;
Described bandwidth for the bandwidth that takies according to the Information Statistics data after decompressing, and is transmitted to the rear flow-control module front end of the second reduction of decompressor end in Flow Control module rear end after the first reduction;
Flow-control equipment comprises after the reduction of decompressor end:
Second cuts down rear flow-control module front end, be used for receiving described first by network and cut down the band data that rear Flow Control module rear end sends, use with the rule and policy of Data Matching rule and policy coupling the flow of network is controlled, and Output rusults to the second is cut down rear Flow Control module rear end;
Second cuts down rear Flow Control module rear end, is used for the bandwidth that takies according to the Information Statistics data after decompressing.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of flow-control equipment, described flow-control equipment comprises:
Flow-control equipment after flow-control equipment and the reduction before cutting down;
Flow-control equipment comprises before the reduction of compression end:
First cuts down front Flow Control module front end, is used for using the rule and policy with Data Matching rule and policy coupling that the flow of network is controlled, and the process information of record data;
First cut down before the flow-control module rear end, be used for finding out the process information of the data before the flow optimization, and the bandwidth that takies according to the process information statistics of the data behind the flow optimization;
The front flow-control equipment of reduction of separating pressure side comprises:
Second cut down before the flow-control module rear end, be used for the bandwidth that takies according to the Information Statistics data of decompress(ion) not and the process information that records described data;
Flow Control module front end before the second reduction is used for searching the process information of the data before decompressing, and use is controlled the flow of network with the rule and policy of Data Matching rule and policy coupling;
Flow-control equipment comprises after the reduction of compression end:
First cuts down rear Flow Control module front end, is used for the use of the data behind the flow optimization and the rule and policy of Data Matching rule and policy coupling are controlled the flow of network;
First cuts down rear Flow Control module rear end, is used for the bandwidth that takies according to the Information Statistics data after decompressing;
Flow-control equipment comprises after the reduction of decompressor end:
Flow-control module front end after the second reduction is used for receiving described first by network and cuts down the band data that rear Flow Control module rear end sends, and use is controlled the flow of network with the rule and policy of Data Matching rule and policy coupling;
Second cuts down rear Flow Control module rear end, is used for the bandwidth that takies according to the Information Statistics data after decompressing.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of method of utilizing aforesaid system to realize flow control, described method comprises the steps:
Before the flow control strategy of selecting is to cut down during the flow control strategy, in compression end:
First cuts down front Flow Control module front end uses the rule and policy that mates with the Data Matching rule and policy to network
Flow control and the process information of record data;
Flow optimization equipment compresses data, cuts down the bandwidth that data take;
First cut down before the flow-control module rear end find out the process information of the data before the flow optimization, and the bandwidth that takies according to the process information statistics of the data behind the flow optimization;
In decompressor end: second cut down before flow-control module rear end the basis not bandwidth that takies of the Information Statistics data of decompress(ion) and the process information that records described data;
Flow optimization equipment decompresses to data;
Second cuts down front Flow Control module front end searches the process information of the data before decompressing, and uses the rule and policy that mates with the Data Matching rule and policy that the flow of network is controlled;
When the flow control strategy of selecting is the rear flow control strategy of reduction,
In compression end:
Flow optimization equipment compresses data;
First cuts down rear Flow Control module front end uses the rule and policy that mates with the Data Matching rule and policy that the flow of network is controlled;
First cuts down the bandwidth that rear Flow Control module rear end takies according to the Information Statistics data after decompressing;
In decompressor end:
Second cuts down rear flow-control module front end uses the rule and policy that mates with the Data Matching rule and policy that the flow of network is controlled;
Second cuts down the bandwidth that rear Flow Control module rear end takies according to the Information Statistics data after decompressing;
Flow optimization equipment decompresses to data.
In the present invention, the flow control system that provides can be simultaneously to carrying out flow control with the rear flow of reduction before the reduction of the network of flowing through, both can accurately control end user's utilized bandwidth, maximizing bandwidth availability ratio again, meet consumers' demand flexibly, satisfy the user to the accurate demand for control of bandwidth with maximum possible.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the structure chart of the system of flow control of doing cutting down rear bandwidth that provides of prior art 1;
Fig. 2 is the structure chart of the system of flow control of doing cutting down front bandwidth that provides of prior art 2;
Fig. 3 is that the defective schematic diagram of system's existence of front flow control is cut down in the use that prior art 2 provides;
Fig. 4 is that the defective schematic diagram of system's existence of rear flow control is cut down in the use that prior art 1 provides;
The structural representation of the system of the flow control that Fig. 5 provides for the embodiment of the invention;
The realization flow figure of the method for the flow control that Fig. 6 provides for the embodiment of the invention;
The method of the amount control that Fig. 7 provides for the embodiment of the invention is carried out the schematic diagram of the beneficial effect that flow control brings.
Embodiment
In order to make purpose of the present invention, technical scheme and advantage clearer, below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, the present invention is further elaborated.Should be appreciated that specific embodiment described herein only in order to explain the present invention, is not intended to limit the present invention.
In embodiments of the present invention, the flow control system that provides can be simultaneously to carrying out flow control with the rear flow of reduction before the reduction of the network of flowing through, both can accurately control end user's utilized bandwidth, maximizing bandwidth availability ratio again, meet consumers' demand flexibly, satisfy the user to the accurate demand for control of bandwidth with maximum possible.
The structured flowchart of the system of the flow control that Fig. 5 provides for the embodiment of the invention for convenience of explanation, only shows the relevant part of the embodiment of the invention.This system comprises: compression end and decompressor end, wherein, compression end and decompressor end include: flow-control equipment and flow optimization equipment 55, and both also can be positioned at same equipment, wherein, flow-control equipment comprises the front flow-control equipment of reduction and cuts down rear flow-control equipment.
Wherein, flow-control equipment comprises before the reduction of compression end: first cuts down front Flow Control module front end 51, first cuts down front flow-control module rear end 52; Flow-control equipment comprises before the reduction of decompressor end: second cuts down front flow-control module rear end 53 and second cuts down front Flow Control module front end 54.
Flow-control equipment after the reduction of compression end comprises: first cuts down rear Flow Control module front end 56 and first cuts down rear Flow Control module rear end 57; Flow-control equipment comprises after the reduction of decompressor end: second cuts down rear flow-control module front end 58 and second cuts down rear Flow Control module rear end 59.
Wherein, first cuts down front Flow Control module front end 51 is connected with flow optimization equipment 55, be used for to receive the data of input, use with the rule and policy of Data Matching rule and policy coupling the flow of network is controlled, and export the process information of the data of record to flow optimization equipment 55;
First cuts down front flow-control module rear end 52 is connected with flow optimization equipment 55, be used for receiving the process information after 55 pairs of data of flow optimization equipment are carried out flow optimization, find out the process information of the data before the flow optimization, and the bandwidth that takies according to the process information statistics of the data behind the flow optimization that receives;
Second cut down before flow-control module rear end 53 is connected with flow-control module rear end 52 before first cuts down by network, be used for basis not the bandwidth that takies of the Information Statistics data of decompress(ion), record the process information of described data and export flow optimization equipment 55 to;
Second cuts down front Flow Control module front end 54 is connected with flow optimization equipment 55, be used for receiving the data after flow optimization equipment 55 decompresses, and search the process information of the data before decompressing, use with the rule and policy of Data Matching rule and policy coupling the flow of network is controlled rear output.
In addition, in compression end, first cuts down rear Flow Control module front end 56 is connected with flow optimization equipment 55, be used for using the rule and policy that mates with the Data Matching rule and policy that the flow of network is controlled to the data behind the flow optimization, and Output rusults to the first is cut down rear Flow Control module rear end 57, the bandwidth that Flow Control module rear end 57 takies according to the Information Statistics data after decompressing after cutting down by first; In decompressor end, second cuts down rear flow-control module front end 58 receives the data that the rear Flow Control module rear end 57 of the first reduction sends by network, use with the rule and policy of Data Matching rule and policy coupling the flow of network is controlled, and Output rusults to the second is cut down the bandwidth that rear Flow Control module rear end 59 takies according to the Information Statistics data after decompressing, at last, by the rear output that decompresses of 55 pairs of data of flow optimization equipment.
In addition, in embodiments of the present invention, the working method of front and back end Flow Control module can with the five-tuple recognition technology, the flow control techniques such as bag content recognition technology are combined with.Front-end module and rear module can be positioned on the same equipment, also can be placed on different equipment and communicate by letter by certain mode.
Fig. 6 is the realization flow figure of the flow control methods that provides of the embodiment of the invention, and details are as follows:
In step S601, receive the selection instruction of input, according to the corresponding flow control strategy of this Instruction Selection.
As one embodiment of the present of invention, the user can select corresponding flow control strategy according to the packet header of source destination address, port, data content or packet, this flow control strategy comprises to be cut down front flow control strategy and cuts down rear flow control strategy, certainly different pieces of information can be selected different instructions, can exist simultaneously before the reduction and flow control strategy after cutting down.
In step S602, judge whether the flow control strategy of selecting cuts down front flow control strategy, if so, execution in step S603, otherwise, execution in step S609.
In step S603, when the flow control strategy of selecting is when cutting down front flow control strategy, in compression end, first cuts down front Flow Control module front end uses the rule and policy that mates with the Data Matching rule and policy that the flow of network is controlled, and the process information of record data.
In embodiments of the present invention, the working method of front and back end Flow Control module can with the five-tuple recognition technology, the flow control techniques such as bag content recognition technology are combined with.
In step S604, by flow optimization equipment data are compressed, cut down the bandwidth that data take.
In step S605, first cut down before the flow-control module rear end find out the process information of the data before the flow optimization, and the bandwidth that takies according to the process information statistics of the data behind the flow optimization.
In step S606, before the flow control strategy of selecting is to cut down during the flow control strategy, in decompressor end: second cut down before flow-control module rear end the basis not bandwidth that takies of the Information Statistics data of decompress(ion) and the process information that records described data.
In step S607, flow optimization equipment decompresses to data.
In step S608, second cuts down front Flow Control module front end searches the process information of the data before decompressing, and uses the rule and policy that mates with the Data Matching rule and policy that the flow of network is controlled.
In step S609, after the flow control strategy of selecting is to cut down during the flow control strategy, in compression end: flow optimization equipment compresses data.
In step S610, first cuts down rear Flow Control module front end uses the rule and policy that mates with the Data Matching rule and policy that the flow of network is controlled.
In step S611, first cuts down the bandwidth that rear Flow Control module rear end takies according to the Information Statistics data after decompressing.
In step S612, in decompressor end: second cut down after the flow-control module front end use with the rule and policy of Data Matching rule and policy coupling the flow of network controlled.
In step S613, second cuts down the bandwidth that rear Flow Control module rear end takies according to the Information Statistics data after decompressing.
In step S614, flow optimization equipment decompresses to data.
In embodiments of the present invention, the flow control system that provides can be simultaneously to carrying out flow control with the rear flow of reduction before the reduction of the network of flowing through, both can accurately control end user's utilized bandwidth, maximizing bandwidth availability ratio again, meet consumers' demand flexibly, satisfy the user to the accurate demand for control of bandwidth with maximum possible, such as, suppose that the user has the 6M bandwidth, mainly need FTP and network neighbor to pass design drawing.The compression energy of flow optimization equipment factors two to the virtual bandwidth of twice, i.e. 12M-18M.The user wishes that FTP only stays the bandwidth of 1M, other bandwidth is used for accelerating as far as possible the Transmission Design drawing, after using flow control method of the present invention, FTP is set to the 1M bandwidth before accelerating, the network neighbor disposes the use remaining bandwidth, thereby can obtain to use the 11M-17M bandwidth before accelerating, concrete effect as shown in Figure 7.
The above only is preferred embodiment of the present invention, not in order to limiting the present invention, all any modifications of doing within the spirit and principles in the present invention, is equal to and replaces and improvement etc., all should be included within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. a flow control system is characterized in that, described system comprises compression end reconciliation pressure side, and compression end is conciliate pressure side and included flow-control equipment and flow optimization equipment;
Described flow-control equipment comprises:
Flow-control equipment after flow-control equipment and the reduction before cutting down;
Flow-control equipment comprises before the reduction of compression end:
Flow optimization equipment connection with compression end, be used for to use with the rule and policy of Data Matching rule and policy coupling the flow of network controlled, and the process information of the data of record is exported to described compression end flow optimization equipment first cut down before Flow Control module front end;
Flow optimization equipment connection with described compression end, the flow optimization equipment that is used for receiving described compression end carries out process information behind the flow optimization to data, find out the process information of the data before the flow optimization, and the bandwidth that takies according to the process information statistics of the data behind the flow optimization that receives first cut down before the flow-control module rear end;
The front flow-control equipment of reduction of separating pressure side comprises:
Second cut down before the flow-control module rear end, the bandwidth that is used for taking according to the Information Statistics data of decompress(ion) not, the process information of the described data of record also export the flow optimization equipment of separating pressure side to;
Flow optimization equipment connection with described solution pressure side, for the data after the flow optimization equipment decompression that receives described solution pressure side, and search the process information of the front data of decompression, use the front Flow Control module front end of the second reduction of the flow of network being controlled with the rule and policy of Data Matching rule and policy coupling;
Flow-control equipment after the reduction of compression end comprises:
Flow optimization equipment connection with compression end, be used for the data behind the flow optimization equipment flow optimization of described compression end are used with the rule and policy of Data Matching rule and policy coupling the flow of network controlled, and Output rusults to the first cut down after Flow Control module rear end first cut down after Flow Control module front end;
Described bandwidth for the bandwidth that takies according to the Information Statistics data after decompressing, and is transmitted to the rear flow-control module front end of the second reduction of decompressor end in Flow Control module rear end after the first reduction;
Flow-control equipment comprises after the reduction of decompressor end:
Second cuts down rear flow-control module front end, be used for receiving described first by network and cut down the band data that rear Flow Control module rear end sends, use with the rule and policy of Data Matching rule and policy coupling the flow of network is controlled, and Output rusults to the second is cut down rear Flow Control module rear end;
Second cuts down rear Flow Control module rear end, is used for the bandwidth that takies according to the Information Statistics data after decompressing.
2. the system as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, the front Flow Control module front end of the first reduction of described compression end and the front flow-control module rear end of the first reduction are positioned on the same equipment or are positioned on the different equipment;
The described front flow-control module rear end of solution pressure side the second reduction and the front Flow Control module front end of the second reduction are positioned on the same equipment or are positioned on the different equipment.
3. the system as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, flow-control module rear end and five-tuple recognition technology before Flow Control module front end and first was cut down before first of described compression end was cut down, at least a technology of wrapping in the content recognition technology are combined with;
Flow Control module front end and five-tuple recognition technology before cut down flow-control module rear end and second before described solution pressure side second was cut down, at least a technology of wrapping in the content recognition technology are combined with.
4. a flow-control equipment is characterized in that, described flow-control equipment comprises:
Flow-control equipment after flow-control equipment and the reduction before cutting down;
Flow-control equipment comprises before the reduction of compression end:
First cuts down front Flow Control module front end, is used for using the rule and policy with Data Matching rule and policy coupling that the flow of network is controlled, and the process information of record data;
First cut down before the flow-control module rear end, be used for finding out the process information of the data before the flow optimization, and the bandwidth that takies according to the process information statistics of the data behind the flow optimization;
The front flow-control equipment of reduction of separating pressure side comprises:
Second cut down before the flow-control module rear end, be used for the bandwidth that takies according to the Information Statistics data of decompress(ion) not and the process information that records described data;
Flow Control module front end before the second reduction is used for searching the process information of the data before decompressing, and use is controlled the flow of network with the rule and policy of Data Matching rule and policy coupling;
Flow-control equipment comprises after the reduction of compression end:
First cuts down rear Flow Control module front end, is used for the use of the data behind the flow optimization and the rule and policy of Data Matching rule and policy coupling are controlled the flow of network;
First cuts down rear Flow Control module rear end, is used for the bandwidth that takies according to the Information Statistics data after decompressing;
Flow-control equipment comprises after the reduction of decompressor end:
Flow-control module front end after the second reduction is used for receiving described first by network and cuts down the band data that rear Flow Control module rear end sends, and use is controlled the flow of network with the rule and policy of Data Matching rule and policy coupling;
Second cuts down rear Flow Control module rear end, is used for the bandwidth that takies according to the Information Statistics data after decompressing.
5. equipment as claimed in claim 4 is characterized in that, the front Flow Control module front end of the first reduction of described compression end and the front flow-control module rear end of the first reduction are positioned on the same equipment or are positioned on the different equipment;
The described front flow-control module rear end of solution pressure side the second reduction and the front Flow Control module front end of the second reduction are positioned on the same equipment or are positioned on the different equipment.
6. equipment as claimed in claim 4 is characterized in that, flow-control module rear end and five-tuple recognition technology before Flow Control module front end and first was cut down before first of described compression end was cut down, at least a technology of wrapping in the content recognition technology are combined with;
Flow Control module front end and five-tuple recognition technology before cut down flow-control module rear end and second before described solution pressure side second was cut down, at least a technology of wrapping in the content recognition technology are combined with.
7. each described system of a utilization such as claims 1 to 3 realizes the method for flow control, it is characterized in that described method comprises the steps:
Before the flow control strategy of selecting is to cut down during the flow control strategy, in compression end:
First cuts down front Flow Control module front end uses the rule and policy that mates with the Data Matching rule and policy that the flow of network is controlled, and the process information of record data;
Flow optimization equipment compresses data, cuts down the bandwidth that data take;
First cut down before the flow-control module rear end find out the process information of the data before the flow optimization, and the bandwidth that takies according to the process information statistics of the data behind the flow optimization;
In decompressor end: second cut down before flow-control module rear end the basis not bandwidth that takies of the Information Statistics data of decompress(ion) and the process information that records described data;
Flow optimization equipment decompresses to data;
Second cuts down front Flow Control module front end searches the process information of the data before decompressing, and uses the rule and policy that mates with the Data Matching rule and policy that the flow of network is controlled;
When the flow control strategy of selecting is the rear flow control strategy of reduction,
In compression end:
Flow optimization equipment compresses data;
First cuts down rear Flow Control module front end uses the rule and policy that mates with the Data Matching rule and policy that the flow of network is controlled;
First cuts down the bandwidth that rear Flow Control module rear end takies according to the Information Statistics data after decompressing;
In decompressor end:
Second cuts down rear flow-control module front end uses the rule and policy that mates with the Data Matching rule and policy that the flow of network is controlled;
Second cuts down the bandwidth that rear Flow Control module rear end takies according to the Information Statistics data after decompressing;
Flow optimization equipment decompresses to data.
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