CN101794433A - City planning implemented ecological security post-evaluation method - Google Patents
City planning implemented ecological security post-evaluation method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a city planning implemented ecological security post-evaluation method. The method comprises the following steps of: S1, establishing a comprehensive evaluation index system comprising each index factor which represents a socio-economic factor, a natural ecological factor and an ecological human response factor respectively; S2, performing standardization processing on the index factors according to different sources and characters of index data; S3, generating a spatial data-index standardization layer according to the index factors subjected to the standardization processing; and S4, determining the weight of each index factor and calculating a composite index to obtain a comprehensive evaluation result. The city planning implemented ecological security post-evaluation method has the advantages of improving the city ecological security evaluation and planning system, enhancing the continuity and systematicness, performing visualized processing on the evaluation result by combining relative software and realizing the combination of city ecological planning system regulation and spatial regulation.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to environmental science and urban ecological planning field, particularly relate to a kind of ecological safety Post-assessment Method of city planning implementation.
Background technology
Western developed country has experienced the various environmental problem puzzlements in the Process of Urbanization earlier, urbanization is unordered to be spread and the ecological vicious circle that fails in order to break away from, American-European countries has successively carried out to promote that city and natural fusion are that the purpose ecological regulation and control is attempted, and be committed to city planning practice, such as early stage " garden city " design, the construction of belt greenbelt, London, " green city " thought, the motion of green gallery, green infrastructure, these have all produced far-reaching influence to city of the world's development model.And China has also used the ecological safety theory gradually in city planning in the practice of optimization utilization that promotes the soil and minimizing ecological risk.But because problem such as the still immature and operability of theoretical system is not strong, the ecological safety regulation and control do not obtain statutory footing as yet in China's city planning practice, thus be difficult to guarantee its city planning with build in enforcement.The target of urban ecological planning is ecological safety regulation and control, is meant to safeguard that the required ecologic environment of urban development can satisfy a kind of urban development situation of the current and future development needs in city, and it has the dynamic feature on spatial and temporal scales.The urban ecological security regulation and control need dynamically improve the fragility of urban ecological system with various means on the basis of ecological security assessment, reduce ecological risk.Generally speaking, exploitation one cover will be expected to promote ecological planning to include constitutional law set pattern stroke program at the ecological safety dynamic regulation method system of city planning implementation, with further guarantee urban ecological security.Scholars recognize that development of urban space and urban safety have confidential relation at present, and it is most important for urban ecological security to regulate and control development of urban space effectively, but do not further consider the importance of city self system for safety.Therefore the urban ecological security regulate and control method should be in conjunction with space regulation and control and system regulation means, and emphasis solves its operability and feasibility.
Through extensively retrieving patent mechanisms such as China, European Union, the U.S., all do not find patent at present at the ecological safety dynamic regulation method of city planning implementation.An important content in the ecological safety regulate and control method system carries out rational urban area exactly and divides.Retrieval has found that application number is 200410051517.X, publication number is that the Chinese patent (a kind of region partitioning method and system) of CN1753023A has been developed method and the system thereof that the interior GDP intensity of a kind of foundation one special time period is carried out area dividing, this invention is only applicable to set up the strategic planning with closely-related industry of economic behaviour or field, this relates to population and fail to solve the city, resource, economical, the area dividing problem of the complicated ecosystem of many-sided factor such as environment still can't provide scientific and reasonable area dividing for the urban ecological security regulation and control.
The urban ecological security dynamic regulation is based upon on the basis of urban ecological security evaluation, utilizes mathematical model or index system to estimate the urban ecological security state according to the each side data message.Evaluation procedure needs dynamically to analyze correlationship between each element of urban ecological system and key element comprehensively, application number is 200610128400.6, publication number is that Chinese patent (adopting virtual artificial comprehensive image and text information interaction to realize the method for the digital city system) application of CN1987857A discloses a kind of method that adopts virtual artificial comprehensive image and text information interaction to realize digital city system, this method can satisfy uses each key element relevance of real time modelling city system to obtaining fast with mutual of city system magnanimity information.But this invention aims to provide a kind of urban life job applications instrument for public's visual intelligentization, can not satisfy disclosing the requirement of unfavorable factors such as function that urban ecological system inside may influence ecological safety and process, also just can't utilize the fragility of this invention improvement system to reach the purpose that urban ecological security is regulated and control.
The traffic congestion that urban transportation causes, traffic noise, traffic energy consumption and pollution, and the low inferior problem of city low-density diffusion land utilization ratio that causes of traffic congestion are that present urban ecological security regulation and control need an importance solving.Application number is 200610098658.6, publication number is that the Chinese patent application (city system that a kind of people's car separates comprehensively) of CN1834352A discloses a kind of comprehensive city system of separating of people's car of utilizing the space technology design, and ecocity system patent of invention, be that application number is 200610098661.8, publication number is CN1834354A, name is called the Chinese patent of the energy-conservation unimpeded quiet ecocity of saving land of a kind of spacial orderingization system, the energy-conservation unimpeded quiet ecocity of saving land of a kind of spacial orderingization system is disclosed, above the former basic upper edge motor road, the sound insulation canopy is set, isolate the motor vehicle noise comprehensively, save the soil exponentially, the traffic fuel oil, and stop the traffic hazard that car is thrusted into.But above two kinds of inventions all only relate to the traffic route system, fail to consider society, economy, environmental factor comprehensively, and these two invention costs of investment are high, and to implement difficulty big, can not solve the existing severe problem of urban ecological security effectively.
Summary of the invention
(1) technical matters that will solve
The present invention is directed to the deficiency that lacks the ecological safety monitoring in the current city planning implementation, proposed a kind of ecological safety Post-assessment Method of city planning implementation.
(2) technical scheme
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, a kind of ecological safety Post-assessment Method of the city system according to embodiment of the present invention is provided, it comprises step:
S1 makes up the System of Comprehensive Evaluation that comprises each index factor of representing socio-economic factor, natural, ecological factor and ecological humane response factor;
S2, source and different in kind according to achievement data carry out standardization to the These parameters factor;
S3, according to the index factor of above-mentioned standardization, span data-index standardization figure layer;
S4 determines the weight of above-mentioned each index factor, calculates aggregative index, draws comprehensive evaluation result.
Preferably, described index factor comprises population growth rate, GDP per capita, artificial interference index, SO
2Annual average exceeding standard rate, industrial waste water qualified discharge rate, zone leveling neighbourhood noise, climate change index, topographic entity index, soil erosion intensity index, landscape diversity index, view type area percentage, view degree of fragmentation index, ecologic environment system resilience degree, value of ecosystem service, environmental protection investment account for GDP proportion, ten thousand people's sick bed numbers and urban ecological planning degree of control index.
Preferably, utilize expert's assignment method that the data of soil erosion intensity exponential sum urban ecological planning degree of control index are carried out standardization.
Preferably, utilize range method that the data of artificial interference index, topographic entity index, ecologic environment system resilience degree, value of ecosystem service, landscape diversity index, view type area percentage and view degree of fragmentation index are carried out standardization.
Preferably, the approach degree method of utilization and value of statistical indicant is to population growth rate, GDP per capita, SO
2Annual average exceeding standard rate, industrial waste water qualified discharge rate, zone leveling neighbourhood noise, climate change index, environmental protection investment account for the data of GDP proportion and ten thousand people's sick bed numbers and carry out standardization.
(3) beneficial effect
The present invention integrates social economy, physical environment and the humane response factor of urban ecological system, form the combined system of ecological security assessment, use for reference the conventional method of ecological security assessment, a kind of ecological safety Post-assessment Method of city planning implementation has been proposed, perfect urban ecological security evaluation and planning system, the continuity and the systematicness of urban ecological planning have been strengthened, and evaluation result is carried out visualization processing in conjunction with related software, realized combining of urban ecological planning system regulation and space regulation and control.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the index system figure according to the ecological safety Post-assessment Method of the city system of embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the technology path figure according to the ecological safety Post-assessment Method of the city system of embodiment of the present invention.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, the specific embodiment of the present invention is described in further detail.Following examples are used to illustrate the present invention, but are not used for limiting the scope of the invention.
The invention provides a kind of ecological safety Post-assessment Method of city system, this method mainly comprises following components: the calculating of the generation of the foundation of assessment indicator system, the foundation of evaluation criterion, spatial data-index standardization figure layer, index Weight Determination, aggregative index.
A. determining of assessment indicator system: but the System of Comprehensive Evaluation of aspects such as comprising socio-economic factor, natural, ecological factor and ecological humane response set up according to principle such as regional and with strong points, that the informix ability strong, the policy correlativity strong, the index quantification can be looked into, and the system regulation index is combined with the spatial framework index.
B. the foundation of evaluation criterion: quantitative target is because the dimension disunity of each index can't carry out evaluation criterion relatively; Even same index factor, because there is not a concrete standard yet, and can't quantification its to the sex degree of ecological environment security.Therefore, need carry out standardization to index factor.Different according to Data Source with feature, can carry out standardization with diverse ways to it respectively.Method comprise expert's assignment, range method and with approach degree method of standard value etc.
Because the geographical zonality characteristic of geographical phenomenon and the regional characteristics of ecologic environment, choosing of standard value should have regional characteristic.The standard value of ecological security assessment index mainly contains following source: country, industry and local specified standard; Region environment background and background values; Not to be subjected to or to lack the ecosystem of receiving human region in the same manner of disturbing is reference, carries out analogy analysis, the value of settling the standard; The ecologic environment threshold value that scientific research is determined etc.
According to the custom of people, the urban ecological security evaluation result can be divided into 3～5 grades to the security cognition.
C. the generation of spatial data-index standardization figure layer: because the data mode and the source of urban ecological security postevaluation differ, the space diagram of achievement data is stacked to be added analysis meeting and goes wrong, so want handle the evaluation index data earlier.The Data Source of evaluation index comprises thematic maps, DEM information, remote sensing special layer of general map data, exponential factor etc.All Layers all converts the grid file layout to, and grid size will be decided according to the scope of survey region.
D. index Weight Determination: the factor that influences ecosystem safety is numerous, the security level of the ecosystem is estimated necessary multiple-factor comprehensive evaluation, and the contribution of each factor pair ecosystem security level differs, so will compose power to each index, the present invention uses analytical hierarchy process to determine the index weight.
E. the calculating of aggregative index: the evaluation problem of urban ecological security has the feature of obscurity boundary, is difficult to clearly judge the specific targets boundary value of ecological safety, therefore can adopt fuzzy synthetic appraisement method to handle.
Selecting the development area, Guangzhou is concrete objective for implementation, as depicted in figs. 1 and 2.
A. the foundation of index system
Consider the availability of science, region requirement and the data of ecological security assessment, should guarantee the completeness of assessment indicator system, power subtracts the redundant information between the index again, and general data derives from remotely-sensed data and geographical basis data, in conjunction with study area ecologic environment characteristics, from many-sides such as population-resource-economy-environmental pollution and urban ecological environment situations, make up the index system (as Fig. 1) of study area ecological security assessment.Each index implication is as follows:
Population growth rate (A1): the natural growth rate of population is that the number percent of total population number represented that rate of growth is high more at the beginning of year interior net increase population accounted for, and is big more to the pressure of resource ecology environment.
GDP per capita (A2): be that gross domestic product (GDP) is divided by the size of population.Be used for weighing the throughput rate and the living standards of the people in the level of economic development, city, i.e. GDP/ average population sum.
Artificial interference index (A3): the combination of the different area ratio of view type reflects the intensity of mankind's activity or development and use in regional, and promptly the artificial interference index discloses the influence intensity of class activity to regional soil utilization/cover variation of coming in and going out.Formula is:
In the formula, HAI is artificial Annoyance Index, and N is the landscape component number of types, A
iBe the area of i class view, P
iBe anthropogenic influence's intensive parameter that i class view is reflected, the anthropogenic influence's parameter such as the table 4 of various soils utilization/cover type, TA are the view total area.
Table 4 human-induced disturbance intensity parameter
S0
2Annual average exceeding standard rate (A4): with S0
2The ratio value representation of concentration over-standard part and standard value.
Industrial waste water qualified discharge rate (A5): the ratio that refers to the industrial waste water qualified discharge.
Zone leveling neighbourhood noise (A6): the average that refers to neighbourhood noises such as urban district, suburb, road.
Climate change index (A7): the variation of climate state in climate change refers to over a long time.Usually the difference with the statistic of the climatic elements such as precipitation of different times reflects.Number percent (%) and two climatic elements of heavy rain number of times of choosing annual rainfall anomaly average herein characterize.
Topographic entity index (A8): the various forms of top, be generically and collectively referred to as landform, comprise key elements such as height above sea level, the gradient, position, slope, aspect.This research characterizes the influence of regional nature landform to urban ecological environment safety with the gradient and two kinds of landform basic parameters of height above sea level.
Soil erosion intensity index (A9): divide the erosion intensity grade according to " classification of soil erosion grade scale (SL190-96) ".
Landscape diversity index (A10): the ratio that is the shared view total area of each plaque type multiply by its logarithm value, and summation is got negatively then, makes its value for just.When view only is made up of a kind of plaque type, SHDI=0, when plaque type increase or all types of patch area occupied ratio were tending towards similar, the value of diversity indices also increased.Computing formula is:
In the formula, SHDI is artificial Annoyance Index, and N is the landscape component number of types, D
iIt is the ratio of the shared view total area of i class plaque type.
View type area percentage (A11): all types of area advantage of expression view, that is:
PLAND＝A
i/A
In the formula, PLAND is certain view degree of fragmentation index, A
iBe the area of i class view, A is the view total area.
View degree of fragmentation index (A12): characterize fragmentation degree, the i.e. ratio of patch number and view area with the landscape patch dnesity index.Formula is:
PD=N/A * 1000000 (individual/100 hectare)
Represent the patch number on per 100 hectares of views.In the formula, PD is certain view degree of fragmentation index, and N is the landscape component number of types, and A is the view total area.
Ecologic environment system resilience degree (A13): the elastic force of the ecosystem is meant that ecosystem oneself keeps, the ability size of self-control and opposing extraneous pressure and disturbance.The environmental landscape factor that influences ecological elastic force has weather, vegetation, soil, topography and geomorphology and the hydrology etc.Computing formula is:
In the formula, ECO
ResThe ecological DE of view type i in the expression zone, SHDI is the landscape diversity index, and N is the landscape component number of types, and Ai is the area of i class view, and Ei is that the elasticity of i class view gets score value.
View elasticity gets score value can be by the stacked cover degree value of obtaining different cover types of soil cover type figure and vegetation cover degree figure, and composes respectively with the DE score, as table 5.
Table 5 urban ecological system DE score
Value of ecosystem service (A14): based on the estimation of Constanza to value of ecosystem service, can be according to the characteristics of survey region to all types of ecosystems services values, high value with all types of ecosystems services is the ecology service system value of example (table 6) estimation study area, and computing formula is:
In the formula, V is an ecosystems services total value (), M
iFor being the total value of services of ecological functions of unit area soil utilization/cover type i ($/(km2.a)), A
iIt is the area of i class view.
The global different ecological system type of table 6 service function is worth (high value)
Environmental protection investment accounts for GDP proportion (A15): refer to that the investment that is used for environmental pollution prevention and control, ecological environmental protection and construction then accounts for the ratio of regional total output value then.
Ten thousand people's sick bed numbers (A16): refer to the sick bed number that per ten thousand people have in the urban area.
Urban ecological planning degree of control index (A17): urban ecological planning is a basic orientation with the ecologic environment controlled target, implement the ecological engineering of finishing a series of systems, be the main control measures of government department's maintenance area ecological safety, but the realization of target is a progressive process, each stage then corresponding certain regulation and control enforcement dynamics.So can carry out expert consulting marking assignment to programme and concrete implementation result according to the ecological planning goal of regulation and control.
B. the foundation of evaluation criterion
This part comprises that achievement data standardized method, index standard value are determined and classification standard is determined three parts.
A. the standardized method of achievement data comprise expert's assignment method, extreme difference standardized method and with the approach degree method of value of statistical indicant.
Carrying out standardized index with expert's assignment method is soil erosion grade (A9) and urban ecological planning degree of control index (A17).The data of directly or indirectly being obtained by remote Sensing Interpretation often lack the data that can compare between the zones of different, perhaps lack the effective ways that zones of different can the comparative analysis data.Therefore, there be not reference or the standard value that to use for reference.For this reason, the data that come from remote sensing sources all adopt range method that index is carried out standardization.Comprise human Annoyance Index (A3), topographic entity index (A8) (comprising sea level elevation and terrain slope), value of ecosystem service (A14), ecologic environment system resilience degree (A13), landscape diversity index (A10), view type area percentage (A11), view degree of fragmentation index (A12).Except that above index, all the other indexs are mainly derived from statistics, all have can reference standard value.If still adopt range method that index is carried out standardization, and do not say that achievement data value and its standard value carry out relatedly, the ecological safety situation of the standardized value of some index reflection may be biased.So carrying out standardized index with the approach degree method of value of statistical indicant, use have population growth rate (A1), GDP per capita (A2), SO2 annual average exceeding standard rate (A4), industrial waste water qualified discharge rate (A5), zone leveling neighbourhood noise (A6), climate change index (A7), environmental cost to account for proportion (A15) and the ten thousand people's sick bed numbers (A16) of GDP.
B. the index standard value is definite: the standard value of ecological security assessment index mainly contains following source: country, industry and local specified standard; Region environment background and background values; Not to be subjected to or to lack the ecosystem of receiving human region in the same manner of disturbing is reference, carries out analogy analysis, the value of settling the standard; The ecologic environment threshold value that scientific research is determined etc.
C. the index classification standard is definite: according to the custom of people to the security cognition, the urban ecological security evaluation result can be divided into 5 grades.
C. the generation of spatial data-index standardization figure layer: the Data Source of evaluation index comprises thematic maps, DEM information, remote sensing special layer of general map data, exponential factor etc.Area (389km according to survey region
2), survey region can be divided into the 5m*5m grid, All Layers all converts the grid file layout to.
D. according to development area, Guangzhou 2003 (before the planning), 2009 (planning back) and object of planning data, utilization analytical hierarchy process and Field Using Fuzzy Comprehensive Assessment are calculated the weight and the comprehensive evaluation result of each index, the ecological safety aggregative index is divided into 5 intervals, generates ecological safety aggregative index space differentiation figure.
According to the comparative analysis of three phase ecological safety aggregative index space differentiation figure and the analysis of spatial data-index standardization figure layer, the ecological planning of development area, Guangzhou is estimated, and proposed the adjusting measure.Table 7 shows the postevaluation result, the letter representative be area ratio under different security level of each phase.
Table 7 urban ecological security postevaluation result
| Difference | Relatively poor | Generally | Very | Excellent | |
| 2003 (before the planning) | ??a 11 | ??a 12 | ??a 13 | ??a 14 | ??a 15 |
| 2009 (planning backs) | ??a 21 | ??a 22 | ??a 23 | ??a 24 | ??a 25 |
| The object of planning | ??a 31 | ??a 32 | ??a 33 | ??a 34 | ??a 35 |
The above only is a preferred implementation of the present invention; should be pointed out that for those skilled in the art, under the prerequisite that does not break away from the technology of the present invention principle; can also make some improvement and modification, these improve and modification also should be considered as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. the ecological safety Post-assessment Method of a city planning implementation is characterized in that, described method comprises step:
S1 makes up the System of Comprehensive Evaluation that comprises each index factor of representing socio-economic factor, natural, ecological factor and ecological humane response factor;
S2, source and different in kind according to achievement data carry out standardization to the These parameters factor;
S3, according to the index factor of above-mentioned standardization, span data-index standardization figure layer;
S4 determines the weight of above-mentioned each index factor, calculates aggregative index, draws comprehensive evaluation result.
2. the ecological safety Post-assessment Method of city system as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described index factor comprises population growth rate, GDP per capita, artificial interference index, SO
2Annual average exceeding standard rate, industrial waste water qualified discharge rate, zone leveling neighbourhood noise, climate change index, topographic entity index, soil erosion intensity index, landscape diversity index, view type area percentage, view degree of fragmentation index, ecologic environment system resilience degree, value of ecosystem service, environmental protection investment account for GDP proportion, ten thousand people's sick bed numbers and urban ecological planning degree of control index.
3. the ecological safety Post-assessment Method of city planning implementation as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, utilizes expert's assignment method that the data of soil erosion intensity exponential sum urban ecological planning degree of control index are carried out standardization.
4. the ecological safety Post-assessment Method of city planning implementation as claimed in claim 2, it is characterized in that, utilize range method that the data of artificial interference index, topographic entity index, ecologic environment system resilience degree, value of ecosystem service, landscape diversity index, view type area percentage and view degree of fragmentation index are carried out standardization.
5. the ecological safety Post-assessment Method of city planning implementation as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, the approach degree method of utilization and value of statistical indicant is to population growth rate, GDP per capita, SO
2Annual average exceeding standard rate, industrial waste water qualified discharge rate, zone leveling neighbourhood noise, climate change index, environmental protection investment account for the data of GDP proportion and ten thousand people's sick bed numbers and carry out standardization.
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