CN1017931B - Method for fast measurement of apparent viscosity - Google Patents
Method for fast measurement of apparent viscosityInfo
- Publication number
- CN1017931B CN1017931B CN 88100777 CN88100777A CN1017931B CN 1017931 B CN1017931 B CN 1017931B CN 88100777 CN88100777 CN 88100777 CN 88100777 A CN88100777 A CN 88100777A CN 1017931 B CN1017931 B CN 1017931B
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- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- apparent viscosity
- sample
- liquid level
- microprocessor
- kapillary
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
- Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention can accurately, quickly and directly measure the apparent viscosity function of dynamical variable-non-Newtonian fluid with specific definition. A sample flows in an L-shaped pipe, the continuous change process with the shearing rate of maximum to 0 is given out, a micropressure sensor is used for collecting and converting the process, and the process is converted by A/D to be sent to a microprocessor. The shearing rate and the corresponding apparent viscosity are given out after the process is calculated by an automatically derived formula. Then, the present invention realizes a novel idea that a series of shearing rates and corresponding apparent viscosity can be given out by one-time experiment. The experiment program automatically proceeds, and is easy to master by non-specialized persons.
Description
The present invention is applicable to the measurement of the apparent viscosity of one of non newtonian rheology characteristic.
Symbol η in the following description
aAnd η
pThe apparent viscosity of two kinds of different concepts of expression, γ represents shearing rate, τ represents shear stress (or wall shear stress).
The existing situation of measuring non newtonian rheology characteristic method is: (1) is η
aConfuse in η
p, but in fact they are unequal, η
aPhysical significance be the ratio of shearing stress and shearing rate, but because for non-Newtonian fluid, the back both and disproportionate, i.e. η
aBe essentially the function η of shearing rate
pBe when measuring non-Newtonian fluid to a kind of pro forma the using of the result of calculation of Newtonian fluid, be about to non-Newtonian fluid and put into the viscosity meter that is fit to Newtonian fluid and go to measure, and calculate and a kind of quantity of obtaining by the Newtonian fluid formula.(2) even both are not obscured, also quite complicated on assay method, that is: record a series of η earlier
pTransfer to calculate η again
a(γ), this method must be tried to achieve corresponding plan apparent viscosity to a series of pressure and flow measurement, again at double logarithmic curve coordinate figure line, on try to achieve [d(Lg η
p)/d(Lg τ)] value, apparent viscosity η when asking different τ at last
a, and asking [d(Lg η
p) d(Lg τ)] time bring error easily.Such method is not easy in biomedical research, is extensive use of in particular for clinical medical personnel, also is not easy to quality control and the on-the-spot use of management in industry such as chemical industry, food.
Of the present inventionly be intended to seek a kind of easy comparatively strict again fast and in theory apparent viscosity η
aMeasuring method and a kind of instrument that can implement this method of design, it is on-the-spot that it can be widely used in the quality control and the management of industry such as biomedical research, chemical industry, food.
Overall pie graph, as shown in Figure 1.
Key problem in technology of the present invention is following notional result is specialized with a simple and direct way:
Constitutive equation, balance equation and kapillary geometric condition according to non-Newtonian fluid can be derived
η
a＝πR
4P/[2L（3Q+P·dQ/dP）] （1）
τ＝RP/2L （2）
Here P is kapillary two ends pressure reduction, Q
1For managing interior rate of discharge, R and L are respectively pipe radius and length.η
aBe apparent viscosity, τ is a shear stress, and d is a sign of differentiation.
According to (1) formula, can try to achieve η with the variation of pressure as long as seen know flow
a(τ).Realize that this point can have different schemes, according to analysis, we have found a quite easy new departure, and this constitutes one of characteristic of this method:
As shown in Figure 3 L pipe, AO is the pressure-driven pipe, OB is a kapillary, be not difficult to push away by (1) and (2) formula
η
a＝K
1h/[3（dh/dt）+h（dh/dh）] （3）
τ＝K
2h （4）
D is a sign of differentiation in the formula, and h is h to the derivative of time is dh/dt; Dh/dh is d(dh/dt)/dh
K
1, K
2Be the constant relevant with sample density with the geometry of pipe.
Like this, only need record h over time, then can in disposable experiment, try to achieve η
aWith τ (or ' τ) dependence, and the relation of h-t can the respective change of pressure be tried to achieve when connecing the pressure transducer at D point place in the drawings and detect AO section liquid level and freely descend in time.This variation of pressure is directly proportional with the variation of h, with adopt this information send into the A/D change-over circuit immediately and microprocessor is done further digital processing, and provide a series of η in couples rapidly
aAnd τ.
The specialized equipment that the present invention comprised is made up of three unit: body part, Detection ﹠ Controling part, temperature control part branch (as shown in Figure 1).
1, constituting of body part:
A, horizontal kapillary (OB) (as accompanying drawing 3 and shown in Figure 1), material is a glass, the configuration of endpiece as shown in Figure 1, its sweep is in order to dress storage sample product and be convenient to repeated experiments, the geometry parameter of kapillary (OB) will guarantee the as far as possible little kinetic energy adjusted rate and the influence of end effect, and its length is taken as＞20cm, 7/3 (0.3-1mm) of pipe inside radius R＜8(η/P), so that the kinetic energy correction term can be ignored, guarantee to satisfy laminar flow condition simultaneously.The configuration of endpiece also flows for ease of automatic controlling liquid and designs.
B, VERTICAL TUBE (AO) (as shown in Figure 3) are the pressure-driven pipe, and interior diameter is two kinds of 2mm and 3mm.Length is 300mm, to guarantee the enough big shear stress upper limit.Internal diameter is uniformity along its length, and what model machine of the present invention used is the finished product buret.
C, three-way connection (O) are in order to link to each other horizontal kapillary (OB), VERTICAL TUBE (OA) and pressure transducer (3).
D, self-box, by horizontal kapillary (OB), VERTICAL TUBE (OA), little U type pipe CB and three-way connection are formed a L pipe and are placed a box, pass to hot-air in the box and form air bath (17), to regulate temperature.
2, detection and control section
2.1 the test section constitutes:
A, pressure transducer (3):
In order to guarantee that measurement result has enough accuracy, this device proposes high requirement to sensor, and used sensor resolution is 1mmH
2O, promptly about 0.5% of the high h of maximum level.The linear sensor degree will be got well.Model machine of the present invention adopts BVP type micro-pressure sensor (manufacturing of Bangbu semiconductor devices factory)
B, amplifier (10):
Be a common differential amplifier circuit, be used for signal that pressure transducer is come, suitably amplify, to adapt to the requirement of A/D converter to input range.
C, A/D change-over circuit (as shown in Figure 4)
This circuit is 12 A/D change-over circuits, is made up of with the interface circuit of single card microcomputer ADC1210 chip, clock-pulse circuit, stabilized voltage supply, analog signal input circuit, data output.
ADC1210 is the core of A/D conversion sheet, finishes the A/D conversion work, and its resolution is 12, and conversion accuracy is 0.25%, and its conversion logic figure as shown in Figure 5.ADC1210 converts digital quantity with analog quantity by turn approx, and promptly a certain moment is made comparisons by the unknown analog quantity of D/A amount of inner output and input, and steering logic can realize being similar to the control of dichotomous search.It makes most significant digit D earlier
12-1=1, after D/A conversion, obtain half aanalogvoltage V of a whole range
2Compare with input voltage, if V
X＞V
S, then keep this position.If V
X＜V
S, then make this position clear " 0 ", make next bit D then
12-2=1 with the result of last time after the D/A conversion and V
XCompare ...Repeat this process until making D
01, again with V
XCompare, by V
X＞V
SOr V
X＜V
SDetermine whether keeping this position (D
0).Through after 12 comparisons, the state of 12 bit registers is the data after the conversion like this.End signal becomes low level by high level.
Clock-pulse circuit has adopted one 555 integrated circuit.Its wiring diagram as shown in Figure 4.It produces a 65KH
2Square wave, its waveform is shown in CP in the accompanying drawing 5.The clock source is the synchronizing signal of A/D conversion, after the A/D slice, thin piece was activated, one of each clock period ADC1210 conversion was so clock frequency is determining the speed of A/D conversion, it can change its frequency by adjustment resistance, electric capacity, finds out that on oscillograph waveform is regular simultaneously.
Stabilized voltage supply adopts the two-stage voltage stabilizing, with transformer voltage is become 25V earlier, behind the rectifying and wave-filtering, becomes+5V through three-terminal voltage-stabilizing integrated package 7812,7805 back voltages, for the ADC1210 comparative voltage.
Analog signal input circuit has one tunnel analog input amount in the native system, so without multi-way switch, the order analog value changes slowly, so value directly will be imported a passage from the signal that amplifier comes, save the sampling holder in the auxiliary circuit.
The interface circuit of data output and single card microcomputer adopts the PIO mouth as interface.Because PIO is the device of the programmable I/O of a having port, it is connected with external unit does not need other to add logic.Behind the EOC, available IN instruction makes A/D chip read data.We directly utilize two PIO mouths that disposed on the single card microcomputer, 8 of PIO port B least-significant byte data transfer port as A/D sheet output wherein, PA in 8 terminals of PIO port A
4-PA
7End is as the high four figures of A/D sheet output sending end mouth reportedly.
D, microprocessor (8):
Temperature control of the present invention is finished in data processing, computing, output that available Z80 single card microcomputer or other microprocessor are sent A/D converter here, the Automatic Control of experimental implementation, and zero-bit is regulated, work such as input results.
2.2 control section: (shown in accompanying drawing 4,5)
Sample of the present invention drives and automatic control section is made up of electromagnetic pump, self-control solenoid valve and liquid level detector and some relays, and accepts microcomputor program control.
Computing machine provides enabling signal, solenoid valve 2 adhesives, electric pump work, liquid level rises in the VERTICAL TUBE, and after being raised to the Level Detection position, fluid level controller is exported a level, through the PIO input, interrupt to the CPU application, after interrupt service routine is carried out, give silence signal of pump, solenoid valve 1 adhesive is kept liquid level stabilizing after a period of time simultaneously, solenoid valve 1,2 discharges, liquid level descends naturally, restarts the A/D conversion, begins sampling.
3. temperature control part branch (18) (shown in accompanying drawing 1 and accompanying drawing 6):
Adopt the control of thyristor controlled stepless adjustable temperature, precision is selected temperature ± 0.5 ℃.It detects by temperature sensor (14) (thermistor), sends circuit diagram such as Fig. 6 (15) that the instruction of heating or stopping to heat realizes temperature control loop by temperature control loop to well heater (hair dryer) (16) again.
The computer software that the present invention designs voluntarily partly comprises startup, sample position, sampling, filtering, transducer zeroing correction, calculating, surface tension correction, demonstration, print subroutine.
The concrete steps that realize the method for the invention are:
One, prepares
L shaped pipe (2) is inserted in the main body case (1), inject sample from the B mouth, sample retains in temporarily and is communicated with pressure transducer (3) and solenoid valve (4), (5) and each passage of liquid level sensor (6) or circuit among the CB, and sensor gives balancing.
Two, sample set
(1) start microprocessor 8, make it send instruction and close solenoid valve a(4), open solenoid valve b(5 simultaneously) and start pump (7), sample slowly rises to A from CB through kapillary.
When (2) liquid level was to A, microcomputer B mouth low level was given in liquid level sensor (6) conducting, microcomputer 8 notice pump break-ofves.
(3) by software delay, make liquid level keep a blink, make system steady.
Three, sampling
(1) microcomputer (8) notice valve (4) and (5) makes it open, and the C of L pipe and B place are communicated with atmosphere, and AO section liquid level h freely reduces.The purpose that the C mouth is set can freely descend to guarantee liquid level just in order to make the C place be atmospheric pressure.
(2) pressure transducer is converted to voltage over time with pressure signal continuously, and this changing value is proportional to height h.
(3) this magnitude of voltage is sent into 12 A/D converters (11) and is converted to 12 figure place sign indicating numbers after a differential amplifier (10) amplifies.
(4) microcomputer was peeked from A/D converter with the time interval of counting the T millisecond, and the addition after four that moves to right of per 16 this number averages constitutes the binary number of a sixteen bit.It is the mean value of 16 intensive sampling values, will participate in further computing as the h value.
Four, computing
Operational formula is: formula (3) and (4).
Consider capillary influence, (3) formula can further be modified to:
η
a＝Kdt/[dh/（h-σε）+d
2h/（3·dh）]
σ is a surface tension coefficient in the formula, and ε is and sample density and the relevant constant of L pipe physical dimension, d
2It is the second-order differential symbol.
D still represents differential.
Five, demonstration and printing
Along with h reduces, provide the apparent viscosity value under the different shearings rate from big to small continuously, and they are shown in couples and print.
The sampling number and the time interval can preestablish, and the numerical value change that software program will automatically bring different set is done corresponding the correction.
If desired, after experiment finishes for the first time, instrument will play action experiment for the second time automatically.
Adopts pressure sensor balance of the present invention is adjusted, the signal that can directly utilize pressure transducer is sent into 12 A/D conversions after amplifying, program will adopt into transformation of data to become and the corresponding numerical value of voltage, show immediately by display (13), can save voltage table and accurate, convenient.
Adopt L shaped pipe sampling of the present invention and supporting with it pressure transducer, A/D change-over circuit and microprocessor can provide corresponding a series of apparent viscosity values (dozens of point) in certain shear rate scope in disposable experiment, shorten the cycle of experiment and data preparation greatly, and make whole experiment automatically voluntarily, and can be automatically repeatedly, operate simple and easyly, can do fast directly measurement the apparent viscosity function of clearer and more definite mechanical quantity-non-Newtonian fluid in definition.
Utilize a L shaped pipe, its vertically partly interior sample liquid level is from the continuous decline process of peak to 0, provide continuous change procedure from corresponding maximum shear rate to 0 shearing rate, it is the continuous change procedure of independent variable, collect and change this change procedure with micro-pressure sensor, and after the A/D conversion, send microprocessor to handle.
Formula by deriving voluntarily provides shearing rate and corresponding meter observing viscosity function in pairs after the microcomputer computing.This is and domestic and international machine difference.
Operate simple and easyly, compare with external high-grade machine, fast, structure is simple relatively, and cost is much lower.
Can be used for departments such as biology, medicine, chemical industry, oils, food.
The invention will be further described below in conjunction with accompanying drawing:
Accompanying drawing 1 constitutes synoptic diagram for fast measurement of apparent viscosity device of the present invention, and wherein (1) is the measurement body, and (2) are sample, (3) be pressure transducer, (4) be solenoid valve a, (5) are solenoid valve b, and (6) are liquid level sensor, (7) be pump, (8) be microprocessor, (9) are liquid level control circuit, and (10) are amplifier, (11) be A/D converter, (12) for detecting and control module, (13) are display, and (14) are temperature sensor, (15) be the temperature control loop, (16) be well heater, (17) are air bath, and (18) are temperature conditioning unit, AO is a VERTICAL TUBE, and OB is horizontal kapillary.
Accompanying drawing 2 is the definition synoptic diagram of apparent viscosity, wherein η
aBe apparent viscosity, τ is a shear stress, and τ is a shearing rate.
Accompanying drawing 3 is the L shaped pipe in the fast measurement of apparent viscosity device of the present invention, and wherein AO is that pressure-driven pipe, OB are kapillary, and h is the length of OB pipe for height, L.
Accompanying drawing 4 is a control loop synoptic diagram of the present invention.
Accompanying drawing 5 is a liquid level control circuit synoptic diagram of the present invention.
Accompanying drawing 6 is a temperature control of the present invention loop synoptic diagram.
Embodiment:
Utilize fast measurement of apparent viscosity device of the present invention, several typical samples of sufficient amount have been done actual measurement, the methods and results of measurement is all through the legal unit of measurement (Sichuan Province's quantitative study institute) approval and checking, and concrete number sees Table.
Sample temperature shearing stress apparent viscosity (es) apparent viscosity (cp)
(℃) (dyn/cm
2) measured value standard value measured value standard value
Water 20 1.01 ± 0.02 1.01 1.01 ± 0.02 1.01
37 0.68±0.02 0.68 0.68±0.01 0.68
2# standard oil 20 2.04 ± 0.02 2.071
4# standard oil 20 1.07 ± 0.03 4.153
30% glycerine water solution 37 1.17 1.60 ± 0.03 1.68 ± 0.03 1.68
37 0.15 1.77±0.03 1.85±0.03 1.85
40% glycerine water solution 22 1.86 2.51 ± 0.03 2.67 ± 0.03 2.67
22 0.26 3.10±0.03 3.26±0.03 3.26
Bile 37 4.04 0.83 ± 0.03 0.86 ± 0.04 0.86
37 0.07 0.89±0.03 0.92±0.04 0.92
99.5% ethanol 30 0.05 1.73 ± 0.03 1.36 ± 0.04 1.36
2.87 1.39±0.03 1.12±0.04 1.14
20 0.039 2.29±0.03 1.31±0.03 1.83
20 2.907 1.96±0.03 1.60±0.03 1.61
Rabbit blood 37 4.16 3.04 ± 0.05 3.10 ± 0.05 3.17
1.30 3.30±0.05 3.45±0.05 3.56
* standard value is if no existing data are then listed " Low Shear 30 " machine measured value in.
Claims (2)
1, a kind of fast survey device of apparent viscosity, comprise body part, by pressure transducer, amplifier, the A/D change-over circuit, the test section that microprocessor constitutes, by electromagnetic pump, the self-control solenoid valve, liquid level detector, relay, and the control section and the temperature control part branch that constituted by system controlled by computer, it is characterized in that body part is 300mm by length, internal diameter is one of 2mm and 3mm, the internal diameter VERTICAL TUBE and the length of uniformity along its length is 200mm, internal diameter is that the horizontal kapillary of 0.6-1mm passes through two L shaped pipes of export mixes in the three-way connection, another outlet of three-way connection links to each other with pressure transducer, the level other end capillaceous links to each other with little U-shaped pipe, and places the box that can regulate temperature.The A of L type pipe links to each other with liquid level sensor, and B links to each other with two electric solenoid valves respectively with C.
2, a kind of method of utilizing the described device fast measuring of claim 1 apparent viscosity, its step comprises: sample injects and instrument gives the calculating of accent, sample set, sampling, apparent viscosity, the demonstration and the printing of apparent viscosity, it is characterized in that:
(1) to inject little U-shaped pipe from the C mouth temporary for sample;
By microprocessor and liquid level control module, make sample slowly rise to straight tube near the A end from the little U-shaped pipe horizontal kapillary of flowing through, can not overflow;
(2) by the liquid stream control unit, make the interior height of specimen h of VERTICAL TUBE drop to the lowest order of sample continuously, and provide change procedure from corresponding maximum shear rate to 0 shearing rate, pressure transducer detects kapillary pressure at two ends difference variable signal in time with this process;
(3) by microprocessor the sensor signal after the A/D conversion is processed, by following operational formula of deriving voluntarily
η
a＝K
1dt/[dh/（h-σε）+1/3·（d
2h/dh）]
τ＝K
2h
Automatically computing, and a series of shearing stress of printout and corresponding apparent viscosity value.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 88100777 CN1017931B (en) | 1988-02-08 | 1988-02-08 | Method for fast measurement of apparent viscosity |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 88100777 CN1017931B (en) | 1988-02-08 | 1988-02-08 | Method for fast measurement of apparent viscosity |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1035178A CN1035178A (en) | 1989-08-30 |
| CN1017931B true CN1017931B (en) | 1992-08-19 |
Family
ID=4831508
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 88100777 Expired CN1017931B (en) | 1988-02-08 | 1988-02-08 | Method for fast measurement of apparent viscosity |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN1017931B (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1047583C (en) * | 1991-07-11 | 1999-12-22 | 中南工业大学 | Active compound biological ceramic material and its preparing process |
| CN1049202C (en) * | 1991-07-22 | 2000-02-09 | 中南工业大学 | Process for mfg. porous ceramic materials with biological activity |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101556233B (en) * | 2009-01-16 | 2013-01-23 | 北京化工大学 | Device and method for measuring unique real viscosity of generalized Newtonian fluid |
| FR2973828B1 (en) * | 2011-04-11 | 2014-04-18 | Snf Sas | SET OF MEASURING EQUIPMENT AND REGULATION OF HIGH PRESSURE ONLINE VISCOSITY |
| CN106442094A (en) * | 2016-08-29 | 2017-02-22 | 杭州卓祥科技有限公司 | Automatic sample injection device suitable for full-automatic viscosity measurement |
| CN110118870B (en) * | 2018-02-06 | 2023-04-07 | 深圳市帝迈生物技术有限公司 | Blood cell analyzer and operation method |
| CN109932283B (en) * | 2019-04-19 | 2021-07-27 | 常州大学 | Device and method for measuring apparent viscosity of non-Newtonian fluid at high shear rate |
-
1988
- 1988-02-08 CN CN 88100777 patent/CN1017931B/en not_active Expired
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1047583C (en) * | 1991-07-11 | 1999-12-22 | 中南工业大学 | Active compound biological ceramic material and its preparing process |
| CN1049202C (en) * | 1991-07-22 | 2000-02-09 | 中南工业大学 | Process for mfg. porous ceramic materials with biological activity |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1035178A (en) | 1989-08-30 |
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