CN101774009B - Device and method for shaping amorphous alloy thin-wall slim pipe - Google Patents
Device and method for shaping amorphous alloy thin-wall slim pipe Download PDFInfo
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- CN101774009B CN101774009B CN201010032501XA CN201010032501A CN101774009B CN 101774009 B CN101774009 B CN 101774009B CN 201010032501X A CN201010032501X A CN 201010032501XA CN 201010032501 A CN201010032501 A CN 201010032501A CN 101774009 B CN101774009 B CN 101774009B
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Abstract
The invention provides a device and a method for shaping an amorphous alloy thin-wall slim pipe, and relates to a device and a method for shaping an amorphous alloy pipe. The invention aims at solving the problems that the thin-wall positions of the prior prepared amorphous alloy pipe can not fill and an inductive crucible easily reacts with the amorphous alloy. The device is a shaping device with a mold cavity, which is formed by the assembly of an arc-melting furnace, a copper crucible, a temperature measuring device, a suction casting valve, a mechanical pump, a tungsten electrode, a metal mold, a suction casting controller and a melting current controller. The method comprises the following steps: an alloy ingot is input; the vacuum degree is 5.0*10<-3>-6.0*10<-3>Pa; the melting current is 250-400A; and when the bottom temperature of the alloy ingot is more than the liquid-phase temperature, the suction casting controller opens the suction casting valve, the mechanical pump draws the air out of the inner cavity of the arc-melting furnace, the alloy liquid flows into the mold cavity, the alloy liquid in contact with the side wall forms a very thin metal scull on the side wall of the mold cavity, and the unsolidified alloy liquid in the center is drawn out of the mold. The invention is used for shaping of the slim alloy pipe.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of elongated non-crystal alloy tube building mortion and method.
Background technology
Non-crystaline amorphous metal is not owing to have the microstructure of long-range atomic ordered, thereby has such as excellent physics and chemical property such as high elastic limit, high strength, high rigidity, high-wearing feature, high corrosion-resistant.Non-crystal alloy tube has obtained application as the sensor element of mass flowmenter at present.Non-crystaline amorphous metal is a kind of rapidly solidified material, the method for preparing non-crystaline amorphous metal tubing mainly contains copper mold casting method, depoling method and induction suction casting method etc., copper mold casting method mainly is that non-crystaline amorphous metal liquid is injected the mould that has core, thereby rapid solidification forms non-crystaline amorphous metal tubing, the material of non-crystaline amorphous metal pipe mold is generally fine copper, China Patent No. is 200710072125.5, the patent of invention that open day is on September 19th, 2007 discloses a kind of method for preparing non-crystal alloy tube, this patent belongs to copper mold casting method, though this patent has the technology characteristic of simple, but, because mould and core are copper, the problem that exists core to separate when therefore, getting core with the non-crystal alloy tube difficulty.The depoling method is non-crystaline amorphous metal liquid to be charged in the mould that has core to be chilled to room temperature earlier, heat core subsequently, the non-crystaline amorphous metal inside pipe wall that contacts with core also is heated, when the non-crystaline amorphous metal of inwall reaches the supercooling liquid phase region temperature, because non-crystaline amorphous metal has superplasticity in supercooling liquid phase region, very little external force just can be extracted core, and this method can guarantee that non-crystaline amorphous metal tubing has smooth inwall simultaneously.But copper mold casting method and depoling method only are applicable to preparation heavy wall non-crystaline amorphous metal tubing, during preparation thin-walled non-crystaline amorphous metal tubing (wall thickness is less than 1mm), adopt above-mentioned two kinds of methods the problem that type can not fill in the thin-walled place can occur.The induction suction casting method is that liquid non-crystaline amorphous metal liquid is sucked the cold conditions tubular die from the bottom, thereby solidify formation tubulose scull very soon with the contacted non-crystaline amorphous metal liquid of mold wall, and the non-crystaline amorphous metal liquid at mold center place can not solidify at once, when the alloy liquid flow velocity of inhaling the casting generation reaches certain value, the non-crystaline amorphous metal liquid of mold center is sucked away owing to solidifying, thereby stay non-crystal alloy tube, the problem that the induction suction casting method does not exist thin-walled to fill type, thereby can prepare thin-wall slim pipe.But when induction suction casting method preparation contained the alloy of active metal, inductive crucible reacted with non-crystaline amorphous metal easily, and the preparation facilities structure of induction suction casting method complexity.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to mainly contain copper mold casting method, depoling method and induction suction casting method for solving the existing method for preparing non-crystaline amorphous metal tubing, when copper mold casting method and depoling legal system are equipped with thin-walled non-crystaline amorphous metal tubing (wall thickness is less than 1mm), the thin-walled place can occur and can not fill type; When the preparation of induction suction casting method contained the alloy of active metal, the problem that inductive crucible is easy and non-crystaline amorphous metal reacts provided a kind of amorphous alloy thin-wall slim pipe building mortion and method.
The present invention includes arc-melting furnace, copper crucible, graphite-pipe, take over, supporting pad, quartz glass, temperature measuring equipment, infrared sensor, inhale the casting valve, mechanical pump, the tungsten electrode rod, metal die, inhale casting controller and fusion current controller, an end of taking over is arranged on the sidewall of arc-melting furnace, the other end of taking over is connected with mechanical pump, inhaling the casting valve is contained in the adapter, quartz glass is contained in the bottom centre hole of arc-melting furnace, temperature measuring equipment is positioned at the below in the bottom centre hole of arc-melting furnace, infrared sensor is positioned at the below of temperature measuring equipment, the upper surface of copper crucible is provided with pit, the center of copper crucible is provided with the stairstepping graphite pore that communicates with pit, graphite-pipe is contained in the stairstepping graphite pore, the tungsten electrode end of tungsten electrode rod is arranged in pit, metal die is made of two symmetrically arranged semicylinders, the central axis place of metal die is provided with die cavity, the internal diameter of die cavity is Φ 2.5～Φ 3.5mm, the length of metal die is 200～300mm, metal die is contained in the arc-melting furnace by supporting pad, the lower surface of copper crucible is connected with the upper surface of metal die and arc-melting furnace, and the pore of graphite-pipe and die cavity over against, infrared sensor is connected by lead and suction casting controller respectively with suction casting valve, and suction is cast controller and is connected with the fusion current controller by lead.
The inventive method realizes by following steps: step 1: the pit bottom of at first alloy pig being put into copper crucible; Step 2: the vacuum in the arc-melting furnace is 5.0 * 10
-3～6.0 * 10
-3Pa; Step 3: fusion current controller control fusion current is 250～400A, and fusing time is 2～3S; Step 4: when the temperature of alloy pig bottom reaches liquidus temperature when above, alloy pig is fused into alloy liquid, at this moment, suction casting controller will be inhaled the casting valve and open, mechanical pump is extracted the gas in the electric arc melting furnace chamber out, on the inner chamber of arc-melting furnace, form negative pressure down, alloy liquid is inhaled in the die cavity of metal die under suction function, after alloy liquid enters die cavity, the alloy liquid that contacts with the die cavity sidewall cools off rapidly and is set in and forms the thin-wall metal scull on the die cavity sidewall, the thickness of metal scull is below the 1mm, be positioned at the not solidified alloy liquid in die cavity center and be sucked out mould under the effect of pressure reduction, the thin wall alloy scull that solidifies on the die cavity sidewall is amorphous alloy thin-wall slim pipe.
Advantage of the present invention is: one, method of the present invention is utilized metal die, and by the control fusion current, the unlatching of inhaling the casting valve can obtain amorphous alloy thin-wall slim pipe, and therefore, the present invention can prepare the light-wall pipe of wall thickness less than 1mm.Because the present invention adopts arc melting method melted alloy ingot, therefore, crucible can not react with the non-crystaline amorphous metal ingot.Two, apparatus structure of the present invention is simple, utilizes method and apparatus of the present invention to prepare the non-crystal alloy tube that Ti base, Zr base etc. contain the active metal.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is structure master's cutaway view of the specific embodiment one; Fig. 2 is the state diagram when being positioned at the not solidified alloy liquid in die cavity 4-1 center in the step 4 in the specific embodiment four being sucked out mould under the effect of pressure reduction; Fig. 3 is the state diagram of solidifying the thin wall alloy scull of formation on the die cavity 4-1 sidewall in the step 4 in the specific embodiment four; Fig. 4 is the structural representation of the MULTILAYER COMPOSITE non-crystal alloy tube for preparing of the present invention; Fig. 5 is that the composition of alloy pig 17 is Zr
41Ti
14Ni
10Cu
12Be
23The time, the sample appearance figure of the non-crystaline amorphous metal tubule that obtains; Fig. 6 is that the composition of alloy pig 17 is Ti
40Zr
25Ni
3Cu
12Be
20The time, the sample appearance figure of the non-crystaline amorphous metal tubule that obtains; Fig. 7 is that the composition of alloy pig 17 is Fe
41Co
7Cr
15Mo
14C
15B
6Y
2The time, the sample appearance figure of the non-crystaline amorphous metal tubule that obtains; Fig. 8 is that the composition of alloy pig 17 is Zr
41Ti
14Ni
10Cu
12Be
23The time, the sem photograph of the non-crystaline amorphous metal tube section of making; Fig. 9 is that the composition of alloy pig 17 is Zr
41Ti
14Ni
10Cu
12Be
23, Ti
40Zr
25Ni
3Cu
12Be
20Or Fe
41Co
7Cr
15Mo
14C
15B
6Y
2The time, the X ray diffracting spectrum of the non-crystaline amorphous metal tubule sample that obtains.
The specific embodiment
The specific embodiment one: present embodiment is described in conjunction with Fig. 1～Fig. 3, present embodiment comprises arc-melting furnace 1, copper crucible 2, graphite-pipe 3, take over 5, supporting pad 6, quartz glass 7, temperature measuring equipment 8, infrared sensor 9, inhale casting valve 10, mechanical pump 11, tungsten electrode rod 15, metal die 4, inhale casting controller 12 and fusion current controller 13, one end of adapter 5 is arranged on the sidewall of arc-melting furnace 1, the other end of adapter 5 is connected with mechanical pump 11, inhaling casting valve 10 is contained in the adapter 5, quartz glass 7 is contained in the bottom centre hole of arc-melting furnace 1, temperature measuring equipment 8 is positioned at the below in the bottom centre hole of arc-melting furnace 1, infrared sensor 9 is positioned at the below of temperature measuring equipment 8, the upper surface of copper crucible 2 is provided with pit 2-1, the center of copper crucible 2 is provided with the stairstepping graphite pore 2-2 that communicates with pit 2-1, graphite-pipe 3 is contained among the stairstepping graphite pore 2-2, the tungsten electrode end of tungsten electrode rod 15 is arranged in pit 2-1, metal die 4 is made of two symmetrically arranged semicylinders, the central axis place of metal die 4 is provided with die cavity 4-1, the internal diameter of die cavity 4-1 is Φ 2.5～Φ 3.5mm, the length of metal die 4 is 200～300mm, metal die 4 is contained in the arc-melting furnace 1 by supporting pad 6, the lower surface of copper crucible 2 is connected with the upper surface of metal die 4 with arc-melting furnace 1, and the pore of graphite-pipe 3 and die cavity 4-1 over against, infrared sensor 9 is connected by lead and suction casting controller 12 respectively with suction casting valve 10, and suction is cast controller 12 and is connected with fusion current controller 13 by lead.Tungsten electrode rod 15 is connected with power supply 14 by lead, and copper crucible 2 is connected with power supply 14 by lead, inhales casting controller 12 and is connected with power supply 14 by lead respectively with fusion current controller 13.Fusion current controller 13 is in order to regulate the fusion current of electric arc furnaces.Temperature measuring equipment 8 and infrared sensor 9 are used for detecting the temperature of the alloy pig 17 of the pit 2-1 bottom on the copper crucible 2.By internal diameter, suction casting valve opening time and the fusion current that changes die cavity 4-1, can obtain the amorphous alloy thin-wall pipe of various outer diameter and wall thickness.
The specific embodiment two: in conjunction with Fig. 1～Fig. 3 present embodiment is described, the die cavity 4-1 internal diameter of the metal die 4 of present embodiment is Φ 3mm, and the length of metal die 4 is 250mm.The present invention is fit to preparation amorphous alloy thin-wall pipe, when the length of die cavity 4-1 internal diameter and metal die 4 is above-mentioned numerical value, and the best results of the amorphous alloy thin-wall slim pipe of formation.Other composition and annexation are identical with the specific embodiment one.
The specific embodiment three: in conjunction with Fig. 1 present embodiment is described, what present embodiment and the specific embodiment one were different is: described device also increases sealing gasket 16, and the upper surface of metal die 4 is provided with cannelure 4-2, and sealing gasket 16 is contained among the cannelure 4-2.Design has increased the sealing of the upper surface of the lower surface of copper crucible 2 and metal die 4 like this.Other composition and annexation are identical with the specific embodiment one.
The specific embodiment four: in conjunction with Fig. 1 present embodiment is described, present embodiment realizes by following steps: step 1: at first alloy pig 17 is put into the pit 2-1 bottom of copper crucible 2, utilized electric arc with alloy pig 17 fusings; Step 2: the vacuum in the arc-melting furnace 1 is 5.0 * 10
-3～6.0 * 10
-3Pa; Step 3: fusion current controller 13 control fusion currents are 250～400A, and fusing time is 2～3S; Step 4: when the temperature of alloy pig 17 bottoms reaches liquidus temperature when above, alloy pig 17 is fused into alloy liquid, at this moment, suction casting controller 12 will be inhaled casting valve 10 and open, mechanical pump 11 is extracted the gas in arc-melting furnace 1 inner chamber out, on the inner chamber of arc-melting furnace 1, form negative pressure down, alloy liquid is inhaled under suction function among the die cavity 4-1 of metal die 4, after alloy liquid enters die cavity 4-1, the alloy liquid that contacts with die cavity 4-1 sidewall cools off rapidly and is set in the very thin metal scull of formation on the die cavity 4-1 sidewall, the thickness t of metal scull is below the 1mm, be positioned at the not solidified alloy liquid in die cavity 4-1 center and under the effect of pressure reduction, be sucked out mould, as shown in Figure 2, the thin wall alloy scull that solidifies on the die cavity 4-1 sidewall is amorphous alloy thin-wall slim pipe 18, as shown in Figure 3.Being positioned at the not solidified alloy liquid in die cavity 4-1 center solidifies and needs the regular hour, because big pressure reduction of upper and lower cavity and the good flowability of alloy liquid make in the mould alloy flow velocity very big, therefore, the alloy liquid of mold center does not also solidify and just is easy to be sucked out mould, as shown in Figure 2.The composition of alloy pig 17 is Zr
41Ti
14Ni
10Cu
12Be
23(at.%), Ti
40Zr
25Ni
3Cu
12Be
20(at.%) or Fe
41Co
7Cr
15Mo
14C
15B
6Y
2(at.%).By changing the die cavity 4-1 internal diameter of metal die 4, the technological parameters such as opening time of control fusion current and suction casting valve 10 can obtain various outer diameter and the 1mm amorphous thin-wall slim pipe with lower wall thickness.
The specific embodiment five: in conjunction with Fig. 1～Fig. 3 present embodiment is described, the material of metal die 4 is a fine copper in the step 4 of present embodiment.Fine copper has good electric conductivity, thermal conductivity, ductility and corrosion resistance.Other step is identical with the specific embodiment four.
The specific embodiment six: present embodiment is described in conjunction with Fig. 4, the difference of the present embodiment and the specific embodiment four is that the present invention also comprises step 5: the amorphous alloy thin-wall slim pipe 18 that step 4 preparation is finished is packed among the die cavity 4-1 of metal die 4 once more, repeating step two, three, four promptly obtains two layers of composite amorphous alloy thin-wall slim pipe 19.
The specific embodiment seven: present embodiment is described in conjunction with Fig. 4, the difference of the present embodiment and the specific embodiment six is that the present invention also comprises step 6: two layers of composite amorphous alloy thin-wall slim pipe 19 that step 5 preparation is finished are packed among the die cavity 4-1 of metal die 4 once more, repeating step two, three, four promptly obtains three layers of composite amorphous alloy thin-wall slim pipe 20.The present invention is by changing the die cavity 4-1 internal diameter of metal die 4, and the technological parameters such as opening time of control fusion current and suction casting valve 10 can obtain the MULTILAYER COMPOSITE non-crystal alloy tube.
Application example of the present invention:
(1), selecting the composition of alloy pig 17 is Zr
41Ti
14Ni
10Cu
12Be
23(at.%), the quality of alloy pig 17 is 10 grams, fusion current 300A, fusing time 2.5S, electric arc furnaces vacuum is 5.5 * 10
-3Pa, the sample appearance of the non-crystaline amorphous metal tubule that obtains as shown in Figure 5.Fig. 7 is Zr
41Ti
14Ni
10Cu
12Be
23The ESEM picture of non-crystal alloy tube sample in cross section, external diameter of pipe are 3mm, and tube wall is 0.5mm, can clearly see from Fig. 8, and the uniform diameter of the thin-walled amorphous pipe that makes by apparatus of the present invention and method, the internal diameter rounding, inside pipe wall is smooth.
(2), selecting the composition of alloy pig 17 is Ti
40Zr
25Ni
3Cu
12Be
20(at.%), the quality of alloy pig 17 is 10 grams, fusion current 270A, and fusing time 2.5S, electric arc furnaces vacuum is 6.0 * 10
-3Pa, the sample appearance of the non-crystaline amorphous metal tubule that obtains as shown in Figure 6.
(3), selecting the composition of alloy pig 17 is Fe
41Co
7Cr
15Mo
14C
15B
6Y
2(at.%), the quality of alloy pig 17 is 10 grams, fusion current 350A, and fusing time 2.5S, electric arc furnaces vacuum is 5.0 * 10
-3Pa, the sample appearance of the non-crystaline amorphous metal tubule that obtains as shown in Figure 7.
Can significantly find out by above-mentioned three examples: adopt apparatus and method of the present invention, the dimensional accuracy and the surface quality of preparation non-crystal alloy tube all are guaranteed.Can obviously find out Zr in the X ray diffracting spectrum from Fig. 9
41Ti
14Ni
10Cu
12Be
23(among Fig. 9 a), Ti
40Zr
25Ni
3Cu
12Be
20(b among Fig. 9) or Fe
41Co
7Cr
15Mo
14C
15B
6Y
2(c among Fig. 9) compo pipe sample is amorphous state.
Claims (7)
1. amorphous alloy thin-wall slim pipe building mortion, described device comprises arc-melting furnace (1), copper crucible (2), graphite-pipe (3), take over (5), supporting pad (6), quartz glass (7), temperature measuring equipment (8), infrared sensor (9), inhale casting valve (10), mechanical pump (11) and tungsten electrode rod (15), an end of taking over (5) is arranged on the sidewall of arc-melting furnace (1), the other end of taking over (5) is connected with mechanical pump (11), inhaling casting valve (10) is contained in the adapter (5), quartz glass (7) is contained in the bottom centre hole of arc-melting furnace (1), temperature measuring equipment (8) is positioned at the below in the bottom centre hole of arc-melting furnace (1), infrared sensor (9) is positioned at the below of temperature measuring equipment (8), the upper surface of copper crucible (2) is provided with pit (2-1), the center of copper crucible (2) is provided with the stairstepping graphite pore (2-2) that communicates with pit (2-1), graphite-pipe (3) is contained in the stairstepping graphite pore (2-2), the tungsten electrode end of tungsten electrode rod (15) is arranged in pit (2-1), it is characterized in that: described device also comprises metal die (4), inhale casting controller (12) and fusion current controller (13), metal die (4) is made of two symmetrically arranged semicylinders, the central axis place of metal die (4) is provided with die cavity (4-1), the internal diameter of die cavity (4-1) is Φ 2.5～Φ 3.5mm, the length of metal die (4) is 200～300mm, metal die (4) is contained in the arc-melting furnace (1) by supporting pad (6), the lower surface of copper crucible (2) is connected with the upper surface of metal die (4) with arc-melting furnace (1), and the pore of graphite-pipe (3) and die cavity (4-1) over against, infrared sensor (9) is connected by lead and suction casting controller (12) respectively with suction casting valve (10), and suction is cast controller (12) and is connected with fusion current controller (13) by lead.
2. according to the described a kind of amorphous alloy thin-wall slim pipe building mortion of claim 1, it is characterized in that: die cavity (4-1) internal diameter of described metal die (4) is Φ 3mm, and the length of metal die (4) is 250mm.
3. according to claim 1 or 2 described a kind of amorphous alloy thin-wall slim pipe building mortions, it is characterized in that: described device also comprises sealing gasket (16), and the upper surface of metal die (4) is provided with cannelure (4-2), and sealing gasket (16) is contained in the cannelure (4-2).
4. one kind is utilized the described device of claim 1 to realize a kind of amorphous alloy thin-wall slim pipe manufacturing process, and it is characterized in that: described method realizes by following steps: step 1: pit (2-1) bottom of at first alloy pig (17) being put into copper crucible (2); Step 2: the vacuum in the arc-melting furnace (1) is 5.0 * 10
-3～6.0 * 10
-3Pa; Step 3: fusion current controller (13) control fusion current is 250～400A, and fusing time is 2～3S; Step 4: when the temperature of alloy pig (17) bottom reaches liquidus temperature when above, alloy pig (17) is fused into alloy liquid, at this moment, suction casting controller (12) will be inhaled casting valve (10) and open, mechanical pump (11) is extracted the gas in arc-melting furnace (1) inner chamber out, on the inner chamber of arc-melting furnace (1), form negative pressure down, alloy liquid is inhaled under suction function in the die cavity (4-1) of metal die (4), after alloy liquid enters die cavity (4-1), the alloy liquid that contacts with die cavity (4-1) sidewall cools off rapidly and is set in the very thin metal scull of formation on die cavity (4-1) sidewall, the thickness of metal scull (t) is below the 1mm, be positioned at the not solidified alloy liquid in die cavity (4-1) center and be sucked out mould under the effect of pressure reduction, the thin wall alloy scull that solidifies on die cavity (4-1) sidewall is amorphous alloy thin-wall slim pipe (18).
5. according to the described a kind of amorphous alloy thin-wall slim pipe manufacturing process of claim 4, it is characterized in that: the material of metal die in the described step 4 (4) is a fine copper.
6. according to the described a kind of amorphous alloy thin-wall slim pipe manufacturing process of claim 4, it is characterized in that: described method also comprises step 5: the amorphous alloy thin-wall slim pipe (18) that step 4 preparation is finished is packed in the die cavity (4-1) of metal die (4) once more, repeating step two, three, four promptly obtains two layers of composite amorphous alloy thin-wall slim pipe (19).
7. according to the described a kind of amorphous alloy thin-wall slim pipe manufacturing process of claim 6, it is characterized in that: described method also comprises step 6: two layers of composite amorphous alloy thin-wall slim pipe (19) that step 5 preparation is finished are packed in the die cavity (4-1) of metal die (4) once more, repeating step two, three, four promptly obtains three layers of composite amorphous alloy thin-wall slim pipe (20).
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| CN101774009B true CN101774009B (en) | 2011-08-03 |
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Families Citing this family (9)
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102463339B (en) * | 2010-11-10 | 2014-03-19 | 北京航空航天大学 | Manufacturing method and device of alloy pipes |
| CN102861872A (en) * | 2012-10-18 | 2013-01-09 | 河北海钺耐磨材料科技有限公司 | Device and casting method thereof for elongated spiral holes through lost foam casting |
| CN103008614B (en) * | 2012-12-18 | 2015-11-18 | 广东工业大学 | A kind of for the preparation of the copper mold of bulk amorphous alloys and the preparation method of copper mold |
| CN103170605B (en) * | 2013-03-14 | 2015-12-09 | 华中科技大学 | A kind of preparation method of the non-crystaline amorphous metal micro-workpiece based on suction pouring and device |
| CN106903291B (en) * | 2017-04-05 | 2019-05-07 | 广东工业大学 | A kind of vacuum suction casting technique prepares copper mold of bulk amorphous alloys and preparation method thereof |
| CN107052305B (en) * | 2017-04-05 | 2023-02-10 | 广东工业大学 | Copper mold for preparing bulk amorphous alloy by vacuum suction casting method and preparation method thereof |
| CN108372278A (en) * | 2018-04-02 | 2018-08-07 | 广东劲胜智能集团股份有限公司 | The preparation method and device of the alloy pipe of controllable diameter and wall thickness |
| CN109751462B (en) * | 2019-02-25 | 2021-07-30 | 江西省科学院应用物理研究所 | Amorphous alloy pipe and preparation method thereof and treatment method of azo dye wastewater |
| CN110375547B (en) * | 2019-07-22 | 2020-12-08 | 盐城智谷电热科技有限公司 | Melting furnace section of copper melting furnace |
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