CN101768052A - Method for preparing aromatic compound by catalytic hydrocracking of lignin - Google Patents
Method for preparing aromatic compound by catalytic hydrocracking of lignin Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for preparing an aromatic compound by direct catalytic cracking of lignin. Under the combined action of a catalyst and a solvent, industrial lignins such as natural lignin, sodium lignin sulfonate, alkali lignin and dealkalized lignin are used as raw materials and are selectively cracked into the aromatic compound derived from C6-C9 phenolic group, guaiacol group or syringyl through the catalytic process. The conversion rate of the raw materials reaches over 50%, and the guaiacol group and the syringyl aromatic compound account for over 90% in a cracking product. The method has the characteristics of cheap raw materials, high conversion rate, high yield of the aromatic compound and mild reaction condition.
Description
Technical field
The xylogen shortening cracking that the present invention relates to biomass resource prepares the method for aromatic compound, and especially a kind of xylogen catalytic pyrolysis generates the method for aromatic compounds such as phenylol, pockwood phenolic group or Syringa oblata Lindl. base.
Background technology
Continually developing and consuming of fossil resources such as oil produces the shortage of energy chemical and a series of environmental problems.The new resources route of development and utilization recyclable regenerative becomes the inexorable trend of social development.Biomass are a kind of natural resourcess capable of circulation, and wide material sources are abundant at the occurring in nature reserves, are very one of the renewable resourcess of fossil resource such as potential alternative oil of a class.Aromatic compound has important application in the human being's production practical activity.As benzene and phenol derivmives blend biology, be not only widely used bulk chemical, simultaneously also be the important intermediate compound of producing polymkeric substance, medicine intermediate and fine chemical product such as resin.Therefore, how to utilize biomass resource effectively and rationally, the aromatics that preparation has significant application value receives the very big concern of scientific circles and industry member.
Xylogen content in biomass resource is only second to Mierocrystalline cellulose, be one of the abundantest Biological resources of nature, but, the conversion and the utilization of xylogen have been limited because complex structure, unreactiveness, the converted product of xylogen are difficult to a series of difficulties such as separation and purification.The waste liquid that existing paper industry produces, the wherein contained xylogen more than 95% are directly discharged or are concentrated the back and burned, and cause water body, soil and atmospheric pollution, the havoc mankind's living environment.Compare with other biomass, the unique distinction of xylogen is that it contains a large amount of available aromatic ring structures.Therefore, rationally utilize a large amount of aromatic rings in the xylogen resource efficiently, not only can obtain the aromatics of high added value, make energy chemical for non-fossil resource a new approach is provided; Reduce discharging wastes and pollute, for saving petroleum resources and environment protection, significant.
Xylogen is the effect that plant materials passes through enzyme, and the three-dimensional netted polymer of a class with the polymerization of phenyl-propane basic structural unit forms is present in the cell walls of plant materials with the association of Mierocrystalline cellulose hemicellulose.On structure, xylogen mainly contains three kinds of elementary cells, i.e. guaiacyl, Syringa oblata Lindl. base and p-hydroxybenzene, and these three kinds of unit mainly are coupled to each other by ehter bond and form, and this bind mode accounts for 2/3~3/4 of all bind modes.By design and preparation appropriate catalyst, the ehter bond in the xylogen that efficiently, optionally ruptures is the key of preparation aromatics.This direct catalytic thermal cracking method has reaction product concurrently and distributes according to qualifications and advantage of low energy consumption.
Because the complex construction and the unreactiveness of xylogen, the research report that relevant its catalytic pyrolysis utilizes is still rare.World patent (WO99/10450) has been described at 260-310 ℃ and has been utilized alkali to make lignin depolymerization, is the process of gasoline component with lignin conversion carrying out hydrotreatment more than 350 ℃.This technology can be a fuel with lignin conversion, but the method cracking process needs more hydrogen source with the complete hydrogenation of the phenyl ring of xylogen; Two stage conversion process strengthens energy consumption, and a large amount of mineral alkalis of use then are easy to generate environmental pollution.United States Patent (USP) (US 4,900,873) has been reported at 300-400 ℃ and has been used aromatic compounds such as biphenyl or naphthalene to decompose xylogen as solvent thermal down, produced aldehydes matters such as cresols.This process productive rate is lower, less than 20%; The capacity usage ratio of pyrolytic process is low.Canadian Patent (CA 700,210) has been described xylogen and has been used metallic sulfide to be the Preparation of Catalyst phenolic compound under 250-450 ℃ and 15MPa~45MPa condition.This process reaction condition harshness, temperature, pressure is excessive.Chinese patent (CN 1201778A) has been described the method that obtains syringaldehyde and vanillin food grade,1000.000000ine mesh by the alkali oxide lignin, but the product that this method obtains is other chemical, can't obtain pockwood phenols and Syringa oblata Lindl. base class aromatic compound product that alkyl replaces.
Up to the present, the aspect that utilizes of xylogen mainly exists problem:
Xylogen be this as superpolymer, be connected with chemical bond with the glycosyl of plant materials hemicellulose usually, not easily separated purification, the while xylogen macromolecular chain of curling makes that catalyzed reaction is difficult to carry out, and presents the chemical reaction inertia;
2. this of xylogen kind of constructional feature strengthens the conversion process energy consumption, severe reaction conditions, and conversion rate of reaction product is low;
3. the conversion of xylogen often makes phenyl ring excessive hydrogenation on its chain, so need more hydrogen source, Atom economy is low.
4. it is noble metal catalysts such as Pt, Ru that present document reports xylogen hydrogenation catalyst system therefor, does not see cheap Ni catalyst hydrogenation cracking xylogen.Ni is catalyst based to be cheap hydrocracking catalyst, but temperature of reaction is usually more than 350 ℃, the energy consumption height.Therefore need reduce energy consumption of reaction by designing new catalyst system.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of from xylogen prepare aromatic compound novel method, produce aromatics for non-petroleum path new way be provided, with the shortage of alleviating fossil resources such as oil to producing the negative impact that chemical causes.The new way of being carried is catalyst based and have under the acting in conjunction of the small molecules solvent that forms the hydrogen bond ability by Ni, natural lignin or industrial lignin highly effective hydrogenation cracking generation aromatic compound, especially Syringa oblata Lindl. base and guaiacyl compound.This method transformation efficiency height, mild condition, catalyzer is cheap and have a very high selectivity of product.
For achieving the above object, technical scheme of the present invention is:
Hydrocracking catalyst system of the present invention mainly comprises active ingredient, auxiliary agent, carrier, adopts the carrying method preparation.
Main active component is the Ni compound, and content is the 1-15% (in metal Ni) of catalyst quality, and preferable mass content is 3-10% (in metal Ni);
Adopt the Ni cheap, that catalytic activity is gentle catalyst based, but this catalyzer needs comparatively high temps and pressure to realize its catalytic activity, so energy consumption is bigger.By add promotor in catalyzer, modulation metal Ni surface electronic state to increase the catalytic performance of Ni active ingredient, makes it realize better catalytic performance under the condition of milder.The auxiliary agent of catalyzer comprises one or more of Al, Co, Sn, Fe, Ce, Zn, Cu, Mo, Cr etc., and add-on is the 0.1%-13.0% of catalyst quality, and preferable add-on is the 0.2-8.0% of catalyst quality;
In above-mentioned catalyzer, need to add appropriate carriers.Heterogeneous catalytic reaction is carried out in solid catalyst surface, and suitable carriers can effectively increase the long-pending and proper pore structure of surface availability of catalyst, improves the thermostability of amorphous alloy catalyst, can also increase the relative number in active centre.The carrier of catalyzer can be SiO
2, Al
2O
3, zirconium dioxide, Si-Al molecular sieve, phosphate aluminium molecular sieve, gac, carbon nano fiber etc. wherein a kind of;
Catalyzer adopts the load method preparation, and the soluble salt solution of active ingredient and auxiliary agent is loaded on the carrier, after the drying, through 200-600 ℃ of following calcination process, afterwards catalyzer is carried out reduction activation under nitrogen protection.
Catalyst activation process can adopt hydrogen reducing activation, POTASSIUM BOROHYDRIDE or sodium borohydride reduction activation or hydrazine reduction activation.
The macromolecular chain that exists in the xylogen is the random coil structure usually.This structure is unfavorable for contacting of catalytic active site and xylogen chain, reduces rate of catalysis reaction.For this reason, need to adopt and to have the heteroatoms small molecules solvents such as nitrogenous, oxygen that form the hydrogen bond ability, use of the effect of this small molecules solvent by hydrogen bond staypak quality, increase the solubleness of xylogen in solvent, to increase the probability that reacts with catalytic active site, further reduce reaction conditions, improve this reaction of atomic economy and transformation efficiency.Can select for use according to heteroatoms small molecules solvents such as nitrogenous, the oxygen that can form hydrogen bond of the present invention: water, methyl alcohol, ethanol, dioxane, ethylene glycol, butanols, methyl glycol, one or more in tetrahydrofuran (THF) or the dimethyl formamide.
According to catalyst consumption of the present invention is the 0.5-10% of reaction system quality, and preferable consumption is the 1-8% of reaction system quality.Temperature of reaction is 150-300 ℃, and preferable temperature of reaction is 180-250 ℃; Reaction pressure is 2.0-20.0MPa, and preferable reaction pressure is 3.0-8.0MPa; Reaction times is 3-20 hour, and the preferable reaction times is 4-10 hour.
Prepare the method for aromatic compound according to of the present invention by xylogen hydrocracking, feed stock conversion is for reaching more than 50%.Primary product is for generating guaiacyl and Syringa oblata Lindl. based compound, and selection of them reaches more than 90%.
Compare with existing document, the present invention has following advantage:
1. what the present invention adopted is the method for utilizing the non-petroleum path production aromatic compound of the biomass-based xylogen of hydrocracking, can alleviate the anxiety of existing petroleum resources.
2. the present invention reduces directly to discharge the pollution that causes because of industrial lignin for the utilization of industrial lignin provides new way.
3. the present invention's design comprises the new reaction system that Ni is catalyst based, promptly by promotor and acting in conjunction with the small molecules solvent that forms the hydrogen bond ability, the activity that modulation Ni is catalyst based, making it just can have greater activity at lesser temps, has the advantage of aromatic compound transformation efficiency height and reaction conditions gentleness concurrently.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the product color atlas;
Fig. 2 is an interior target mass spectrum among Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 is the mass spectrum of guaiacyl propane among Fig. 1;
Fig. 4 is the mass spectrum of Syringa oblata Lindl. base propane among Fig. 1.
Embodiment
Below by embodiment in detail the present invention is described in detail:
Embodiment 1
Take by weighing 1 gram nickelous nitrate and be dissolved in 100 ml waters, add dried gac (charge capacity by Ni is that 8wt% adds), dipping 24h, dry 12h.Then under nitrogen protection, 450 ℃ of roastings are 5 hours in the silica tube.
Embodiment 2
Catalyzer 2-11 preparation process adopts the method for embodiment 1 to carry out, and metal all adds with the form of nitrate, just changes different metal component and mass ratio and different carriers, and metal total loading amount is 8wt%.See table 1 for details.
Table 1
Numbering | Catalyst metal components | Mass ratio | Carrier |
??1 | ??Ni | ??- | Gac |
??2 | ??Ni-Ce | ??8∶1 | Zirconium dioxide |
Numbering | Catalyst metal components | Mass ratio | Carrier |
??3 | ??Ni-Mo | ??5∶2 | Activated carbon |
??4 | ??Ni-Mo | ??6∶1 | Si-Al molecular sieve |
??5 | ??Ni-Mg | ??8∶5 | Gac |
??6 | ??Ni-Fe | ??8∶1 | Zirconium dioxide |
??7 | ??Ni-Sn | ??8∶4 | ??SiO 2 |
??8 | ??Ni-Al | ??7∶1 | Carbon nano fiber |
??9 | ??Ni-Co | ??10∶1 | ??Al 2O 3 |
??10 | ??Ni-Zn | ??8∶1 | ??SiO 2 |
??11 | ??Ni-Cr | ??9∶1 | ??SiO 2 |
??12 | ??Ni-Cu | ??24∶1 | ??Al 2O 3 |
??13 | ??Ni-Cu-Zn | ??8.5∶2∶1 | Phosphate aluminium molecular sieve |
??14 | ??Ni-Cu-Ce | ??9∶2∶2.5 | ??Al 2O 3 |
The catalytic cracking reaction of embodiment 3 natural lignins
To contain 5g birch powder and the 80 milliliters of geometric ratio blended solvents or the neat solvent of natural lignin, and add the 1g catalyzer and transfer in the autoclave.Behind nitrogen replacement air 3-5 time, be heated to 200 ℃, charging into hydrogen to pressure then is 5MPa, stirs the reaction beginning fast.React after 6 hours, stop to stir, cool to room temperature, emptying hydrogen, sampling analysis.The qualitative analysis of product is by the gas chromatography-mass spectrography technology, and quantitative analysis is realized by gas-chromatography, the results are shown in Table 2, and the product color atlas is seen Fig. 1, and three main peaks are followed successively by interior mark among the figure, guaiacyl propane, Syringa oblata Lindl. base propane.The mass spectrum at this three peak is seen Fig. 2-4.
Table 2
As seen from the table, the adding that can form the small molecules solvent of hydrogen bond makes that catalyzed reaction is easier carries out.In can not forming the hydrogen bond solvent, the xylogen macromolecular chain can not be by being stablized with the solvent phase mutual effect, and showing as xylogen on apparent can not dissolve, so reaction efficiency is low.By adding the effect that forms hydrogen bond between the small molecules solvent to form hydrogen bond and the xylogen, stablized the xylogen macromolecular chain, increase its solubleness in this solvent, increased the contact probability of xylogen macromolecular chain and catalytic reaction avtive spot in the solution, catalyzed reaction is easier carries out thereby make.
The catalytic cracking reaction of embodiment 4 natural lignins under the differential responses condition
With 5g birch powder and 80 milliliters of geometric ratio blended methyl alcohol/dioxane solvents, the catalyzer 7 that adds different mass moves on in the autoclave.Behind nitrogen replacement air 3-5 time, be heated to assigned temperature, charge into the hydrogen of specified pressure then, other processes are with embodiment 3.The results are shown in Table 3.
Table 3
Catalyzer accounts for solvent quality per-cent (%) | Reaction pressure (MPa) | Temperature of reaction (℃) | Reaction times (h) | Transformation efficiency (%) |
??1 | ??3.0 | ??180 | ??3 | ??30 |
??0.5 | ??5.0 | ??250 | ??8 | ??40 |
??1.3 | ??5.0 | ??200 | ??6 | ??53 |
Catalyzer accounts for solvent quality per-cent (%) | Reaction pressure (MPa) | Temperature of reaction (℃) | Reaction times (h) | Transformation efficiency (%) |
??5 | ??8.0 | ??180 | ??10 | ??40 |
??8 | ??3.0 | ??230 | ??8 | ??45 |
??2 | ??5.0 | ??200 | ??6 | ??38 |
??10 | ??6.0 | ??220 | ??4 | ??48 |
Under the katalysis of the active Ni base of modulation, temperature, pressure is moderate.Be subjected to the activity influence of Ni catalyzer self, under the too low situation of reaction conditions, transformation efficiency is not high.And under higher reaction conditions, catalyst activity is too strong, causes more side reaction easily.From the result, the catalyst based activity of Ni of design preparation is suitable, the reaction conditions gentleness.
The catalytic cracking reaction of embodiment 5 different sources wood powders or xylogen
Geometric ratio blended glycol/water solvent with 5g different sources wood powder or xylogen and 80 milliliters adds the 1g catalyzer, transfers in the autoclave in the lump.Behind nitrogen replacement air 3-5 time, be heated to assigned temperature, charge into the hydrogen of specified pressure then, other processes are with embodiment 3.The results are shown in Table 4.
Table 4
Claims (8)
1. the catalytic pyrolysis of an xylogen prepares the aromatics method, it is characterized in that: under the effect of loaded catalyst and the nitrogenous and/or oxygen heteroatom small molecules solvent with formation hydrogen bond ability, natural lignin or the cracking of industrial lignin highly effective hydrogenation generate one or more in phenylol, pockwood phenolic group and the Syringa oblata Lindl. base aromatics; Temperature of reaction is 150-300 ℃, and the reactive hydrogen atmospheric pressure is 2.0-20.0MPa, and the reaction times is 3-20 hour;
The main active component of described loaded catalyst is Ni, and in metal Ni, its content is the 1-15% of catalyst quality.
2. it is characterized in that in accordance with the method for claim 1: described xylogen raw material can be natural lignin or industrial lignin.
3. it is characterized in that in accordance with the method for claim 2: described natural lignin is one or more in birch xylogen, poplar xylogen, beech xylogen, maple xylogen, pine xylogen or the spruce wood quality; Described industrial lignin is one or more in sulfonated lignin, alkali lignin or the dealkalize xylogen.
4. in accordance with the method for claim 1, it is characterized in that: described nitrogenous and/or oxygen heteroatom solvent is for forming the small molecules solvent of hydrogen bond, optional water, methyl alcohol, ethanol, dioxane, ethylene glycol, butanols, methyl glycol, one or more in tetrahydrofuran (THF) or the dimethyl formamide.
5. in accordance with the method for claim 1, it is characterized in that: described loaded catalyst is made up of active ingredient, auxiliary agent and carrier, and main active component is Ni, and in metal Ni, content is the 3-10% that is of catalyst quality; Auxiliary agent in the catalyzer can be one or more among Al, Co, Sn, Fe, Cr, Ce, Zn, Cu, the Mo, and in metal simple-substance, add-on is the 0.1%-13.0% of catalyst quality.
6. it is characterized in that in accordance with the method for claim 5: the add-on of described auxiliary agent is the 0.2-8.0% of catalyst quality; The carrier of catalyzer is aluminum oxide, silicon-dioxide, zirconium dioxide, Si-Al molecular sieve, phosphate aluminium molecular sieve, gac or carbon nano fiber.
7. it is characterized in that in accordance with the method for claim 1: catalyst consumption is the 0.5-10% of reaction system quality; Temperature of reaction is 180-250 ℃; Reaction pressure is 3.0-8.0MPa; Reaction times is 3-10 hour.
8. it is characterized in that in accordance with the method for claim 1: the reaction times is 4-10 hour.
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